Abstract Introduction. In tomato breeding programs, obtaining new genotypes requires the evaluation of genetic materials in different environments. Objective. To identify tomato genotypes with better adaptability and stability in the province of Los Santos, Panama. Materials and methods. This research was carried out in 5 environments in the province of Los Santos, Panama, during 2022-2023 agricultural cycle. Fifteen genotypes were planted under a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance at the level of each environment and combined using the residual maximum likelihood methodology (REML). The genotype-by-environment interaction was estimated by GGE-SReg Biplot analysis. Results and discussion. The analysis revealed a significant interaction between the genotypes and the environments studied, the first 2 axes of the principal components of the interaction explained 70.96% of the total variation. The GGE Biplot through Polygon (which, won, where) allowed the identification of 3 potential environmental groups. The group of mutants T7.RB-50-EN44-13, R1.15-17-18-LV14-2 and R3.10-79-81-LV7-1 were determined as the most outstanding for their stability and performance. The study on the discrimination capacity and representativeness of the environments identified El Ejido and Villa Lourdes as the most discriminating environments while Tres Quebradas was the most representative and the closest to the ideal target environment. Conclusion. The GGE-SReg Biplot analysis allowed an efficient analysis of the genotype-by-environment interaction, which makes it a very efficient tool to identify superior genotypes with good adaptability and stability to the region of interest.

Resumen Introducción. En los programas de fitomejoramiento de tomate, la obtención de nuevos genotipos requiere evaluar los materiales genéticos en diferentes ambientes. Objetivo. Identificar los genotipos de tomate con mejor adaptabilidad y estabilidad en la provincia de Los Santos, Panamá. Materiales y métodos. Esta investigación se desarrolló en 5 ambientes de la provincia de Los Santos, Panamá, en el ciclo agrícola 2022-2023. Se sembraron 15 genotipos bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 3 repeticiones. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante un análisis de varianza a nivel de cada ambiente y combinado con la metodología de máxima verosimilitud residual (REML). La interacción genotipo por ambiente se estimó a través el análisis Biplot GGE-SReg. Resultados y discusión. Los análisis revelaron una interacción significativa entre los genotipos y los ambientes estudiados, los 2 primeros ejes de los componentes principales de la interacción explicaron el 70,96% de la variación total. El Biplot GGE a través del polígono (cuál, ganó, dónde) permitió identificar 3 grupos ambientales potenciales. Se determinó el grupo de los mutantes T7.RB-50-EN44-13, R1.15-17-18-LV14-2 y R3.10-79-81-LV7-1 como los más sobresalientes por su estabilidad y rendimiento. El estudio sobre la capacidad de discriminación y representatividad de los ambientes identificaron al El Ejido y Villa Lourdes como los entornos más discriminantes mientras que Tres Quebradas fue el más representativo y el más cercano al ambiente ideal objetivo. Conclusión. El análisis Biplot GGE-SReg permitió hacer un análisis eficiente de la interacción genotipo por ambiente, lo que lo convierte en una herramienta muy eficiente para identificar genotipos superiores con una buena adaptabilidad y estabilidad a la región de interés.

ABSTRACT With global climate change, including unpredictable geographic and temporal weather patterns causing significant Genotype × Environment interaction (GEI), modelling by climate variables can reveal their influence on phenophases of maize (Zea mays L.) development. The objectives of this study were dissection of the phenotypic variation of grain yield of late maturity maize hybrids grown in multi-environment trial, and quantification of the influence of climatic factors on the GEI for each vegetative and reproductive phenophase. Eight FAO 700 maize hybrids were evaluated across five locations in Serbia during 2020 and 2021 years. The hierarchy of sources of variation according to three-way ANOVA were: Year (Y) > Location (L) > Location×Genotype (G) > L×Y×G > G > L×Y > Y×G. The average maximum temperature (mxt, 22.1%), average minimum temperature (mnt, 19.2%), average mean temperature (mt, 18.2%) and relative humidity (rh, 15.1%) in April significantly influenced emergence stage. The mxt (21.1%) and mt (15.7%) in May influenced significantly vegetative phases V1-V9. June contributed the largest percentage of the sum of squares of the GEI with mxt (25.2%), mnt (20.9%), mt (16.1%) influencing vegetative phases V10-V18 and tassel emergence. In July mxt (17%), mt (15.6%), precipitation sum (15.2%), and sunshine hours sum (15.1%), influenced R1, R2, R3, and R4 reproductive phases. In August mxt (23.2%), mnt (20.8%), mt (15.7%), rh (17.1%) influenced R5 reproductive phase. The extreme heat as a stressor had a more critical role for late maturity maize hybrids production than drought in crucial phenophases of maize development.

ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites of Capsicum spp. have biological activity, which can be modified by external factors as the amount of incident light and soil water availability during crop growing, and by internal factors as fruit ripeness level. The study aim was to determine by HPLC method the phytochemical profile of C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill (AMA and GAR genotypes) and C. frutescens L. (PIP genotype) grown under open sky and 70% shade during dry and rainy harvest season. Phytochemicals were affected by genotype, light level, harvest season, and fruit ripeness level. Phytochemicals number changed among genotypes: PIP > AMA> GAR. In immature fruits AMA (4.74 mg g-1) and GAR (3.83 mg g-1) had highest capsaicin content; and PIP (0.43 (g g-1), AMA (0.18 (g g-1) and GAR (0.14 (g g-1) in lutein content in all harvest seasons and light level conditions studied. In mature fruits, PIP had the highest capsaicin (5.77 mg g-1) and β-carotene (0.45 (g g-1) content. Gallic and syringic acids were major constituents of phenolics acids, and quercetin and rutin for flavonoids. Mature and immature fruits from 70% shade showed the quercetin highest content (108.4-160.02 (g g-1), increasing during dry season (180.9-1368.6 (g g-1). Gallic acid (789.3-1076.7 (g g-1) and rutin (114.0 (g g-1) increased in AMA immature fruits when grown under open sky. Ferulic acid was not detected in GAR under any of the conditions studied. In AMA, ferulic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were detected only in rainy season fruits in both light levels. The harvest season and shading level of these Capsicum spp. should be considered when evaluating the biological activity of chili peppers fruits extracts in tropical crops.

Resumen Introducción: La infección persistente por genotipos de virus papiloma humano de alto riesgo (VPH-AR) es la principal causa del cáncer cérvico-uterino en todo el mundo. Los genotipos 16 y 18 están asociados a la progresión hacia el cáncer de cuello uterino; sin embargo, otros genotipos también presentan alto riesgo oncogénico. Existe escasa evidencia respecto a la distribución de genotipos VPH-AR en la población nacional, siendo un tema que debiese ser abordado en el contexto de un creciente aumento de la inmigración e implementación del programa de inmunización en Chile desde 2015. Objetivo: Dar a conocer la distribución de genotipos de VPH-AR detectados en pacientes de ambos sexos, atendidos en la red de atención privada de Clínica Dávila de Santiago, entre los años 2014 y 2021. Metodología: Se estudiaron muestras genitales y anales provenientes de 3.642 pacientes, incluyendo ambos sexos. La genotipificación fue realizada mediante reacción de la polimerasa en cadena (RPC) en tiempo real (HPV AnyplexTM II HPV28 detection, Seegene, Korea. Resultados: La distribución global de genotipos en mujeres (porcentaje) fue: 16 (14,34%) - 31 (6,20%) - 39 (5,94%) - 58 (5,94%) - 51 (5,68%) - 53 (5,64%) - 52 (5,30%) - 56 (5,27%) - 68 (5,19%) - 66 (4,97% - 18 (3,36%) - 59 (3,29%) - 73 (2,80%) - 35 (2,54%) - 45 (2,13%) - 33 (1,53%) - 82 (1,38%) - 26 (0,49%) y 69 (0,41%). En hombres fue: 16 (8,52%) - 58 (4,39%) - 51 (8,44%) - 26 (0,42%) - 18 (3,21%) - 52 (4,47%) - 39 (5,40%) - 53 (4,56%) - 33 (1,69%) - 35 (2,03%), 73 (2,19%) - 69 (0,59%) - 45 (2,11%) - 59 (4,22%) - 68 (3,04%) - 66 (5,06%) - 31 (4,64%) - 56 (4,81%) y 82 (1,10%). Conclusiones: La distribución de los genotipos de VPH fue concordante con estudios previos nacionales. Se observó una tendencia a la reducción del genotipo 16 en el tiempo, lo cual podría relacionarse a la vacunación, implementada en los últimos años en Chile. Destaca que otros genotipos de VPH-AR tuvieron una alta frecuencia en la población estudiada por lo que sería recomendable evaluar la pesquisa ampliada de genotipos de VPH-AR para valorar el riesgo oncogénico, con fines diagnósticos y terapéuticos.

Abstract Background: Persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) genotypes is the main cause of cervical cancer worldwide. Genotypes 16 and 18 are associated with progression to cervical cancer, however other genotypes also present high oncogenic risk. There is little evidence regarding the distribution of HR-HPV genotypes in the national population, being an issue that should be addressed in the context of a growing increase in immigration and implementation of the immunization program in Chile since 2015. Aim: To show the distribution of HR-HPV genotypes detected in women and men, attended at the private care network of Clinica Davila, Santiago City, between 2014 and 2021. Methods: Genital and anal samples from 3,642 patients were studied, including both sexes. Genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (HPV AnyplexTM II HPV28 detection, Seegene, Korea). Results: The global distribution of genotypes in women (percentage) was: 16 (14.34%) - 31 (6.20%) - 39 (5.94%) - 58 (5.94%) - 51 (5.68%) - 53 (5.64%) - 52 (5.30%) - 56 (5.27%) - 68 (5.19%) - 66 (4.97%) - 18 (3.36%) - 59 (3.29%) - 73 (2.80%) - 35 (2.54%) - 45 (2.13%) - 33 (1.53%) - 82 (1.38%) - 26 (0.49%) and 69 (0.41%). In men was: 16 (8.52%) - 58 (4.39%) - 51 (8.44%) - 26 (0.42%) - 18 (3.21%) - 52 (4.47%) - 39 (5.40%) - 53 (4.56%), 33 (1.69%) - 35 (2.03%) - 73 (2.19%) - 69 (0.59%) - 45 (2.11%) - 59 (4.22%) - 68 (3.04%) - 66 (5.06%) - 31 (4.64%) - 56 (4.81%) and 82 (1.10%). Conclusions: The distribution of HPV genotypes was consistent with previous national studies. A tendency to reduce genotype 16 over the years was observed, which could be related to the vaccination, implemented in recent years in Chile. It is remarkable that other HR-HPV genotypes had a high frequency in the population studied, so it would be advisable to evaluate an expanded screening for HR-HPV genotypes to assess the oncogenic risk, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Resumen Introducción: El virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo (VPH-AR) es responsable del cáncer de cuello uterino y sus lesiones preneoplásicas. Los genotipos VPH16 y VPH18 son los más frecuentes en este cáncer. La integración del VPH-AR en el genoma de la célula hospedera es crucial en la carcinogénesis cervical, pero la etapa en que ocurre en la población chilena es incierta. Objetivo: Evaluar la integración de VPH16 y VPH18 en lesiones pre-neoplásicas de cuello uterino. Métodos: Se analizaron 108 muestras de raspados cervicales. El VPH se genotipificó mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC) e hibridación no radiactiva. La integración de VPH16 y VPH18 se determinó por presencia del gen E2 mediante RPC. Resultados: VPH16 y VPH18 se detectaron en 36,1% y 12,0% de las muestras, respectivamente. El VPH16 se integró en 23,1% de los casos de VPH16, mientras que VPH18 se integró en 100% de las muestras positivas para este genotipo. Conclusiones: La integración VPH-AR es un evento temprano en la carcinogénesis cervical que ocurre en casi la mitad de las lesiones pre-neoplásicas y es más frecuente en VPH18 que en VPH16. La evaluación de la integración VPH-AR puede ser una herramienta útil para detectar el virus en la población chilena.

Abstract Background: High-risk Human Papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are the etiological agents of cervical cancer and its preneoplastic lesions. HPV16 and 18 are the most frequent HR-HPV genotypes detected in cervical cancer. HR-HPV genome integration into the host cell is an important event in the carcinogenic process. However, it remains uncertain which stage of cervical carcinogenesis HPV16 and 18 integration occurs in the Chilean population. Aim: The goal of this study was to evaluate HPV16 and HPV18 integration in preneoplastic lesions of the cervix. Methods: DNA was extracted from 108 cervical scrape samples with preneoplastic lesions. HPV was genotyped using PCR and non-radioactive hybridization. The integration status of HPV16 and HPV 18 was determined by evaluating the E2 gene presence through PCR. Results: HPV16 and HPV18 tested positive in 36.1% and 12.0% of samples, respectively. HPV16 was found integrated in 23.1% of HPV 16 cases, while HPV 18 in 100% of samples positive for this viral genotype. Conclusions: HR-HPV integration is an early event in cervical carcinogenesis, occurring in nearly half of preneoplastic lesions and being more frequent in HPV18 than in HPV16. The evaluation of HR-HPV integration can be utilized as a complementary tool for detecting HPV in the Chilean population.

Abstract Potato plants are often subjected to heat stress during growth and development, resulting in loss of yield and quality. However, the possibility exists that commercially important genotypes show tolerance to heat stress. In this study, we aim to investigate the morphological and physiological effects of moderate conditions of heat stress on tuberization in nine potato genotypes, and how it affects propagation using an ex vitro and in vitro system. The plant material came from the In Vitro Germplasm Bank of the International Potato Center (CIP). The incubation temperatures of the cultures in in vitro and ex vitro conditions were the ambient in the laboratory and greenhouse, respectively. In in vitro system a randomized complete block design was employed in nine genotypes, two treatments: multiplication culture medium and the same culture medium supplemented with 8.0% sucrose and 500 mg/L-1 CCC, six flasks and five explants per experimental unit. Among all genotypes evaluated, Leona and Liberteña did not form tubers under ex vitro treatment conditions. Under in vitro conditions, Amarilis, Capiro, Perricholi and Tacna showed no evidence of tuberization, and Canchán was the only genotype where 100% formation of tuberous structures were produced in all evaluations. The findings concluded in this study showed that of all the potatoes evaluated, Canchán best responded to the evaluations under both in ex vitro and in vitro conditions, at maximum temperatures between 22.4 to 26.9 and 27.0 to 28.2 oC, respectively. Therefore, it is vitally important to consider its development potential in different producing locations around the world, which are directly and indirectly affected by climate change.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y las características genotípicas de la infección anal por papilomavirus en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) VIH-positivos. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio observacional prospectivo de corte transversal en HSH VIH-positivos del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, realizado entre setiembre del 2017 y diciembre del 2018. El estudio del papilomavirus se realizó con una técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa evaluando 21 genotipos estratificados según el riesgo oncogénico: seis de bajo riesgo y quince de alto riesgo. Resultados: Se evaluaron 214 HSH VIH-positivos. La prevalencia general de la infección anal por papilomavirus fue de 70% (150/214). 86% (129/150) tuvieron genotipos de alto riesgo oncogénico, de ellos 79% (102/129) tuvieron dos o más genotipos de papilomavirus. Los genotipos de alto riesgo oncogénico más frecuentes fueron: VPH-16, 31% (46/150); VPH-52, 22% (33/150); VPH-33, 21% (31/150); VPH-58, 21% (31/150) y VPH-31, 20% (30/150). El VPH-18 alcanzó el 7% (10/150). Los genotipos de bajo riesgo oncogénico más frecuentes fueron: VPH-6, 30% (45/150) y VPH-11, 29% (44/150). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la infección anal por papilomavirus en HSH VIH-positivos es muy alta en el hospital investigado. La gran mayoría de estas infecciones se producen con genotipos de alto riesgo oncogénico. El papilomavirus 16 fue el genotipo de alto riesgo más frecuente.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of anal papillomaviruses in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). Materials and methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional observational study of HIV-positive MSM at Almenara General Hospital between September 2017 and December 2018. HPV detection and typing was performed using a polymerase chain reaction technique that evaluated 21 genotypes stratified according to oncogenic risk into six low-risk and fifteen high-risk. Results: we evaluated 214 HIV-positive MSM. The overall prevalence of anal infection by papillomavirus infection was 70% (150/214). 86% (129/150) were caused by high-risk genotypes, 79% (102/129) of them were affected by a two or more-papillomavirus genotype. The most frequent high-risk genotypes were HPV-16, 31% (46/150); HPV-52, 22% (33/150); HPV-33, 21% (31/150); HPV-58, 21% (31/150) and HPV-31, 20% (30/150). In addition, HPV-18 reached 7% (10/150). The most frequent low-risk genotypes were HPV-6, 30% (45/150) and HPV 11, 29% (44/150). Conclusions: Prevalence of anal papillomavirus infection in HIV-positive MSM is very high in the hospital investigated. Most of these infections occurs with high-risk oncogenic genotypes. Papillomavirus 16 was the most frequent high-risk genotype.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se ha tratado de identificar los factores genéticos relacionados con susceptibilidad para enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII), y los hallazgos actuales se inclinan por un modelo de patología complejo, sin un patrón hereditario claro. Objetivo: Realizar caracterización fenotípica y genotípica de pacientes con EII en población colombiana y describir su posible asociación con predisposición. Materiales y métodos: Serie de casos, 16 pacientes con EII por criterios clínicos y anatomopatológicos, inicio de síntomas gastrointestinales después de los 18 años. Todos tuvieron asesoramiento genético pre-test y se realizaron árboles genealógicos de mínimo tres generaciones. También, genotipificación, por medio de un panel de genes múltiples que incluía genes relacionados con EII y algunos trastornos autoinmunitarios. Finalmente, se realizó análisis genómico de variantes. Resultados: 9 mujeres y 7 hombres, con edad media de diagnóstico de EII 35 años, y 32 años para aparición de síntomas gastrointestinales. 11/16(68,75%) requirieron terapia biológica. 10/16 (62,5%) presentaron refractariedad a terapia estándar. 3/16 (18,75%) tenían antecedentes familiares positivos de EII. 100% casos presentaron al menos un single nucleotide polymorphism relacionado con riesgo de EII en más de un gen. Los genes más relacionados con colitis ulcerosa (CU), fueron CD48, CD6, y TYK2 para CU, y CD6 e ITGAM para la enfermedad de Crohn. El gen más frecuente fue CD6. Se observó en 3/16 (18,75%) presencia de hasta 5 genes, 4 en 3/16 (18,75%), y tres en 5/16 (31,25%). Conclusión: En EII hay presencia de variantes genéticas con predisposición asociada, pero sin patogenicidad confirmada, y cuya sumatoria parece contribuir en su fisiopatología.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Attempts have been made to identify the genetic factors related to susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the current conclusions are in favor of a complex pathology model, without a clear hereditary pattern. Objective: To perform phenotypic and genotypic characterization of patients with IBD in Colombian population and to describe its possible association with predisposition. Materials and methods: case series, 16 patients with IBD according to clinical and pathological criteria, onset of gastrointestinal symptoms after 18 years of age. All had pre-test genetic counseling and family trees of at least three generations were made. Also, genotyping, using a multigene panel that included genes related to IBD and some autoimmune disorders. Finally, a genomic analysis of variants was performed. Results: 9 women and 7 men, with mean age of diagnosis of IBD of 35 years, and gastrointestinal symptoms appearance of 32 years. 11/16 (68.75%) required biological therapy. 10/16 (62.5%) were refractory to standard therapy. 3/16 (18.75%) had positive family history of IBD. 100% cases presented at least one single nucleotide polymorphism related to IBD risk in more than one gene. The genes most related to ulcerative colitis (UC) were CD48, CD6, and TYK2 for UC, and CD6 and ITGAM for Crohn's disease. The most frequent gene was CD6. It was found presence of up to 5 genes in 3/16 (18.75%), 4 in 3/16 (18.75%), and three in 5/16 (31.25%). Conclusion: In IBD there is the presence of genetic variants with associated predisposition, but without confirmed pathogenicity, and whose sum seems to contribute to its pathophysiology.

Resumo O tempo de transplante e o genótipo contribuem para melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade da cultura da berinjela (Solanum melongena L.). Um experimento de campo foi conduzido para investigar o impacto da aplicação foliar de triacontanol (TRIA) e genótipos de berinjela 25919, Nirala, 28389 e Pak-10927, transplantados em 1 de março, 15 de março e 1 de abril de exposição a condições de alta temperatura do ar. O experimento foi realizado de acordo com o Randomized Complete Block Design e os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tuckey. O TRIA foi aplicado a 10 µM na fase de floração; água destilada foi utilizada como controle. Taxa de fotossíntese e transpiração, condutância estomática, eficiência do uso da água e efeitos sobre as enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, catalase e peroxidase) foram avaliados. O TRIA 10 µM aumentou a taxa de fotossíntese e a eficiência do uso da água e o rendimento foi melhorado em todos os genótipos transplantados nas diferentes datas. A aplicação foliar de TRIA 10µM aumentou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, POD e CAT) e melhorou os atributos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de genótipos de berinjela expostos a condições de alto calor. A atividade mais elevada da enzima dismutase 5,41mg / 1g FW foi registrada no genótipo Nirala no segundo transplante. Considerando que o mais baixo foi observado em PAK-10927 (2,30 mg / g FW). A produtividade máxima de frutos foi encontrada no acesso 25919 (1,725 kg por planta) no 1º transplante com Triacontanol, enquanto o acesso PAK-10927 deu a menor produção (0,285 kg por planta) no tratamento de controle no 3º transplante. Genótipo, data de transplante e aplicação de TRIA, melhoramento do crescimento, rendimento e atributos de qualidade sob estresse térmico em berinjela.

Abstract Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.

Resumo O menor teor de lignina em espécies de plantas com potencial energético resulta na maior facilidade de quebra da celulose, disponibilizando glicose para geração de etanol. Porém, maiores teores de lignina representa um fator de resistência ao ataque de insetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar como importantes pragas do sorgo energia, Diatraea saccharalis e Spodoptera frugiperda, se comportam quanto à alimentação e desempenho em sorgo bmr-6, um genótipo mutante com menor concentração de lignina. Foram realizados experimentos em laboratório e casa de vegetação, avaliando o desenvolvimento destas pragas nos híbridos de sorgo biomassa bmr 007, 008, TX635 e seus respectivos genótipos isogênicos convencionais (sem o gene bmr). O teor de lignina foi maior nos híbridos não bmr, mas nos parâmetros avaliados nos insetos, houve variação entre os tratamentos, não sendo consistente em apenas um híbrido e nem por ser ou não bmr. A menor sobrevivência de S. frugiperda foi verificada no híbrido BR008 tanto bmr quanto não bmr. As notas de injúria por S. frugiperda no sorgo em casa de vegetação foram altas (>7) em todos os tratamentos. Para D. saccharalis, não houve diferença significativa para a sobrevivência larval em laboratório, mas em casa de vegetação o híbrido BR007 tanto bmr quanto não bmr proporcionaram maior sobrevivência. Diante da necessidade de diversificar a matriz energética e o fato de que não foi comprovada neste estudo maior suscetibilidade dos híbridos bmr a ambas as pragas, estes resultados são promissores para o cultivo desses híbridos de sorgo biomassa para produção de biocombustíveis.

Abstract The lower lignin content in plants species with energy potential results in easier cellulose breakdown, making glucose available for ethanol generation. However, higher lignin levels can increase resistance to insect attack. The objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of a bmr-6 biomass sorghum (a mutant genotype with a lower concentration of lignin) to important pests of energy sorghum, Diatraea saccharalis and Spodoptera frugiperda. Experiments were performed in the laboratory and greenhouse to evaluate the development of these pests on the biomass sorghum bmr hybrids BR007, BR008, and TX635 and their respective conventional near-isogenic genotypes (without the bmr gene). The lignin content was higher in non-bmr hybrids, but the evaluated insect variables varied between treatments, not being consistent in just one hybrid or because it is bmr or not. The lowest survival of S. frugiperda was observed in the BR008 hybrid, both bmr and non-bmr. The S. frugiperda injury scores on plants in the greenhouse were high (>7) in all treatments. For D. saccharalis, there was no difference in larval survival in the laboratory, but in the greenhouse, the BR007 hybrid, both bmr and non-bmr, provided greater survival. Due the need to diversify the energy matrix and the fact that greater susceptibility of the bmr hybrids to either pests was not found in this study, these results hold promise for cultivation of these biomass sorghum hybrids for the production of biofuels.

Resumo Tâmaras frescas de 17 variedades e khalts do sul do Marrocos foram analisadas por sua cor, conteúdo de pigmentos e perfil sensorial. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os perfis sensoriais das amostras devido à variabilidade do genótipo e suas diferentes origens. Variedades de tâmaras frescas e khalts foram consideradas uma boa fonte de β-caroteno (0,49-10,86 µg de β-caroteno / 100 g FW). Na verdade, os resultados revelaram que as variedades de tâmaras e khalts apresentam uma boa composição funcional e boas características sensoriais. Portanto, essas variedades de tâmaras marroquinas podem ser usadas para consumo in natura e na indústria de processamento, que constituirá uma fonte considerável de antioxidantes.

Abstract Fresh dates of seventeen varieties and khalts from Southern Morocco were analysed for their colour, pigments content, and sensory profile. The results showed significant differences between the sensory profiles of the samples due to the variability of the genotype and their different origin. Fresh date varieties and khalts were a good source of β-carotene (0.49 - 10.86 µg of β-carotene /100 g FW). The results revealed that the date varieties and khalts were found to have an excellent functional composition and good sensory characteristics. Therefore, these varieties of Moroccan dates could be used for fresh consumption and in the processing industry, which will constitute a significant source of antioxidants.

Resumo Surtos frequentes do vírus da gripe aviária H9N2 no Paquistão revelaram que esse subtipo se tornou endêmico na avicultura e, além das perdas econômicas, representa uma ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo descreve a caracterização molecular e as alterações patológicas em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados com a atual cepa H9N2 e sua dinâmica filogenômica. Neste estudo, amostras de tecidos (traqueia, pulmões, rim e intestino) de 100 lotes comerciais de frangos foram coletadas de julho de 2018 a agosto de 2019. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção molecular, filogenia e posterior exame patológico. O comprimento completo do gene HA foi amplificado com sucesso em cinco amostras. O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos revelou amostras positivas colocadas em um clado pertencente à sublinhagem B2 do genótipo G1 e categorizado como LPAIV com base na sequência de aminoácidos do gene da hemaglutinina (HA) no local de clivagem (PAKSSR/G). A análise genética do gene da HA revelou: nt = 80,5%-99,5%; aa = 83,8%-98,9% de homologia com cepas de H9N2 relatadas anteriormente no Paquistão e em países vizinhos (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). As lesões macroscópicas incluíram aerossaculite leve, hemorragias leves, congestão difusa e exsudato purulento na mucosa traqueal, cilindro fibrinonecrótico no lúmen da traqueia e congestão pulmonar leve. As alterações histopatológicas incluíram descamação de células epiteliais, infiltração de células inflamatórias na traqueia, infiltração de células mononucleares (MNCs), congestão pulmonar e exsudato no lúmen dos parabrônquios, congestão peritubular nos rins com degeneração das células epiteliais tubulares, alterações degenerativas nas células epiteliais das vilosidades intestinais e hiperplasia de células caliciformes. A análise imunoistoquímica confirmou a presença do antígeno AIVH9N2 na traqueia, nos pulmões, no rim e no intestino. A microscopia eletrônica revelou alterações ultraestruturais na traqueia, incluindo cílios degenerados, inchaço mitocondrial e retículo endoplasmático aumentado. Com base em todas as análises, o presente estudo revelou a distribuição do vírus H9N2 do genótipo G1 em Punjab, Paquistão, com patogenicidade de leve a moderada.

Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.

Abstract This study aimed to identify the best genotypes using the genotype × yield × trait (GYT) method. To investigate the relationships was performed between yield × traits in four regions of Karaj, Birjand, Shiraz and Arak in two cropping years in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The average grain yield in four regions and two years of the experiment was calculated as 5966 kg/ha, and GYT was obtained based on the multiplication of grain yield with different traits. Comparing the average effect of genotype × year in different environments showed that KSC703 and KSC707 hybrids are among the most productive hybrids among the studied genotypes in grain yield. By examining the correlation coefficients between yield × traits in the tested areas, Y × TWG with Y × GW, Y × NRE, Y × NGR and Y × EL, Y × ED with Y × NGR, Y × NRE with Y × GW and the combination of Y × GW with Y × GL had a positive and significant correlation in all regions. The correlation diagrams were drawn on the evaluated areas' data and showed the correlation of most compounds except Y × GT with each other. Based on the analysis of the main components, the first three components explained the greatest diversity in the population. They were named the component ear grain profile, grain thickness component and plant height profile component.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os melhores genótipos usando o método “genótipo × produção × característica (GYT)”. Uma análise foi realizada para investigar as relações entre “rendimento × características”, em quatro regiões de Karaj, Birjand, Shiraz e Arak durante dois anos de cultivo, em um delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso (RCBD) com três repetições. O rendimento médio de grãos em quatro regiões e dois anos de experimento foi calculado em 5966 kg/ha, e o GYT foi obtido a partir da multiplicação do rendimento de grãos com diferentes caracteres. A comparação do efeito médio de “genótipo × ano” em diferentes ambientes mostrou que os híbridos KSC703 e KSC707 estão entre os híbridos mais produtivos entre os genótipos estudados na produtividade de grãos. Examinando os coeficientes de correlação entre rendimento × características nas áreas testadas, Y × TWG com Y × GW, Y × NRE, Y × NGR e Y × EL, Y × ED com Y × NGR, Y × NRE com Y × GW e a combinação de Y × GW com Y × GL apresentaram correlação positiva e significativa em todas as regiões. Os diagramas de correlação foram desenhados nos dados das áreas avaliadas e mostraram a correlação da maioria dos compostos exceto Y × GT entre si. Com base na análise dos componentes principais, os três primeiros componentes explicaram a maior diversidade da população. Eles foram denominados de “componente perfil de grão da espiga”, “componente de espessura de grão” e “componente de perfil de altura da planta”.

ABSTRACT: The spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836), is one of the most important pests of strawberry production systems worldwide. Because plant resistance is an important integrated management strategy, the present study investigated the effects of 12 strawberry genotypes on the biological characteristics of this pest under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2 °C and RH 60 ± 10%; 12:12-hour photophase). The experiment was carried using 12 treatments (genotypes), divided into 20 replications each, in a completely randomized design. The response variables were the biological parameters of the spider mite and its survival rate. The development and survival of T. urticae were influenced by different strawberry genotypes. The Camarosa cultivar together with genotypes Selection 05 and 2017-04-03 negatively affected the development and survival of T. urticae. The Selection 02 genotype had greatest susceptibility to the spider mite, which allowed fast development and high survival rate. The reproductive parameters of T. urticae were affected differently as a function of the strawberry genotype, with the Camarosa cultivar and the genotypes Selection 05 and 2017-04-03 being unfavorable to development, suggesting a possible resistance based on antibiosis.

RESUMO: O ácaro-rajado, Tetranychus urticae (KOCH, 1836), é uma das pragas mais importantes dos sistemas de produção de morangos em todo o mundo. Considerando a resistência de plantas como importante estratégia de manejo integrado, o presente estudo investigou os efeitos de 12 genótipos nas características biológicas desta praga, em condições de laboratório (25 ± 2 °C e UR 60 ± 10%; fotofase de 12 horas). O experimento foi realizado em condições de Laboratório sendo utilizado 12 tratamentos (genótipos), divididos em 20 repetições cada, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis resposta foram os parâmetros biológicos do ácaro-rajado e taxa de sobrevivência. O desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de T. urticae foram influenciados pelos diferentes genótipos de morangueiro. A cultivar Camarosa junto ao genótipo Seleção 05 e 2017-04-03 afetaram negativamente o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de T. urticae. O genótipo Seleção 02 demonstrou maior suscetibilidade ao ácaro-rajado, o qual apresentou rápido desenvolvimento e elevada taxa de sobrevivência. Conclui-se que os parâmetros reprodutivos de T. urticae são afetados em função do genótipo de morangueiro, sendo ‘Camarosa’ e os genótipos Seleção 05 e 2017-04-03 desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento, sugerindo uma possível resistência do tipo antibiose.

ABSTRACT Seed vigor is one of main attributes of the physiological quality from seed lot. Thus, identify which mechanisms are used by seeds of higher vigor that favor the formation of seedlings with better performance is a key aspect in agriculture. The enzyme activity of phytase and alpha-amylase favor the availability of phosphorus and sugars, respectively, during germination and can be determinants of seed vigor. Thus, the objective of the present work was to identify the association of phytase and alpha-amylase enzymes with the vigor of a seed lot of common beans. The results showed a positive correlation between seed vigor and the enzymes evaluated. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that seeds with high vigor have a high capacity to form seedlings with better performance, because they present high enzymatic activity. Also, in seed lots of the same genotype, they can be used to determine seed vigor during germination. Thus agriculture alphaamylase alpha amylase sugars respectively beans evaluated findings Also genotype