RESUMO Este artigo analisa os modos como distintas configurações da relação entre Estado e movimentos sociais produziram diferentes políticas públicas de saúde da mulher desde a virada do século XXI. Nas últimas quatro décadas, diversos setores da sociedade têm trabalhado na elaboração e ampliação de direitos de cidadania. Entre esses coletivos, destacam-se os movimentos feministas, que aliaram as lutas pelo direito à saúde e pela democracia, construindo práticas que afirmam a articulação com o Estado, a fim de incidir na formulação de políticas públicas baseadas em direitos humanos. Partindo de pesquisa documental de perspectiva antropológica, analisam-se os documentos e os contextos de promulgação das principais políticas públicas nacionais de saúde da mulher desde 2000. Argumenta-se que uma interlocução sistemática entre movimentos sociais e representantes do governo, por meio da participação popular na formulação de políticas públicas, pode resultar em propostas mais alinhadas às demandas coletivas no campo da saúde da mulher, ainda que tais conquistas mostrem-se sujeitas ao jogo partidário e ao conservadorismo. Essa abordagem visibiliza um processo de construção mútua entre o gênero e o Estado, que possibilita, simultaneamente, incidir no cenário político-institucional, redefinir agendas político-sociais e operar uma vigilância crítica das práticas governamentais.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes how different configurations of the relationship between the state and social movements have produced different public policies on women’s health since the turn of the 21st century. Over the last four decades, various sectors of society have worked to develop and expand citizenship rights. Among these groups are the feminist movements, which have combined the struggles for the right to health and for democracy, building practices that affirm articulation with the state to influence the formulation of public policies grounded on human rights. Based on documentary research from an anthropological perspective, the documents and contexts in which the main national public policies on women’s health have been enacted since 2000 are analyzed. It argues that a systematic dialogue between social movements and government representatives, through popular participation in the formulation of public policies, can result in proposals that are more in line with collective demands in the field of women’s health, even if these achievements are subject to partisan influence and conservatism. This approach makes visible a process of mutual construction between gender and the state, which simultaneously makes it possible to influence the political-institutional scenario, redefine political-social agendas and operate a critical watch on government practices.

Abstract The implementation of the Transsexualizing Process (TP) / Gender-affirming Surgeries (GAS) in the Unified Health System (SUS) was the result of social struggles by the LGBT community for sexual rights, the construction of gender identity, and bodily autonomy. The scope of this article is to analyze the advances and challenges of TP/GAS in the SUS, through a qualitative narrative literature review. In June 2022, searches were conducted in the Google Scholar, SciELO, and VHL databases to select scientific articles in Portuguese published in the last 10 years, excluding articles in foreign languages and other types of academic work such as reviews, undergraduate theses, dissertations, and/or graduate theses. Eighteen articles were selected that showed the expansion of healthcare services for transsexuals with GAS in the SUS. However, weaknesses were identified, such as unprepared healthcare professionals, social stigmas, clinical diagnosis as a driver of pathologization, and low hospital coverage. The regulation and availability of GAS in the SUS have brought gains to the trans population, but it is necessary to expand access to services and mitigate stigmatizing conduct to ensure that these individuals feel accepted in their entire biopsychosocial context.

Resumo A implementação do processo transexualizador (PrTr) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foi fruto de lutas sociais da comunidade LGBT pelos direitos sexuais, da construção da identidade de gênero e da autonomia do corpo. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os avanços e desafios do PrTr no SUS, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa de revisão narrativa da literatura. Em junho de 2022, realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados Google Acadêmico, SciELO e BVS para selecionar artigos científicos em língua portuguesa publicados nos últimos dez anos, excluindo artigos em língua estrangeira e outros tipos de trabalhos acadêmicos, como revisões, TCCs, dissertações ou teses. Foram selecionados 18 artigos que evidenciaram a ampliação da assistência à saúde de transexuais com o PrTr no SUS. No entanto, foram identificadas fragilidades, como despreparo dos profissionais de saúde, estigmas sociais, diagnóstico clínico como propulsor de patologização e baixa cobertura hospitalar. A regulamentação e disponibilidade do PrTr no SUS trouxeram ganhos para o público trans, mas é necessário ampliar o acesso aos serviços e melhorar as condutas estigmatizantes para garantir que essas pessoas se sintam acolhidas em todo o seu contexto biopsicossocial.

Resumen La implementación del Proceso de Transexualización (PrTr) en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño fue resultado de las luchas sociales de la comunidad LGBT por los derechos sexuales, la construcción de la identidad de género y la autonomía corporal. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar los avances y desafíos del PrTr en el SUS mediante una investigación cualitativa y una revisión narrativa de la literatura. En junio de 2022, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Google Scholar, SciELO y BVS para seleccionar artículos científicos en portugués publicados en los últimos 10 años, excluyendo artículos en lengua extranjera y otros tipos de trabajos académicos, como reseñas, TCC, disertaciones o tesis. Se seleccionaron 18 artículos que destacaron la ampliación de la atención de salud de transexuales con PrTr en el SUS. Sin embargo, se identificaron debilidades, como la falta de preparación de los profesionales de la salud, los estigmas sociales, el diagnóstico clínico como motor de patologización y la baja cobertura hospitalaria. La regulación y disponibilidad del PrTr en el SUS ha traído ganancias para el público trans, pero es necesario ampliar el acceso a los servicios y mejorar las conductas estigmatizantes para asegurar que estas personas se sientan acogidas en todo su contexto biopsicosocial.

Resumo A implementação do processo transexualizador (PrTr) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foi fruto de lutas sociais da comunidade LGBT pelos direitos sexuais, da construção da identidade de gênero e da autonomia do corpo. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os avanços e desafios do PrTr no SUS, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa de revisão narrativa da literatura. Em junho de 2022, realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados Google Acadêmico, SciELO e BVS para selecionar artigos científicos em língua portuguesa publicados nos últimos dez anos, excluindo artigos em língua estrangeira e outros tipos de trabalhos acadêmicos, como revisões, TCCs, dissertações ou teses. Foram selecionados 18 artigos que evidenciaram a ampliação da assistência à saúde de transexuais com o PrTr no SUS. No entanto, foram identificadas fragilidades, como despreparo dos profissionais de saúde, estigmas sociais, diagnóstico clínico como propulsor de patologização e baixa cobertura hospitalar. A regulamentação e disponibilidade do PrTr no SUS trouxeram ganhos para o público trans, mas é necessário ampliar o acesso aos serviços e melhorar as condutas estigmatizantes para garantir que essas pessoas se sintam acolhidas em todo o seu contexto biopsicossocial.

Resumen La implementación del Proceso de Transexualización (PrTr) en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño fue resultado de las luchas sociales de la comunidad LGBT por los derechos sexuales, la construcción de la identidad de género y la autonomía corporal. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar los avances y desafíos del PrTr en el SUS mediante una investigación cualitativa y una revisión narrativa de la literatura. En junio de 2022, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Google Scholar, SciELO y BVS para seleccionar artículos científicos en portugués publicados en los últimos 10 años, excluyendo artículos en lengua extranjera y otros tipos de trabajos académicos, como reseñas, TCC, disertaciones o tesis. Se seleccionaron 18 artículos que destacaron la ampliación de la atención de salud de transexuales con PrTr en el SUS. Sin embargo, se identificaron debilidades, como la falta de preparación de los profesionales de la salud, los estigmas sociales, el diagnóstico clínico como motor de patologización y la baja cobertura hospitalaria. La regulación y disponibilidad del PrTr en el SUS ha traído ganancias para el público trans, pero es necesario ampliar el acceso a los servicios y mejorar las conductas estigmatizantes para asegurar que estas personas se sientan acogidas en todo su contexto biopsicosocial.

Abstract The implementation of the Transsexualizing Process (TP) / Gender-affirming Surgeries (GAS) in the Unified Health System (SUS) was the result of social struggles by the LGBT community for sexual rights, the construction of gender identity, and bodily autonomy. The scope of this article is to analyze the advances and challenges of TP/GAS in the SUS, through a qualitative narrative literature review. In June 2022, searches were conducted in the Google Scholar, SciELO, and VHL databases to select scientific articles in Portuguese published in the last 10 years, excluding articles in foreign languages and other types of academic work such as reviews, undergraduate theses, dissertations, and/or graduate theses. Eighteen articles were selected that showed the expansion of healthcare services for transsexuals with GAS in the SUS. However, weaknesses were identified, such as unprepared healthcare professionals, social stigmas, clinical diagnosis as a driver of pathologization, and low hospital coverage. The regulation and availability of GAS in the SUS have brought gains to the trans population, but it is necessary to expand access to services and mitigate stigmatizing conduct to ensure that these individuals feel accepted in their entire biopsychosocial context.

The aim of this study was to critically assess the implementation of a men's workshop-group (MWG) in an alcohol and drugs psychosocial care center (CAPS-AD). The MWG was born out of a partnership between a public university and the CAPS-AD guided by the principles underpinning the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) set out in the National Policy on Comprehensive Men's Healthcare (PNAISH). The discussion of the group is structured around five core themes: (1) group formation; (2) construction of group identity; (3) collective production of subjectivities and masculinities; (4) mirror: me and other men; and (5) "this is a group that makes men cry". We concluded that the MWG fosters care that combines the deconstruction of hegemonic masculinities with psychosocial care for problematic drug use. Participants recognized their vulnerability, shared experiences and feelings, and strengthened self-care for coping with problematic substance use. mens s workshopgroup workshop (MWG CAPSAD. CAPSAD CAPS AD . (CAPS-AD) SUS (SUS Mens Men PNAISH. PNAISH (PNAISH) themes 1 (1 formation 2 (2 identity 3 (3 4 (4 mirror 5 (5 cry. cry cry" use vulnerability feelings selfcare self (CAPS-AD (PNAISH (

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar criticamente a implementação do Grupo-Oficina de Homens (GOH) em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial – Álcool e Drogas (Caps-AD). O GOH nasceu da parceria entre universidade pública e o Caps-AD, baseado nos princípios estabelecidos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) pela Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem (PNAISH). O grupo será apresentado em cinco eixos: (1) formação do grupo; (2) construção da identidade grupal; (3) produções coletivas de subjetividades e masculinidades; (4) espelho: eu e os outros homens; (5) “este é um grupo que faz os homens chorarem”. Concluímos que o GOH construiu cuidados que conjugaram a desconstrução de masculinidades hegemônicas à atenção psicossocial no uso problemático de drogas. Os participantes reconheceram-se como vulneráveis, compartilharam experiências e sentimentos e fortaleceram o autocuidado nas trajetórias de enfrentamento do consumo problemático de substâncias. GrupoOficina Grupo Oficina (GOH CapsAD. CapsAD Caps AD . (Caps-AD) CapsAD, AD, Caps-AD SUS (SUS PNAISH. PNAISH (PNAISH) eixos 1 (1 2 (2 grupal 3 (3 4 (4 espelho 5 (5 este chorarem. chorarem chorarem” drogas reconheceramse reconheceram se vulneráveis substâncias (Caps-AD (PNAISH (

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar críticamente la implementación del Grupo–Taller de Hombres (Grupo Oficina de Hombre – GOH, por sus siglas en portugués) en un Centro de Atención Psicosocial – Alcohol y Drogas (CAPS – AD). El GOH nació de la alianza entre la Universidad Pública y el CAPS-AD, con base en los principios establecidos en el Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) por la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a la Salud del Hombre (PNAISH). El grupo se presentará en cinco ejes: (1) formación del grupo; (2) construcción de la identidad grupal; (3) producciones colectivas de subjetividades y masculinidades; (4) espejo: yo y los otros hombres; (5) “este es un grupo que hace llorar a los hombres”. Concluimos que el GOH construyó cuidados que conjugaron la desconstrucción de masculinidades hegemónicas para la atención psicosocial en el uso problemático de drogas. Los participantes se reconocieron como vulnerables, compartieron experiencias y sentimientos y fortalecieron el autocuidado en las trayectorias de enfrentamiento del consumo problemático de substancias. GrupoTaller Grupo Taller portugués CAPS AD. AD . AD) CAPSAD, CAPSAD AD, CAPS-AD SUS (SUS PNAISH. PNAISH (PNAISH) ejes 1 (1 2 (2 grupal 3 (3 4 (4 espejo hombres 5 (5 hombres. hombres” drogas vulnerables substancias (PNAISH (

Abstract: The low female participation in the construction industry in Chile is an evident reality that reflects persistent gender gaps influenced by stereotypes and prejudices regarding women's skills. This study aims to understand the gaps and challenges faced by female students of civil construction at the Federico Santa María Technical University, thereby addressing the existing knowledge gap. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA methodology, analyzing eight relevant articles, complemented by a qualitative survey applied to 47 female civil construction students and ten semi-structured interviews with key female students. The results reveal concerns about cultural stigma, peer valuation, and harassment; however, there is also personal interest in entering the field and a positive perception of the support received in the environment. The presence of female role models and meeting spaces could encourage both the entry and retention of women in construction. This study provides an evidence-based approach to understanding and addressing these disparities, suggesting that paying attention to these factors could enhance the inclusion of women in the industry. Future research is recommended to delve deeper into the impact of female role models on attracting and retaining women in construction careers and to implement educational and institutional strategies to mitigate these gaps.

Resumen: La baja participación femenina en la industria de la construcción en Chile es una realidad evidente que refleja brechas de género persistentes, influenciadas por estereotipos y prejuicios sobre las habilidades de las mujeres. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender las brechas y desafíos que enfrentan las estudiantes de construcción civil en la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, abordando así la brecha existente en el conocimiento. Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo la metodología PRISMA, analizando ocho artículos relevantes, complementada con una encuesta cualitativa aplicada a 47 estudiantes mujeres de construcción civil y diez entrevistas semiestructuradas con estudiantes clave. Los resultados revelan preocupaciones sobre el estigma cultural, la valoración por parte de sus pares y el acoso; sin embargo, también existe un interés personal en ingresar al campo y una percepción positiva del apoyo recibido en el entorno. La presencia de modelos femeninos a seguir y espacios de encuentro podría fomentar tanto el ingreso como la retención de mujeres en la construcción. Este estudio proporciona un enfoque basado en evidencia para comprender y abordar estas disparidades, sugiriendo que prestar atención a estos factores podría mejorar la inclusión de mujeres en la industria. Se recomienda que futuras investigaciones profundicen en el impacto de los modelos femeninos en la atracción y retención de mujeres en carreras de construcción, así como en la implementación de estrategias educativas e institucionales para mitigar estas brechas.

Abstract: Globally, female participation in the construction sector has increased in recent decades; however, it remains significantly lower than that of men. Several studies have identified the barriers and challenges that women face throughout their careers in this industry. Nevertheless, in the Chilean context, academic research on this topic is limited. This study aims to address this gap by identifying the obstacles women encounter to stay within the construction industry in Chile. A quantitative analysis was conducted to responses from a survey responded by 111 industry professionals, including men and women. The data were analyzed using survey analysis and independence tests, focusing on five key factors: gender, age, years of experience, number of children, and marital status. The results indicated that gender is the most influential factor, followed by age and family situation, highlighting issues such as difficulty balancing personal and work life, job dissatisfaction, and long working hours. Our findings may contribute to public entities and decision-makers to formulate specific gender-oriented policies in construction. For instance, the inclusion of the concept of "woman-hour," analogous to "man-hour," in human resource budgets in construction is suggested, which would facilitate greater equity in workforce planning.

Resumen: A nivel mundial, la participación femenina en el sector de la construcción ha aumentado en las últimas décadas; sin embargo, sigue siendo significativamente más baja que la de los hombres. Varios estudios han identificado las barreras y desafíos que enfrentan las mujeres a lo largo de sus carreras en esta industria. Sin embargo, en el contexto chileno la investigación académica sobre este tema es limitada. Este estudio pretende abordar esta brecha identificando los obstáculos que enfrentan las mujeres para permanecer dentro de la industria de la construcción en Chile. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo de las respuestas de una encuesta respondida por 111 profesionales de la industria, incluidos hombres y mujeres. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de encuestas y pruebas de independencia, centrándose en cinco factores clave: género, edad, años de experiencia, número de hijos y estado civil. Los resultados indicaron que el género es el factor más influyente, seguido de la edad y la situación familiar, destacando cuestiones como la dificultad para conciliar la vida personal y laboral, la insatisfacción laboral y las largas jornadas laborales. Nuestros hallazgos pueden contribuir a que entidades públicas y tomadores de decisiones formulen políticas específicas con enfoque de género en la construcción. Por ejemplo, se sugiere la inclusión del concepto de "hora-mujer", análogo al de "hora-hombre", en los presupuestos de recursos humanos en la construcción, lo que facilitaría una mayor equidad en la planificación de la fuerza laboral.

Resumen En este artículo se analiza cómo las plataformas digitales están transformando la expresión y construcción de la identidad de género. Se examinan las nuevas formas de deconstrucción del género a través de las redes sociales, los desafíos que enfrentan las identidades de género diversas en línea y cómo estas interacciones están redefiniendo las normas y estereotipos tradicionales. Desde plataformas digitales de las organizaciones Status Queer, Diálogo Diverso y Fundación Ecuatoriana Equidad, se identifica y examina las maneras de expresión y construcción de la identidad de género. Con la ayuda del análisis de contenido y el grupo focal realizados se puede obtener información certera de como la expresión y construcción identitaria se ha transformado en la era digital; el uso de lenguaje inclusivo y la visibilidad de las diversas representaciones género y orientaciones sexuales, han obtenido gran relevancia gracias a las plataformas digitales analizadas.

Abstract This article analyzes how digital platforms are transforming the expression and construction of gender identity. It examines the new forms of gender deconstruction through social networks, the challenges faced by diverse gender identities online, and how these interactions are redefining traditional norms and stereotypes. From digital platforms of the organizations Status Queer, Diálogo Diverso, and Fundación Ecuatoriana Equidad, the ways of expression and construction of gender identity are identified and examined. With the help of the content analysis and the focus group carried out, accurate information can be obtained on how the expression and construction of identity has been transformed in the digital era; The use of inclusive language and the visibility of diverse gender representations and sexual orientations have gained great relevance thanks to the digital platforms analyzed.

Abstract: In Vilcún, Chile, on the evening of September 21, 1942, Francisca Cayupi Marín confronted and publicly stabbed Alberto Moraga Bello for leaving her and marrying someone else. Employing a microhistorical approach and based on the study of this legal case file, this research proposes, on one hand, the analysis of the use of violence as female agency in the face of conflicts in couples; and on the other hand, the analysis of emotions in the construction of a narrative of female defense in judicial testimonies, understood as a performative act and the display of negotiating abilities in response to decisions by judges and justice agents, within a regional and border space.

Resumen: En Vilcún, Chile, la tarde del 21 de septiembre de 1942, Francisca Cayupi Marín emplazó y apuñaló públicamente a Alberto Moraga Bello por abandonarla y casarse con “otra”. A partir del enfoque microhistórico y en base al estudio de este expediente de proceso se plantea, por un lado, el análisis de los usos de la violencia como agencia femenina frente a situaciones de conflictos en las parejas y, por otro, el análisis de las emociones en la construcción de una narrativa de defensa femenina en los testimonios judiciales, entendida como un acto performático y de despliegue de sus capacidades de negociación ante las decisiones de los jueces y agentes de justicia, en un espacio regional y de frontera.

Abstract This article analyzes the narratives of black evangelical women activists of social movements regarding the process of composition and ordering of progressive churches in the Federal District, in the context of de pandemic and post- pandemic, presenting empirical data for a sociological analysis of these movements and their intersections between gender, race and non-formal learning processes, by analyzing printed newspapers, social media (2020-2022) and narratives of women who are part of these movements. In the repertories analyzed, it was observed that the pandemic context led to changes in pastoral activities, whether in the way of looking at people’s emotional and material survival needs at that time, as well as spreading the Gospel to the world. This announcement is accompanied by socio-political demands and ruptures with the conservative practices of churches, thus beginning the construction of new ways and places of enunciation for black women in the religious field. District post gender nonformal non formal processes newspapers 20202022 2020 2022 (2020-2022 analyzed activities peoples people s time world sociopolitical socio political field 2020202 202 (2020-202 202020 20 (2020-20 20202 2 (2020-2 (2020- (2020 (202 (20 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo analisa as narrativas das mulheres negras evangélicas ativistas dos movimentos sociais a respeito do processo de composição e ordenamento das igrejas progressistas no Distrito Federal, no contexto da pandemia e pós-pandemia, apresentando dados empíricos para uma análise sociológica desses movimentos e suas intersecções entre gênero, raça e processos de aprendizagem não formais, mediante a realização de análise de jornais impressos, mídias sociais (2020-2022) e de narrativas de mulheres que integram esses movimentos. Nos repertórios analisados, observou-se que o contexto pandêmico suscitou mudanças nas atividades pastorais, seja na forma de olhar as necessidades emocionais e de sobrevivência material das pessoas naquele momento, assim como de propagar o Evangelho ao mundo. Essa anunciação vem acompanhada de demandas sociopolíticas e rupturas quanto às práticas conservadoras das igrejas, iniciando-se assim a construção de novos modos e lugares de enunciação das mulheres negras no campo religioso. Federal póspandemia, póspandemia pós pandemia, pós-pandemia gênero formais impressos 20202022 2020 2022 (2020-2022 analisados observouse observou se pastorais momento mundo iniciandose iniciando religioso 2020202 202 (2020-202 202020 20 (2020-20 20202 2 (2020-2 (2020- (2020 (202 (20 (2 (

Even though sexuality is an important aspect of humanity, talking about issues concerning sexuality is still taboo in many communities. Different religions and colonial structures banished African sexuality rituals and rites of passage in many communities because they were believed to be pagan. This wholesale erasure of sexual traditions created spaces in which the good was thrown out with the bad. That legacy has created many challenges in modern-day society, which could be addressed by comprehensive sexuality education. Therefore, a group of master's and doctoral students from contexts where sex talk is taboo were invited to join a funded project to conduct research on gender and sexuality in education. This paper presents a collaboration between the students and their supervisor in rethinking the need for comprehensive sexuality education in African contexts. A round-table discussion was used to generate data for this qualitative, critical, collaborative self-study. The findings highlight several societal challenges that provide a basis for the urgent inclusion of comprehensive sexuality education into curricula across schools and communities. We argue, from the findings, that maintaining the taboo status of sexuality issues does not serve anyone. It is like hiding our head in the sand even as our whole body is exposed. Thus, the study has implications for teacher education and community development projects towards equitable societies with healthy sexual lives.

South African universities are in the midst of rising sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). In the face of a lack of wider institutional commitment to effectively tackle the issue, we have seen an increase in calls to find, name, punish, shame, and expel perpetrators, that is, offending men. While appropriate at times, we propose that this current response to SGBV in tertiary education runs the risk of unintentionally essentialising problematic constructs of masculinity and, due to changing demographics of universities in South Africa, reproducing problematic colonial ideas of Black African cisgender male sexuality. As queer people, we are deeply aware of the machinery of othering, and that individual and systemic dynamics operate in interdependent ways to structure our personal and social relations. Using reflexive action research and autoethnographic memory work, we locate our own experiences of shame and being shamed, calling for dialogue to move beyond simplistic and individualistic solutions towards a theory of individual and social accountability. We invite SGBV practitioners to come together to think more systemically about the social construction of gender and race, the role of institutional systems and cultures, and pedagogical strategies that could bring male perpetrators into a relationship of engagement towards rehabilitation, change, and growth.

Abstract Higher education in Honduras faces multiple challenges due to the social context that affects its environment and therefore its students, which requires that these institutions assume a leading role in identifying and addressing territorial realities through teaching-learning practices that promote research and participation of university students in the construction of knowledge for their awareness and action to improve their environment. The objective of this research is to reflect the analysis of the International Relations students of the Central American Technological University on the perspective of human rights, education and gender contemplated in the government plan of Honduras 2022-2026 using Research Based Learning (RBL) methodology tools, a study developed in the subject “Management of Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid” where 16 students participated in documentary reviews, tree diagrams, focus groups, SWOT analysis and the elaboration of an opinion article as a final project. This educational experience underscored the importance of cooperating and creating spaces for research linked to the Honduran reality in order to promote academic freedom within the classroom with active dynamics, including the evaluation of thematic content and the understanding of current regulations and their real impact on society. In addition, the proposal encourages self-taught practice, allowing students to assume responsibility and autonomy in their learning, with the teacher’s role being crucial in guiding and supporting the development of these skills.

Resumen La educación superior en Honduras enfrenta múltiples desafíos debido al contexto social que afecta a su entorno y, por ende, a sus estudiantes. Esto exige que dichas instituciones asuman un papel protagónico en la identificación y el abordaje de las realidades territoriales, a través de prácticas de enseñanza-aprendizaje que promuevan la investigación y participación del universitario en la construcción de conocimiento, para su sensibilización y la acción de mejora en su medio. El objetivo de la presente investigación es reflejar el análisis de los estudiantes de Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana sobre la perspectiva de derechos humanos, educación y género contemplada en el Plan de Gobierno para Refundar Honduras 2022-2026, usando herramientas de metodología del aprendizaje basado en investigación. El estudio se desarrolló en la asignatura Gestión de la Cooperación y Ayuda Humanitaria, en la que dieciséis estudiantes participaron en revisiones documentales, diagramas de árbol, grupos focales, análisis FODA y la elaboración de un artículo de opinión como proyecto final. Esta experiencia educativa subrayó la importancia de cooperar y crear espacios de investigación vinculados a la realidad hondureña para promover la libertad académica dentro del aula con dinámicas activas, incluyendo la evaluación de contenidos temáticos y la comprensión de la normativa vigente y su impacto real en la sociedad. Además, la propuesta fomenta la práctica autodidacta, al permitir a los estudiantes asumir la responsabilidad y autonomía en su aprendizaje. El docente, por su parte, tiene un rol crucial en la guía y el apoyo para el desarrollo de estas habilidades.

Abstract: This descriptive article develops the first cases of political gender violence made visible in four Latin American countries: Bolivia, Mexico, Ecuador and Argentina between 2012 and 2024. It is interesting to observe 1) the contexts in which these acts have been committed during the first years of validity of parity laws in the political-electoral sphere; 2) the facilities or obstacles in access to justice for victims, the existing legal framework and the definition of the sentences. In short, analyze in these four countries how the recognition of gender political violence has been recognized and its contribution to the construction of a rule of law.

Resumen: Este artículo de carácter descriptivo desarrolla los primeros casos de violencia política de género visibilizados en cuatro países de América Latina: Bolivia, México, Ecuador y Argentina entre 2012 y 2024. Interesa observar 1) los contextos en los que se han cometidos estos actos durante los primeros años de vigencia de leyes de paridad en el ámbito político-electoral; 2) las facilidades u obstáculos en el acceso a la justicia por parte de las víctimas, el marco jurídico existente y la definición de las sentencias. En definitiva, analizar en estos cuatro países cómo se ha llegado al reconocimiento de la violencia política por razón de género y su aporte a la construcción de un estado de derecho.

Abstract: The present research aims to analyze the discursive construction of violence against trans women in politics exercised towards trans activists and candidates to constituent Emilia Schneider and Constanza Valdés during their election period in texts produced on Twitter. This construction was analyzed based on Critical Discourse Studies in Social Media (KhosraviNik, 2022) and Queer Discourse Studies (Motchenbacher and Stegu, 2013). To achieve the above, the discursive strategies of nominalization and predication (Reisigl and Wodak, 2015) were characterized along with the characterization of Violence Against Trans Women in Politics (VCMPTP), adapting Peterson's (2016, 2022) model of homophobic formation. The methodology employed is qualitative, interpretivist and inductive; the corpus is made up of a total of 510 tweets and responses to these employed by Twitter users to the political campaign tweets of trans activists and candidates during 2021. To analyze it, ATLAS.ti software was used to tag and code the discursive strategies and the VCMTP. The results show that, from nominalization and predication, texts containing VATWP disqualify female candidates because of their gender identity and invalidate their ability to carry out the work of drafting a New Constitution, where hate speech, gender violence and violence against women are combined.

Resumen: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la construcción discursiva de la violencia contra las mujeres trans en política, ejercida hacia las activistas y candidatas trans a constituyente Emilia Schneider y Constanza Valdés durante su período eleccionario, en textos producidos en Twitter. Se analizó dicha construcción a partir de los Estudios Críticos del Discurso en Redes Sociales (KhosraviNik, 2022) y los Estudios del Discurso Queer (Motchenbacher y Stegu, 2013). Para lograr lo anterior, se caracterizó las estrategias discursivas de nominalización y predicación (Reisigl y Wodak, 2015) junto a la caracterización de la Violencia Contra Mujeres Trans en Política (VCMPTP), adaptando el modelo de formación homofóbica de Peterson (2016, 2022). La metodología empleada es cualitativa, interpretivista e inductiva; el corpus está conformado por un total de 510 tuits y respuestas a estos empleados por usuarios de Twitter a los tuits de campaña política de las activistas y candidatas trans durante el 2021. Para analizarlo, se utilizó el software ATLAS.ti para etiquetar y codificar las estrategias discursivas y la VCMTP. Los resultados muestran que, desde la nominalización y predicación, los textos que contienen VCMTP descalifican a las candidatas por su identidad de género y también invalidan su capacidad de llevar adelante la labor de redactar una Nueva Constitución, en donde se conjugan discursos de odio, violencia de género y violencia contra las mujeres en política.

Abstract: Gender identity is configured from childhood. Objective: to explore the experience in the construction of a diverse gender in adolescence in its family and social context. Subject and Method: Exploratory qualitative study that used the Grounded Theory method and its analytical techniques of coding, categorization, and constant comparison. 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with youths aged between 12 and 21 years attending a Specialized Psychopedagogical Center in Medellín, Colombia, plus the contribution of close adult relatives in 3 of the interviews. The ethical requirements for this type of study were met. Results: The incongruence between body and gender identity begins with an internal conflict that allows the exploration of the self as a task inherent to the individual. Adolescence exacerbates the need for recognition of that identity. This study shows that gender identity is a dynamic process of individual construction, permeated by the family-social context, which is sometimes attacked by imposing hegemonic binary standards (male-female); archetypes that promote discrimination with serious consequences for physical and mental health. Comprehensive management should embrace and facilitate the process of building a diverse gender in adolescence. Conclusions: The experience of a diverse gender begins in childhood with the feeling of body/gender identity incongruence, and intensifies in adolescence with dysphoria being predominant. Self-acceptance, family support, and the beginning of affirmation are sources of resilience that facilitate full disclosure of a diverse gender.

Resumen: La identidad de género se configura desde la infancia. Objetivo: explorar la experiencia en la construcción de un género diverso en la adolescencia en su contexto familiar y social. Sujetos y Método: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio que usó el método de Teoría Fundamentada y sus técnicas analíticas de codificación, categorización y comparación constante. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas semiestructuradas a jóvenes de entre 12 y 21 años, asistentes de un Centro Psicopedagógico Especializado de Colombia, sumado al aporte en 3 de las entrevistas, de adultos familiares cercanos. Se cumplieron los requerimientos éticos para estudios de este tipo. Resultados: La incongruencia entre cuerpo e identidad de género inicia con un conflicto interno que permite la exploración del ser como una labor inherente al individuo. La adolescencia exacerba la necesidad de reconocimiento de esa identidad. Se evidencia que la identidad de género es un proceso dinámico de construcción individual, permeado por el contexto familiar - social, que en ocasiones se agrede al imponer estándares hegemónicamente binarios: hombre-mujer; arquetipos que promueven la discriminación con graves consecuencias para la salud física y mental. Un manejo integral debería acoger y facilitar el proceso de construcción de un género diverso en la adolescencia. Conclusiones: La experiencia de un género diverso inicia en la infancia con la sensación de incongruencia cuerpo /identidad de género y se intensifica en la adolescencia, siendo la disforia predominante. La aceptación propia, el apoyo familiar y el inicio de la afirmación son fuentes de resiliencia que facilitan la revelación plena de un género diverso.