Resumen Antecedentes: En el Área Natural Protegida Sistema Arrecifal Lobos-Tuxpan (SALT), México, la presencia de babosas marinas se ha documentado en varias investigaciones científicas, pero la información es limitada, se encuentra dispersa y desactualizada. Objetivo: Elaborar una lista actualizada de las especies con base en la adición de nuevos datos de campo y de la compilación de especies reportadas previamente en la literatura para el SALT. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos en el arrecife Lobos (durante noviembre 2014 y 2017), arrecife Enmedio (septiembre 2016, abril 2017, junio 2018, julio y noviembre 2019) y en el arrecife Tuxpan (junio y octubre 2016, y abril 2017). El listado de especies se complementó con registros de especies reportadas previamente para el SALT. Resultados: La lista actualizada comprende 27 especies de babosas marinas. Los grupos más representativos son: orden Cephalaspidea con nueve especies, Aplysiida con siete especies y Superorden Sacoglossa con siete especies. Se extiende la distribución de Cyerce habanensis y Elysia cornigera para el norte de Veracruz y Lobiger souverbii constituye nuevo registro para el Corredor Arrecifal del Suroeste del Golfo de México. Conclusiones: La presente investigación incrementa favorablemente el conocimiento de las babosas marinas para el SALT. Esta información puede apoyar las estrategias de conservación y protección para el plan de manejo de esta área natural protegida.

Abstract Background: In the Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System Protected Natural Area (LTRS), Mexico, the presence of sea slugs has been documented in several scientific investigations, but the information is limited, scattered and out of date. Goals: To elaborate an updated list of species with new field data and the compilation of species previously reported in the literature for LTRS. Methods: Samplings were carried out in the Lobos reef (during November 2014 and 2017), Enmedio reef (September 2016, April 2017, June 2018, July and November 2019) and the Tuxpan reef (June and October 2016, and April 2017). The list of species was complemented with records of species previously reported for LTRS. Results: The updated list comprises up to 27 species of sea slugs. The most representative groups are: Order Cephalaspidea with nine species, Aplysiida with seven species and Superorder Sacoglossa with seven species. The distribution of Cyerce habanensis and Elysia cornigera extends to the north of Veracruz and Lobiger souverbii constitutes a new record for the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico Reef Corridor. Conclusions: Our study favorably increases the knowledge of sea slugs for the LTRS. This information could support strategies of conservation and protection for the management plans of this protect natural area.

Resumo Muito pouco se sabe sobre a malacofauna no distrito de Swat, na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, situada na parte norte do Paquistão. O vale do Swat possui uma variedade de condições ambientais adequadas, proporcionando diferentes tipos de habitats para a flora e a fauna. Levando em consideração esses pontos, o presente estudo foi conduzido para explorar a diversidade dos caracóis terrestres em campos agrícolas e não agrícolas no vale inferior de Swat. Um total de 417 conchas foram coletadas em três locais: Kokarai, Kanju Township e Deolai. Com base em características concológicas, três famílias: Bradybaenidae, Hygromiidae e Zonitidae foram identificadas usando diferentes chaves de caramujos terrestres. Em Kokarai e Deolai, conchas de membros de todas as famílias mencionadas acima foram encontradas em campos agrícolas. No município de Kanju, foram encontradas conchas de membros da família Bradybaenidae e Zonitidae. A partir dessas constatações, concluiu-se que o distrito de Swat possui uma malacofauna significativa que antes era inexplorada e ajudava mais a literatura existente sobre a malacofauna. Também apoia a ideia de que o agroecossistema é rico em diversidade de espécies. Recomenda-se a realização de um estudo mais aprofundado e extenso para uma taxonomia detalhada das famílias de gastrópodes terrestres descritas.

Abstract Very little is known about the malacofauna in district Swat of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, situated in the Northern part of Pakistan. The Swat valley possesses a variety of suitable environmental conditions, providing different types of habitats for both flora and fauna. Taken into consideration these points, the present study was conducted to explore the terrestrial snails diversity in agricultural and non-agricultural fields in the lower Swat valley. A total of 417 shells were collected from three sites: Kokarai, Kanju Township, and Deolai. Based on conchological features, three families: Bradybaenidae, Hygromiidae, and Zonitidae were identified using different terrestrial snail keys. In Kokarai and Deolai, shells of members of all the above-mentioned families were found from agricultural fields. In Kanju Township, shells of members of the family Bradybaenidae and Zonitidae were found. From these findings, it was concluded that district Swat possesses a significant malacofauna which was unexplored before and aided more to the existing literature on malacofauna. It also supports the idea that the agroecosystem is rich in species diversity. Further in-depth and extensive study is recommended to be carried out for a detailed taxonomy of the described terrestrial gastropod families.

Abstract The Natural Reserve of Punta Lara (RNPL) is a protected natural area that includes Paranaense forest southernmost in the world. This area is surrounded by a densely populated and touristic sector. The objective of this work was to estimate the richness, diversity and equity of the RNPL mollusks (aquatic and terrestrial) and to establish the relationship of their species in aquatic environments. One sampling per year was carried out between 2013 and 2019. There were 32 species recorded (six are non-native species): 23 gastropods (14 freshwater, nine terrestrial) and nine bivalves. Three species were recorded in all sampling years, while six only on one occasion. The land snail genus Drepanostomella is reported for the first time in that region, and five freshwater species are reported for the first time for the RNPL. The similarity analysis of the freshwater environment separated the coastal environments from the internal environments. The environments with the highest specific richness were in internal sites of the RNPL, while the least diverse was the coast of the Río de la Plata, where the invasive species Limnoperna fortunei predominates. It is recommended to increase the conservation efforts of the different environments of the RNPL continuously threatened by urbanization.

ABSTRACT In 2022, Salvador and co-authors published an up-to-date list of gastropod species recorded from Brazilian caves. That list included 18 species (15 land and three freshwater species) that were considered by the authors to be restricted to caves (troglobitic). In this contribution we argue that only six of the species listed by them as truly troglobites can be classified in that category. We disagree with some characteristics listed by Salvador and co-authors to diagnose the species they classify as cave-restricted and argue that those species do not have truly troglomorphic traits (characteristic of subterranean habitats). Since the Brazilian legislation considers the degree of association with caves as a decisive attribute to preserve them, it is important to clarify the characteristics are sufficient and necessary for a species to be classified as cave-dependent.

Resumen Introducción: Spiraxidae es la familia de gasterópodos terrestres más diversa de México con una distribución principalmente neotropical. Sin embargo, la influencia de las condiciones ambientales de esta región en su distribución aún es poco conocida. Objetivo: Determinar las afinidades zoogeográficas y la influencia de factores ambientales en la distribución de Spiraxidae en México. Métodos: Compilamos registros de distribución de museos y usamos modelos para establecer áreas con composición de especies, concentración de especies, afinidades y relaciones con variables ambientales similares. Resultados: Encontramos 231 especies y subespecies, 96 en el estado de Veracruz y 74 en la Sierra Madre Oriental. La principal afinidad zoogeográfica fue neotropical. El bosque mesófilo de montaña tuvo la mayor cantidad de especies y subespecies (93). Tres de los grupos zonales tienen una composición particular de especies y el 67 % de las especies son especialistas de hábitat. La presencia de especies sigue un gradiente ambiental, con la cubierta de árboles de hoja perenne de hoja ancha y la precipitación media anual como variables determinantes. Las especies del norte tuvieron mayor tolerancia a la aridez y menor cobertura de hojas. Conclusiones: Spiraxidae tiene su mayor diversidad en los estados del Sur de México; sin embargo, la zona nororiental tiene más registros de especies. Estos caracoles se encuentran principalmente en bosques mesófilos de montaña y bosques tropicales siempre verdes. Las especies del norte de México tuvieron una mayor tolerancia a los sitios con poca lluvia y menos cobertura de árboles de hoja perenne de hoja ancha que las especies del sur.

Abstract Introduction: Spiraxidae is the most diverse family of terrestrial gastropods in Mexico with a mainly neotropical distribution. However, the influence of environmental conditions in this region on its distribution is still poorly known. Objective: To determine zoogeographic affinities and the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of Spiraxidae in Mexico. Methods: We compiled museum distribution records and used models to establish areas with similar species composition, species concentration, affinities and relationship with environmental variables. Results: We found 231 species and subspecies, 96 in Veracruz state and 74 in Sierra Madre Oriental. The main zoogeographic affinity was neotropical. Mountain mesophyll forest had the most species and subspecies (93). Three of zone groups have a particular species composition and 67 % of the species are habitat specialists. Species presence follows an environmental gradient, with broadleaf evergreen tree cover and average annual precipitation as determining variables. Northern species had greater tolerance to aridity and reduced leaf cover. Conclusions: Spiraxidae has its greatest diversity in the Southern states of Mexico; however, the Northeastern zone has more species records. These snails mostly occur in mesophyll mountain forest and tropical evergreen forest. Species from Northern Mexico had greater tolerance to sites with low rainfall and less broadleaf evergreen tree cover than Southern species.

Abstract The physiological process to counteract environmental stress are extremely diverse in marine species that inhabit intertidal zones. Ecological approaches have demonstrated a variety of adaptations among narrowly distributed species. The present study is focused on physiological responses of two key marine gastropods from Atlantic Patagonia living in one of the most stressful intertidal rocky shores of the world: Tegula patagonica and Trophon geversianus. We evaluated the body temperature and its heat-shock response by Hsp70 expression. Our results suggest that T. geversianus, inhabiting the mid-intertidal zone and exposed for longer to aerial conditions, presents better physiological and behavioral adaptations to temperature than T. patagonica, living in the low intertidal with less physical stress. Tegula patagonica seems to have an inefficient thermal defense, an inability to upregulate Hsp70 expression against water temperature increase. Contrariwise, a significant upregulation of Hsp70 was registered in T. geversianus added to a protective behavior of hiding during periods of high tempera ture. These results will be useful as a reference for monitoring sentinel species to assess real-time changes in coastal intertidal communities due to global warming.

Resumen Los procesos fisiológicos para con trarrestar el estrés ambiental en las especies marinas que habitan las zonas intermareales son extremadamente diversos. Los enfoques ecológicos han demostrado una variedad de adaptaciones entre especies de distribución limitada. El presente estudio se focaliza en las respuestas fisiológicas de dos gasterópodos marinos clave de la Patagonia atlántica que viven en una de las costas rocosas intermareales más estresantes del mundo: Tegula pata gonica y Trophon geversianus. Evaluamos la temperatura corporal y su respuesta al choque térmico mediante la expresión de Hsp70. Nuestros resultados sugieren que T. geversianus, habitante del intermareal medio y expuesto por más tiempo a las condiciones aéreas, presenta mejores adaptaciones a la temperatura en comparación a T. patagonica, que habita en el intermareal bajo con menor estrés físico. Tegula patagonica parece tener una defensa térmica ineficiente, incapaz de incrementar la expresión de Hsp70 frente al aumento de la temperatura del agua. Por el contrario, se registró un aumento significativo de Hsp70 en T. geversianus sumado al comportamiento defensivo de esconderse durante los períodos de alta temperatura. Estos resultados serán útiles como referencia para monitorear especies centinela y evaluar cambios en tiempo real en las comunidades intermareales costeras debido al calentamiento global.

Abstract: The meso-predator Panulirus argus has an impact on the populations of benthic mollusks that constitute its food. In the present study, composition of P. argus diet and predation pressure exerted on gastropods population from Santa Cruz del Sur (SCrso) and Gulf of Batabanó (GB) fishing regions, Cuba, were determined. Gastropod density and diversity were quantified by trawling, which based on the abundance of lobsters reported for each region, served to estimate the impact of predation on gastropod community. 250 lobsters were captured: 62 from SCrso in October 2012, 136 from GB in February 2014 and 52 from GB in July 2018. The void was similar in SCrso (38.7%) and GB (38.0%). Thirteen trophic categories were recorded, the most frequent: operculums (48.8%), crustacean remains (48.0%), shell remains (47.2%) and plant remains (35.0%), showing that the diet is mainly composed of mollusks and crustaceans. The frequency of occurrence of plant remains suggests non-accidental consumption. Seventeen species of mollusks were identified, being Tegula fasciata, Phrontis antillarum, Aliger gigas, Turbo castanea and Chione cancellata the most frequent. The most predated species were T. fasciata (3.36), P. antillarum (0.54) and A. gigas (0.45). Predation pressure was 0.92 gastropods lobster-1 in SCrso and 3.31 gastropods lobster-1 in GB, which according to the respective densities of lobsters (3,546 lobsters km-2 and 3,837 lobsters km-2) and gastropods (3.76 ind. m-2 and 1.45 ind. m-2), allowed estimating that lobsters consume 0.087% of the gastropod community in SCrso and 0.887% in GB. Evidence of cannibalism was also found.

Resumen: La langosta espinosa Panulirus argus es un mesodepredador que tiene un impacto en las poblaciones de moluscos bentónicos que constituyen su alimento. En el presente estudio, se determinó la composición de la dieta de P. argus y la presión de depredación que ejerce sobre los gastrópodos de las regiones pesqueras Santa Cruz del Sur (SCrso) y golfo de Batabanó (GB), Cuba. Mediante arrastres se cuantificó la densidad y diversidad de gastrópodos, que, basado en la abundancia de langostas, sirvió para estimar el impacto de la depredación. Se capturaron 250 langostas: 62 en SCrso octubre 2012, 136 en el GB febrero 2014 y 52 en el GB julio 2018. La vacuidad fue similar en SCrso (38,7%) y en el GB (38,0%). Se registraron 13 categorías tróficas, las más frecuentes: opérculos (48,8%) y restos de crustáceos (48,0%), de conchas (47,2%) y vegetales (35,0%), demostrando que la dieta se compone principalmente de moluscos y crustáceos. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de vegetales sugiere consumo no accidental. Se identificaron 17 especies de moluscos, siendo Tegula fasciata, Phrontis antillarum, Aliger gigas, Turbo castanea y Chione cancellata las más frecuentes. La mayor tasa de depredación fue sobre las especies T. fasciata (3,36), P. antillarum (0,54) y A. gigas (0,45). La presión de depredación fue 0,92 gastrópodos langosta-1 en SCrso y 3,31 gastrópodos langosta-1 en el GB, lo que según las respectivas densidades de langostas (3.546 langostas km-2 y 3.837 langostas km-2) y gastrópodos (3,76 ind. m-2 y 1,45 ind. m-2), demostró que P. argus consume 0,087% de los gastrópodos en SCrso y 0,887% en el GB. Se encontraron además evidencias de canibalismo.

ABSTRACT Background: The Espiritu Santo archipelago is recognized for its high biodiversity as a national park. Studies carried out on soft-bottom mollusks are of the faunistic type, and little is known about the variations in their community structure. Objective: To know the composition and the spatial variation in the structure of the assemblages of soft-bottom mollusks of the archipelago and to describe the possible incidence of the type of substrate in their structuring. Methods: In the infralittoral zone, 66 sampling sites were distributed in nine locations. The mollusks were collected by autonomous diving using a 1 m-2 metal frame and a nucleator to analyze of the sediment texture. The medium-grained sand substrate presented the highest distribution. The ecological indices of abundance, species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity (H´), and Pielou evenness index (J´) were estimated. Results: 23,743 individuals were quantified, belonging to 102 species distributed in three classes, 17 orders, 39 families, and 70 genera. The bivalves were represented by 48 species, 9 orders, 17 families, and 39 genera. The gastropods by 52 species, 7 orders, 21 families and 30 genera, and the scaphopods by 1 species. Significant differences were found between localities for species richness and diversity but not for species equity. Conclusiones: Spatial variations were observed in the structure of the mollusks assemblages in the archipelago, which could be due to the combined effect of the sediment texture and the presence of mangroves existing in some locations.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El Parque Nacional Archipiélago Espíritu Santo es reconocido por su elevada biodiversidad. Los estudios realizados sobre los moluscos de fondos blandos son inventarios faunísticos, y se conoce poco sobre la variación de su estructura comunitaria. Objetivo: Conocer la composición y la variación espacial en la estructura de los ensambles de moluscos de fondos blandos de este archipiélago y describir la posible relación con el tipo de sustrato. Métodos: En la zona infralitoral se distribuyeron 66 sitios de muestreo en nueve localidades. La colecta de moluscos se realizó mediante buceo autónomo utilizando un marco metálico de 1m2 y para el análisis de la textura del sedimento un nucleador. Se estimaron los indicadores estructurales de abundancia (N), riqueza de especies (S) y los índices de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (H´) y de Equidad de Pielou (J´). Resultados: El sustrato de arena de grano medio presentó la mayor contribución. Se cuantificaron 23 743 organismos, registrados en 102 especies distribuidas en tres clases, 17 órdenes, 39 familias y 70 géneros. Los bivalvos estuvieron representados por 48 especies, 39 géneros, 17 familias y nueve órdenes. Los gastrópodos por 52 especies, 30 géneros, 21 familias y siete órdenes y los escafópodos por una especie. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las localidades para la riqueza de especies y diversidad, pero no para equidad. Conclusiones: Se observaron variaciones espaciales en la estructura de los ensambles de moluscos en el archipiélago, las cuales pudieron ser debidas al efecto combinado de la textura del sedimento y a la presencia de mangles en algunas localidades.

Resumo A cultura da ostra tem como problema de produção o organismo incrustante, neste contexto, avaliou como controle biológico contra organismos incrustantes e sedimentos a introdução do gastrópode Tegula atra (Lesson, 1830) em culturas de ostras chilenas (Triostrea chilensis Phillippi, 1844) em condições de presença e ausência de fome, localizadas em gaiolas flutuantes e culturas de fundo. A predação e o efeito mecânico no pastejo de T. atra geraram uma diminuição em sete dias de 19,8% e 13,7% dos organismos incrustantes na cultura em gaiola e nos sedimentos de fundo, por efeito de gastrópodes sem fome, respectivamente. Considerando que houve decréscimo de 12,6% e 11,4% dos organismos incrustantes na cultura em gaiola e nos sedimentos de fundo pelos efeitos dos gastrópodes com fome respectivamente. Os organismos incrustantes removidos eram principalmente algas, ascídias coloniais, poliquetas, briozoários e pequenos crustáceos.

Abstract The oyster culture has the incrusting organism as problem for production, in this context, it evaluated as biological control against incrusting organism and sediments the introduction of gastropod Tegula atra (Lesson, 1830) in Chilean oysters (Triostrea chilensis Phillippi, 1844) cultures in conditions of starvation presence and absence located in floating cages and bottom cultures. The predation and mechanic effect on T. atra grazing generated a decreasing in seven days of 19.8% and 13.7% of incrusting organisms in cage culture and bottom sediments by effects of gastropods without starvation respectively. Whereas it had a decrease of 12.6% and 11.4% of incrusting organisms in cage culture and bottom sediments by effects of gastropods with starvation respectively. The incrusting organism removed were mainly algae, colonial ascidia, polychaeta, bryozoan and small crustaceans.

ABSTRACT An up-to-date list of exclusively cave-dwelling gastropod species recorded in Brazil is presented including updated taxonomy, detailed geographic information, and illustration of types. The list includes 18 cave-exclusive (troglobitic) gastropods encompassing 15 land and three freshwater species, with the status of further species pending additional studies. Their unusual morphology and diversity are discussed, as well as their conservation status and prospects in the current Brazilian environmental and political scenario.

Resumo A zoocoria mediada por aves aquáticas é um dos principais processos ecológicos que explicam como invertebrados não-voadores habitantes de água doce se dispersam entre áreas úmidas isoladas. A dispersão passiva que ocorre através no interior dos intestinos de aves aquáticas (endozoocoria) pode explicar como estes invertebrados se distribuem na paisagem. Neste trabalho, avaliamos o potencial de dispersão de caramujos aquáticos por endozoocoria promovida por três espécies de aves aquáticas em áreas úmidas neotropicais. No total, 77 amostras fecais de capororoca (Coscoroba coscoroba, n = 28), irerê (Dendrocygna viduata, n = 36) e marreca-pardinha (Anas flavirostris, n = 13) foram coletadas em campo e levadas ao laboratório. As amostras foram examinadas em estereomicroscópio para verificar a presença de conchas de gastrópodes. Encontramos 496 conchas intactas, sendo Heleobia piscium a espécie mais abundante (n = 485). Também encontramos duas conchas de Drepanotrema sp. e nove de outros dois morfotipos de Planorbidae. Os caramujos estiveram presentes em 20,8% de todas as amostras, sendo mais frequentes nas fezes do capororoca (50%). Nossos dados sugerem que caramujos aquáticos podem se dispersar por endozoocoria de aves entre áreas úmidas neotropicais, com vetores incluindo espécies de aves migratórias e residentes.

Abstract Waterbird-mediated zoochory is one of the main ecological mechanisms by which non-flying freshwater invertebrates can disperse between isolated wetlands. Passive dispersal through gut passage inside waterbirds (endozoochory) may explain how many organisms spread in the landscape. Here, we evaluate the potential for dispersal of aquatic snails by three waterbird species in neotropical wetlands. A total of 77 faecal samples from Coscoroba coscoroba (n = 28), Dendrocygna viduata (n = 36) and Anas flavirostris (n = 13) were collected in the field and taken to the laboratory. There, the samples were examined under a stereomicroscope to check for the presence of gastropod shells. We found 496 intact gastropod shells, and Heleobia piscium was the most abundant species (n= 485). We also found two shells of Drepanotrema sp. and nine others distributed between two different morphotypes of Planorbidae. Snails were present in 20.8 % of all samples, and were more frequent in faeces of coscoroba swan (50%) than the other two bird species. Our data suggest that aquatic snails may disperse by avian endozoochory between neotropical wetlands, with vectors including migratory bird species.

RESUMEN Se presentan nuevos registros de un ensamblaje de moluscos terrestres y de agua dulce perteneciente al Pleistoceno tardío y el Holoceno del yacimiento de mamuts El Molino en Parras, Coahuila, ubicado en el norte de México. Se identificaron 19 taxones de moluscos, entre los cuáles 14 especies se distribuyen dentro del Pleistoceno tardío y 10 especies en los distintos estratos del Holoceno. Los nuevos registros de moluscos del Pleistoceno tardío para México incluyen a las especies Gastrocopta tappaniana, Pupilla hebes y Habroconus sp. de las cuáles, las primeras dos habían sido registradas anteriormente en depósitos Pleistocénicos de los Estados Unidos. En el Holoceno de México, se presentan por primera vez los registros fósiles de las especies Euglesa casertana, Galba humilis, Gastrocopta cristata, Zonitoides arboreus, Hawaiia minuscula y Deroceras laeve. Los requisitos de hábitat del conjunto de malacofauna hallada en el sitio El Molino proponen información adicional sobre los cambios ambientales sucedidos durante la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno. La presencia de malacofauna higrófila e hidrófila asociada a bosques sugiere un hábitat boscoso húmedo con pastizales durante el Pleistoceno tardío, el cual cambió posteriomente a condiciones xéricas con la colonización de especies xerófitas y acuáticas tolerantes a la aridez durante y después de la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno en el área.

ABSTRACT We present new Late Pleistocene and Holocene records of a land and freshwater malacofauna assemblage from the mammoth bearing site El Molino in Parras, Coahuila, northern Mexico. We identified 19 mollusk taxa, 14 species were found within the Late Pleistocene sediments and 10 species in the different strata belonging to the Holocene. The gastropods Gastrocopta tappaniana, Pupilla hebes and Habroconus sp. are new Late Pleistocene records for Mexico, the first two being previously recorded for United States Pleistocene deposits. New Mexican Holocene fossil records include Euglesa casertana, Galba humilis, Gastrocopta cristata, Zonitoides arboreus, Hawaiia minuscula, and Deroceras laeve. The habitat requirements of the El Molino site malacofauna assemblage provides additional information on the environmental changes that occurred during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Woodland associated, hygrophilic and hydrophilic malacofauna suggest a humid forested and grassland habitat during the Late Pleistocene, which subsequently changed to xeric conditions with the colonization of xerophytic and aridity-tolerant aquatic species during and after the Pleistocene-Holocene transition at the study area.

BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the etiological agent of neuroangiostrongyliasis in humans, which is developed in gastropods and vertebrate species, mainly rodents. Human transmission occurs through consumption of molluscs and paratenic hosts infected with L3, and the migration of larvae to the central nervous system causes eosinophilic meningitis. Laboratory diagnosis is based on molecular and immunological tests, using young or adult females as a source of antigens. However, these tests give positive results only after several weeks of symptoms onset and also cross-reactions with others parasite infections may occur. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to study different antigenic preparations of distinct evolutionary phases of A. cantonensis, in order to improve serological techniques for disease immunodiagnosis. METHODS For this purpose, antigenic fractions of different evolutionary forms were evaluated by Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) and Western blot using serum samples. FINDINGS All analysed fractions showed reactivity with serum samples from patients with neuroangiostrongyliasis, especially female membrane alkaline (FAM) and female soluble alkaline (FAS) fractions together with female soluble saline (FSS), improving the technique specificity. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The results point to the possibility of use of raw female antigens in association with alkaline membrane antigens extracted from adult worms to aid in diagnosis and helps initiate neuroangiostrongyliasis surveillance and control actions.

Resumen La malacofauna de 9 sitios a lo largo de la cuenca río Sabinas, Coahuila, México, fue investigada con base en características conquiliológicas. En total, se encontraron 23 especies de moluscos dulceacuícolas, de las cuales 21 son nativas y 2 invasoras. Diecinueve especies son gasterópodos y 4 son bivalvos. Un género y 2 especies de gasterópodos intersticiales son endémicos del área y se reporta por primera vez a un miembro de la familia Amnicolidae en México, Lyogyrus sp. Mexithauma cf. quadripaludium Taylor, 1966, y Juturnia coahuilae (Taylor, 1966) (Cochliopidae), localizados únicamente en el valle de Cuatro Ciénegas, fueron encontrados por primera vez fuera del mismo. Además, también Cincinnatia integra (Say, 1821) (Hydrobiidae), conocida en México hasta la fecha solamente como relicto de un solo sitio en San Luis Potosí, fue encontrada viva en el río Sabinas. Las especies invasoras Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Thiaridae) y Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Cyrenidae) dominan a las comunidades acuáticas de moluscos en todos los sitios estudiados. Estos dos moluscos forman un riesgo potencial para las especies nativas, especialmente si la contaminación del agua causada por actividades antropogénicas continúa. Por lo menos 10 especies del sistema río Sabinas son de especial importancia para la conservación (7 amenazadas y 3 vulnerables) debido a su endemismo, al hábitat reducido o a su presencia como relicto en México.

Abstract The malacofauna of the Sabinas River basin, Coahuila, North Mexico, was studied at 9 sites. In total, 21 native and 2 invasive species were found. Nineteen species were gastropods and 4 species were bivalves. One genus and 2 species of subterranean gastropods are endemic to the area. We report for the first time, a member of the family Amnicolidae in Mexico, Lyogyrus sp. Mexithauma cf. quadripaludium Taylor, 1966 and Juturnia coahuilae (Taylor, 1966) (Cochliopidae), previously known only as endemic in the neighboring Cuatro Ciénegas basin, were found for the first time outside of this basin. Also, Cincinnatia integra (Say, 1821) (Hydrobiidae), previously known in Mexico only from 1 relict site in San Luis Potosí state, was found living in Sabinas River. In all studied sites, the invasive species Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Thiaridae) and Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Cyrenidae) dominate the aquatic molluscan communities. Both molluscs are potential risks for native species, especially if the water pollution continues. At least 10 species from Sabinas River System are of special conservation significance (7 imperiled and 3 vulnerable), due to their endemism, extremely reduced habitat, or relict occurrence in Mexico.

RESUMEN La presente investigación hace parte de los resultados de las tres primeras expediciones de Colombia a la Antártida occidental y se enfocó en la sistemática y diversidad taxonómica de la comunidad bentónica de moluscos recolectados entre 5 y 400 m de profundidad. Las estaciones de muestreo se ubicaron en los estrechos de Gerlache y Bransfield, alrededor del archipiélago Palmer y las islas Shetland del Sur, adyacentes a la península Antártica. Se presenta el listado de especies identificadas que se encuentran depositadas en el Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia -Makuriwa, del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis -Invemar. Este inventario constó de 15 ejemplares distribuidos en 10 taxa, de los cuales 7 fueron gasterópodos con concha (incluidos 5 microgasterópodos) y 3 fueron bivalvos. Cuatro microgasterópodos fueron ubicados en categorías taxonómicas superiores a especie debido al bajo conocimiento de estos taxa en la región (Anatoma sp., Cingulopsoidea sp., Truncatelloidea sp. y Eatoniella sp.). Los demás gasterópodos (3) correspondieron a Margarella antarctica, Prosipho turritus y Nacella concinna. Los bivalvos encontrados fueron Philobrya sublaevis, Adacnarca nitens y Thracia meridionalis. Las especies identificadas se han registrado previamente en la Antártida occidental. Algunas, como los bivalvos, presentan una distribución circumantártica. Nacella concinna fue el taxón más abundante. En coherencia con el objetivo general del proyecto “BioGerlache-Antártica”, los resultados generan aportes a los inventarios biológicos de la Antártida, contribuyendo a ampliar la información para definir a futuro posibles áreas de conservación.

ABSTRACT This research is part of the results of the three first expeditions of Colombia to West Antarctica and it focused on the systematics and taxonomic diversity of the benthic community of molluscs collected between 5 and 400 m deep. The Sampling sites where mollusks were collected were located along the Gerlache and Bransfield straits, around the Palmer Archipelago and the South Shetland Islands, adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula. The list of identified species that are deposited in the Museum of Marine Natural History of Colombia - Makuriwa, of the Institute of Marine and Coastal Research “José Benito Vives de Andréis” -Invemar, is presented. This inventory consisted of 15 specimens distributed in 10 taxa, of which 7 were shelled gastropods (including 5 microgastropods) and 3 were bivalves. Four microgastropods were placed in greater taxonomic categories due to the low knowledge of these taxa in the region (Anatoma sp., Cingulopsoidea sp., Truncatelloidea sp. and Eatoniella sp.). The other gastropod species (3) were Margarella antarctica, Prosipho turritus and Nacella concinna. The bivalves found were Philobrya sublaevis, Adacnarca nitens and Thracia meridionalis. The identified species have previously been recorded in West Antarctica. Some of them, like the bivalves, show a circumantarctic distribution. Nacella concinna was the most abundant taxon. In coherence with the general objective of the “BioGerlache-Antarctica” project, the results generate contributions to the biological inventories of Antarctica, contributing to expand the information to define possible conservation areas in the future.