On 5 August 2014, the Orkney M5.5 earthquake, the largest in South African gold mining districts, occurred with an unusual strike-slip mechanism at great depth of 4.78 km below the surface. In a rare case, the M L 5.5 earthquake occurred within the area covered by the legacy 2D and 3D reflection seismic data acquired in the 1990s and 2000s for gold exploration and mine development. In addition, the earthquake ML 5.5 rupture plane was recorded and accurately delineated by the underground in-mine seismic network near the source region. The integration of the legacy 2D reflection seismic data and mine seismicity data allowed us to identify a near-vertical structure, striking northnorthwest-south southeast (NNW-SSE). The ICDP-DSeis team drilled three holes (Hole A, Hole B, and Hole C), and two holes (Hole B and Hole C), intersected the upper edges of the M L 5.5 rupture. These holes recovered metasediments, metabasalts, intrusive rocks including dolerite sills and lamprophyre dykes adjacent to the fault zone, and the fault gouge. Late Prof. Tullis Onstott and geomicrobiologists installed a packer in Hole A and successfully recovered saline water and detected gas (~10 MPa). Slip weakening and rupture propagation are significantly influenced by the existence of fault gouges and the production of wear material between two sliding rock surfaces. Using the fault gouge material recovered from Hole C, we conducted friction experiments under dry and room temperature conditions at high slip velocity of ~100 mm/s and normal stress of 2 MPa. The resulting steady-state frictional strength was ~0.66 over a slip weakening distance of ~9.1 m. The steady-state frictional strength was high, which may be caused by large gouge thickness, and the rate of wear generation. As a result, it is proposed that the Moab Khotsong ML 5.5 seismogenic zone is complex and could be controlled by three main processes: a) the complex structural architecture of the seismogenic zone (e.g., intersection of fault, lamprophyre dykes, and dolerite sills); b) the mechanical process induced by tectonic and/or mining related stresses; and c) the mechanical and chemical processes caused by the water and rock interaction.

RESUMO No clima semiárido, o crescimento de mudas frutíferas é desafiado pelo estresse hídrico característico da região, o que pode restringir seu desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, afetar a produção. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato pirolenhoso nas características de troca gasosa, pigmentos fotossintéticos, crescimento e biomassa de pitangueira sob diferentes intensidades de déficit hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando um delineamento em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com quatro repetições, correspondendo a períodos de déficit hídrico foram de 7 e 14 dias, além do controle (irrigação diária), no substrato sem e com extrato pirolenhoso. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto às características de trocas gasosas foliares, índices de clorofila, crescimento e biomassa seca. A aplicação de extrato pirolenhoso aos 7 dias de déficit hídrico elevou a taxa fotossintética, a eficiência de carboxilação e o índice de qualidade de Dickson das mudas de pitanga em 40,04, 42,85 e 41,51%, respectivamente, em comparação aos 14 dias de déficit hídrico. O extrato pirolenhoso foi efetivo como um atenuante do estresse hídrico nas mudas de pitanga, especialmente durante os primeiros sete dias de exposição ao estresse. Assim, sua aplicação é recomendada como uma medida preventiva e de curto prazo para mitigar tais efeitos nas mudas de pitanga. semiárido região consequentemente produção contexto gasosa fotossintéticos 2 repetições 1 irrigação diária, diária , diária) foliares clorofila seca fotossintética 4004 40 04 40,04 4285 42 85 42,8 4151 41 51 41,51% respectivamente Assim 400 4 0 40,0 428 8 42, 415 5 41,51 40, 41,5 41,

ABSTRACT In the semi-arid climate, the growth of fruit seedlings is challenged by the water stress characteristic of the region, which can restrict their development and, consequently, affect production. In this context, the aim was to assess the effect of pyroligneous extract on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, growth, and biomass of pitanga under different intensities of water deficit. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates, corresponding to water deficit periods (7 and 14 days) and control (daily irrigation), in substrates with and without pyroligneous extract. The plants were evaluated for gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll indices, growth, and dry biomass. Application of pyroligneous extract after 7 days of water deficit increased the photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency and Dickson quality index of pitanga seedlings by 40.04, 42.85 and 41.51%, respectively, compared to 14 days of water deficit. Pyroligneous extract was effective as a water stress attenuator in pitanga seedlings, especially during the first seven days of exposure to stress. Therefore, its application is recommended as a preventive and short-term measure to mitigate such effects on pitanga seedlings. semiarid semi arid climate region consequently production context characteristics pigments scheme replicates ( 1 daily irrigation, irrigation , irrigation) indices rate 4004 40 04 40.04 4285 42 85 42.8 4151 41 51 41.51% respectively Therefore shortterm short term 400 4 0 40.0 428 8 42. 415 5 41.51 40. 41.5 41.

RESUMO A aplicação de bioestimulantes na agricultura tem sido estudada para aumentar a produção, utilizando menores espaços físicos e menos insumos agrícolas, visando aumentar a sustentabilidade nos sistemas de produção. Apesar dos resultados promissores, há necessidade de estudar os efeitos de aplicações conjuntas destes produtos, identificando possíveis interações durante o desenvolvimento da cultura. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o potencial bioestimulante do uso isolado e combinado de nicotinamida e Azospirillum brasilense durante o crescimento inicial de plantas de abóbora em cultivo hidropônico. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação da aplicação de nicotinamida (foliar) e A. brasilense (foliar ou aplicada em solução hidropônica). Foi realizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos aumentaram as trocas gasosas, principalmente a taxa de assimilação e a eficiência de carboxilação, sendo superiores ao tratamento controle. Em complemento, para as características de crescimento, a aplicação isolada de nicotinamida favoreceu o desenvolvimento da parte aérea e, quando combinada com A. brasilense via foliar, aumentou o crescimento radicular. Assim, a aplicação de nicotinamida e A. brasilense isoladamente ou em conjunto potencializa o crescimento e as trocas gasosas de plantas de abóbora cultivadas em sistema hidropônico, principalmente quando se utiliza aplicação foliar de A. brasilense. Desta maneira, sua ação pode ser referida como efeito bioestimulante. Além disso, o método de aplicação afeta a eficiência e compatibilidade dos produtos aplicados, recomendando-se a aplicação foliar. produção agrícolas promissores cultura Assim hidropônico hidropônica. hidropônica . hidropônica) repetições carboxilação controle complemento radicular maneira disso aplicados recomendandose recomendando

ABSTRACT The application of biostimulants in agriculture has been studied to increase production while using smaller physical spaces and agricultural inputs to increase sustainability in production systems. Despite the promising results, there is a need to study the effects of joint applications of these products, identifying possible interactions during crop development. Thus, this study aimed to verify the biostimulant potential of the isolated and combined use of nicotinamide and Azospirillum brasilense during the initial growth of pumpkin plants in hydroponic cultivation. A completely randomized design with six treatments and four replicates was performed. The treatments were composed by the combination of the application of nicotinamide (foliar) and A. brasilense (foliar or applied in the hydroponic solution). Treatments increased the gas exchanges, particularly the assimilation rate and carboxylation efficiency, being superior to the control treatment. However, for growth characteristics, the isolated application of nicotinamide favored the development of the shoot and, when combined with A. brasilense via foliar, increased root growth. Thus, the application of nicotinamide and A. brasilense alone or together enhances the growth and gas exchanges of pumpkin plants grown in a hydroponic system, especially when using foliar application of A. brasilense. Whereby its action can be referred to as a biostimulant effect. Furthermore, the application method affects the efficiency and compatibility of the products applied. Therefore, foliar application is recommended. systems results Thus cultivation performed solution. solution . solution) treatment However characteristics system effect Furthermore Therefore recommended

The aim of this study was to determine whether the inclusion of a marine algae found in South African waters, Ulva lactuca, can reduce total gas and methane production in vitro when it replaces lucerne hay in a mixed sheep feed at incremental levels. Four treatments were prepared and incubated using bovine rumen fluid as inoculum: (1) 0 g U. lactuca kg¹ feed dry matter (DM) (0U), (2) 25 g U. lactuca kg¹ feed DM (25U), (3) 50 g U. lactuca kg¹ feed DM (50U), and (4) 100 g U. lactuca kg¹ feed DM (100 U). Total gas and CO2 production was determined with the aid of an automated system and methane production was estimated by difference. Cumulative gas production data were fitted to a non-linear model (Y = b(1-exp c(t-L))) to estimate values for total gas production (b, mL), rate of gas production (c, mL/h), and a discrete lag time (L, hours). The extent of total gas production was lower for 100U than for 25U, but neither differed from 0U or 50 U. The lag time observed was lower for 50U than 0U, but neither differed from 25U or 100U. No differences were found for the rate of gas production. No differences for any gas production values were observed between treatments. The ratio between methane and total gas production was highest for 100U, which differed from 25U, but not from 0U or 50U. The higher methane ratio observed in the 100U treatment may be attributed to the lower total gas production in this treatment due to the lower fermentability of U. lactuca compared to lucerne.

Incorporating olive pomace (OP) into ruminant feed can alleviate the environmental impact of OP disposal, minimize food-feed competition, and bolster food security. However, high fibre and low crude protein (CP) reduce its nutritional value for ruminants. The study assessed the effect of oyster mushrooms (OYM) on the nutritive value of OP. To this end, chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of spent OP substrate were evaluated. The OYM was spawned on 200 g OP at the rate of 0 (OP0), 10 (OP10), 20 (OP20), 30 (OP30), 40 (OP40), and 50% w/w (OP50) and cultivated for 35 d with 10 replicate pots per spawning rate. Dry matter, organic matter, CP, and ash increased linearly, whereas neutral detergent fibre and crude fat declined linearly. In vitro cumulative gas production at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h showed a positive quadratic response. Spawning rates linearly enhanced the immediately fermentable fraction (a) and rate of gas production from the slowly fermentable fraction (c), while the partitioning factor increased linearly. Positive quadratic responses were noted for the slowly fermentable fraction, potential gas production, effective gas production, and in vitro organic matter degradation at 96 h of ruminal incubation. In conclusion, OYM enhanced the nutritive value of OP by reducing fibre content, a, and c fractions while improving CP content and fermentation efficiency. This approach facilitates the bioconversion of OP into sustainable ruminant feed, leading to lower feed costs, addressing waste disposal issues, and creating supplementary income for the olive oil industry.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, por meio deste estudo, avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, o fluxo de biomassa e as características produtivas das gramíneas BRS Piatã e BRS Paiaguás em diferentes níveis de irrigação no semiárido. O experimento foi realizado no período seco, em Sobral (3°45'00,77'' S e 40°20ꞌ38,55ꞌꞌ W), Ceará, Brasil. Foram utilizadas as seguintes lâminas de irrigação: 30; 60; 90 e 120% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (lâminas de irrigação x gramíneas). O experimento foi realizado em vasos com capacidade de 7,5 dm3 em nível de campo, utilizando-se como substrato uma camada de 0-0,2 m de solo argissolo. Como resultado, os parâmetros fisiológicos das gramíneas, como a taxa fotossintética, não foram afetados nos maiores tratamentos hídricos (90 e 120% ETo). No fluxo de biomassa, as respostas das gramíneas aos tratamentos, 90 e 120% da ETo, foram semelhantes para as variáveis número de folhas vivas e filocrono. Quanto às características produtivas, a biomassa de pseudocolmo foi sensível apenas no tratamento de 120% de ETo, enquanto, para a eficiência do uso da água, nos tratamentos 60 e 90% de ETo, a diferença foi significativa. Conclui-se que, nos tratamentos de 60 e 90% da ETo, foi possível manter boas características morfológicas das gramíneas e aumentar a produção de biomassa durante o período seco na região semiárida. Objetivouse, Objetivouse Objetivou se, se Objetivou-se estudo semiárido 3°4500,77 3450077 3°45 00,77 3 45 00 77 (3°45'00,77' 4020ꞌ3855ꞌꞌ ꞌꞌꞌ 40 20ꞌ38 55ꞌꞌ ꞌ ꞌꞌ W, W , W) Ceará Brasil 30 9 120 ETo. ETo . (ETo) acaso 4x gramíneas. gramíneas) 75 7 5 7, dm campo utilizandose utilizando 00,2 002 0 0,2 2 0-0, argissolo resultado fotossintética (9 ETo) filocrono enquanto água 6 significativa Concluise Conclui que semiárida 4500 3°4500,7 345007 345 3°4 0077 00,7 4 (3°45'00,77 20ꞌ3 12 (ETo 00, 02 0, 0-0 ( 450 3°4500, 34500 34 3° 007 (3°45'00,7 20ꞌ 1 0- 3°4500 3450 (3°45'00, 3°450 (3°45'00 (3°45'0 (3°45' (3°45 (3°4 (3° (3

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the physiological parameters, the biomass flow, and the productive characteristics of the grasses BRS Piatã and BRS Paiaguás at different levels of water supply in the semi-arid region. The experiment was carried out in the dry season, in Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil. The following irrigation depths were used: 30, 60, 90, and 120% of ETo. The experiment was carried out in pots with a capacity of 7.5 dm3 at field level, using a 0-0.2m layer of argisol soil as substrate. As a result, the photosynthetic rate was not affected in the largest water treatments. In the biomass flow, the responses of grasses to treatments 90 and 120% of ETo were similar for the variables number of live leaves and phyllochron. Regarding the productive characteristics, pseudo-culm biomass was effective only in the treatment of 120% of ETo, while, for the efficiency of water use, in treatments 60 and 90% of ETo, the difference was effective. In conclusion, in the treatments of 60 and 90% of the ETo, it was possible to maintain good morphological characteristics of the grasses and to increase the biomass production during the dry season in the semi-arid region. parameters flow semiarid semi arid region Sobral State Brazil used 30 120 75 7 5 7. dm level 00.2m 002m m 0 0.2m 2m substrate result 9 phyllochron pseudoculm pseudo culm while use 6 conclusion 3 12 00 02m 1

RESUMO As plantas de cobertura na entressafra e os micro-organismos multifuncionais representam tecnologias estratégicas com potencial para aumentar a sustentabilidade na produção de soja. Objetivou-se investigar os efeitos de misturas de plantas de cobertura e da aplicação de micro-organismos multifuncionais na análise econômica, trocas gasosas, componentes de produtividade e produtividade de grãos de soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 6 × 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis combinações de plantas de cobertura [pousio (controle); milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) com crotalárias (Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis e C. ochroleuca); milheto e feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajanus); milheto e Urochloa ruziziensis; milheto, U. ruziziensis e feijão-guandu; milheto e trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum)], com ou sem aplicação de pool de Trichoderma asperellum. A combinação milheto + U. ruziziensis e milheto + U. ruziziensis+feijão-guandu apresentou maior produção de matéria seca e maior teor de nutrientes na palhada, o que poderia proporcionar redução na adubação da cultura seguinte. As plantas de soja cultivadas após milheto + U. ruziziensis e milheto + U. ruziziensis + feijãoguandu apresentaram taxas fotossintéticas elevadas e melhoraram a eficiência instantânea do uso da água. A aplicação de microorganismos multifuncionais levou a um aumento de 16 % na taxa fotossintética das plantas de soja. A maior produtividade foi alcançada pelas plantas de soja cultivadas em áreas com milheto + U. ruziziensis e milheto + U. ruziziensis + feijão-guandu. Além disso, a aplicação de micro-organismos multifuncionais contribuiu para o aumento da contagem de vagens por metro, grãos por vagem, massa de 100 sementes e produtividade geral global de grãos da soja. micro organismos Objetivouse Objetivou se econômica gasosas casualizados 2 repetições pousio controle (controle) Pennisetum glaucum Crotalaria juncea C ochroleuca ochroleuca) feijão guandu Cajanus cajanus cajanus) U Fagopyrum esculentum, esculentum , esculentum)] asperellum ruziziensis+feijãoguandu ruziziensisfeijãoguandu ruziziensis+feijão palhada seguinte água 1 feijãoguandu. guandu. disso metro vagem 10 (controle esculentum) ruziziensisfeijão

ABSTRACT Cover crops during the off-season and multifunctional microorganisms represent strategic technologies with potential to enhance the sustainability of soybean production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cover crop mixes and the application of multifunctional microorganisms on the economic analysis, gas exchange, yield components and grain yield of soybean plants. The experimental design followed a randomized block pattern, in a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of six cover crop combinations [fallow (control); millet (Pennisetum glaucum) with crotalarias (Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis and C. ochroleuca); millet and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajanus); millet and Urochloa ruziziensis; millet, U. ruziziensis and pigeon pea; millet and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)], with or without the application of a Trichoderma asperellum pool. The combination of millet + U. ruziziensis and millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea showed the highest dry matter production and yielded the greatest nutrients content in the straw, which could provide a reduction in fertilization for the following crop. The soybean plants cultivated after millet + U. ruziziensis and millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea demonstrated elevated photosynthetic rates and improved the instantaneous water-use efficiency. The application of multifunctional microorganisms led to a 16 % increase in the photosynthetic rate of the soybean plants. The highest yield was achieved by the soybean plants cultivated in areas with millet + U. ruziziensis and millet + U. ruziziensis + pigeon pea. Moreover, the application of multifunctional microorganisms contributed to increase the pod count per meter, grains per pod, mass of 100 seeds and overall soybean grain yield. offseason off season analysis exchange pattern arrangement replications fallow control (control) Pennisetum glaucum Crotalaria juncea C ochroleuca ochroleuca) Cajanus cajanus cajanus) U Fagopyrum esculentum, esculentum , esculentum)] pool straw wateruse water use efficiency 1 Moreover meter 10 (control esculentum)

RESUMO Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth é uma espécie arbórea nativa da caatinga comumente utilizada em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. Um fator que pode afetar seu desenvolvimento é a falta de água. Assim, é fundamental buscar alternativas que aumentem a tolerâncias das plantas a falta d’água, desse modo uma dessas alternativas é o uso dos polímeros hidroabsorventes. Neste contexto, o objetivo foi avaliar doses do polímero hidrorretentor sob diferentes turnos de rega na produção de mudas de sabiá. O experimento foi conduzido no Viveiro Florestal da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, campus de Patos. As sementes foram semeadas em garrafas PET (Polietileno Tereftalato) de 2 litros cortadas ao meio, contendo os substratos solo e esterco bovino, na proporção 2:1. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo 04 doses do hidrogel (0, 1g, 2g e 3g por litro de substrato) e dois turnos de rega (irrigação diária). Ao término do experimento (75 dias) foi avaliado número de folhas, diâmetro do colo, altura de planta, crescimento do sistema radicular, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca do sistema radicular, teor relativo de água (TRA), teor de clorofila e trocas gasosas, além do Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). Quase todas as vaiáveis não se deferiram estatisticamente, mas ao término do experimento, conclui-se que a dose 2g de hidrogel promove maiores incrementos na produção de mudas de sabia e ausência de hidrogel promove maior crescimento do sistema radicular independente do turno de rega. degradadas Assim dágua, dágua d água, d’água hidroabsorventes contexto sabiá Grande Patos Polietileno Tereftalato meio bovino 21. 21 1. 1 2:1 casualizado 0 0, (0 1g g substrato irrigação diária. diária . diária) 75 (7 dias folhas colo planta aérea TRA, TRA , (TRA) gasosas IQD. IQD (IQD) estatisticamente concluise conclui 2: ( 7 (TRA (IQD

ABSTRACT Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth is an arboreous species native to the Caatinga commonly utilized for restoration of degraded areas. One factor that can affect its development is water shortage. This denotes the importance of searching for alternatives for improving these plant's tolerance to water shortage, such as the use of water-absorbing polymers known as hydrogels. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the production of M. caesalpiniifolia seedlings under different hydrogel rates and water regimes. The experiment was conducted at the Forest Nursery of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, PB, Brazil. Seeds were sown in 2-liter pots made from halved polyethylene terephthalate bottles, containing a substrate consisted of soil and cattle manure (2:1 v v-1). A completely randomized design with four replications was used, in a 4×2 factorial arrangement consisted of four hydrogel rates in the substrate (0, 1, 2, and 3 g L-1) and two water regimes (daily irrigation and irrigation every 2 days). The following parameters were evaluated at the end of the experiment (75 days after sowing): number of leaves per plant, stem base diameter, plant height, root length, shoot and root dry weights, water relative content, chlorophyll content, gas exchanges, and Dickson quality index. Most of parameters presented no statistically significant difference; however, the hydrogel rate of 2 g L-1 resulted in increased production of M. caesalpiniifolia seedlings, whereas the absence of hydrogel resulted in longer roots, regardless of the water regime. areas shortage plants s waterabsorbing absorbing hydrogels context M Grande Patos PB Brazil 2liter liter bottles 21 1 (2: v1. v1 . v-1) used 42 4 4× 0, 0 (0 L1 L daily days. days) 75 (7 sowing sowing) diameter height length weights content exchanges index difference however L- roots regime (2 v-1 ( 7 v-

Abstract With the evolution of energy storage, Thermal Runaway (TR) stands out as the most critical safety concern for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs). This study employs a prismatic lithium battery with a nominal capacity of 40Ah, featuring Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 as the cathode material. The investigation delves into the thermal runaway characteristics of the battery at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% State of Charge (SOC) in a nitrogen environment. The findings indicate: 1) an ascending trend in the highest temperatures at various points within the battery as SOC increases, accompanied by a declining trend in normalized gas production and a non-linear relationship between the heat released during TR and the stored electrochemical energy; 2) the highest temperature point within the battery consistently resides at the surface, offering insights for the temperature monitoring of the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS); 3) a direct correlation between higher SOC and increased material ejection, with a mass loss rate of 25.8% at 100% SOC, a static total gas production of 2.45 mol, and a maximum explosion index of 0.2886 kPa⋅m⋅s⁻¹. storage (TR LithiumIon Lithium Ion LIBs. LIBs . (LIBs) 40Ah Ah LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 LiNi06Co02Mn02O2 LiNiCoMnO Li Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2 O2 Ni0 6Co0 2Mn0 2 Ni Co Mn O Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O 25 25% 50 50% 75 75% 100 (SOC environment indicate 1 increases nonlinear non linear surface BTMS (BTMS) 3 ejection 258 8 25.8 245 45 2.4 mol 02886 0 2886 0.288 kPams¹ kPams kPa m s ¹ kPa⋅m⋅s⁻¹ (LIBs LiNi0 2O2 LiNi LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O LiNi06Co02Mn02O Ni06Co02Mn02 NiCoMn Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0. 6Co 2Mn 5 7 10 (BTMS 25. 24 4 2. 0288 288 0.28 kPa⋅m⋅s⁻ 2O Ni06Co02Mn0 Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0 028 28 0.2 kPa⋅m⋅s Ni06Co02Mn Ni0.6Co0.2Mn 02 0.

RESUMO Em regiões semiáridas, a utilização de água salina para irrigação, tem se tornado uma realidade cada vez mais frequente em função da escassez qualitativa e quantitativa das fontes hídricas que ocorre na maior parte do ano. Assim, a utilização de peróxido de hidrogênio pode ser uma estratégia capaz de amenizar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino sobre as plantas e garantir a produção agrícola de culturas, como a gravioleira. Deste modo, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio sobre os índices fisiológicos e de crescimento de plantas de graviola cv. Morada Nova irrigadas com águas de diferentes níveis salinos. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 × 4, correspondendo a quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio, com três repetições. A aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio nas concentrações de 12, 18 e 15µM, respectivamente, atenuaram os efeitos do estresse salino sobre a condutância estomática, a taxa de assimilação de CO2 e a síntese de clorofila a de gravioleira, aos 780 dias após o transplantio. A concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio de 30 µM intensificou o estresse salino sobre as trocas gasosas, a fluorescência variável e o extravasamento de eletrólitos no limbo foliar de plantas de graviola cv. Morada Nova, aos 780 dias após o transplantio. semiáridas ano Assim culturas gravioleira modo objetivouse objetivou cv salinos casualizados repetições 12 1 15µM respectivamente estomática CO 78 transplantio 3 gasosas 7

ABSTRACT In semi-arid regions, the use of saline water for irrigation has become an increasingly frequent reality due to the qualitative and quantitative scarcity of water sources occurring most of the year. Thus, the use of hydrogen peroxide can be a strategy capable of mitigating the deleterious effects of salt stress on plants and guaranteeing the agricultural production of crops such as soursop. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on the physiological and growth indices of soursop plants cv. Morada Nova irrigated with waters of different salinity levels. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, with three replicates. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 12, 18 and 15 µM, respectively, attenuated the effects of salt stress on stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate and chlorophyll a synthesis of soursop, at 780 days after transplanting. The 30 µM hydrogen peroxide concentration intensified salt stress on gas exchange, variable fluorescence and electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade of soursop plants cv. Morada Nova, 780 days after transplanting. semiarid semi arid regions year Thus cv design scheme replicates 12 1 respectively conductance CO 78 transplanting 3 exchange 7

This study investigates the chemical kinetics of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) formation in plasma-activated water (PAW) using ambient air and evaluates its energy efficiency. A singular plasma/liquid reactor was used, with discharge power varying between 16.4 to 27.0 W and agitation speeds set at 0 and 750 rpm. The reactor operated across temperatures from 5.00 to 35.00 °C during a consistent 180 min plasma activation. Analysis encompassed ionic strength effects, hydronium activity, conductivity, and iodide as a redox indicator for PAW. Findings suggest reactive species predominantly originate in the gas phase and move to the liquid through the gas-liquid interface. HNO3 production in PAW demonstrated a zero-order, temperature-dependent reaction. From activation parameters and ionic strength effects, a determinant step for aqueous HNO3 production was proposed. The influence of discharge power and agitation on HNO3 and HNO2 production was associated with heightened rates due to increased mass transfer and electric field strength. The research highlighted a trade-off between energy efficiency and nitrate production rate, emphasizing an efficiency peak of 72.33 nmol J-1 in PAW, pivotal for cost and operational benefits. RNS (RNS plasmaactivated activated (PAW plasmaliquid used 164 16 4 16. 270 27 27. 75 rpm 500 5 00 5.0 3500 35 35.0 C 18 effects activity conductivity gasliquid interface HNO zeroorder, zeroorder zero order, order zero-order temperaturedependent temperature dependent reaction proposed tradeoff trade off rate 7233 72 33 72.3 J1 J 1 J- benefits 2 7 50 5. 350 3 35. 723 72.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silicon and acibenzolar-S-methyl sources on the development of yellow melon (Cucumis melo L.) in the field and the occurrence of diseases in different years. The treatments consisted ofthe silicon sources Agrosilício® (3 g L−1), Rocksil® (3 g L−1), and Chelal® Si (2 L 100 L−1), the additional treatments acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) (2 mM) and the fungicide thiabendazole (400 mL 100 L−1), and a control (sterile distilled water). The following characteristics were evaluated: natural incidence of diseases; gas exchange: CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency, and carboxylation; postharvest aspects: fruit weight, pulp thickness, pulp firmness, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, and vitamin C content; productivity; and the enzymatic activity of peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. No significant response was observed for naturally occurring diseases. Treatments with Chelal®Si, Rocksil®, and Thiabendazole® increased photosynthetic and transpiration rates in the yellow melon. The silicon and ASM sources did not influence the physicochemical characteristics or the enzymatic activity of fruits. No effect was observed on the biometric characteristics, productivity, and chemical quality of fruits in both years of cultivation. Si sources increased photosynthetic rate and transpiration. However, no diseases were observed during the experimental period. Leaf spraying with silicon and acibenzolar-S-methyl sources did not influence the biometric characteristics and fruit production of yellow melon. The silicon and acibenzolar-S-methyl sources did not induce an increase in the enzymatic activity of peroxidases, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Fruit production was higher in 2020. ABSTRACT acibenzolarSmethyl acibenzolar S methyl Cucumis L. Agrosilício 3 ( L−1, L1 L−1 , 1 L−1) Rocksil Chelal 2 10 (ASM mM 400 (40 sterile water. . water) evaluated exchange CO conductance concentration efficiency carboxylation aspects weight thickness firmness acidity pH solids content productivity peroxidases oxidases ammonialyase. ammonialyase ammonia lyase. lyase ammonia-lyase ChelalSi Chelal®Si Thiabendazole cultivation However period oxidase 2020 L− 40 (4 202 4 20

ABSTRACT Background: The water deficit characteristic of semi-arid regions can cause negative changes in plant physiology. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can meet water needs by associating with plant roots, improving seedling quality. The physiological parameters and the quality of the seedlings of Parkia platycephala Benth. were evaluated as a result of the association of isolated strains of Gigaspora rosea, Gigaspora margarita, Acaulospora koskei, Acaulospora morrowiae, intercalated strains (a mixture of the four strains mentioned above) and a control (without inoculation) under two conditions of water regime (with and without stress). Results: Artificial inoculation of AMF is a promising management technique in the production of P. platycephala Benth seedlings for improving the physiological state, increasing seedling quality, and drought resilience. Under restriction water restriction conditions, the seedlings showed lower values of net CO2 assimilation, leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance, and higher values of internal CO2 concentration. Under these conditions, the G. rosea strain stood out with the lowest rate of net CO2 assimilation (A), leaf transpiration (E), and stomatal conductance (gs) with increases of 34, 49, and 70 %, respectively, compared to the control. Conclusion: Stomatal closure is a strategy used by Parkia platycephala Benth. seedlings to prevent excessive water loss, and the Gigaspora rosea strain is responsible for mediating the best physiological conditions and better quality seedlings. Background semiarid semi arid physiology roots margarita koskei morrowiae above stress. stress . stress) Results P state resilience CO concentration G A, A , (A) E, E (E) gs (gs 34 49 7 % respectively Conclusion loss (A (E 3 4

Abstract: Background: Increased energy consumption in agriculture has led to growing environmental concerns and higher costs. The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds may affect the herbicide application rate, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Objective: This study investigated the effect of herbicide resistance in weeds on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields of Golestan province, Iran. Methods: The data were collected from 351 wheat fields in Golestan province with respect to the proper distribution of sampling points. The farms were categorized into four classes according to the previous studies: 1) non-resistant fields; 2) fields with resistance to ACCase (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase) inhibitors; 3) fields with resistance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors; and 4) fields with resistance to both ACCase and ALS inhibitors. Then, input and output energy, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, net energy, percentage of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energies, and greenhouse gas emission during wheat production were calculated. Results: Compared to non-resistant fields, evolution of resistance to herbicides led to increased energy consumption (5.7-8.2%) and yield loss (21.8-25.6%) and consequently, there was a decrease in net energy (25.6-31.3%), energy productivity (27.2-31.8%) and energy use efficiency (24.7-30.4%). Also, greenhouse gas emissions from the non-resistant fields were 7.4-10.0% lower than in the fields with herbicide-resistant weeds. Conclusions: Noting the negative effect of herbicide resistance in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, efforts to properly manage herbicide-resistant weeds are essential both economically and ecologically. Abstract Background costs rate Objective Iran Methods 35 points studies 1 nonresistant non resistant 2 acetylcoenzyme acetyl coenzyme carboxylase inhibitors 3 acetolactate synthase 4 Then direct indirect nonrenewable energies calculated Results 5.78.2% 5782 5.7 8.2% 5 7 8 (5.7-8.2% 21.825.6% 218256 21.8 25.6% 21 25 6 (21.8-25.6% consequently 25.631.3%, 256313 25.6 31.3% , 31 (25.6-31.3%) 27.231.8% 272318 27.2 31.8% 27 (27.2-31.8% 24.730.4%. 247304 24.7 30.4% . 24 30 (24.7-30.4%) Also 7.410.0% 74100 7.4 10.0% 10 0 7.4-10.0 herbicideresistant Conclusions ecologically 78 5.78.2 578 57 5. 82 8.2 (5.7-8.2 825 21.825.6 21825 218 21. 256 (21.8-25.6 631 25.631.3% 25631 25. 313 31.3 (25.6-31.3% 231 27.231.8 27231 272 27. 318 31.8 (27.2-31.8 730 24.730.4% 24730 247 24. 304 30.4 (24.7-30.4% 410 7.410.0 7410 74 7. 100 10.0 7.4-10. 5.78. 8. (5.7-8. 21.825. 2182 (21.8-25. 63 25.631.3 2563 31. (25.6-31.3 23 27.231. 2723 (27.2-31. 73 24.730.4 2473 30. (24.7-30.4 41 7.410. 741 10. 7.4-10 5.78 (5.7-8 21.825 (21.8-25 25.631. (25.6-31. 27.231 (27.2-31 24.730. (24.7-30. 7.410 7.4-1 (5.7- 21.82 (21.8-2 25.631 (25.6-31 27.23 (27.2-3 24.730 (24.7-30 7.41 7.4- (5.7 (21.8- 25.63 (25.6-3 (27.2- 24.73 (24.7-3 (5. (21.8 (25.6- (27.2 (24.7- (5 (21. (25.6 (27. (24.7 ( (21 (25. (27 (24. (2 (25 (24

Resumen. La eficiencia de utilización ruminal del alimento, entre otras razones, depende del nivel de energía y proteína contenida en el mismo. Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto del nivel de energía y proteína del alimento en la digestibilidad (DIVMS72h), el volumen (Vm), tasa (S) y fase Lag (L) de la producción de gas; las fracciones de fermentación rápida (FFR), media (FFM) y lenta (FFL); la producción de metano, el indicador del potencial de calentamiento global (IPCG) e índice de impacto ambiental (IIA), se formularon cinco dietas de acuerdo con el nivel de energía metabolizable (EM, Mcal kg-1 MS) y proteína cruda (PC, %); BB; 2.6 y 13.8, MM; 2.8 y 16, AA; 3.0 y 17.2, AB; 2.8 y 14.5, BA; 2.6 y 17.2 en EM y PC. La S fue superior (p < 0.05) en las dietas AA y AB, el Vm fue menor (p < 0.05) para la dieta BA. La dieta AA tuvo las mayores (p < 0.05) FFR y FFM. Las dietas BA y BB tuvieron la mayor (p < 0.05) FFL, pero menor DIVMS72h (p < 0.05). Respecto al impacto ambiental, la dieta BB produjo la mayor proporción (p < 0.05) de CH4, IPCG e IIA. Se concluye que las dietas con mayor contenido de carbohidratos no estructurales tienen mejor cinética fermentativa y digestibilidades, también generan menores proporciones de CH4, IPCG y IIA, estos últimos pueden usarse como indicadores del impacto ambiental ya que consideran el CO2 y CH4 producidos por los consorcios microbianos del rumen.

Abstract. The ruminal utilization efficiency of the feed, among other rea- sons, depends on the level of energy and protein it contains. To determine the effect of the energy and protein level of the feed on digestibility (IVMD72h), volume (Vm), rate (S) and Lag phase (L) of gas production; the fast (FFR), medium (MFF) and slow (SFF) fermentation fractions; methane production, the global warming potential indicator (GWPI) and environmental impact index (EII), five diets were formulated according to the level of metabolizable energy (ME, Mcal kg-1 DM) and crude protein (PC , %); BB; 2.6 and 13.8, MM; 2.8 and 16, AA; 3.0 and 17.2, AB; 2.8 and 14.5, BA; 2.6 and 17.2 on EM and PC. The S was higher (p < 0.05) in the AA and AB diets, the Vm was lower (p < 0.05) for the BA diet. The AA diet had the highest (p < 0.05) FFR and FFM. The BA and BB diets had the highest (p < 0.05) FFL, but the lowest IVMD72h (p < 0.05). Regarding the environmental impact, the BB diet produced the highest proportion (p < 0.05) of CH4, GWPI and EII. It is concluded that diets with a higher content of non-structural carbohydrates have better fermentative kinetics and digestibilities, they also generate lower proportions of CH4, IPCG and EII, the latter can be used as indicators of environmental impact since they consider the CO2 and CH4 produced by the consortia. rumen microbials.