Résumé La connaissance de la relation entre les politiques publiques, les partis politiques et le vote présidentiel au Brésil est largement concentrée dans l’analyse des programmes de transfert de revenus, limitant ainsi la compréhension de la manière dont différents aspects de la conception et de la mise en œuvre des politiques sont liés au jeu politique-électoral. Dans cet article, à l’aide de régressions linéaires appliquées à toutes les municipalités brésiliennes, nous analysons la dynamique électorale du programme de logement Minha Casa Minha Vida, de sa création jusqu’aux élections de 2014, avec des résultats détaillés par modalités, phases de mise en œuvre et adhésion au déficit de logement. Les estimations montrent que les villes dirigées par des partis appartenant à la coalition du gouvernement fédéral n’ont pas reçu plus d’unités de logement, à l’exception de la modalité destinée à l’électorat le plus pauvre. De plus, le retour électoral obtenu par le PT était positif lorsque la mise en œuvre du programme était liée au déficit de logement, notamment en 2010. publiques lanalyse l analyse revenus politiqueélectoral. politiqueélectoral politique électoral. politique-électoral article laide aide brésiliennes Vida jusquaux jusqu aux 2014 modalités nont n ont dunités d unités lexception exception lélectorat électorat pauvre 2010 201 20 2

Resumen El conocimiento sobre la relación entre políticas públicas, partidos y elecciones presidenciales en Brasil está fuertemente concentrado en el análisis de programas de transferencia de renta, lo que limita la comprensión sobre cómo diferentes aspectos del diseño e implementación de las políticas se relacionan con el juego partidista electoral. En este artículo, por medio de regresiones lineares aplicadas a todos los municipios brasileros, analizamos la dinámica electoral de la política habitacional “Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida” desde su creación hasta las elecciones de 2014, con resultados detallados por modalidades, fases de implementación y adherencia al déficit de vivienda. Las estimaciones muestran que las ciudades gobernadas por partidos pertenecientes a la coalición del gobierno federal no recibieron más unidades habitacionales, con excepción de la modalidad dirigida al electorado más pobre. Además, el retorno electoral obtenido por el PT fue positivo en los casos en los que la implementación del programa estuvo relacionada con el déficit de vivienda, particularmente en 2010. públicas renta artículo brasileros Programa Vida 2014 modalidades vivienda habitacionales pobre Además 2010 201 20 2

Abstract The literature on the relationship between public policies, political parties, and presidential voting strongly focuses on analyses of income transfer programs, which limits the understanding of how different aspects of policy design and implementation relate to the partisan-electoral game. Through linear regressions applied to all Brazilian municipalities, this article analyzes the electoral dynamics of the Minha Casa Minha Vida (My House My Life) housing policy program. From the program’s inception to the 2014 elections, it details results by policy modalities, implementation phases, and adherence to the housing deficit. The results show that municipalities governed by parties belonging to the federal government’s coalition did not receive more housing units, except for the modality targeted at the poorest electorate. Moreover, the Worker’s Party’s (PT) electoral return was positive where the program’s implementation was related to the housing deficit, particularly in 2010. policies programs partisanelectoral partisan game Life program s 201 elections modalities phases deficit governments government units electorate Moreover Workers Worker Partys Party PT (PT 2010 20 2

Resumo O conhecimento sobre a relação entre políticas públicas, partidos e voto para presidente no Brasil está fortemente concentrado em análises de programas de transferência de renda, o que limita a compreensão sobre como diferentes aspectos do desenho e implementação das políticas se relacionam com o jogo partidário-eleitoral. Neste artigo, por meio de regressões lineares aplicadas a todos os municípios brasileiros, analisamos a dinâmica eleitoral da política habitacional Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, considerando desde sua criação até as eleições de 2014, com resultados detalhados por modalidades, fases de implementação e aderência ao deficit habitacional. As estimativas mostram que cidades governadas por partidos pertencentes à coalizão do governo federal não receberam mais unidades habitacionais, à exceção da modalidade direcionada para o eleitorado mais pobre. Além disso, o retorno eleitoral obtido pelo PT foi positivo quando a implementação do programa esteve relacionada com o deficit habitacional, particularmente em 2010. públicas renda partidárioeleitoral. partidárioeleitoral partidário eleitoral. partidário-eleitoral artigo brasileiros Vida 2014 modalidades habitacionais pobre disso 2010 201 20 2

This study investigated the convergence between acts of writing and game-based learning in the context of health research in a public university. While writing is traditionally used to transmit scientific knowledge and research, game-based learning emerges as an alternative interactive and engaging approach. We examined the strengths and challenges of integrating this approach into the post-graduation course. Strengths include improved understanding of complex concepts, increased student engagement and promotion of creativity, while challenges include finding the right balance between academic rigidity and game-based learning, guaranteeing scientific precision in a game-based learning context and overcoming potential institutional resistance. Our findings highlight the importance of exploring innovative teaching and communication strategies on post-graduation health courses aimed at enhancing student training and promoting broader dissemination of scientific knowledge.

Este artigo investiga a convergência entre os atos de escrever e jogar no contexto da pesquisa em saúde em uma universidade pública. Enquanto a escrita é tradicionalmente utilizada para transmitir conhecimentos científicos e pesquisas, o jogo emerge como uma abordagem alternativa, interativa e engajadora. Essa pesquisa examina as potencialidades e os desafios de integração entre essas práticas na Pós-Graduação. As potencialidades incluem a melhoria da compreensão de conceitos complexos, o aumento do engajamento dos estudantes e a promoção da criatividade. No entanto, os desafios incluem encontrar o equilíbrio entre a rigidez acadêmica e a ludicidade, garantir a precisão científica no contexto lúdico e superar possíveis resistências institucionais. Este estudo destaca a importância de explorar estratégias inovadoras de ensino e comunicação na Pós-Graduação em Saúde, visando aprimorar a formação dos estudantes e promover maior disseminação do conhecimento científico.

Este artículo investiga la convergencia entre los actos de escribir y jugar en el contexto de la investigación en salud en una universidad pública. Mientras que la escritura se utiliza tradicionalmente para transmitir conocimientos científicos e investigaciones, el juego surge como un abordaje alternativo, interactivo y comprometedor. Esta investigación examina las potencialidades y los desafíos de integración entre esas prácticas en el postgrado. Las potencialidades incluyen la mejora de la comprensión de conceptos complejos, el aumento del compromiso de los estudiantes y la promoción de la creatividad. No obstante, los desafíos incluyen encontrar el equilibrio entre la rigidez académica y lo lúdico, asegurar la precisión científica en el contexto lúdico y superar posibles resistencias institucionales. Este estudio subraya la importancia de explorar estrategias innovadoras de enseñanza y comunicación en el postgrado en salud, con el objetivo de perfeccionar la formación de los estudiantes y promover una mayor difusión del conocimiento científico.

Abstract In social foraging situations some organisms tend to search their own resources (producer), while others tend to steal and/or join previously discovered food sources (scrounger). Information gain is a factor that allows for efficient identification of sources of food and other organisms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of information gain on the proportion of producer responses using the experimental Guaymas Foraging Task. The task involved searching for and harvesting food in a virtual habitat (videogame), where participants could control a virtual character's movement. Four conditions were manipulated, varying the camera angle and distance. The results show that the producer index was higher in conditions where the camera distance was far. This finding implies that an increase in the overview of the search areas allows the participant to adjust more quickly to contingencies, increasing the proportion of producer responses. On the other hand, the rate maximization model is capable of predicting changes independently of the information gain. However, integrating individual factors into the model could enhance its quantitative predictions.

Resumen Durante la búsqueda de recursos (forrajeo), algunos organismos tienden a buscar sus propios recursos (producir), mientras que otros tienden a robar y/o acoplarse a las fuentes de alimento previamente descubiertas (parasitar). La ganancia de información es un factor que permite identificar eficientemente las fuentes de alimento y otros organismos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la ganancia de información en la proporción de respuestas productoras mediante la tarea experimental Guaymas Foraging Task. La tarea consistió en la búsqueda y cosecha de alimento en un hábitat virtual (videojuego), donde las participantes podían desplazar un personaje virtual. Se manipularon cuatro condiciones que variaron en el ángulo y distancia de la cámara. Los resultados muestran que el índice productor fue mayor en las condiciones donde la distancia de la cámara era lejana. Este hallazgo implica que el aumento en el panorama de las zonas de búsqueda permite a quien participa ajustarse más rápido a las contingencias, incrementando la proporción de respuestas productoras. Por otra parte, el modelo de maximización de la tasa es capaz de predecir los cambios independientemente de la ganancia de la información. Sin embargo, la integración de factores individuales al modelo podría mejorar sus predicciones cuantitativas.

Resumen: La investigación determinó el efecto de la mediación de un videojuego educativo en el fortalecimiento de la resolución de problemas de matemáticas. El método cuantitativo con alcance descriptivo fue aplicado. La muestra fue no probabilística con 20 estudiantes de la Institución Educativa San Jorge, en la vereda Las Damas, Municipio de Purificación, Departamento de Tolima. Las variables estudiadas fueron: desempeño en resolución de problemas, mecánicas y percepción del videojuego. La encuesta inicial reflejó que un 90% no poseían habilidades matemáticas básicas y tenían una percepción negativa del área. Entonces, fue diseñada una estrategia educativa con un videojuego denominado Corredor Matemático de Pensamiento Variacional (Comapeva), en tercera persona con Unity 3D, Adobe Ilustrator y Autodesk 3d. Fue protagonizado por Comaco: joven aventurero que superó retos matemáticos. El guion narrativo combinó elementos del constructivismo, Aprendizaje Basado en Retos (ABR) y modelo instruccional ADDIE (Análisis, Diseño, Desarrollo, Implementación y Evaluación). La herramienta fue implementada con el apoyo de los docentes. Con el videojuego el 100% de los estudiantes resolvieron retos con diversas estrategias. Disminuyó un 21% el tiempo de desarrollo de los problemas, y un 33% las solicitudes de apoyo del docente. La concentración, atención, memoria, agilidad mental, interpretación y análisis fueron fortalecidas. El videojuego facilitó la construcción de conocimientos en matemáticas de forma sustancial. En consecuencia, fue innovador, motivador y permitió la trasformación de prácticas educativas según las necesidades de aprendizaje.

Abstract: The research considers the effect of the mediation of an educational video game in strengthening mathematics problem solving. The quantitative method with a descriptive scope was applied. The sample was non-probabilistic with 20 students from the San Jorge Educational Institution, in Las Damas village, Municipality of Purificación, Department of Tolima. The variables studied were problem-solving performance, game mechanics, and videogame perception. The initial survey showed that 90% of the students did not have basic mathematical skills and had a negative perception of the subject area. Therefore, an educational strategy was then designed using a video game called the Variational Thinking Mathematical Corridor (Comapeva). The game was developed in third person using Unity 3D, Adobe Illustrator, and Autodesk 3d. It starred Comaco: a young adventurer who overcame mathematical challenges. The narrative script combined elements of constructivism, Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) and instructional model ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation). The tool was implemented with the support of the teachers. With the video game, 100% of the students were able to solve challenges using various strategies. Problem development time decreased by 21%, and teacher support requests decreased by 33%. Concentration, attention, memory, mental agility, interpretation, and analysis skills were all strengthened. The video game facilitated the construction of knowledge in mathematics in a substantial way. Consequently, the video game was found to be innovative and motivating, and it allowed for the transformation of educational practices according to the students' learning needs.

Abstract Against the assumption that premodern diplomacy was mostly taking place among equals, this article aims to investigate several cases of parallel diplomacy during the 15th century between the Timurids, the Qara Qoyunlu and the Mamluk sultanate in Cairo. While during the previous period official rulers were indeed dominating the diplomatic stage, it seems that in the fifteenth century, members of their family (sons and even grandson) also took part in the game. The paper aims to present those cases and highlight the importance of diplomatic letter collection for the study of intra-Muslim contacts beyond the sultans.

Resumo Contra a suposição de que a diplomacia pré-moderna ocorria principalmente entre iguais, este artigo pretende investigar vários casos de diplomacia paralela durante o século XV entre os Timurids, os Qara Qoyunlu e o sultanato Mamluk no Cairo. Embora durante o período anterior os governantes oficiais dominassem, efetivamente, a cena diplomática, parece que no século XV, os membros da sua família (filhos e até netos) também participavam nesta dinâmica. O artigo pretende apresentar esses casos e destacar a importância da recolha de cartas diplomáticas para o estudo dos contactos intra-muçulmanos para além dos sultões.

Remote areas that lack conventional water-provisioning infrastructure often rely on rainwater harvesting, rivers, pans, reservoirs and borehole-extracted water to meet domestic water requirements. These water sources often have poor microbial quality and chemical composition, the quality of which is not routinely monitored. This study explored citizen science as a tool for Engaged Research and Responsible Research and Innovation, detailing the co-creation of a sustained community-based water quality monitoring program in collaboration with communities in villages in Amakhala Game Reserve (Eastern Cape, South Africa). Without access to other water sources, participants predominantly used rainwater for drinking and cooking (80%), while borehole water was mainly used for cleaning and gardening due to its salty or bitter taste. A hydrogen sulfide (H2S) water testing kit was used by the citizen scientists to monitor the water quality. The H2S kits were effective in estimating bacterial contamination, showing a proportional relationship with Colilert® test results conducted in a laboratory. The alignment observed between community-based monitoring results and those derived from scientist-led testing underscores the value of data produced through citizen science initiatives. Sustained participant engagement throughout this research reflected a sense of community empowerment through access to tools that inform their decision-making around water use and treatment as well as investment in the research, indicative of the perceived relevance of the research to community interests. This integration of transdisciplinary data sources holds promise for informing evidence-based decision-making processes, facilitating more effective and contextually informed water management strategies that value and integrate community perspectives alongside scientific insights. SIGNIFICANCE: Drawing on the principles of Engaged Research and Responsible Research and Innovation, we applied citizen science tools to engage researchers and communities in the co-development of a water quality monitoring program. In addressing a specific area of concern, raised by the remotely situated community around the need for knowing their water quality, the project successfully trained communities in applying water testing tools and fostered agency in decision-making around water treatment. Combined with continuous feedback and communication loops, a high rate of continuity was sustained among the participants.

Abstract: The primary objective of this research is to identify elements and concepts that intervene in the existing gender gap in STEM areas (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), to subsequently design and validate a serious game that allows training and raising awareness among university students. A bibliographic review of serious games focused on training in the concept is performed. A three-phase game development methodology is applied to design and validate the serious game “Brechas.” The proposed game has a board mediated by digital tools in which participants answer questions while learning the main concepts about gender gaps in the international, national, and local contexts. The designed tool is refined by the application to 47 participants. In conclusion, this tool allows instructing and raising awareness among students regarding existing disparities in gender issues, especially in STEM areas.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de esta investigación es identificar elementos y conceptos que intervienen en la brecha de género existente en las áreas STEM (ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas), para posteriormente diseñar y validar un juego serio que permita formar y sensibilizar a estudiantes universitarios. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de juegos serios enfocados en la formación en el concepto. Se utiliza una metodología de desarrollo de juegos de tres fases, para diseñar y validar el juego serio “Brechas”. El juego propuesto cuenta con un tablero mediado por herramientas digitales en el cual los participantes responden preguntas mientras aprenden los principales conceptos sobre las brechas de género en el contexto internacional, nacional y local. La herramienta diseñada fue refinada a partir de la aplicación a 47 participantes. En conclusión, esta herramienta permite instruir y concientizar a los estudiantes con respecto a las disparidades existentes en temas de género, especialmente en áreas STEM.

The aim of this study is to identify the guiding principles of game activism to contribute to possible definitions of the movement, allowing similar phenomena to be identified and distinguished from other activisms. The territoriality of the research is built on the confrontation between the categories of games and their articulation with activism and the streets. Starting from the basic concept of game activism as the use of electronic games in the articulation of these languages with social and political objectives, the article will go through the movements in their different fronts of action, such as educational use, promoting social causes and criticizing the games industry. As part of ongoing research, it is based more on hypotheses than conclusions: the nature of the video game, when considering its genealogy - in this context, from commercial battles to maintaining the aesthetic ideal of graphic performance - is competitive and commercialized and a deconstructed video game demands more than inclusion policies. The deconstruction of the video game demands and participates in the dismantling of communities, commercial exchanges, labour and aesthetic concepts; the military past and the financial nature of the video game-product define a category of game, but do not limit the creative power of the video game. Crossing the debate on gamification or educational games, the question of the console, platforms and hacking in the colonizing principle of the game or narrative as power, game activism is developing in a complex context that requires careful evaluation to question the limits and possibilities of this emerging language of activism.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo levantar os princípios norteadores do gameativismo para contribuir para possíveis definições do movimento, permitindo a identificação de fenômenos semelhantes e a distinção de outros ativismos. A territorialidade da pesquisa se constrói pelo confronto entre as categorias de games e as articulação destas com o ativismo e as ruas. Partindo do conceito base de gameativismo como o uso de jogos eletrônicos na articulação destas linguagens com objetivos sociais e políticos, o artigo atravessará os movimentos em suas diferentes frentes de ação, como o uso educativo, na promoção de causa sociais e para a crítica à indústria de jogos. Como parte de uma pesquisa em andamento, parte-se mais de hipóteses que de conclusões: a natureza do videogame, quando considerada sua genealogia - nesse contexto, das batalhas comerciais até a manutenção do ideal estético da performance gráfica - é competitiva e mercadológica e um videogame desconstruído exige mais que políticas de inclusão. A desconstrução do videogame demanda e participa da desestruturação das comunidades, das trocas comerciais, do trabalho e de conceitos estéticos; o passado militar e o caráter financeiro do videogame-produto definem uma categoria de jogo, mas não limitam sua potência criativa. Atravessando o debate da gamificação ou jogos educativos, a questão do console, das plataformas e do hacking no princípio colonizador do game ou da narrativa como poder, o gameativismo se desenvolve em um contexto complexo, que demanda avaliação criteriosa a fim de questionar os limites e as possibilidades dessa linguagem emergente de ativismo.

Abstract Violence against indigenous peoples has notably increased in recent years, and its news has been consequent on the violence faced by defenders of their rights. This article aims to explain this pattern of violence, demonstrating how legal uncertainty within the demarcation process encourages indigenous people and landowners to go to war. Through the study of the case of the Xukuru People of Ororubá, we describe two major violent events to demonstrate the set of threats, murders, autonomous retaking of demarcated territory, and institutional violence incidents by the police, Federal Public Prosecutor's Office and FUNAI. We rationalize these facts in a game theory matrix to demonstrate that the legal insecurity of the territory under demarcation leads both sides, as rational actors, to act and use all available resources to defeat the opponent, generating a suboptimal balance. This result leads to two outspreads. First, Brazil's failure to comply with the obligation to provide domestic legal effects allows the courts to adopt a legal thesis that conditions the effectiveness of territorial rights to Funai's budget. Second, an informal institutional arrangement translated into the permanence of the territory with non-indigenous people's rule. It was identified by the set of sanctions that the literature called the enemy's logic, composed of the criminalization of indigenous leaders and human rights defenders, as well as the distortion of purpose in the performance of public bodies. Therefore, this work contributes to the literature of Indigenous Law, Constitutional Law, and International Human Rights Law by offering a causal link between state omission and physical and institutional violence. years war Ororubá threats murders police Prosecutors Prosecutor s FUNAI sides actors opponent balance outspreads First Brazils Brazil Funais Funai budget Second nonindigenous non rule enemys enemy logic bodies Therefore

Resumo A violência contra povos indígenas e seus membros aumentou de maneira notável nos últimos anos, cujas notícias têm sido acompanhadas pela violência enfrentada por defensores de seus direitos. O objetivo deste artigo é oferecer uma explicação para este padrão de violência, demonstrando como a insegurança jurídica dentro do processo demarcatório incentiva povos indígenas e proprietários a entrar em guerra. Através do estudo do caso do Povo Xukuru do Ororubá, descrevemos dois grandes eventos de violência enfrentados para demonstrar o conjunto de ameaças, assassinatos, retomadas autônomas de território demarcado e violência institucional exercida pelas polícias, Ministério Público Federal e Funai. Racionalizamos esses fatos numa matriz de teoria dos jogos para demonstrar que a indefinição da situação do território em demarcação leva ambos os lados, como atores racionais, a agir ao invés de se omitir, utilizando todos os recursos disponíveis para derrotar o oponente e gerando um equilíbrio subótimo. Este resultado leva a dois grandes desdobramentos. Primeiro, o descumprimento pelo Brasil da obrigação de prover dispositivos de direito interno a permitir com que os tribunais adotem tese jurídica que condiciona a eficácia dos direitos territoriais ao orçamento da Funai. Segundo, a existência de um arranjo institucional informal traduzido na permanência do território com os não-indígenas e identificado pela existência de sanções que a literatura denomina como lógica do inimigo, composta pela criminalização de lideranças indígenas e defensores de direitos humanos, assim como pelo desvirtuamento de finalidade na atuação de órgãos públicos. Desta feita, este trabalho contribui para a literatura do Direito Indigenista, Direito Constitucional e Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos ao oferecer um nexo de causalidade entre a omissão do estado e a violência física e institucional. anos guerra Ororubá ameaças assassinatos polícias Funai lados racionais omitir subótimo desdobramentos Primeiro Segundo nãoindígenas não inimigo humanos públicos feita Indigenista

Resumen Introducción. Los videojuegos tienen una fuerte influencia en los niños y adolescentes. La adicción a ellos tiene efectos perjudiciales para la salud de los niños. Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre la adicción a los videojuegos y la disfunción vesical o intestinal en niños. Materiales y métodos. Los 373 niños y sus madres que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión constituyeron la muestra de este estudio descriptivo y correlacional. Los datos se recopilaron mediante un formulario de información descriptiva, la Video Game Addiction Scale for Children y el Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire. Resultados. El 72,5 % de los niños tenía nueve años y, el 27,5 %, diez; el 50,4 % eran hombres y el 49,6 %, mujeres. El 4,7 % de los estudiantes que participaron en el estudio tenían bajo peso, el 19,6 % presentaba sobrepeso y el 17,9 % tenía obesidad. Se constató que las puntuaciones medias de las escalas fueron 50,77 ± 16,17 para la Video Game Addiction Scale for Children y 29,98 ± 8,90 para el Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire. La proporción de niños con una puntuación de 90 o superior en la dicha escala fue del 0,8 % (n = 3). Se encontró que el 3,6 % (n = 13) de los niños tenía incontinencia urinario-fecal mientras jugaba videojuegos. Se reveló que había una correlación positiva débil entre las dimensiones de las dos escalas evaluadas, y la función de la vejiga y el intestino (p < 0,05). Conclusiones. El grado de adicción a los videojuegos de los niños está correlacionado con su grado de disfunción vesical o intestinal: entre mayor sea la adicción, mayor es la disfunción.

Abstract Introduction. Video games have a strong influence on children and adolescents. Video game addiction has negative effects on children’s health. Objective. To determine the relationship between video game addiction and bladder/bowel dysfunction in children. Materials and methods. Three hundred sixty-three children and their mothers who met the inclusion criteria constituted the sample of this correlational study. The data were collected using a descriptive information form, the Video Game Addiction Scale for Children, and the Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire. Results. We found that 72.5% of the children were nine years old and 27.5% were ten years old; 50.4% were males and 49.6% were female. While 4.7% of the children who participated in the study were underweight, 19.6% were overweight, and 17.9% were obese. The mean Video Game Addiction Scale for Children score was 50.77 ± 16.17, whereas the mean Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire score was 29.98 ± 8.90. The ratio of children with a mean Video Game Addiction Scale for Children scores equal to or greater than 90 was 0.8% (n = 3). We found that 3.6% (n = 13) of the children had urinary/fecal incontinence while playing video games. There was a weak positive relationship between the dimensions of the Video Game Addiction Scale for Children scores, the Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire scores, and children’s bladder and bowel function (r = 0.220; p < 0.05). Conclusions. There is a correlation between children’s video game addiction level and their bladder and bowel dysfunction grade. Higher video game addiction levels correspond to higher bladder and bowel dysfunction.

RESUMEN Los niños nacidos en el mundo digital no perderán tiempo en llegar a esta nueva tecnología. Dado que cada nueva tecnología puede tener características positivas o negativas, los niños tendrán su parte de esta situación. Este estudio se realizó para investigar la creciente adicción a los juegos digitales de los niños nacidos en el mundo digital y los efectos de los juegos digitales en las dimensiones del desarrollo de los niños. En la investigación se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido, uno de los métodos de investigación cualitativa. En el análisis de contenido se realizan análisis detallados y se crean categorías a partir de situaciones. 98 futuros profesores que estudian en la Universidad Konya Necmettin Erbakan realizan prácticas escolares y tienen la oportunidad de observar individualmente a los niños que participaron en el estudio. Como resultado del análisis de contenido, se encontraron 6 temas principales y 4 subtemas: efectos mentales, sociales, psicológicos, biológicos y comunicativos y de múltiples dimensiones de los juegos digitales en los niños. Fueron sometidos a técnicas de análisis de contenido y apoyados en las citas directas de los participantes uno por uno. Como último comentario, profesores, responsables políticos y padres hicieron algunas recomendaciones sobre los efectos negativos de las adicciones a los juegos digitales.

ABSTRACT Children born into the digital world will not waste time in reaching this new technology. Since every new technology can have positive or negative features, children will get their share of this situation. This study was conducted to investigate the increasing digital game addiction of our children born into the digital world and the effects of digital games on the developmental dimensions of children. The content analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. In content analysis, detailed analyses are made and categories are created from situations. 98 preservice teachers who study at Konya Necmettin Erbakan University go on school internships and have the opportunity to observe the children one-on-one who participated in the study. As a result of the content analysis 6 main and 4 sub-themes were found as mental, social, psychological, biological, and communicative and multiple dimension effects of digital games on children. They were subjected to content analysis techniques and supported by the direct quotes of the participants one by one. As a last remark, teachers, policymakers, and parents made some recommendations about the negative effects of digital game addictions.

Resumen La hipótesis principal de este trabajo sostiene que lo político en la escritura de Roberto Santoro se redefine y actualiza mediante el juego y la risa como dispositivos desde los cuales leer e interpretar la violencia dictatorial y las militancias de izquierda. Lejos de la denuncia o la protesta a secas, su poesía transgrede los lugares comunes o las formas cristalizadas de acercarse a la realidad histórico‒política de los años 70, a través del humor negro, la ironía y la reescritura de juegos infantiles, rondas y canciones populares. Se tendrán en cuenta para el análisis sus últimas dos publicaciones en vida —Poesíaen general (1973) y No negociable (1975)— y poemas que permanecieron inéditos hasta la aparición de su Obra poética completa (2009). Allí se puede advertir un procesamiento del contexto represivo y sus efectos sobre los cuerpos y las subjetividades que no niega el dolor o la bronca, tampoco el entusiasmo militante, pero sí incorpora nuevos tonos y figuras a la imaginación revolucionaria, como el chiste, el calambur, el baile o los rituales infantiles.

Abstract The main hypothesis of this paper maintains that the political in Roberto Santoro’s writing is redefined and updated through play and laughter as devices from which to read and interpret dictatorial violence and leftist militancy. Far from simply denouncing or protesting, His poetry transgresses commonplaces or crystallized ways of approaching the historical-political reality of the 1970s, through black humor, irony and the rewriting of children's games, rounds and popular songs. His last two publications during his lifetime —Poesía en general (1973) and No negociable (1975)— and poems that remained unpublished until the appearance of his Obra poética completa (2009) will be taken into account for the analysis. There one can see a processing of the repressive context and its effects on bodies and subjectivities that does not deny pain or anger, nor militant enthusiasm, but it does incorporate new tones and figures to the revolutionary imagination, such as jokes, calambur, dance or children’s rituals.

RESUMO Introdução: neste artigo é desenvolvido um modelo que inclui os principais elementos de uma situação típica de jogo em que o árbitro assistente deve julgar um possível impedimento. Neste quadro conceitual, incorpora-se o pressuposto de que o assistente realiza uma mudança de olhar e só pode avaliar a posição relativa do atacante em relação ao penúltimo adversário milésimos de segundos após o passe.. Objetivo: identificar os determinantes do grau de dificuldade que existe para o árbitro assistente julgar corretamente um possível impedimento. Material e métodos: métodos analítico-sintéticos e sistêmicos estrutural-funcionais foram utilizados como métodos teóricos de pesquisa científica. Das empíricas, análise documental e perícia, bem como estimativas baseadas em cálculos geométricos. Resultados: mostra-se que na maioria dos casos o árbitro assistente deve tomar uma decisão no momento preciso em que a distorção derivada da mudança de olhar atinge a sua expressão máxima. Conclusões: as estimativas feitas para diferentes situações permitem verificar e quantificar as derivações do modelo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in this article, a model is developed that includes the main elements of a typical game situation in which the assistant referee must judge a possible offside. In this conceptual framework, the assumption is incorporated that the assistant makes a change of gaze and can only evaluate the relative position of the attacker with respect to the penultimate opponent thousandths of seconds after the pass.. Objective: to identify the determinants of the degree of difficulty that exists for the assistant referee to correctly judge a possible offside. Material and methods: analytical-synthetic and systemic structural-functional methods were used as theoretical methods of scientific research. From the empirical ones, documentary analysis and expert judgment, as well as estimates based on geometric calculations. Results: it is shown that in most cases the assistant referee must make a decision at the precise moment in which the distortion derived from the change of gaze reaches its maximum expression. Conclusions: the estimates made for different situations allow the model's derivations to be verified and quantified.

RESUMEN Introducción: en este artículo, se desarrolla un modelo que recoge los principales elementos de una situación típica de juego en la cual el árbitro asistente debe juzgar un posible offside. En este marco conceptual, se incorpora el supuesto de que el asistente realiza un cambio de mirada y solamente puede evaluar la posición relativa del atacante respecto al penúltimo adversario milésimas de segundos después del pase. Objetivo: identificar los determinantes del grado de dificultad que existe para que el árbitro asistente juzgue correctamente un posible offside. Material y métodos: se emplearon como métodos teóricos de la investigación científica el analítico-sintético y el sistémico estructural funcional. De los empíricos, el análisis documental y el criterio de expertos, así como estimaciones basadas en cálculos geométricos. Resultados: se demuestra que en la mayoría de los casos el árbitro asistente debe tomar una decisión en el momento preciso en que la distorsión derivada del cambio de mirada alcanza su máxima expresión. Conclusiones: las estimaciones realizadas para diferentes situaciones permiten verificar y cuantificar las derivaciones del modelo.

Resumen Caminografía es el acto de caminar y mapear simultáneamente. Una práctica desarrollada por el grupo de investigación, docencia y extensión Cidade+Contemporanidade, que radica en el sur de Brasil, en la ciudad de Pelotas. El artículo presenta la metodología de la caminografía ejercida en el transcurso de una tarde mientras se recorría las microrregiones de Colina do Sol y Treptow, en Pelotas, donde se amplió la perspectiva a partir del encuentro, el juego y la escritura colectiva. La potencia de esta metodología es evidente, especialmente en el sentido pedagógico, a la hora de experimentar la ciudad y sus múltiples dimensiones.

Abstract Walkography is the act of walking and mapping simultaneously. A practice that has been developed by the research, teaching and extension group, Cidade+Contemporanidade, which lives in the south of Brazil, in the city of Pelotas. The article presents the methodology of walkography being exercised during an afternoon that covers the Colina do Sol and Treptow microregions, in Pelotas, where the perspective is expanded based on the meeting, the game and collective writing. The powers of walkography are evident, mainly in the pedagogical sense of experiencing the city and its multiple layers.

Resumo Caminhografia é o ato de caminhar e cartografar concomitantemente. Uma prática que vem sendo desenvolvida pelo grupo de pesquisa, ensino e extensão, Cidade+Contemporanidade que vive ao sul do Brasil, na cidade de Pelotas. O artigo apresenta a metodologia da caminhografia sendo exercitada no exercício de uma tarde que recorre parte as microrregiões Colina do Sol y Treptow, em Pelotas, onde amplia-se o olhar a partir do encontro, do jogo e da escrita coletiva. Evidenciam-se as potências da caminhografia, principalmente no sentido pedagógico de experimentar a cidade e suas múltiplas camadas.

Resumo A formação de uma "resistência íntima" na obra do poeta chileno Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) opera a partir do desdobramento nostálgico do falante diante do desenraizamento moderno em um ambiente em ruínas. Trata-se de articular o paradoxo entre a experiência íntima e acolhedora do falante no quotidiano e o sentimento de orfandade da precária existência atual que o instiga a resignificar o presente e expandir-se no futuro. Dessa forma, na poética de Teillier, surge um jogo pendular de antagonismos: a vida e a morte, a felicidade e a desilusão, o enraizamento e o desenraizamento; com uma tendência vital do falante para a desintegração, que é contraposta pela resistência íntima a partir das ruínas de sua memória, onde persiste em sua alteridade e finitude.

Resumen : La conformación de una “resistencia íntima” en la obra del poeta chileno Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) opera a partir del despliegue nostálgico del hablante frente al desarraigo moderno en un entorno ruinoso. Se trata de articular la paradoja entre la experiencia íntima y hospitalaria del hablante en lo cotidiano y el sentido de orfandad de la precaria existencia actual que le concita resignificar el presente y expandirse en el futuro. De esta manera, en la poética de Teillier surge un juego pendular de antagonismos: la vida y la muerte, la dicha y la desilusión, el arraigo y el desarraigo; con una tendencia vital del hablante a la desintegración que es contrarrestada con la resistencia íntima desde las ruinas de su memoria donde persiste en su alteridad y finitud.

Abstract The formation of an "intimate resistance" in the work of the Chilean poet Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) operates from the speaker’s nostalgic unfolding in the face of modern uprooting within a ruinous environment. This entails articulating the paradox between the speaker’s intimate everyday life experience and the sense of orphanhood caused by his current precarious existence, which encourages him to resignify the present and expand into the future. In this way, a pendular game of antagonisms arises in Tellier’s poetics: life and death, happiness and disappointment, rootedness and uprooting; a vital tendency of the speaker to disintegrate, counteracted with the intimate resistance from the ruins of his memory where he persists in his alterity and finitude.