Resumen Los bioproductos ejercen efectos beneficiosos en las plantas tales como la estimulación del crecimiento y el rendimiento agrícola y la inducción de mecanismos defensivos; además, de no ser dañinos para las plantas ni para el medio ambiente. El presente trabajo se desarrolla entre los meses de enero a abril de 2019 bajo condiciones de cultivo protegido, con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad agrobiológica de diferentes bioproductos en el cultivo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) como sustitutos parciales de la nutrición mineral, así como en el estímulo del crecimiento y del rendimiento del cultivo. Se desarrolla en un suelo ferralítico rojo, bajo un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cinco tratamientos (inoculaciones simples de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares y su combinación con bioestimulantes) y cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados mostraron un efecto positivo de la combinación de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) con bioestimulantes para lograr un mayor crecimiento de las plantas en la fase de almácigo, con un acortamiento de este ciclo de 10 días con respecto al tratamiento control. En la fase de trasplante, el mayor desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo se logra con la combinación HMA-quitosano o bionutriente, combinada con el 75 % de la fertilización mineral (NPK), lo que permite disminuir el 25 % de esta. En el caso de las restantes combinaciones de bioproductos-fertilizante mineral, se demuestra que estos no son suficientes para lograr mantener el rendimiento del cultivo bajo este sistema.

Abstract The bioproducts exert beneficial effects on plants such as the stimulation of growth and agricultural yield, as well as the induction of defensive mechanisms; In addition, they are not harmful to plants or the environment. The present work is developed between the months of January to April 2019 under protected cultivation conditions, with the objective of evaluating the agrobiological efficacy of different bioproducts in the cultivation of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) as partial substitutes for mineral nutrition, as well as in stimulating growth and crop yield. It is developed in a red Ferralitic soil, under a completely randomized design with five treatments (simple inoculations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their combination with biostimulants) and four repetitions. The results showed a positive effect of the combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with biostimulants to achieve greater plant growth in the nursery phase, with a shortening of this cycle of 10 days compared to the control treatment. In the transplant phase, the highest development and yield of the crop is achieved with the AMF--chitosano or bionutrient combination, combined with 75 % of the mineral fertilization (NPK), which allowed a 25 % decrease in it. In the case of the remaining combinations of bioproducts - mineral fertilizer, it is shown that these are not enough to maintain crop yield under this system.

En México, un suelo agrícola pobre en nitrógeno (N) contaminado por un derivado de hidrocarburos como el aceite residual automotriz (ARA), con una relativa alta concentración de 100000 ppm, es un problema ambiental, pero también porque afecta drásticamente las propiedades del suelo asociadas con la mineralización de la materia orgánica y la pérdida de fertilidad, ya que sobrepasa el límite máximo aceptado de 4400 ppm de la norma mexicana llamada, NOM-138-SEMARNAT-2012 (NOM-138). Una alternativa de solución es tratarlo con acciones ecológicas para eliminar el ARA y recuperar esa fertilidad. Por lo que los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: i) biorremediación de suelo contaminado por 100000 ppm de ARA ii) fitorremediación mediante Sorghum vulgare con Aspergillus niger y Penicillium chrysogenum para decrecer el ARA a un valor inferior a 4400 ppm de la NOM-138. Para ello la recuperación de suelo se realizó mediante la variable-respuesta: desaparición del ARA por Soxhlet al inicio y después de la biorremediación y al final de la fitorremediación con S. vulgare con la fenología y biomasa a plántula. Todos los datos experimentales se validaron por ANOVA/Tukey HSD P<0.05%. Los resultados indicaron que la biorremediación y la fitorremediación del suelo contaminado por 100000 ppm de ARA, la decrecieron hasta 3400 ppm, valor inferior al máximo establecido por la NOM-138, suficiente para la recuperación del suelo en la producción agrícola, en 120 días un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto.

In Mexico, a soil poor in nitrogen (N) polluted by 100000 ppm of waste motor oil (WMO) is an environmental problem also because is drastically affecting soil´s proprieties related with mineralization of organic matter and lost its fertility since exceeding the maximum accepted limit of 4400 ppm of the Mexican environmental rule called NOM-138-SEMARNAT-2012 (NOM-138). An ecological alternative to solve it is to treat for eliminating WMO and to recover its fertility. Therefore, the aims of this research were: a) bioremediation of soil polluted by 100000 ppm of WMO b) phytoremediation by Sorghum vulgare with Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum to decrease WMO´s concentration at lower value of 4400 ppm accepted by the NOM-138. In that sense the variable response to measure soil´s recovering was: a) WMO´s concentration with Soxhlet, after bioremediation and phytoremediation b) while at phytoremediation the phenology and biomass at seedling stage of S. vulgare with A. niger and P. chrysogenum. All experimental data were validated by ANOVA/Tukey HSD P<0.05%. Results showed that bioremediation and phytoremediation decreased WMO until 3400 ppm, numerical value lower than the maximum established by NOM-138, both processing were efficient to recover for cropping aim. In 120 days regarding as a short period of time.

No desenvolvimento de painéis, deve-se dar destaque a ensaios que remetam à aplicabilidade final do produto, como os ensaios de durabilidade ao ataque de fungos e cupins. Nesse contexto, painéis confeccionados com diferentes percentuais de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) e fibras de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis), aglutinados com duas dosagens de resina ureia formol (13% e 16%), foram submetidos à avaliação de resistência biológica (bioensaios) ao ataque de cupins e fungos, ensaio fundamental na definição de uso e aplicação do produto final. Foram utilizados cupins da espécie Reticulitermes santonensis, rhinotermitidade, e fungos da espécie Pleurotus ostreatus, basidiomiceto de podridão-branca, de acordo com procedimentos da normatização AFNOR. De modo geral, os novos painéis confeccionados apresentaram-se não resistentes aos bioensaios realizados e houve similaridade na dinâmica de ataque e perda de massa entre as diferentes dosagens de resina praticadas, remetendo à necessidade da aplicação de revestimento protetor na superfície dos painéis ou adição de produtos fungicidas e cupinicidas.

Trials referring applicability of the final product, such as durability tests to fungi and termites are crucial in developing panels. Therefore, panels made with different percentages of sugarcane bagasse particles (Saccharum sp.) and eucalyptus fiber (Eucalyptus grandis), bounded with two dosages of urea formaldehyde resin (13% and 16%), were evaluated for biological resistance (bioassays) to termites and fungi, which is fundamental in defining use and application of the final product. We used the termite species Reticulitermes santonensis, rhinotermitidade, and the fungy Pleurotus ostreatus, a white rot basidiomycete, according to AFNOR standardization procedures. In general, the new panels were not resistant to bioassays and there was a similarity in the dynamics of attack and mass loss among the different doses of resin applied, thus evidencing the need of applying protective coating on the panels surface or adding termiticide and fungicide products.

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst., a species recently collected in Calilegua National Park (Jujuy Province), is illustrated and described. This record constitutes the first mention of the species in Argentina.

Se ilustra y describe a Pseudohydnum gelatinosum. Especie recientemente coleccionada en el Parque Nacional Calilegua (Jujuy), constituyendo el primer registro para la Argentina.

Los actinomicetos son importantes en la sostenibilidad de sistemas naturales. Su diversidad fue evaluada en suelos de bosque, pastizal y rastrojo, y dos profundidades en el Sur del Trapecio Amazónico Colombiano. Se analizaron suelos de cinco repeticiones por cobertura para un total de 15 unidades. Se tomaron seis muestras en cada unidad y dos profundidades, para un total de 30. Los actinomicetos cultivables se determinaron por recuento en placa, se extrajo ADN, se amplificó el gen ADNr 16s y su diversidad genética se estimó por ARDRA. Hubo diferencias de abundancia entre coberturas y profundidades, relacionadas con la vegetación, presencia de lombrices, macrofauna, altos niveles de materia orgánica, y bases totales. Se obtuvieron valores de diversidad fenotípica similares para las tres coberturas, pero los bosques son más diversos. Se identificaron 16 morfotipos, agrupados en séis géneros, siendo Streptomyces el más abundante. La heterogeneidad de los patrones ARDRA no permitió la asignación de especies, reflejándose variaciones en las secuencias de diferentes operones ADNr 16s en un mismo organismo. Las perturbaciones en la cobertura influyen sobre los actinomicetos, generando cambios en su abundancia y diversidad. Su importancia ecológica permite proponerlos como indicadores biológicos de alteración del paisaje.

Communities of Actynomicetes fungy in three vegetation types of the Colombian Amazon: abundance, morphotypes and the 16s rDNA gene. Among soil microorganisms, Actinomycetes play an important role in the sustainability of natural and agricultural systems: decomposition of organic matter; degradation of recalcitrant compounds like lignin; nitrogen fixation; degradation of agricultural chemicals and biological control in plants and animals. We evaluated their diversity in soils under three different vegetation covers (pasture, tropical primary forest and stubble) at two depths in the Southern Colombian Amazon border. We collected five replicates per vegetation type (in each, three samples at 0-20cm and three at 20-30cm; for a total of 30 samples). Abundance and phenotypic diversity were determined by plate counting. Genomic DNA was extracted from the isolates: the 16s rDNA gene was amplified with specific primers, and its genetic diversity was estimated by means of an amplified restriction analysis (ARDRA). Actynomicetes abundance varied with vegetation and depth, possibly reflecting presence of earthworms, macro-fauna and physico-chemical characteristics associated to fertility, as well as organic matter, total bases, and optimal capacity to cationic interchange. Primary forests had the highest diversity. Sixteen morpho-types (six genera) were identified; Streptomyces was the most abundant everywhere. The heterogeneity of ARDRA patterns prevented species identification because of the intra-species variability in sequences of 16s rDNA operons. This community is a biological indicator of landscape alteration and could include new bio-active compounds of pharmaceutical interest. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1119-1139. Epub 2009 December 01.

The tinea capitis is a dermatophytosis produced by fungy of the gender Trichophyton or Mentagrophytes. It presents several clinical forms and it is almost exclusively of the children. Objetives: To know characteritics of the cases observed in the Hospital Nacional Departament of Dermatology in the periods: 1990-1992 and 1999-2001. Materials and Methods: This is retrospective study, descriptive, observational. Percentage are determined and they are compared with other series. All the cases have mycologics studies. Results: It observed 54 cases, 19 are from the first period and 35 appartened to the second period. There is slight predominance of feminine sex and the age average of predentation is 5.6 old year. In the cases that could be determined the species of the fungus predominates the Trichophyton mentagrophytes (10 cases, main agent in the first period), the Trichophyton rubrum (9 cases observed exclusively in the second period) and the Microsporum canis (8 cases). In the period 1999-2001, 7,5% of the first consultations is by dermatophytosis being 37% children and of these 50% is tinea of the head. Conclusions: The tinea capitis is the main dermatofitosis of the childhood in our service and shows a tendency the increase of the prevalence. The inflammatory forms (20% of the total) are increased and the Trichophyton rubrum etiologic agent is important

La tiña de la cabeza (o tínea capitis) es una dermatofitosis producida por hongos de los géneros Trichophyton o Mentagrophytes. Presenta varias formas clínicas y es casi exclusiva de los niños. Objetivo: Conocer las características de los casos de tiña de la cabeza observados en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Nacional en los periodos: 1990-1992 y 1999-2001. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional. Se determinan porcentajes y se comparan con otras series. Todos los casos tienen estudios micológicos directos y varios de ellos cultivos. Resultados: Se observan 54 casos siendo 19 del periodo 1990-1992 y 35 del periodo 1999-2001. Hay ligero predominio del sexo femenino y la edad promedio de presentación es de 5,6 años. En los casos en que se determinó la especie del hongo predomina el Trichophyton mentagrophytes (10 casos, principal agente en el primer periodo), el Trichophyton rubrum (9 casos, observado exclusivamente en el segundo periodo) y el Microsporum canis (8 casos). En el periodo 1999-2001 el 7,5% de las primeras consultas son por dermatofitosis, siendo el 37% niños y de éstos 50% tiña de la cabeza. Conclusiones: La tiña de la cabeza es la principal dermatofitosis de la niñez en nuestro servicio y muestra una tendencia al aumento de la prevalencia. Además hay aumento de las formas inflamatorias (20% del total) y surgimiento del Trichophyton rubrum como agente etiológico

Moléstias podem atacar severamente hortaliças cultivadas em cultivos protegidos e, para o manejo integrado dessas moléstias, o conhecimento das condições climáticas que favorecem sua incidência nesses cultivos é fundamental. O trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar as moléstias em tomateiro cultivado em estufas plásticas em quatro municípios na região central do Rio Grande do Sul e as condições de temperatura e umidade relativa (UR) do ar nas quais elas ocorrem. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de São Pedro do Sul, São Sepé, Ivorá e Santa Maria (RS), no período de março a outubro de 1998. A temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram medidas diariamente com um psicrômetro. As moléstias observadas e sua incidência máxima foram: requeima (Phytophthora infestans): 100,0%, pinta-preta (Alternaria solani): 98,1%, mofo cinzento (Botrytis cinerea): 55,4%, cladosporiose (Cladosporuim fulvum): 48,9%, septoriose (Septoria lycopersici): 37,5%, talo-oco (Erwinia spp.): 33,0%, murcha de fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici): 8,4% e podridão de esclerotínia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum): 1,3%. Valores de UR superiores a 80%, de maneira geral, aumentaram a incidência das moléstias, em sua maioria de origem fúngica. A incidência de moléstias varia entre municípios de uma mesma região climática de acordo com os fatores meteorológicos e práticas de manejo da cultura.

Fungal and bacterial diseases can severely damage vegetables cultivated in commercial greenhouses and, for integrated disease management, knowing the environmental conditions that favor the occurrence of diseases is fundamental. The objective of this work was to identify the diseases in tomato cultivated in plastic greenhouses in four locations in Rio Grande do Sul and the temperature and relative humidity favoring plant diseases. This study was done in four greenhouses, cropped to tomato, located in São Pedro do Sul, São Sepé, Ivorá, and Santa Maria (RS-Brazil), from March to October of 1998. The air temperature and the relative humidity inside the greenhouses were measured daily with a psicrometer. The diseases identified and their maximum incidence were: late blight (Phytophthora infestans): 100,0%, early blight (Alternaria solani): 98,1%, gray mold (Botrytis cinerea): 55,4%, leaf mold (Cladosporuim fulvum): 48,9%, leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici): 37,5%, soft rot (Erwinia spp.): 33,0%, fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici): 8,4%, and watery soft rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum): 1,3%. Air relative humidity greater than 80%, in general, increased disease incidence, which were predominantely caused by fungi. The disease incidence on tomato varied among locations in the same climatic region due to variations in meteorological conditions and crop management practices.

La tiña de la cabeza (o tínea capitis) es una dermatofitosis producida por hongos de los géneros Trichophyton o Mentagrophytes. Presenta varias formas clínicas y es casi exclusiva de los niños. Objetivo: conocer las características de los casos de tiña de la cabeza observados en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Nacional en los períodos 19901992 y 19992001. Material y método: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional. Se determinan porcentajes y se comparan con otras series. Todos los casos tienen estudios micológicos directos y varios de ellos cultivos. Resultados: se observaron 54 casos, siendo 19 del período 1990-1992 y 35 del período 1999-2001. Hay ligero predominio del sexo femenino y la edad promedio de presentación es de 5,6 años. En los casos en que se determinó la especie del hongo predominó el Trichophyton mentagrophytes (10 casos, principal agente en el primer período), el Trichophyton rubrum (nueve casos, observado exclusivamente en el segundo periodo) y el Microsporum canis (ocho casos). En el período 1999-2001 el 7,5% de las primeras consultas fueron por dermatofitosis, siendo el 37% niños y de éstos 50% con tiña de la cabeza. Conclusiones: la tiña de la cabeza es la principal dermatofitosis de la niñez en nuestro servicio y muestra una tendencia al aumento de la prevalencia. Además hay aumento de las formas inflamatorias (20% del total) y surgimiento del Trichophyton rubrum como agente etiológico.

The tinea capitis is a dermatophytosis produced by fungy of the gender Trichophyton or Mentagrophytes. It presents several clinical forms and it is almost exclusively of the children. Objetives: to know characteristics of the cases observed in the Hospital Nacional Departament of Dermatology in the periods: 1990-1992 and 1999-2001. Materials and methods: this is retrospective study, descriptive, observational. Percentage are determined and they are compared with other series. All the cases have mycologics studies. Results: it observed 54 cases, 19 are from the first period and 35 concerned to the second period. There is slight predominance of feminine sex and the average age of presentation is 5,6 years old. In the cases that could be determined the species of the fungus predominates the Trichophyton mentagrophytes (10 cases, main agent in the first period), the Trichophyton rubrum (9 cases, observed exclusively in the second period) and the Microsporum canis (8 cases). In the period 1999-2001, 7,5% of the first consultations is by dermatophytosis being 37% children and of these 50% is tinea of the head. Conclusions: the tinea capitis is the main dermatofitosis of the childhood in our service and shows a tendency the increase of the prevalence. The inflammatory forms (20% of the total) are increased and the Trichophyton rubrum etiologic agent is important.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar e classificar a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de arroz irrigado utilizadas por produtores de Santa Maria/RS, Brasil. Foram coletadas 117 amostras de sementes de produtores da região, no ano agrícola de 1997/98, nas quais se determinaram umidade, presença de grãos de arroz vermelho, presença de fungos e nematóides, germinação e vigor. As sementes apresentaram qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de média a boa, contendo, no entanto, altos níveis de arroz vermelho, o que reduz a qualidade dos lotes e constitui-se no principal fator restritivo à obtenção de maiores rendimentos.

This study was conducted in order to characterize and classify the physical, physiological and sanitary qualities of irrigated rice seeds used by rice farmers in Santa Maria (RS). A total of 117 seed samples were collected among farmers of this region during the 1997/98 growing season. Seed moisture, presense of red rice seeds, presense of fungy and nematodes, germination percentage and seed vigor were determined. In regard to physyological and sanitary quality the seed qualities varied between medium and good. However the presense of high levels of red rice seeds reduced the overall quality of the seeds and is the main factor that limits higher productivity grains.

RESUMO Este estudo analisa os resultados das culturas obtidas de material de úlceras de córnea em 263 pacientes no período de setembro de 1986 a fevereiro de 1989. Confirma estudos anteriores de que o isolamento de bactérias (41,8%) é mais freqüente que o de fungos (3,8%). Neste período, pela primeira vez foram isoladas 2 cepas de Acanthamoeba sp. como agente etiológico de úlcera de córnea. Entre as bactérias Gram positivas, Staphylococcus aureus foi a mais freqüentemente isolada (22,1%), e entre as bactérias Gram negativas, Pseudomonas sp. foi a mais encontrada (7,6%). Entre as ceratites micóticas, os fungos mais freqüentemente Isolados foram Aspergillus sp. e Fusarium sp. Foram demonstradas alterações nos perfis de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antibióticos testados em relação a estudo realizado neste mesmo Laboratório de Microbiologia Ocular da Escola Paulista de Medicina. Houve aumento de resistência bacteriana à cefalotina, tobramicina e amicacina, enquanto a gentamicina apresentou níveis de sensibilidade semelhantes em relação ao estudo anterior.

SUMMARY Some ethiological aspects of corneal ulcers in 263 patients that were submitted to corneal culture in the Laboratório de Microbiologia Ocular da Escola Paulista de Medicina were analysed. Positive cultures were obtained in 132 of the samples, where bacterias were isolated in 41,8% and fungy in 3,8%. Acanthamoeba sp. was isolated in 2 samples. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent bacteria isolated (22,1%) and among Gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. was isolated in 7,6%. Comparing the results of this study with those performed before at the same laboratory, we demonstrate an increase of bacterial resistency to antibiotics like cefalotin, tobramicin and amicacin, while gentamicin keeps the some level of sensibility.