ABSTRACT One of the main phytosanitary problems in major crops are phytonematodes, which are characterised as difficult to control. In view of this, biocontrol, through the use of biological agents, has become a driving force in controlling these pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of microorganisms, and detect the possibility of antagonistic effects, influence on growth, or synergistic action when microorganisms are jointly applied to crops. Microbiological analyses were carried out to observe the interaction of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum with the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus methylotrophicus. It was found that the interaction between the genera Bacillus and Trichoderma did not promote any increase in the fresh or dry weight of the roots or shoots of the soya plants; however, based on the results of the microbiological analysis of the fungi and bacteria, the interaction was found to be promising, particularly in the evaluation carried out on the seventh day. Considering the number of viable spores, the interaction between B. subtilis + T. asperellum showed better results than B. methylotrophicus + T. asperellum. The Interaction between the genera Bacillus and Trichoderma showed the potential for joint use in the biological control of the soya bean.

Resumo: A aquicultura é uma indústria global importante na prática do cultivo de organismos aquáticos para fornecer alimentos à população e impulsionar a economia dos países produtores. O Brasil se destaca na produção global de rãs-touro, mas essa atividade tem gerado problemas ecológicos e econômicos. A falta de regulamentação e controle pode ameaçar a biodiversidade, já que essas rãs atuam como vetores de patógenos como o fungo quitrídio Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) e o vírus Ranavirus (Rv). Tanto o Bd, quanto o Rv, estão associados a declínios e extinções em massa de anfíbios em todo o mundo. Estudos no Brasil identificaram alta prevalência desses patógenos em ranários, representando ameaças à indústria e ao ambiente. A ausência de regulamentação eficaz na ranicultura é um desafio, já que a quitridiomicose e a ranavirose são doenças de notificação obrigatória à Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, exigindo gestão dos impactos na produção de rã-touro. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi promover a articulação entre pesquisadores, órgãos públicos e líderes do setor, visando revisar as legislações existentes e propor medidas eficazes de biosseguridade. Realizamos extensivas revisões sobre a ranicultura no Brasil, participamos e promovemos reuniões com representantes governamentais e produtivos e nos engajamos ativamente nos Planos de Ação para a conservação de espécies. Nesse contexto, esforços foram feitos para mapear ranários e desenvolver propostas de biosseguridade visando o controle de patógenos. Concluímos que a colaboração entre setores é crucial para a elaboração e implementação de políticas eficazes. Além disso, apresentamos uma revisão detalhada da legislação vigente diretamente relacionada ao tema, visando facilitar a compreensão da situação atual no Brasil. A implementação e manutenção de regulamentações mais abrangentes, assim como a adoção de práticas sustentáveis na ranicultura, são essenciais para garantir a sustentabilidade da indústria e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Abstract: Aquaculture is a globally significant industry involved in the cultivation of aquatic organisms to provide food for the population and boost the economies of producing countries. Brazil stands out in the global production of bullfrogs, but this activity has generated ecological and economic problems. The lack of regulation and control can threaten biodiversity, as these bullfrog’s act as vectors for pathogens such as chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and the virus Ranavirus (Rv). Both Bd and Rv are associated with declines and mass extinctions of amphibians worldwide. Studies in Brazil have identified a high prevalence of these pathogens in bullfrog farms, posing threats to both the industry and the environment. The absence of effective regulation in bullfrog farming is a challenge, as chytridiomycosis and ranaviruses are diseases that must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health, requiring management of impacts on bullfrog production. Therefore, our goal was to promote collaboration among researchers, public entities, and industry leaders, aiming to review existing legislation and propose effective biosecurity measures. We conducted extensive reviews on bullfrog farming in Brazil, participated in and organized meetings with government and industry representatives, and actively engaged in Species Conservation Action Plans. Within this context, efforts have been made to map frog farms and develop biosecurity proposals aimed at pathogen control. We conclude that intersectoral collaboration is crucial for the development and implementation of effective policies. Furthermore, we present a detailed review of the current legislation directly related to the topic to facilitate understanding of the current situation in Brazil. The implementation and maintenance of more comprehensive regulations, along with the adoption of sustainable practices in frog farming, are essential to ensure the industry’s sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

Abstract: Studies on wood durability have highlighted the use of new environmentally friendly substances. In this sense, research carried out with Amazonian forest species is extremely important for the discovery of new bioactive substances from durable wood and its residues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitermitic and antifungal potential of extracts obtained from industrial processing residues of wood species from Central Amazonia, Brazil. The sawdust of seven Amazonian wood species were collected to obtain extracts and quantify the extractive content. The extracts produced were tested for inhibition of fungal growth of Rhodonia placenta and Trametes versicolor and impregnated in low natural durability wood known as Simarouba amara (marupa) to verify the effect on wood natural durability against Nasutitermes sp. termites and Gloeophyllum trabeum fungus. Simarouba amara (marupa) wood was easily impregnated and showed satisfactory retention values. The species Buchenavia sp., Dinizia excelsa (red angelim), Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) and Manilkara elata (maçaranduba) exhibited high contents of secondary metabolites. It was observed that the extracts of Roupala montana (louro faia) and Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) exhibited the best performance in inhibiting fungal growth. In the accelerated decay test, marupa wood impregnated with Buchenavia sp. (tanimbuca) extract showed the lowest weight loss after exposure to the fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. In the termite choice feeding test, wood impregnated with Dinizia excelsa (red angelim) and Buchenavia sp. (tanimbuca) extracts were most consumed and the extracts of Roupala montana (louro faia), Cordia sp., Hymenolobium flavum (angelim pedra) and Manilkara elata (maçaranduba) provided greater inhibition of termite attack. The combination of extracts must be tested in future studies to verify the synergistic effect, in addition to the chemical analyses of the selected extracts.

RESUMEN La torta residual de Jatropha curcas es un subproducto generado durante la extracción del aceite de Jatropha curcas. Crea un serio problema ambiental al acumularse por no poder ser utilizada como alimento animal ni tener otro destino de utilidad, por lo que su aprovechamiento permitiría dar solución a diferentes problemáticas ambientales originadas tanto por la generación y disposición de estos residuos como por otros factores producto del desarrollo de otros sectores productivos. El cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus se puede hacer en diferentes sustratos lignocelulósicos siendo los residuos agrícolas y agroindustriales los más utilizados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar el crecimiento micelial de Pleurotus ostreatus CCEBI 3024, en cultivos sólidos a base de extractos de la torta residual de Jatropha curcas. El estudio se basó en cultivar el inóculo del Pleurotus ostreatus en medio sólido a base de extractos de torta residual de la Jatropha curcas tóxica, no tóxica y una mezcla de ambas en proporción 1:1 y se comparó con el crecimiento micelial en el medio convencional agar nutriente. La medición del crecimiento micelial del hongo y la descripción morfológica del micelio evidencian el crecimiento adecuado del micelio de Pleurotus ostreatus en los medios evaluados, permitiendo afirmar que el empleo de la torta residual de Jatropha curcas como medio de cultivo para potenciar el crecimiento micelial y la formación de biomasa de Pleurotus ostreatus es factible en la propuesta de emplear este subproducto como sustrato en la producción de setas Pleurotus por FES

ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas residual cake is a by-product generated during the extraction of Jatropha curcas oil. It creates a serious environmental problem by accumulating because it cannot be used as animal feed or have another useful destination, so its use would allow a solution to different environmental problems caused by both the generation and disposal of this waste and other factors of the product development of other productive sectors. The cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus can be done in different lignocellulosic substrates, with agricultural and agroindustrial waste being the most used. The objective of this work is to evaluate the mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus CCEBI 3024, in solid cultures based on extracts from the residual cake of Jatropha curcas. The study was based on cultivating the inoculum of Pleurotus ostreatus in solid medium based on residual cake extracts of toxic and non-toxic Jatropha curcas and a mixture of both in a 1:1 proportion and was compared with mycelial growth in conventional medium nutrient agar. The measurement of the mycelial growth of the fungus and the morphological description of the mycelium show the adequate growth of the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus in the evaluated media, allowing us to affirm that the use of the residual cake of Jatropha curcas as a culture medium to enhance mycelial growth and the formation of Pleurotus ostreatus biomass is feasible in the proposal to use this byproduct as a substrate in the production of Pleurotus mushrooms by FES.

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor used in different commercial polymers, is a persistent pollutant commonly found in effluents. Conventional wastewater treatment processes have low chemical removal efficiency and are expensive. This work evaluated BPA removal using laccase enzyme produced from white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. For the enzymatic production, residues of acai berry and pineapple were used as laccase inducers. The use of natural inducers led to a high enzyme production (1139 and 1031 U mL−1 to acai and pineapple, respectively). Bisphenol A was removed to a concentration lower than LOD (limit of detection) after 4 h. The degradation mechanism of BPA occurred by oxidation of methyl to hydroxymethyl group in a propane portion, with breakdown of the aromatic ring. The developed technology brought to the scene a new green, viable methodology, using vegetable waste, adding value to these residues and bringing an alternative to the BPA treatment. BPA, , (BPA) polymers effluents expensive ostreatus 1139 (113 103 mL1 mL 1 mL− respectively. respectively . respectively) limit detection h portion ring green methodology waste (BPA 113 (11 10 11 (1 (

RESUMO: O estudo foi realizado em um ovino, fêmea, de três anos de idade, da raça santa inês, procedente de uma propriedade localizada do município de Santo Antônio de Tauá, oeste do Pará. O animal acometido tinha histórico de exoftalmia no olho esquerdo, secreção nasal e dificuldade respiratória há mais de três meses. Ao exame físico o animal apresentava baixo escore corporal, apatia, assimetria facial unilateral, moderada exoftalmia unilateral esquerda, dispneia mista e exsudação nasal serossanguinolenta profusa unilateral. À necropsia, foi observada grande massa nasal, predominantemente branco-amarelada com áreas vermelho enegrecidas, de superfície irregular, finamente granular, úmida e friável. A massa invadia desde a junção mucocutânea do nariz esquerdo até as coanas, se infiltrava pelos seios nasais frontais, placa cribiforme e alcançava as meninges e a porção frontal do cérebro. À microscopia da superfície do epitélio nasal notou-se severa destruição dos cornetos e dos epitélios, evidenciada por extensas áreas de necrose com muitos debris celulares, ulceração e infecção bacteriana secundária. No sistema nervoso central (SNC) havia meningite piogranulomatosa com acentuada congestão de vasos, focos de necrose e inflamação granulomatosa. O diagnóstico de rinite granulomatosa de origem micótica associada ao fungo Conidiobolus lamprauges foi baseado nos achados da imuno-histoquímica. RESUMO ovino fêmea idade inês Tauá Pará meses corporal apatia esquerda necropsia brancoamarelada branco amarelada enegrecidas irregular granular friável coanas frontais cérebro notouse notou epitélios celulares secundária SNC (SNC vasos imunohistoquímica. imunohistoquímica imuno histoquímica. histoquímica imuno-histoquímica

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted on a 3-year-old female Santa Inês sheep from a property located in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Tauá, west of Pará. The affected animal had a history of exophthalmos in the left eye, nasal discharge, and breathing difficulty for more than three months. On physical examination, the animal had a low body score, apathy, unilateral facial asymmetry, moderate unilateral left exophthalmos, mixed dyspnea and unilateral profuse serosanguinous nasal discharge. At necropsy, a large nasal mass was observed, predominantly yellowish-white with blackish-red areas, with an irregular, finely granular, moist, and friable surface. The mass invaded from the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril to the choanae, infiltrated the frontal sinuses, the cribiform plate, and reached the meninges and the frontal portion of the brain. Microscopy of the surface of the nasal epithelium showed severe destruction of the turbinates and epithelia, evidenced by extensive areas of necrosis with a large amount of cellular debris, ulceration, and secondary bacterial infection. In the central nervous system there was pyogranulomatous meningitis with marked vessel congestion, as well as foci of necrosis and granulomatous inflammation. Immunohistochemistry showed intense staining of numerous intralesional hyphae for antibodies against Conidiobolus lamprauges. The diagnosis of granulomatous rhinitis of mycotic origin associated with the Conidiobolus lamprauges was based on epidemiological, clinical-pathological, and immunohistochemical data. ABSTRACT 3yearold yearold 3 year old Tauá Pará eye discharge months examination score apathy asymmetry necropsy observed yellowishwhite yellowish white blackishred blackish red irregular granular moist choanae sinuses plate brain epithelia debris ulceration infection congestion inflammation epidemiological clinicalpathological, clinicalpathological clinical pathological, pathological clinical-pathological data

Resumo Pela análise da novela O colonizador, de G. G. Diniz (2020a), discutimos a representação da simbiose entre humano-fungo e sua correspondência na realidade social latino-americana e caribenha marcada pela colonialidade do poder. A narrativa passa-se no futuro, em um planeta glacial usado pela mineradora Astra para extração de metais. Em meio à exploração, foram encontradas reminiscências de vida senciente, e, nas amostras de gelo recolhidas, havia bolhas de ar com traços de uma espécie desconhecida de fungo que seria reanimada e analisada pela equipe de exobiologia, composta apenas do Dr. Costa e de sua auxiliar, Jandira. Por meio da experiência persecutória dessa personagem, a narrativa explora o medo de contaminação na perspectiva de uma protagonista cujos marcadores sociais de diferença representam, para a cultura gótica tradicional, "desvios" raciais e de gênero tratados como "contagiosos". Assim, Diniz (2020a), como autora brasileira contemporânea comprometida com a questão ambiental e social, atualiza aquela tradição ao tensionar a ansiedade sobre a relação entre humanos e "não humanos" e a ideia de natureza como fonte de horror. Desse movimento, emerge uma alternativa ao modelo exploratório de se relacionar com o outro total do humano. Para fundamentar essa discussão, baseamo-nos no pensamento de Ochy Curiel e Generoso (2020) para relacionar o conceito de colonialidade do poder ao extrativismo. Em seguida, contextualizamos os modos como o conceito de ecogótico pós-colonial é articulado em O colonizador como uma tecnologia discursiva que serve como antídoto à ecofobia de raiz colonialista. G 2020a, 2020a , (2020a) humanofungo humano latinoamericana latino americana passase passa futuro metais exploração senciente recolhidas exobiologia Dr auxiliar Jandira personagem representam tradicional desvios "desvios contagiosos. contagiosos . "contagiosos" Assim não horror movimento discussão baseamonos baseamo nos 2020 (2020 extrativismo seguida póscolonial pós colonial colonialista (2020a "contagiosos 202 (202 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumen A partir del análisis de la novela "O colonizador", de G. G. Diniz (2020a), se discute la representación de la simbiosis entre humano-hongo y su correspondencia en la realidad social latinoamericana y caribeña, marcada por la colonialidad del poder. La narración se sitúa en el futuro, en un planeta glacial utilizado por la empresa minera Astra para extraer metales. Durante la explotación, se encontraron reminiscencias de vida sentiente y, en las muestras de hielo recolectadas, había burbujas de aire con trazos de una especie desconocida de hongo que sería reanimada y analizada por el equipo de exobiología, integrado únicamente por el Dr. Costa y su asistente, Jandira. A través de la experiencia persecutoria de este personaje, la narrativa explora el miedo a la contaminación desde la perspectiva de un protagonista cuyas marcas de diferencia social representan, para la cultura gótica tradicional, "desviaciones" raciales y de género tratadas como "contagiosas". Así, Diniz (2020a), como autora brasileña contemporánea comprometida con cuestiones ambientales y sociales, actualiza esa tradición al tensionar la ansiedad sobre la relación entre humanos y "no humanos" y la idea de la naturaleza como fuente de horror. De ese movimiento, emerge una alternativa al modelo de explotación de relación con el otro humano total. Para respaldar esa discusión, partiremos del pensamiento de Ochy Curiel y Generoso (2020) para relacionar el concepto de colonialidad del poder con el extractivismo. Luego, contextualizamos las formas en que el concepto de ecogótico poscolonial se articula en "O colonizador" como una tecnología discursiva que sirve como antídoto a la ecofobia de raíces colonialistas. O colonizador, colonizador , G 2020a, 2020a (2020a) humanohongo caribeña futuro metales recolectadas exobiología Dr asistente Jandira personaje representan tradicional desviaciones "desviaciones contagiosas. contagiosas . "contagiosas" Así sociales no horror movimiento total discusión 2020 (2020 extractivismo Luego colonialistas (2020a "contagiosas 202 (202 20 (20 2 (2 (

Abstract Based on the analysis of the novel by G. G Diniz's (2020a), O colonizador, the representation of symbiosis between a human and a fungus we will be discussed, in addition to its respective correspondences to the Latin America and Caribbean social reality, marked by the coloniality of power. The narrative takes place mostly in the future, on a glacial planet used by the mining company Astra for iron extraction. Amid this exploitation, remnants of sentient life were found, and in the ice samples taken, there were air bubbles containing traces of an unknown species of fungus that would be revived and analyzed by an exobiology team, composed of Dr. Costa and Jandira, his auxiliary researcher. Through their persecutory experience, the narrative explores the fear of contamination from the perspective of a protagonist whose social markers of difference represent, for traditional Gothic culture, racial and gender "deviations" treated as "contagious." Therefore, as a contemporary Brazilian author committed to environmental and social themes, Diniz (2020a) updates that tradition through tensioning the anxiety about humans and "non-human" relations and the idea of nature as a source of horror. From this movement, an alternative unfolds to the exploratory model of relating to the otherness of humans. To support this discussion, we rely on the thoughts of Ochy Curiel and Generoso (2020) to relate the concept of coloniality of power to extractivism. Then, we contextualize how the concept of postcolonial Ecogothic is articulated in O colonizador as a discursive technology against colonial-rooted ecophobia. Dinizs s 2020a, 2020a , discussed reality future extraction exploitation found taken team Dr Jandira researcher experience represent culture deviations "deviations contagious. contagious "contagious. Therefore themes (2020a nonhuman non "non-human horror movement discussion 2020 (2020 extractivism Then colonialrooted colonial rooted ecophobia "contagious 202 (202 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumen Se encontraron árboles enfermos en plantaciones de Tectona grandis en la provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica, que mostraban síntomas de pudrición del cuello y la raíz. A nivel morfológico y molecular, se identificó la especie Kretzschmaria zonata como el agente causal de la enfermedad. El micelio del patógeno creció de forma circuncéntrica en un medio PDA, con coloración gris en el centro y blanca en los bordes. Se registraron ascosporas de color café oscuro, cuyo tamaño era (21.6-) 27.4 - 32.1 (-33.5) x (6.2-) 8.7 - 10.9 (-11.8) µm. Las plantas inoculadas con el patógeno presentaron lesiones, con diferencias altamente significativas respecto a las plantas testigo. Se realizaron reaislamientos y se recuperó el hongo K. zonata, cumpliendo con los postulados de Koch. Es la primera vez que se reporta este patógeno causando enfermedad en plantaciones forestales de teca en Costa Rica, lo que constituye un avance para el estudio de estrategias de manejo de la enfermedad.

Abstract Diseased trees were found in Tectona grandis plantations in the province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, showing symptoms of collar and root rot. At the morphological and molecular level, the species Kretzschmaria zonata was identified as the causal agent of the disease. The pathogen's mycelium grew in a concentric form on PDA medium, with a gray coloration in the center and a white one at the edges. Dark brown ascospores were recorded, measuring (21.6-) 27.4 - 32.1 (-33.5) x (6.2-) 8.7 - 10.9 (-11.8) µm. Plants inoculated with the pathogen developed lesions, with highly significant differences compared to control plants. Re-isolations were performed, and the fungus K. zonata was recovered, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. This is the first time that this pathogen has been reported as causing disease in teak forest plantations in Costa Rica, which constitutes an advancement in the study of management strategies regarding this disease.

RESUMEN La paracoccidioidomicosis es una patología presente en el sur de América, producida por hongos de la especie Paracoccidioides, con alta prevalecía en hombres trabajadores rurales de entre 30 a 70 años de edad, con hábitos como el alcoholismo y el tabaquismo. Las lesiones producidas por este hongo se pueden manifestar en diversas partes del cuerpo, entre ellas la cavidad oral. Se presenta el caso de un paciente sin patología de base que acude a la consulta por lesiones ulceradas en la cavidad oral, circunscriptas a nivel de la comisura interna del labio y de la cara interna de la mucosa yugal derecha con aspecto moriforme, compatibles con paracoccidioidomicosis, los cuales fueron confirmados luego de la biopsia. Se realizó un tratamiento antimicótico con Itraconazol 400 mg/día durante 6 meses, luego se realizó el control donde se observaron resultados favorables para el paciente.

ABSTRACT Paracoccidioidomycosis is a pathology present in South America, produced by fungi of the Paracoccidioides species, with a high prevalence in rural working men between 30 and 70 years of age, with habits such as alcoholism and smoking. The lesions produced by this fungus can appear in various parts of the body, including the oral cavity. We present the case of a patient without underlying pathology who came to the clinic due to ulcerated lesions in the oral cavity, circumscribed at the level of the internal commissure of the lip and the internal surface of the right buccal mucosa with a moriform appearance, compatible with paracoccidioidomicosis, which were confirmed after the biopsy. An antifungal treatment was carried out with Itraconazole 400 mg/day for 6 months, then a control was carried out where favorable results were observed for the patient.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the combined effect of two pest biocontrol strategies: biofumigation with Brassica juncea and inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum, on the in vitro growth of the pathogen Phomopsis spp., an etiological agent of canker disease in pecan crops (Carya illinoinensis). B. juncea plants were crushed and placed in polystyrene recipients in doses of 10 and 30 g. Then, a Petri dish was introduced to each recipient, with a disk with a grown mycelium of Phomopsis spp. or T. harzianum, or both fungi (dual culture). Treatments were incubated in a culture chamber. The parameters evaluated were colonies’ surface area and percentage of mycelial inhibition of Phomopsis spp. Data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicated that: i) B. juncea did not affect the growth of T. harzianum; ii) the 30 g dose of B. juncea completely suppressed the growth of Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum significantly inhibited the growth of Phomopsis spp. colonies; iv) the combination of T. harzianum and biofumigation with 10 g of B. juncea showed synergy on the growth control of Phomopsis spp. Biofumigation with B. juncea, the application of T. harzianum, and the combination of both techniques could be promising alternatives for the biological control of Phomopsis spp.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto combinado de dos tácticas de biocontrol de plagas: la biofumigación con Brassicajuncea y la inoculación de Trichoderma harzianum, sobre el crecimiento in vitro del patógeno Phomopsis spp., agente etiológico de la cancrosis en el cultivo de pecán (Carya illinoinensis). Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en envases de poliestireno en dosis de 10 y 30 g. Luego, en cada uno de estos recipientes se introdujo una caja de Petri con un disco con micelio dePhomopsis spp. o T. harzianum o ambos hongos (cultivo dual). Se incubó en cámara de cultivo. Los parámetros evaluados fueron la superficie de las colonias y el porcentaje de inhibición miceliar de Phomopsis spp. Los datos se analizaron con estadística no paramétrica mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) B. juncea no afectó el crecimiento de T. harzianum; ii) la dosis de 30 g de B. juncea suprimió completamente el crecimiento de Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de Phomopsis spp.; iv) la combinación de T. harzianum y la biofumigación con 10 g de B. juncea mostró sinergia sobre el control del crecimiento de Phomopsis spp. La biofumigación con B. juncea, la aplicación de T. harzianum y la combinación de ambas técnicas podrían ser alternativas promisorias para el control biológico de Phomopsis spp.

Abstract The discovery of penicillin is a widely known scientific event with great impact in the modern world. Who has not heard about Alexander Fleming's discovery? His brilliant observation of the inhibition of bacterial colonies in a Petri dish by a fungus of the genus Penicillium that accidentally fell on it has become a paradigm of genius and scientific discovery. An alternative view of this discovery is proposed in this historical note. For this purpose, the work carried out by the young French doctor Ernest Duchesne is used as a basis. He published his thesis entitled "Contribution to the study of vital competition in microorganisms: antagonism between molds and microbes", in 1897.

Resumen El descubrimiento de la penicilina es un evento científico ampliamente conocido y de gran repercusión en el mundo moderno ¿Quién no ha escuchado alguna vez sobre el descubrimiento de Alexander Fleming? Su célebre observación de la inhibición de colonias bacterianas en una placa de Petri por un hongo del género Penicillium, que cayó accidentalmente sobre ella, ha pasado a ser un paradigma de genialidad y descubrimiento científico. Se plantea en esta nota histórica una visión alternativa sobre este descubrimiento. Para ello, se utiliza como base el trabajo realizado con anterioridad por el joven médico francés Ernest Duchesne, quien publicó su tesis titulada "Contribución al estudio de la competición vital en microorganismos: antagonismo entre mohos y microbios", en 1897.

Abstract Agroindustrial waste represents an important source of energy for various species of fungi that can establish themselves in waste and use it as a substrate. In this study, a macrofungus that grows in the wild on sugarcane bagasse produced by the paper industry was taxonomically identified. Ten samplings or mushroom collections were made at the site, and an average of 6 individuals were collected per sampling. Specimens had a pileus between 4 and 15 cm in diameter, from parabolic to convex in shape, slightly umbilicated with soft odor and fibrous texture, brown on the surface and paler towards the margin, with tight lamellae of various lengths, ventricles, free union to stipe, and brown and pink in color. These characteristics allowed the identification of the specimens within the Volvariella genus. Molecular analyses using DNA sequencing of the basidia of the fungus allowed making comparisons with other Volvariella sequences stored in GenBank. A tree was generated by the maximum-likelihood method using the nucleotide substitution model HKY + I + G with 2.815 as the alpha parameter of the gamma distribution and 0.2990 as the proportion of invariant sites. The nucleotide frequencies were T = 0.2812, C = 0.2741, A = 0.2076, and G = 0.2372, while the phylogenetic reconstruction identified the species as Volvariella volvacea, with a 100% bootstrap. This is the first report of V. volvacea in southwestern Colombia and highlights the importance of the ligninolytic potential of this species as a food source and bioremediating agent.

ABSTRACT: Candida albicans is a dimorphic, yeast- like fungus, commensal of the human microbiota found on the oropharyngeal surface. The objective of this study was to analyze the literature regarding Candida albicans from the dental point of view, epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune response, and treatment. An information search was carried out in the PubMed database using the terms “Candida albicans”, in combination with “oral epidemiology”, “pathogenesis”, “immune response”, “oral candidiasis” and “treatment”. Epidemiology- In Mexico, it was reported that a group of 60 children with HIV/AIDS and another group of 55 children with malnutrition showed the highest frequency of Candida spp with 51.7% and 38.2% respectively. Oral candidiasis occurs especially inpatients with malignant neoplasms and undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with an incidence of 7 % to 52 % and associated with the use of dental prostheses in 15% to 70% of people. Oral candidiasis - Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis is the most common form of oral candidiasis. Factors such as xerostomia, smoking, oral prostheses, dental caries, diabetes, and cancer treatment accelerate the process of oral candidiasis formation. Pathogenesis- Candida albicans virulence factors such as adhesins, morphogenetic conversion and enzyme secretion can cause disease; Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide secreted by Candida albicans hyphae. Immune response- As part of innate immunity in mucosa, epithelial cells mount complex immune responses that discriminate between commensal and pathogenic microbes, including C. albicans. Treatment- Candida albicans has shown resistance to azoles. Evaluating the pathogenesis and immunity of Candida albicans in the oral mucosa will help develop effective preventive and therapeutic strategies against oral candidiasis.

RESUMEN: Candida albicans es un hongo dimórfico, levaduriforme, comensal de la microbiota humana que se encuentra en la superficie orofaríngea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la literatura acerca de Candida albicans desde el punto de vista odontológico, epidemiología, patogénesis, respuesta inmune y tratamiento. Se realizó una búsqueda de información en la base de datos de PubMed empleando los términos “Candida albicans”, en combinación con “oral epidemiology”, “pathogenesis”, “immune response”, “oral candidiasis” y “treatment”. Epidemiología- En México, se reportó que un grupo de 60 niños con VIH/sida y otro grupo de 55 niños con desnutrición, mostraron la frecuencia más alta de Candida spp con un 51,7 % y 38,2 %, respectivamente. La candidiasis oral se presenta especialmente en pacientes con neoplasias malignas y sometidos a quimioterapia y/o radioterapia con una incidencia del 7 % al 52 % y asociada al uso de protésis dental en un 15 % a 70 % de las personas. Candidiasis oral- La candidiasis pseudomembranosa aguda es la forma más común de candidiasis oral, factores como la xerostomía, tabaquismo, prótesis orales, caries dental, diabetes y el tratamiento de cáncer aceleran el proceso de la formación de candidiasis oral. Patogénesis- Los factores de virulencia de Candida albicans como las adhesinas, la conversión morfogenética y la secreción de enzimas son capaces de causar enfermedad; la candidalisina es un péptido citolítico secretado por hifas de Candida albicans. Respuesta inmune- Como parte de la inmunidad innata en las mucosas, las células epiteliales elaboran respuestas inmunitarias complejas que discriminan entre los microbios comensales y patógenos, incluido el Candida albicans. Tratamiento- Candida albicans ha mostrado resistencia a los azoles. Evaluar la patogénesis e inmunidad de Candida albicans en la mucosa oral ayudará a desarrollar estrategias preventivas y terapéuticas efectivas contra la candidiasis oral.

Resumen Introducción El mosco fungoso negro Bradysia impatiens Johannsen es una plaga de importancia en los viveros forestales tecnificados de México, debido a que ocasiona mortalidad de la planta; sin embargo, los estudios sobre monitoreo de adultos son escasos. Objetivos Determinar la trampa más adecuada para el monitoreo de B. impatiens, caracterizar sus niveles poblacionales e identificar organismos asociados, entre ellos sus enemigos naturales. Materiales y métodos Se evaluó el efecto de atracción de B. impatiens a dos tipos de trampas pegajosas amarillas (circulares y bandera) y una incolora. Después de la selección de la mejor trampa, se comparó la captura de B. impatiens y organismos asociados en cuatro viveros forestales para determinar niveles poblacionales de la especie. Los datos de captura se analizaron con modelos lineales generalizados mediante regresión binomial negativa. Resultados y discusión La trampa bandera fue la más eficiente para la captura de adultos. Con base en la captura semanal, se calificaron subjetivamente tres niveles poblacionales: baja (<30 adultos), media (30-60 adultos) y alta (>60 adultos). Se encontró a Coenosia attenuata Stein como enemigo natural de la plaga; sin embargo, el porcentaje de captura fue bajo (1.78 %), por lo que las trampas no representan amenaza para sus poblaciones. También se encontró a Kleidotoma sp., posible parasitoide de la plaga y de C. attenuata. Conclusiones Es necesario un plan de manejo integrado de plagas para B. impatiens, que incluya la trampa bandera y el depredador C. attenuata como control biológico en viveros. La mosca C. attenuata, depredadora de B. impatiens, se registra por primera vez en Tlaxcala.

Abstract Introduction The Dark Winged Fungus Gnat, Bradysia impatiens Johannsen, is a significant pest in modern forest nurseries in Mexico, as it causes plant mortality. However, studies on adult monitoring are scarce. Objectives Determine the most suitable trap for monitoring B. impatiens, characterize its population levels and identify associated organisms, including its natural enemies. Materials and methods The attraction effect of B. impatiens to two types of yellow sticky traps (circular and flag paper trap) and a colorless trap was evaluated. After selecting the best trap, the capture of B. impatiens and associated organisms was compared across four forest nurseries to determine the species' population levels. Capture data were analyzed using generalized linear models with negative binomial regression. Results and discussion Flag paper trap was the most efficient for capturing adults. Based on weekly captures, three population levels were subjectively rated: low (<30 adults), medium (30-60 adults), and high (>60 adults). Coenosia attenuata Stein was found as a natural enemy of the pest; however, the capture percentage was low (1.78 %), so the traps do not pose a threat to their populations. Kleidotoma sp., a possible parasitoid of the pest and C. attenuata, was also found. Conclusions An integrated pest management plan for B. impatiens is necessary, including flag paper trap and the predator C. attenuata as biological control in nurseries. C. attenuata, a predator of B. impatiens, is recorded for the first time in Tlaxcala.

RESUMEN La disminución de los rendimientos de la soja se asocia con distintos factores entre las que se destaca la roya asiática de la soja (RAS). El control químico es una de las alternativas más utilizadas para el control de la RAS. La aplicación correcta de los fungicidas es una de las prácticas más eficientes, de la misma depende garantizar una buena distribución del principio activo, densidad adecuada y buena cobertura. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia de mezcla de fungicida con diferentes tecnologías de aplicación para el control de la RAS, en el ciclo de la soja 2015/2016, se instaló un experimento en el distrito de Carlos Antonio López, departamento de Itapúa, Paraguay. Los tratamientos consistieron en la utilización del fungicida Azoxystrobin 30% + Benzobindiflupyr 15% aplicado con tres caudales de agua (50, 100 y 150 l ha-1), dos adyuvantes (N SOL H2O 10% + P2O5 SOL H2O 10% y un adyuvante mineral parafínico 42,8%) aplicados en dos horarios (9:00 y 18:00 horas). El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 2*2*3 con 2 variables evaluadas, severidad de la RAS y rendimiento. El horario de aplicación del fungicida con los distintos caudales de agua y adyuvantes no influyeron estadísticamente sobre el rendimiento y la severidad de la RAS, por lo que se considera que la aplicación del fungicida con un caudal de agua de 50 l ha-1 es la más recomendada por la facilidad de manejo debido el bajo volumen aplicado.

ABSTRACT The decrease in the yields obtained is associated with different factors, among which Asian soybean rust (ASR) stands out. Chemical control is one of the most widely used alternatives for ASR control. The correct application of fungicides results in a good efficient control practice, since it depends on achieving a good distribution of the active principle, adequate density and good coverage. An experiment was installed in the district of Carlos A. López, Itapúa department, Paraguay to evaluate the efficacy of the fungicide application (Azoxystrobin 30% + Benzovindiflupyr 15%, 0.2 kg ha-1) with different technologies for ASR control. The treatments were 3 volumes of broth (50, 100 and 150 l ha-1, 2 adjuvants (N SOL H2O 10% + P2O5 SOL H2O 10%) and a paraffinic mineral adjuvant (42.8%) applied at 2 times (9:00 and 18:00 hours). The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks in a 2*2*3 factorial arrangement. The variables evaluated were ASR severity and yield. The application time of fungicide with different flow rates of water and adjuvants did not statistically influence the yield and severity of the ASR, therefore it is considered the application of the fungicide with a water volume of 50 l ha-1 it is the most recommended by being easier to handle due to its low volume.