This paper presents the stages of an acceleration program focused on chemical technologies. We demonstrate how this initiative contributes to the creation of new businesses, startups, and technology licensing from research developed at Brazilian universities. The case of the program Escale-se is discussed. There were 66 technologies submitted, and 14 were selected for the pre-acceleration phase. In this phase, various contents were worked on, such as creating a business model and aspects of scaling hard-science technologies. Teams were evaluated by panels with market specialists, and 6 were selected for the second phase: pre-scaling/proof of concept. Here, proponents were encouraged to validate the business model by connecting with potential clients and partners, as well as planning the development and testing of the product in a relevant environment. Finally, one team was classified for the last stage: scaling/go-to-market - where they received R$ 100,000.00 to scale up their technology and create strategies for raising investments. Four of the fourteen technologies selected for the program opened National Register of Legal Entities (CNPJ) and raised approximately R$ 4.5 M in investments from different sources. These results demonstrate that the methodology contributed to the entrepreneurial development of participating researchers and the raising of funds for the businesses created. startups universities Escalese Escale se discussed submitted 1 preacceleration pre phase hardscience hard science specialists prescaling/proof prescalingproof scaling/proof proof concept Here partners environment Finally stage scaling/gotomarket scalinggotomarket scaling/go go R 10000000 100 000 00 100,000.0 CNPJ (CNPJ 45 4 5 4. sources created prescaling scalingproof gotomarket scalinggo 1000000 10 0 100,000. 100000 100,000 10000 100,00 1000 100,0 100,

ABSTRACT: Based on the data of China’s overseas arable land investment in 47 countries along the “Belt and Road”, the Tobit model is used to analyze the effects of cultural distance and friendship cities on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. This study provided theoretical basis and empirical support for promoting China’s agricultural “going abroad” and improving the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The results show that differences in cultural distance, power distance and the degree of uncertainty avoidance have significant positive effects on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment, and differences in individualism have a significant negative effect on the production rates. Friendship city has a positive but insignificant effect on the production rates, meanwhile, it also weaken the positive impact of cultural distance on production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The proportion of joint ventures with host country, the economic level and institutional environment of the host country will all have an impact on the production rates. Finally, recommendations are proposed to promote the production rates of contracted arable land, such as focusing on the positive role of cultural distance, establishing friendship cities, and investing host countries with high potential precisely. ABSTRACT Chinas China s 4 Belt Road, Road , Road” going abroad meanwhile Finally precisely

RESUMO: Com base nos dados do investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior em 47 países ao longo do “Cinturão e Rota”, o modelo Tobit é utilizado para analisar os efeitos da distância cultural e das cidades amigas nas taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças na distância cultural, na distância de poder e no grau de prevenção de incertezas têm efeitos positivos significativos sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China, e as diferenças no individualismo têm um efeito negativo significativo sobre as taxas de produção. As cidades amigas têm um efeito positivo, mas insignificante, sobre as taxas de produção, enquanto estas podem enfraquecer o impacto positivo da distância cultural sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China. A proporção de investimento cooperativo entre a China e o país anfitrião, o nível econômico e o ambiente institucional do país anfitrião terão um impacto sobre as taxas de produção. Por fim, são propostas recomendações para promover as taxas de produção das terras aráveis contratadas, tais como a concentração no papel positivo da distância cultural, a criação de cidades da amizade e o investimento em países de acolhimento com elevado potencial. RESUMO 4 Cinturão Rota, Rota , Rota” insignificante fim potencial

Abstract: With the neoliberal reform of the Chilean pension system in 1981, Latin America inaugurated a transformation of its pension funds. These economic changes have also generated a political rationality that sees old age as a social burden, assimilating the elderly to other subordinate identities. This article explores the contradiction between the economic failure of these reforms and their current political legitimacy as a model of governance of pension systems, a model that understands demographic ageing as a cause of the fiscal deficit of states.

Resumen: Con la reforma neoliberal del sistema previsional chileno en 1981, América Latina inauguró un proceso de transformación de los fondos de pensiones. Estos cambios económicos han generado una racionalidad política que ve a la vejez como carga social y conceptualiza a las personas mayores de forma similar a grupos de población con identidades subordinadas. Este artículo explora la contradicción entre el fracaso económico de estas reformas y su actual legitimidad política como modelo de gobernanza de los sistemas de pensiones, con el consecuente impacto en la comprensión del envejecimiento demográfico como causa del déficit fiscal de los Estados.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

Resumen Este artículo analiza, a través de la simulación, dos sistemas de desarrollo regional en dos regiones de Chile (Antofagasta y Coquimbo), para contrastar su potencial para promover el desarrollo endógeno. Los modelos se elaboraron con la plataforma de simulación Social SocLab, la cual se basa en la teoría de los sistemas de acción organizada. El modelo se nutre de información proveniente de entrevistas con las partes interesadas, estrechamente relacionadas con la toma de decisiones en la asignación de fondos públicos para la innovación y el desarrollo productivo. Comparando los modelos con un enfoque cualitativo, los resultados muestran que el modelo descentralizado de Antofagasta tiene mayor potencia para promover el desarrollo endógeno, al permitir un alto grado de influencia y coordinación entre los actores locales y presentar un mejor estado de recursos críticos para este propósito, mientras que el modelo centralizado de Coquimbo presenta un gran dominio y autonomía de un solo actor (gobierno central) sobre otros actores locales, que de esta manera corren el riesgo de desvincularse del interés regional. Este documento es original y es pionero porque aplica con éxito una plataforma de simulación basada en una teoría social bien conocida (sistema de acción organizado) para modelar y simular dos sistemas de actores responsables del desarrollo endógeno regional, a fin de comprenderlos mejor, compararlos a la luz de algunos atributos para el desarrollo endógeno y luego elaborar algunas políticas de mejora en este sentido.

Abstract This paper analyses, through simulations, two regional development models to contrast their potential to promote endogenous development in two Chilean regions (Antofagasta and Coquimbo). The models were developed with the SocLab social simulation platform, which is based on the theory of Organized Action Systems. The models' input was generated by interviews with stakeholders closely involved in the allocation of public funds for innovation and productive development. The results show that Antofagasta's decentralised model promotes endogenous development by permitting a high degree of influence and coordination among local actors, while presenting a better state of critical resources for this purpose. For the Coquimbo region, the centralised model presents greater dominance and autonomy of a single actor (central government) over other actors who should respond to the local interest. The models were compared by using a qualitative approach. The novelty of the paper relies on the application of a simulation platform based on the Organized Action System theory to model and simulate two systems of actors responsible for regional endogenous development. The proposed approach helps to better understand and compare different development models which contribute to policy making.

ABSTRACT This research analyzes the level of satisfaction of public financing programs for the strengthening of Technological Innovation processes in Paraguayan companies: Case of the DETIEC Program (Technological Development, Innovation and Conformity) Assessment of Council National Science and Technology (CONACYT). This study is descriptive and not experimental, a mixed methodology has been used, which combines a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Likert scale surveys have been used, as well as questionnaire guides for the interview with technicians from the DETIEC program, where among the most important results it has been observed that the beneficiary companies have been able to train their Human Capital, as well as link up with foreign companies. and improve its production on the other hand, among the weaknesses, the lack of trained collaborators to submit proposals to government entities to compete for public funds stands out.

RESUMEN Este trabajo de investigación tiene por finalidad analizar el nivel de satisfacción de los programas públicos de financiamiento para el fortalecimiento de los procesos de Innovación Tecnológica en las empresas paraguayas: Caso del Programa DETIEC (Desarrollo Tecnológico, Innovación y Evaluación de la Conformidad), del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). Este estudio es de carácter descriptivo y no experimental, se ha utilizado una metodología mixta, la cual combina un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. Se han utilizado encuestas en escala Likert, y también cuestionario guías para la entrevista a técnicos del programa DETIEC, donde se han observado entre los resultados más importantes se destacan que las empresas beneficiarias han podido capacitar a su Capital Humano, así como vincularse con empresas extranjeras y mejorar su producción, por otra parte, entre las debilidades se resalta la falta de colaboradores capacitados para postular propuestas a entes del Gobierno para concursar a fondos públicos.

Abstract Peace education aims to influence the development of a healthy and peaceful coexistence, both in the classroom and in other broader social structures such as the family and the local and global community; It also involves motivating students to understand human rights, multiculturalism and conflict management. The funds of knowledge applied to education constitute a theoretical and methodological approach that values a nd takes into account the experiences and knowledge of families to enrich the design and implementation of sensitive and contextualized educational practices. Here we delve into the importance of implementing funds of knowledge in teaching practices as an approach that promotes peace, because it is based on the principles of inclusion, equity, participation, democracy, solidarity and respect for human rights. The funds of knowledge approach constitutes a contribution to socially just and culturally relevant education that promotes peace because, to live peacefully in a society where people of different cultures, ethnicities, ideologies and languages converge, it is important to live the experience of recognizing, value and respect diversity as the axis that drives the well-being of people and communities.

Resumen La educación para la paz tiene como objetivo incidir en el desarrollo de una convivencia sana y pacífica, tanto en el aula como en otras estructuras sociales más amplias como la familia y la comunidad local y global; implica, además, motivar a los estudiantes a comprender los derechos humanos, la multiculturalidad y el manejo de conflictos. Los fondos de conocimiento aplicados a la educación constituyen un enfoque teórico y metodológico que valora y toma en cuenta las experiencias y conocimientos de las familias para enriquecer el diseño e implementación de prácticas educativas sensibles y contextualizadas. Aquí se profundiza en la importancia de la implementación de los fondos de conocimiento en las prácticas docentes como un enfoque que promueve la paz, porque se basa en los principios de inclusión, equidad, participación, democracia, solidaridad y respeto a los derechos humanos. El enfoque de fondos de conocimiento constituye un aporte a la educación socialmente justa y culturalmente relevante que promueve la paz porque, para convivir de forma pacífica en una sociedad donde convergen personas de diferentes culturas, etnias, ideologías e idiomas, es importante vivir la experiencia de reconocer, valorar y respetar la diversidad como eje que impulsa el bienestar de las personas y las comunidades.

Managing school finances by school governing bodies (SGBs) in South African secondary schools has proven to be a challenge that has several negative consequences for education, infrastructure, and other resources. The purpose of this article was to assess the efficiency of financial management systems (FMSs) in selected schools in the Amathole West education district. A case study design and qualitative approach were employed in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select SGB members from 2 schools in the district. The research participants were interviewed using face-to-face and telephonic interviews. We found that while there is understanding and alignment of financial systems by SGBs, insufficient or limited financial resources, inconsistencies in dealing with financial management matters, and government deposit allocation delays, SGBs' level of education and bank operations pose challenges and lead to the misalignment of school operations. Based on the study, we suggest that SGBs adopt strategies to enhance the financial management of schools, namely monitoring and evaluation, the appointment of qualified SGB members, increased training, a stipend system for SGBs and timeous deposit of funds to schools.

Resumen En este trabajo reconstruimos los envíos de remesas desde las tesorerías regionales que componían la Real Hacienda del Virreinato del Río de la Plata hacia la caja de Buenos Aires entre 1780 y 1800. Sobre la base de los libros mayores de contabilidad de la caja de Buenos Aires, estimamos los volúmenes de recursos que las cajas del interior rioplatense enviaron a la administración de hacienda de la capital. En una comparación con la evolución de los fondos del situado potosino (principal ingreso de la tesorería principal del Virreinato) buscamos evaluar la relevancia que los recursos aportados por otras jurisdicciones tuvieron en los ingresos de la caja de Buenos Aires. Consideramos la reconstrucción de estos valores como elemento fundamental para poder elaborar indicadores de presión fiscal durante las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII que logren diferenciar/identificar las cargas de las múltiples jurisdicciones fiscales que componían el sistema de la hacienda colonial (municipal, regional, corporativo, virreinal). Las principales fuentes utilizadas se componen de libros de contabilidad (mayores) de la caja de Buenos Aires, de la caja de Santa Fe, Caja de Mendoza y libros manuales de arbitrios de Santa Fe (Archivo General de la Nación).

Abstract In this paper we reconstruct the remittances sent from the regional treasuries of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata to the Buenos Aires treasury between 1780 and 1800. Based on the accounting ledgers of the Buenos Aires treasury, we estimate the amounts of resources that the haciendas of the interior sent to the administration of the capital. In a comparison with the evolution of the funds of the "situado potosino" (main income of the main treasury of the Viceroyalty) we seek to evaluate the relevance that the resources provided by other jurisdictions had in the Buenos Aires treasury. We consider the reconstruction of these values as a fundamental element for stablishing fiscal pressure indicators during the last decades of the 18th century. Also, to identify the burdens of the multiple tax jurisdictions that made up the colonial real hacienda system (municipal, regional, corporate, viceroyalty). The main sources used are made up of accounting books of the treasuries of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Mendoza, and manual books of "arbitrios of Santa Fe" (Archivo General de la Nación)

Resumen En este artículo proponemos narrar un acontecimiento político‒cultural relacionado a la trama de solidaridad internacional en torno al exilio español republicano una vez finalizada la Guerra Civil en aquel país. Para ello nos referiremos a una intervención desarrollada en la ciudad de Rosario en abril de 1939, cuya finalidad fue la de recaudar fondos para el traslado de españoles hacia Chile en el vapor Winnipeg. La principal figura e impulsor de esta travesía fue el escritor y embajador cultural de Chile en Francia, Pablo Neruda. Con su presencia, sumada a la de otras figuras de la cultura, tanto locales como internacionales, se llevó a cabo un acto bajo el título «Por la defensa de las democracias en América» en el Teatro Cine Real de esta ciudad. El evento dejó trascender algunos aspectos que nos interesan explorar. Por un lado, el impacto local de las prácticas de solidaridad internacional asociada al antifascismo; por otro, la emergencia de espacios asociativos culturales conformados por intelectuales comprometidos ideológicamente; por último, planteamos una reconstrucción del panorama político cultural a partir de un cruce entre diversas fuentes hemerográficas como la prensa local, los diarios de las organizaciones, el Boletín de Cultura Intelectual y los prontuarios policiales en la descripción de dicho evento.

Abstract In this article we propose to narrate a political‒cultural event related to the plot of international solidarity around the Republican Spanish exile once the Civil War in that country ended. For this we will refer to an intervention carried out in the city of Rosario in April 1939, whose purpose was to raise funds for the transfer of Spaniards to Chile on the steamship Winnipeg. The main figure and promoter of this journey was the writer and cultural ambassador of Chile in France, Pablo Neruda. With his presence, added to that of other cultural figures, both local and international, an event was held under the title «For the defense of democracies in America» at the Teatro Cine Real in this city. The event revealed some aspects that we are interested in exploring. On the one hand, the local impact of international solidarity practices associated with anti‒fascism; on the other, the emergence of cultural associative spaces made up of ideologically committed intellectuals; Finally, we propose a reconstruction of the cultural political panorama based on a cross between various newspaper sources such as the local press, the organizations' newspapers, the Intellectual Culture Bulletin and the police records in the description of said event.

Abstract The federalisation of science and technology in Argentina has gained momentum with the enactment of Law 27.614/2021 and the implementation, since 2022, of a ministerial budgetary program for this purpose. This article seeks to assess the territorial impact of Equipar Ciencia, one of the instruments associated with this funding. For this purpose, we analyse provincial data from the three main phases of allocation (June 2022-June 2023) and discuss the results in light of official statements and technical aspects of this and other science policy instruments. The provincial distribution of Equipar is consistent with a logic of positive discrimination, taking into account inequalities of origin and favouring the approval of a significant part of applications from less developed provinces, as opposed to what happens with scientific projects of the I+D+i Agency or the entry of researchers to CONICET. This dissociation does not facilitate a coherent policy of territorial deconcentration of public investment. Among the different institutional resistances, the federalisation funds and Equipar continue to be managed in a centralised manner.

Resumo A federalização da ciência e a tecnologia na Argentina ganhou impulso com a sanção da Lei 27.614/2021 e a implementação, desde 2022, de um programa orçamentário ministerial para esse fim. Este artigo procura avaliar o impacto territorial do Equipar Ciência, um dos instrumentos associados ao referido financiamento. Para isso, são analisados os dados provinciais das três principais rondas de repasse (junho 2022-junho 2023) e são discutidos os resultados a luz de declarações de agentes públicos bem como aspectos técnicos deste e outros instrumentos da política científica. A distribuição provincial do Equipar enquadra-se numa lógica de discriminação positiva, tendo em conta as desigualdades de origem e favorecendo a aprovação de boa parte dos pedidos de províncias de menor desenvolvimento relativo, ao contrário do que acontece com os projetos científicos da Agência I+D+i ou o ingresso de pesquisadores no CONICET. Esta dissociação não permite uma política consistente de desconcentração territorial do investimento público. Entre as diversas inércias institucionais, os fundos de federalização e o Equipar continuam a ser geridos de forma centralizada.

Resumen La federalización de la ciencia y la tecnología en Argentina ha ganado impulso con la sanción de la ley 27.614/2021 y la instrumentación, desde 2022, de un programa presupuestario ministerial para tal fin. Este artículo busca evaluar el impacto territorial del Equipar Ciencia, uno de los instrumentos asociados a dicho financiamiento. Para ello, se analizan datos provinciales de las tres principales rondas de adjudicación (junio de 2022-junio de 2023) y se discuten los resultados a la luz de declaraciones de funcionarios y aspectos técnicos de este y otros instrumentos de la política científica. La distribución provincial del Equipar se condice con una lógica de discriminación positiva, atendiendo a las desigualdades de origen y favoreciendo la aprobación de buena parte de las solicitudes de provincias de menor desarrollo relativo, lo contrario a lo que ocurre con los proyectos científicos de la Agencia I+D+i o el ingreso de investigadores al CONICET. Esta disociación no permite una política consistente de desconcentración territorial de la inversión pública. Entre las diversas inercias institucionales, los fondos de federalización y el Equipar continúan siendo gestionados de forma centralizada.

Resumen La criptomoneda se ha convertido en una alternativa viable a los sistemas de pago tradicionales al ofrecer a los usuarios ventajas importantes como la rentabilidad y el procesamiento rápido de transacciones. Sin embargo, la naturaleza descentralizada de las criptomonedas, junto con la capacidad de anonimato y la susceptibilidad a las amenazas cibernéticas, tiene el potencial de explotarse en actividades ilícitas, en particular el lavado de dinero y la financiación del terrorismo. Esta investigación académica busca profundizar en el papel que desempeñan las organizaciones internacionales que participan activamente en la lucha contra este tipo de actividades criminales. En este contexto académico, se lleva a cabo una consideración meticulosa de los riesgos inherentes asociados con los esfuerzos criminales antes mencionados, la cual se alinea con las pautas y recomendaciones establecidas por el Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional (GAFI). El estudio subraya un hallazgo importante: las cuentas de criptomonedas se pueden abrir con un alto grado de anonimato, sin un registro centralizado para hacer seguimiento de la propiedad de las criptomonedas. Esta característica representa un desafío formidable en términos de confiscación de fondos vinculados a actividades terroristas. Incluso en los casos en los que se pueden rastrear las transacciones de criptomonedas, el acceso a estos datos críticos requiere la participación de terceros, dado que las transacciones con criptomonedas se registran en libros de contabilidad descentralizados que abarcan diferentes jurisdicciones. Además, el estudio subraya el imperativo de coordinar e intercambiar información como elementos indispensables en la batalla en curso contra las actividades criminales organizadas y transnacionales, en especial en los ámbitos del lavado de dinero y la financiación del terrorismo. Por otra parte, el estudio aclara la incongruencia entre las criptomonedas y los reglamentos del GAFI que rigen las transferencias electrónicas de fondos, puesto que las criptomonedas ofrecen los medios para ejecutar transacciones a través de conductos opacos y no regulados, como la internet profunda.

Abstract Cryptocurrency has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional payment systems, offering its users notable advantages such as cost efficiency and rapid transaction processing. However, cryptocurrencies' decentralized nature, anonymity, and susceptibility to cyber threats introduce the potential for their exploitation in illicit activities, notably money laundering and terrorism financing (ML/TF). This scholarly investigation seeks to investigate the roles played by international organizations actively combating such criminal activities. In this academic context, a meticulous consideration of the inherent risks associated with the aforementioned criminal endeavors is undertaken, aligning with the guidelines and recommendations set forth by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). The study underscores a significant finding that cryptocurrency accounts can be opened anonymously, with no centralized registry to monitor cryptocurrency ownership. This characteristic poses a formidable challenge in confiscating funds linked to terrorist activities. Even in instances where cryptocurrency transactions may be traced, accessing this critical data necessitates the involvement of third-party entities, given that cryptocurrency transactions are recorded in decentralized ledgers spanning multiple jurisdictions. Furthermore, the study underscores the imperative of coordination and information exchange as indispensable elements in the ongoing battle against organized and transnational criminal activities, specifically ML/TF. Moreover, the study elucidates the incongruence between cryptocurrency and FATF regulations governing electronic fund transfers, as cryptocurrencies can make transactions through opaque and unregulated conduits, such as the deep web.

Abstract The purpose of this work is to offer an approach to the use of letters of censorship and excommunication in New Spain during the 17th century. I maintain that the request for these legal documents served as a popular resource to demand justice from the ecclesiastical authorities due to damage against an individual or property. Thus, excommunication was regarded within the collective imagination as a penalty so terrible that, contrary to what was stipulated in the ecclesiastical codes, it implied the absolute condemnation of the accused both in earth and the hereafter. Derived from the study of sources located in various funds of the National General Archive (Archivo General de la Nación) in Mexico, and based on the approaches exposed by some theorists of the judicial history of the New Spain Catholic Church, I will outline a proposal regarding the use of letters of censorship, the role that excommunication could play within the collective imagination, as well as the work carried out by the ecclesiastical instance as a determining forum of justice against other secular organizations.

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo es ofrecer un acercamiento al uso de las cartas de censura y excomunión en la Nueva España durante el siglo XVII. Sostengo que la solicitud de estos documentos jurídicos funcionó como un recurso popular para exigir justicia a las autoridades eclesiásticas por causa de agravios en contra de individuos o de propiedades. En este sentido, la excomunión fue entendida dentro del imaginario colectivo como una pena tan terrible que, contrario a lo estipulado en los códigos eclesiásticos, implicaba la condena absoluta del acusado en la tierra y en el más allá. Derivado del estudio de estas fuentes localizadas en varios fondos del Archivo General de la Nación de México y con base en los planteamientos expuestos por algunos teóricos de la historia judicial de la Iglesia católica novohispana, esbozaré una propuesta en torno al uso de las cartas de censura; al papel que pudo desempeñar la excomunión en el imaginario colectivo, aunado a las labores realizadas por la instancia eclesiástica como determinante foro de justicia frente a otros organismos seculares.

ABSTRACT Red chili pepper Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum plants are one of the fruity vegetable types that are often cultivated in riparian tropical wetlands but are constrained by water stress such as waterlogging during rainy season and drought in dry season. The aim of this research was to evaluate the growth and morpho-physiological responses of red chili pepper cultivars subjected to waterlogging and drought stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a strip-plot design with two factors. The first factor was three water stress treatments, namely control (field capacity), waterlogging, and drought. The second factor was six cultivars of Indonesian red chili pepper. The findings indicated that both waterlogging and drought stress had a detrimental impact on the reduction of the growth parameters of red chili pepper such as root, shoot and total dry weight. Chili pepper defended its root weights in response to drought stress (0.653 g plant-1) whereas it preserved shoot weight in response to waterlogging (0.913 g plant-1). In the morphological characters, chili pepper exhibited an increase in specific leaf area expansion in response to both waterlogging (150.82 cm2) and drought (188.82 cm2) compared to control (140.91 cm2), but decreased specific leaf weight during stresses and recovered after 7 d in waterlogging. Leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) and leaf relative water content (LRWC), as physiological characteristics, also experienced a decline during exposure to both waterlogging and drought during 8 d; yet, SPAD and LRWC able to recover completely at 7 d after waterlogging and drought treatment were terminated.

RESUMEN La Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente de Santiago de Cuba está enclavada en el terreno donde anteriormente estuvo la finca Espanta Sueño, y luego, también allí se fundó el antiguo Hospital Militar Joaquín Castillo Duany. Sus antecedentes y trayectoria son mencionados en varios textos desde el siglo XIX, mas se desconoce su surgimiento desde su asentamiento. Se utilizaron como fuentes primarias de investigación textos históricos, consultados en orden cronológico del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Santiago de Cuba, del Departamento de Fondos Raros y Valiosos de la biblioteca provincial Elvira Cape luego de una revisión exhaustiva de documentos y periódicos de la época. Se realizó el presente artículo con el objetivo de describir el desarrollo de este centro y los contextos históricos fundamentales; su surgimiento y desarrollo fue descrito en dos etapas, de 1841 a 1936 y de 1937 a 1944.

ABSTRACT The Teaching Provincial Stomatologic Clinic in Santiago de Cuba is buried deep in the land where Espanta Sueño Farm was previously located, and then, Joaquin Castillo Duany Military Hospital was also founded there. Their antecedents and tradition are mentioned in several texts from the XIX century, but its emergence since the setling is unknown. Historical texts were used as primary sources of investigation, consulted in chronological order from the Provincial Historical Records in Santiago de Cuba, Strange and Valuable Funds Department of Elvira Cape provincial library after an exhaustive review of documents and newspapers at that time. This work aimed at describing the development of this center and the fundamental historical contexts; its emergence and development was described in two stages, from 1841 to 1936 and from 1937 to 1944.