Abstract: There is evidence of the high use of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, in tropical crops, for its effectiveness in the control of soil and plant pests. The objective of this study was to know the residuality and concentration of thiamethoxam in the papaya agroecosystem, in the main papaya fruit producing zone in the central area of the Gulf of Mexico. It was carried out during a papaya growing cycle with watermelon rotation; the taking of samples was according to the technique established by the NOM -AA-103-1988 for leaves and for fruit the NMX -FF-041-1996 by the method of quartering in papaya and watermelon, the samples were analyzed with a HPLC-UV, the data obtained were statistically analyzed by parametric and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. The presence of thiamethoxam was found in papaya and watermelon cultivation plants, the concentrations in papaya leaves reported a maximum value of 0.29 mg/kg, while for the leaves of the watermelon rotation fruit it was 0.15 mg/kg. In papaya fruit, thiamethoxam concentrations are within a range of 0.24 to 0.32 mg/kg. The concentrations and residuality of thiamethoxam mainly exceed the maximum tolerance and residuality limits of the EFSA and FAO.

Resumen: Existe evidencia del alto uso del insecticida neonicotinoide thiamethoxam en los cultivos tropicales por su efectividad en el control de plagas del suelo y la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la residualidad y concentración del thiamethoxam en el agroecosistema de papaya en la principal zona productora de este fruto de la zona centro del Golfo de México. Este estudio se realizó durante un ciclo de cultivo de papaya con rotación de sandía; la toma de muestras se hizo según la técnica establecida por la NOM-AA-103-1988 para hojas y para fruta la NMX-FF-041-1996 mediante el método de cuarteo en papaya y sandia. Las muestras se analizaron con un equipo HPLC-UV, y los datos obtenidos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas de Kruskal- Wallis. Se encontró la presencia de thiamethoxam en la planta del cultivo de papaya y sandía. Las concentraciones en hojas de papaya reportaron como valores más altos 0.29 mg/kg, mientras que para las hojas del fruto de rotación de la sandía fue de 0.15 mg/kg. En el fruto de papaya, las concentraciones de thiamethoxam estuvieron dentro de un rango de 0.24 a 0.32 mg/kg. Las concentraciones y residualidad del thiamethoxam superan principalmente los límites máximos de tolerancia y residualidad de la EFSA y la FAO.

ABSTRACT Climate factors affect the phenological behavior of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivation in tropical elevation. Thermal time is more precise than chronological time for the cultivation labor program and for the estimation of crop phenological events. The objective of this study was to determine the base temperature (Tb) and thermal time for the development of the 'Horvin' plum fruit, estimating the Tb for the reproductive phenological phase of the plum. Twenty trees, consisting of ten trees per row at two different elevations of 2,195 and 2,567 m a.s.l. (meters above sea level), in the municipality of Nuevo Colon (Colombia), were marked by locality. The appearance of each phenological stage was recorded from floral bud to harvest, estimating Tb with the minimum coefficient method of variation in function of growing degree day (GDD). The results show Tb for the phenological stages floral-anthesis at 2.84°C; anthesis-fruits set at 3.05°C, and fruit set-harvest at 1.76°C. Therefore, this variety should be grown where there is a minimum temperature of 3.05°C during the reproductive phase. In addition, the results show that an average of 1,243.17 and 1,172.12 GDD is required to go from fruit set to fruit harvest at elevations 2,195 and 2,567 m a.s.l., respectively.

RESUMEN Los factores climáticos afectan el comportamiento fenológico del cultivo de ciruelo japonés (Prunus salicina Lindl.) en la altitud tropical. El tiempo térmico es más preciso que el tiempo cronológico para la programación de labores culturales y para la estimación de eventos fenológicos del cultivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la temperatura base (Tb) y el tiempo térmico para el desarrollo del fruto de ciruela 'Horvin', estimando la Tb para la fase fenológica reproductiva de la ciruela. Fueron marcados veinte árboles por localidad, compuesto por diez árboles por surco, en dos elevaciones diferentes de 2.195 y 2.567 msnm (metros sobre el nivel del mar), en el municipio de Nuevo Colón (Colombia). La aparición de cada estado fenológico se registró desde el botón floral hasta la cosecha, estimándose la Tb con el método de coeficiente mínimo de variación en función de los grados día de crecimiento (GDC). Los resultados muestran Tb para los estados fenológicos botón floral-antesis con 2,84°C; antesis-cuajado de fruto 3,05°C y 1,76°C cuajado de fruto-cosecha. Por lo tanto, esta variedad debe cultivarse donde haya una temperatura mínima de 3,05°C durante la fase reproductiva. Además, los resultados revelan que se requiere un promedio de 1.243,17 y 1.172,12 GDC, para pasar del cuajado a la cosecha del fruto en las elevaciones 2.195 y 2.567 msnm, respectivamente.

Abstract In commercial soursop orchards in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, trees with apparent symptoms of root rot are observed, without the causal agent being known. Therefore, the objective of the research was to identify the fungi that cause soursop root rot. From January 2020 to January 2021, in orchards of Compostela and San Blas, Nayarit, from two trees with symptoms of possible root rot, root sections with rot were collected. Microorganisms associated with the disease were isolated and identified to carry out pathogenicity tests in one-year-old soursop trees. Fusarium falciforme and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were identified as root pathogens, both fungi are reported for the first time in this fruit tree and for Mexico.

Resumen En huertos comerciales de guanábana del estado de Nayarit, México, se observan árboles con síntomas aparentes por pudrición radicular, sin que se conozca el agente causal. Por lo que, el objetivo de la investigación fue, identificar a los hongos causantes de la pudrición de raíz de guanábana. De enero de 2020 a enero de 2021, en huertos de Compostela y San Blas, Nayarit, de árboles con síntomas por posible pudrición radicular, se recolectaron secciones de raíz con pudrición. Se aislaron e identificaron a los microorganismos asociados a la enfermedad para realizar las pruebas de patogenicidad en árboles de guanábana de un año de edad. Se identificó a Fusarium falciforme y a Lasiodiplodia theobromae como patógenos de raíz, ambos hongos son reportados por primera vez en este frutal y para México.

Abstract The city of Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila is characterized by having criollo avocado trees with different morphological properties. However, very little information is available on their fruit nutritional and sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to perform the bromatological, mineral, phytochemical and sensory characterization of 7 avocado landraces. The proximal analysis was carried out using standardized tests by the AOAC (2019), while the phytochemical content was determined using HPLC/MS equipment. Subsequently, the samples were evaluated using a hedonic test. The bromatological analysis showed significant differences in the total of the samples for the different response variables, which indicates the great genetic diversity among the sampled trees. The mineral that were determined in the highest concentration were Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium. Thirty-eight different phytochemical compounds were identified in the fruits, with a greater presence of flavones. While the sensory analysis showed a significant difference among the avocado landraces for the evaluated attributes. The flavor and texture attributes were the most important for the consumer preference. Different environmental factors (soil, climate, altitude, latitude, maturity) modify the nutritional composition of the avocado and its organoleptic characteristics. The results of this work may help propagation, fruit diversification and development of companies focused on this fruit in Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.

Resumen La ciudad de Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, se caracteriza por tener árboles de aguacate criollo con diferentes propiedades morfológicas. Sin embargo, es muy poca la información que se tiene sobre las características nutrimentales y sensoriales de los frutos de estos árboles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar bromatológica, mineral, fitoquímica y sensorial 7 aguacates criollos, obtenidos de diferentes árboles. El análisis proximal se realizó mediante pruebas estandarizadas por la AOAC (2019), mientras que el contenido de fitoquímicos se determinó en un equipo HPLC/MS. Posteriormente, las muestras se evaluaron mediante una prueba hedónica. El análisis bromatológico arrojó diferencias significativas en el total de las muestras para las diferentes variables de respuesta, lo que indica la gran diversidad genética entre los árboles muestreados. Los minerales que se determinaron en mayor concentración fueron Potasio, Magnesio y Calcio. Se identificaron 38 compuestos fitoquímicos diferentes en los frutos, con mayor presencia de flavonas, mientras que el análisis sensorial arrojó una diferencia significativa entre los criollos en las variables evaluadas. Los atributos de sabor y textura resultaron los más importantes para la preferencia del consumidor. Diferentes factores ambientales (suelo, clima, altitud, latitud, madurez) modifican la composición nutrimental del aguacate y sus características organolépticas. Los resultados de este trabajo pudieran ayudar a la propagación, diversificación frutícola y desarrollo de empresas enfocadas en este fruto en Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.

Abstract Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a tropical fruit tree highly valued for its organoleptic characteristics, and is the most important Annonaceae species in Mexico. This study aimed to generate maps of the natural geographic and eco-climatic distribution where soursop grows in Mexico, and to model potential zones according to climate change scenarios estimated for 2050. The natural distribution model showed that this species is found in most tropical and some subtropical areas of Mexico. This fruit tree grows in three different eco-climatic regions (two tropical and one temperate): Aw1 (found on the edges of the Balsas basin, and in the south, southeast and central north of the Veracruz region, as well as in the center of the Mexican Pacific coast), Am (north and central south of the Veracruz region, and the Yucatán peninsula) and C(w0) (east of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt). Modelling of suitable climate adaptation zones showed that the Pacific coast of Mexico and Veracruz, as well as some areas of the Balsas basin and the Yucatán peninsula, have potential for soursop cultivation. Likewise, in the scenario of global climate change, beneficial effects on the adaptation of this species are predicted.

Resumen La guanábana (Annona muricata L.) es un frutal tropical altamente apreciado por sus características organolépticas, y es la especie de Annonaceae más importante en México. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo generar mapas de la distribución geográfica natural y eco-climática donde se desarrolla la guanábana en México, y modelar las zonas potenciales de acuerdo con los escenarios del cambio climático estimado para 2050. El modelo de distribución natural mostró que esta especie se encuentra en la mayoría de las zonas tropicales y algunas subtropicales de México. Este frutal se desarrolla en tres regiones eco-climáticas diferentes (dos tropicales y una templada): Aw1 (se encuentra en los bordes de la cuenca del Balsas, y en el sur, sureste y centro norte de la región veracruzana, así como en el centro de la costa pacífica mexicana), Am (norte y centro sur de la región veracruzana, y la península de Yucatán) y C(w0) (oriente del eje volcánico Transmexicano). El modelado de las zonas adecuadas de adaptación climática mostró que la costa pacífica mexicana y veracruzana, así como algunas zonas de la cuenca del Balsas y la península de Yucatán, tienen potencial para cultivar guanábana. Asimismo, en el escenario del cambio climático global se pronostican efectos benéficos en la adaptación de esta especie.

Abstract The cultivation of avocado (Persea Americana) is not only essential from an economic point of view, but also plays a crucial role in the nutrition, health and well-being of populations around the world. The study was carried out in Ayacucho -Peru (latitude: 12° 53' 57'' S, longitude: 74° 16' 55'' W and altitude: 2596 masl), with the objective of evaluating the effect of the use of the technical drip irrigation system on the production and yield of two varieties of avocado, Hass and Fuerte. The study was based on the use of an irrigation system with programming by treatment with avocado plants installed in plots of 500 m² in 6 sectors, with a density of 5 x 5 m, whose age was between 5 to 16 years, of the which were considered 12 plants (6 plants with drip irrigation and 6 plants as a control with gravity irrigation). Irrigation was carried out right at the flowering and production stage, guaranteeing adequate water supply in periods of water deficit, between February and June 2022. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with six blocks of 20 plants each. The harvest carried out reported yields of 67.96 ± 8.8 t/ha under technical irrigation and 26.42 ± 4.93 t/ha under gravity irrigation, an increase of 157% with respect to the latter. As for the varieties, the Fuerte avocado had the highest yield 49.38 ± 23.06 t/ha compared to the Hass variety (45.0 ± 21.14 t/ha), the maximum yield occurred with drip irrigation for the Fuerte variety (71.09 ± 8.38 t/ha), this is explained by the energy expenditure in the osmotic adjustment potential which drastically decreases the yield potential with traditional gravity irrigation, obtaining a minimum yield in Hass of 25.18 ± 4.44 t/ha.

Resumen El cultivo de palta (Persea americana) no solo es esencial desde el punto de vista económico, sino que también desempeña un papel crucial en la alimentación, la salud y el bienestar de las poblaciones en todo el mundo. El estudio se realizó en Ayacucho-Perú (latitud: 12° 53’ 57’’ S, longitud: 74° 16’ 55’’ O y altitud: 2596 msnm), con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la utilización del sistema de riego tecnificado por goteo en la producción y rendimiento de dos variedades de palta, Hass y Fuerte. El estudio estuvo basado en el uso de un sistema de riego con programación por tratamiento con plantas de palta instaladas en parcelas de 500 m² en 6 sectores, con una densidad de 5 x 5 m, cuya edad estuvo entre 5 a 16 años, de las cuales se consideró 12 plantas (6 plantas con riego por goteo y 6 plantas como testigo con riego por gravedad). Los riegos se efectuaron justo en la etapa de floración y producción garantizando el suministro de agua adecuado en periodos de déficit hídrico, entre febrero a junio de 2022. El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar, con seis bloques de 20 plantas cada uno. La cosecha realizada reporto rendimientos 67,96 ± 8,8 t/ha bajo riego tecnificado y de 26,42 ± 4,93 t/ha en riego por gravedad, siendo un incremento del 157% con respecto a este último. En cuanto a las variedades, la palta Fuerte tuvo el mayor rendimiento 49,38 ± 23,06 t/ha con respecto a la variedad Hass (45,0 ± 21,14 t/ha), el rendimiento máximo se dio con riego por goteo para a variedad Fuerte (71,09 ± 8,38 t/ha), esto es explicado por el gasto de energía en el potencial de ajuste osmótico la cual disminuye drásticamente el potencial de rendimiento con riego tradicional por gravedad, obteniendo un rendimiento mínimo en Hass de 25,18 ± 4,44 t/ha.

Abstract Background: Gymnopodium floribundum is a dominant tree in the seasonally tropical dry forests of Yucatan, Mexico. This species shows a large floral display size during short periods, but a very low seed-set has been reported. Questions: What type of dichogamy does G. floribundum exhibit? What is its compatibility system? Study species: G. floribundum, a dichogamous tree of importance in beekeeping. Study sites and dates: Xtmakuil, Yucatan. February-March and November-December 2022. Methods: Floral sexual function synchrony and sexual expression was recorded during the flowering season. The compatibility system was evaluated with a hand-pollination experiment. Results: Intra-floral overlap of sexual functions was low (< 2 %), but relatively high between flowers of different inflorescences (0.48 ± 0.13, Mean ± SD) and between flowers of different trees (0.64 ± 0.11, Mean ± SD). Mature fruit production by hand self-pollination was low (ca. 3 %) and 6 times lower with respect to cross. Conclusions: G. floribundum shows complete intrafloral dichogamy, but incomplete intra- and interindividual dichogamy. Sexual expression changed throughout flowering, from predominant male bias to female. Although G. floribundum is self-compatible, the results suggest a wide advantage of cross-pollination over self-pollination.

Resumen Antecedentes: Gymnopodium floribundum es un árbol dominante de las selvas bajas caducifolias de Yucatán. Produce una gran cantidad de flores en cortos periodos varias veces al año, pero su producción de semillas se ha reportado como baja. Preguntas: ¿Qué tipo de dicogamia presenta G. floribundum? ¿Cuál es su sistema de compatibilidad? Especie de estudio: G. floribundum, árbol dicógamo de importancia en la apicultura. Sitio y años de estudio: Xtmakuil, Yucatán. Febrero-marzo y noviembre-diciembre del 2022. Métodos: Se registró diariamente la fase sexual de las flores y mediante polinizaciones manuales se determinó su sistema de compatibilidad. Resultados: La sincronía intrafloral de las funciones sexuales fue baja (< 2 %), pero relativamente alta entre flores de distintas inflorescencias (0.48 ± 0.13, Media ± DE) y entre flores de diferentes árboles (0.64 ± 0.11, Media ± DE). La producción de frutos maduros por autopolinización manual fue baja (ca. 3 %) y 6 veces menor respecto a la de entrecruza. Conclusiones: G. floribundum presentó dicogamia intrafloral completa, pero incompleta a nivel intra e interindividual, mostrando además un cambio en la expresión sexual de la población a lo largo de la floración de predominantemente masculino a femenino. Aunque G. floribundum es autocompatible los resultados sugieren una amplia ventaja de la polinización de entrecruza respecto de la de autocruza.

Resumen La inteligencia artificial ha permitido desarrollar herramientas para el reconocimiento automático de frutos y hortalizas con mayor precisión y rapidez. El desarrollo de nuevos genotipos de árboles frutales requiere del uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la identificación de variedades con mayor robustez que los métodos convencionales. En esta investigación se aplicaron algoritmos de aprendizaje automático para identificar seis variedades de durazno (Prunus persica L.) CP-03-06, Oro Azteca, Oro San Juan, Cardenal, Colegio y Robin a partir de imágenes digitales de hojas. Los modelos máquina de soporte vectorial (SVM), bosque aleatorio (RF) y perceptrón multicapa (MLP) se entrenaron y evaluaron con base en tres descriptores cromáticos y 14 morfológicos extraídos de imágenes digitales. La evaluación del desempeño en predicción de los modelos se realizó con base en métricas globales y específicas para cada clase objetivo (variedad de durazno). Los cinco descriptores más importantes para identificar las variedades de durazno fueron los tres canales de color HSV (hue, saturation, value), la redondez y la excentricidad de las hojas. SVM obtuvo la mayor precisión global de clasificación con Acc de 98.7 % y F1macro de 98 %. SVM obtuvo el mayor puntaje F1 (99.2 %) para identificar la variedad de durazno CP-03-06 y el menor puntaje F1 (96.1 %) para identificar la variedad Cardenal. La utilización conjunta de descriptores cromáticos y morfológicos mejoró el desempeño de los algoritmos de aprendizaje para identificar las seis variedades de durazno. Los modelos SVM, RF y MLP obtuvieron un Acc de 98.7, 98.6 y 97 %, respectivamente. Este estudio muestra el potencial de las técnicas de aprendizaje automático para su aplicación en el reconocimiento de descriptores de interés en cultivos agrícolas y su aplicación a procesos automatizados en la agricultura.

Summary Artificial intelligence has allowed the development of tools for automatic recognition of fruits and vegetables with greater precision and speed. The development of new genotypes of fruit trees requires the use of technological tools to identify varieties with greater robustness than conventional methods. In this research, machine learning algorithms were applied to identify six peach varieties (Prunus persica L.) CP-03-06, Oro Azteca, Oro San Juan, Cardenal, Colegio and Robin from digital leaf images. The support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) models were trained and evaluated based on three chromatic and 14 morphological descriptors extracted from digital images. The evaluation of the prediction performance of the models was based on global metrics and specific for each target class (peach variety). The five most important descriptors to identify peach varieties were three HSV color channels (hue, saturation, value), roundness and eccentricity of the leaves. SVM achieved the highest overall classification accuracy with Acc of 98.7 % and F1macro of 98 %. SVM obtained the highest F1 score (99.2 %) to identify the peach variety CP-03-06 and the lowest F1 score (96.1 %) to identify the Cardenal variety. The joint use of chromatic and morphological descriptors improved the performance of learning algorithms to identify the six peach varieties. The SVM, RF and MLP models obtained an Acc of 98.7, 98.6 and 97 %, respectively. This study shows the potential of machine learning methods for their application in recognizing descriptors of interest in agricultural crops and their application to automated processes in agriculture.

ABSTRACT Plants undergoing insect infestation release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) into their environment, which are then used by natural enemies for their benefit. The pest Aleurothrixus floccosus, which affects citrus orchards in northern Chile, specifically at Pica Oasis, poses a year-round threat. Recently, the introduction of the exotic ladybird Clitostethus arcuatus has been noted as a predator of A. floccosus. This study delved into how HIPVs emitted from tangelo (Citrus reticulata × C. ×paradisi Macfad.) and lime (C. ×aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) infested-shoots impact the behavioral responses of C. arcuatus. The volatile compounds were collected using the headspace technique, revealing notable qualitative changes after herbivory. In two-choice bioassays, the HIPVs elicited an attractive response in C. arcuatus compared to A. floccosus. At concentrations of 10 and 100 µg mL-1, the predators displayed a distinct preference for methyl salicylate (MeSA). These findings underscore that C. arcuatus exploits the HIPVs emitted from citrus infested-shoots, fostering tritrophic interactions. Exploring the impact of whitefly attacks on other fruit trees, emerges as a significant avenue for future investigation.

ABSTRACT: The number of chilling hours is responsible for maximizing budding and flowering in temperate climate fruit trees, and this number varies widely between years. An important source of variability is the occurrence of the ENSO - El Niño Southern Oscillation. With the intent of further understanding, the objective set was to analyze the influence of ENSO on chilling hours in Rio Grande do Sul State. To perform the analysis it was used data of air temperature - below 7.2 oC - from 24 meteorological stations. The results showed that when La Niña occurs, the percentage of chilling hours was above average for the period analyzed in all locations, and when El Niño occurs, the values were below average in 79% of the locations. The highest number of chilling hours, observed in each location, mainly occurred during the presence of La Niña and the lowest number was mainly observed during the occurrence of El Niño. The largest deviation (%) of chilling hours from the average occurred in May. Despite the month of July having the highest number of chilling hours, the occurrence of El Niño or La Niña does not show any difference between them. The month of September also shows no difference when comparing instances of El Niño and La Niña. ABSTRACT trees years Oscillation understanding State 72 7 2 7. stations occurs locations 79 location % (% May them (

RESUMO: O número de horas de frio é responsável pela maximização da brotação e floração em fruteiras de clima temperado, e esse número varia muito entre os anos. Uma importante fonte de variabilidade é a ocorrência do ENOS - El Niño Oscilação Sul. Com intuito de um melhor entendimento, objetivou-se analisar a influência do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul, sobre o acúmulo de horas de frio no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, utilizou-se dados de temperatura do ar, abaixo de 7,2 oC, de 24 estações meteorológicas. Os resultados mostraram que, quando da ocorrência de La Niña, o percentual de horas de frio foi superior à média em todas as localidades e durante o El Niño os valores ficaram abaixo da média em 79% das localidades. O maior número de horas de frio, observado em cada localidade ocorreu, predominantemente, durante a La Niña e, o menor número foi observado, predominantemente, durante a ocorrência de El Niño. O maior desvio (%) de horas de frio em relação à média ocorreu no mês de maio. Apesar do mês de julho ter o maior número de horas de frio, a ocorrência do El Niño ou La Niña não apresenta diferença entre si. O mês de setembro também não apresenta diferença na comparação entre os eventos de El Niño e La Niña. RESUMO temperado anos Sul entendimento objetivouse objetivou se isso utilizouse utilizou ar 72 7 2 7, oC meteorológicas que 79 predominantemente % (% maio si (

Abstract The objective of this article was to characterize the main socio-productive activities of riverine farmers in their respective Family Production Units (FFUs) in the estuarine floodplain of the Lower Tocantins river. We used as methodological instruments the semi-structured interview and the free list, applied to 16 peasants-riparians, from August to December 2020. Three typologies were constructed to characterize the LGUs: Low Diversified, Diversified, and Highly Diversified. The results obtained indicate a grand total of 41 socio-productive activities. Of these activities, 49% generate products exclusively for family consumption, 39% for consumption and commercialization, and 12% exclusively for commercialization. The fruit trees stand out for their importance in the food security of the families, considering that 71% of them produce fruit exclusively for consumption. Açaí, as a source of food and income, was considered the most important fruit for the interviewees. Regarding the typology, 50% of the LGUs are Diversified, which seek a balance between the production of açaí and other socio-productive activities; 31% are Semi-diversified, characterized by the emphasis on the production of açaí and government benefits, and 19% are Highly Diversified, prioritizing the diversification of activities and production throughout the year. socioproductive socio productive FFUs (FFUs river semistructured semi structured list 1 peasantsriparians, peasantsriparians peasants riparians, riparians peasants-riparians 2020 Diversified 4 49 39 commercialization 12 families 71 Açaí income interviewees typology 50 31 Semidiversified, Semidiversified Semi diversified, diversified Semi-diversified benefits 19 year 202 3 7 5 20 2

Resumo Objetivou-se, neste artigo, caracterizar as principais atividades socioprodutivas de camponeses-ribeirinhos em suas respectivas Unidades de Produção Familiar-UPF na várzea estuarina do Baixo Tocantins. Utilizou-se como instrumentais metodológicos a entrevista semiestruturada e a listagem livre, aplicadas para 16 camponeses-ribeirinhos, nos meses de agosto a dezembro de 2020. Foram construídas três tipologias de caracterização das UPF: Pouco Diversificada; Diversificada e Altamente Diversificada. Os resultados obtidos indicam um total geral de 41 atividades socioprodutivas. Dessas atividades, 49% geram produtos exclusivamente para o consumo familiar, 39% para o consumo e a comercialização e 12% exclusivamente para a comercialização. As frutíferas se destacam por sua importância na segurança alimentar das famílias, tendo em vista que 71% destas produzem frutos exclusivamente para o consumo. O açaí, por ser fonte de alimento e renda, foi considerado o fruto mais importante para os entrevistados. No que concerne à tipologia, 50% das UPF estão vinculadas à Diversificada, que buscam o equilíbrio entre a produção de açaí com outras atividades socioprodutivas; 31% à Pouco Diversificada, caracterizando-se pela ênfase com a produção de açaí e benefícios governamentais e 19% à Altamente Diversificada, priorizando a diversificação de atividades e produções durante o ano todo. Objetivouse, Objetivouse Objetivou se, Objetivou-se artigo camponesesribeirinhos camponeses ribeirinhos FamiliarUPF Familiar Tocantins Utilizouse Utilizou livre 1 camponesesribeirinhos, ribeirinhos, 2020 4 49 familiar 39 12 famílias 71 renda entrevistados tipologia 50 31 caracterizandose caracterizando 19 todo 202 3 7 5 20 2

ABSTRACT The pear tree (Pyrus spp.) is a fruit tree of temperate climate, so it needs a certain number of hours under cold temperatures to overcome its natural dormancy. It can be cultivated in the tropics, but few regions have cold enough winters to overcome the natural dormancy of pear trees. For this purpose, it is necessary to select cultivars with less need for cold conditions combined with the use of bud-inducing to sprouting and flowering products. This study aimed to test doses of hydrogenated cyanamide (Dormex) to break dormancy and induce bud sprouting in different pear cultivars under subtropical conditions. The branches of five pear tree cultivars, ‘Cascatense’, ‘Primorosa’, ‘Seleta’, ‘Packham’s Triumph’, and ‘William’s’, were sprayed with Dormex (a commercial product containing 52% hydrogen cyanamide, CH2N2) at 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% or with water (control). The trees were evaluated at two, four, six, eight, 10, and 12 weeks after the application of the treatments in two consecutive years. The European pear trees ‘William’s’ and ‘Packham’s Triumph’ showed low budding rates compared to hybrid pear trees. Hybrid pear showed better performance in subtropical regions, with higher budding rates, than European pear. CH2N2 efficiently induces bud sprouting of pear, with especially 4 and 5% Dormex. Pyrus spp. spp climate tropics purpose budinducing inducing products (Dormex ‘Cascatense, Cascatense ‘Cascatense , ‘Cascatense’ ‘Primorosa, Primorosa ‘Primorosa ‘Primorosa’ ‘Seleta, Seleta ‘Seleta ‘Seleta’ ‘Packhams Packhams ‘Packham s Packham Triumph, Triumph ‘Williams, Williams ‘William William 52 CHN CH N 1 2 3 5 control. control . (control) four six eight 10 years ‘Williams ‘William’s CH2N (control

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the acidity levels to obtain adequate soil chemical attributes for the maximum fruit yield of blackberry trees grown in acidic soils subjected to increasing limestone rates. The BRS Tupy, Brazos, Guarani, and BRS Xavante blackberry cultivars were evaluated on the Typic Hapludox (LVdf) and Rhodic Hapludox (LVd) soils, to which four rates of dolomitic limestone were applied (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 Mg ha-1). The effect of liming on soil chemical attributes, in a 2×4 factorial arrangement (soils and limestone rates), as well as leaf nutrient content and fruit yield, in a 2×4×4 factorial arrangement (soils, limestone rates, and cultivars), were evaluated. The maximum fruit yield was obtained with 3.3 Mg ha-1 dolomitic limestone. The blackberry cultivars showed a high demand for Ca, Mg, and base saturation and a low tolerance to aluminum in the soils. From 3.3 Mg ha-1 dolomitic limestone, the maximum fruit yield of blackberry trees grown in acidic soils is obtained with pH 5.6, maximum tolerated aluminum saturation of 6%, Ca and Mg concentration of 45.3 mmolc kg-1, and base saturation of 48.3%. Tupy Brazos Guarani LVdf (LVdf LVd (LVd 0, 0 (0 15 1 5 1.5 30 3 3.0 60 6 6. ha1. ha1 ha . ha-1) 24 2 4 2× , rates) 244 2×4× cultivars, cultivars) 33 3. ha- 56 5.6 6% 453 45 45. kg1, kg1 kg 1, kg-1 483 48 48.3% ( 1. 5. kg- 48.3 48.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os níveis de acidez para obter os atributos químicos do solo adequados à máxima produção de frutos de amoreiras-pretas cultivadas em solos ácidos submetidos a doses crescentes de calcário. Foram avaliadas as cultivares de amoreira-preta BRS Tupy, Brazos, Guarani e BRS Xavante nos solos Latossolo Vermelho Distroférico (LVdf) e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd), aos quais foram aplicadas quatro doses de calcário dolomítico (0, 1,5, 3,0 e 6,0 Mg ha-1). Foram avaliados o efeito da calagem sobre os atributos químicos do solo, em arranjo fatorial 2×4 (solos e doses de calcário), bem como o teor de nutrientes foliares e a produção de frutos, em arranjo fatorial 2×4×4 (solos, doses de calcário e cultivares). A produção máxima de frutos foi obtida com 3,3 Mg ha-1 de calcário dolomítico. As cultivares de amoreira-preta apresentaram alta demanda por Ca, Mg e saturação por bases e baixa tolerância ao alumínio nos solos. A partir de 3,3 Mg ha-1 de calcário dolomítico, a produção máxima de frutos de amoras-pretas cultivadas em solos ácidos é obtida com pH 5,6, saturação máxima tolerada de alumínio de 6%, concentração de Ca e Mg de 45,3 mmolc kg-1 e saturação por bases de 48,3%. amoreiraspretas amoreiras pretas amoreirapreta amoreira preta Tupy Brazos LVdf (LVdf LVd, LVd , (LVd) 0, 0 (0 15 1 5 1,5 30 3 3, 60 6 6, ha1. ha1 ha . ha-1) 24 2 4 2× calcário, calcário) 244 2×4× solos, cultivares. cultivares) 33 ha- amoraspretas amoras 56 5,6 6% 453 45 45, kg1 kg kg- 483 48 48,3% (LVd ( 1, 5, 48,3 48,

ABSTRACT Trees provide habitat and resources for resident and transient fauna on the cities. The choice of tree species for urban planting follows multifactorial criteria, but little consideration is given to the resources they provide. We aimed to identify functional groups of 154 native tree species indicated for urban afforestation in the municipality of São Paulo from the floral and fruiting resources made available to potential floral and fruiting visitors. We observed a proportional number of species with abiotic and biotic dispersal and a predominance of bee-pollinated tree species or fleshy fruits consumed by birds. We proposed eight functional groups characterized by sharing potential floral and frugivorous visitors that showed uneven richness. A choice focused on taxonomic identification and species size may promote high functional redundancy and impact the richness of plant-animal interactions and decrease the permeability of cities for fauna. criteria 15 beepollinated bee pollinated birds plantanimal plant animal 1

RESUMO Árvores fornecem habitat e recursos para a fauna residente e transiente nas cidades. A escolha de espécies arbóreas para plantio urbano segue critérios multifatoriais, mas pouco considera os recursos que elas disponibilizam para a fauna. Objetivamos identificar grupos funcionais de 154 espécies arbóreas nativas indicadas para plantio urbano do município de São Paulo a partir dos recursos florais e frutíferos disponibilizados para visitantes florais e frutíferos potenciais. Observamos um número proporcional de espécies com dispersão abiótica e biótica e um predomínio de espécies de arbóreas polinizadas por abelhas ou com frutos carnosos consumidos por aves. Propusemos oito grupos funcionais caracterizados pelo compartilhamento de visitantes florais e frugívoros potenciais que apresentaram uma riqueza desigual. Uma escolha focada na identificação taxonômica e porte das espécies pode promover uma alta redundância funcional e impactar a riqueza de interações planta-animal e diminuir a permeabilidade das cidades para fauna. multifatoriais 15 aves desigual plantaanimal planta animal 1

ABSTRACT Hail netting increases natural fruitlet drop. Mixing lower concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) and spraying on more advanced fruitlets could promote adequate crop load management and improve fruit quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate thinning programs with low concentrations of PGRs sprayed at advanced fruitlet size looking for reducing crop load, enhancing fruit quality, and preserving yield. On 2020/21 and 2021/22, in an orchard covered with hail netting in Bom Jesus-RS, eight programs were tested on vigorous ‘Maxi Gala’: Benzyladenine (BA)+Gibberellic acid4+7 (BA-GA) at full bloom (FB) and BA+Ethephon (ETH) at 15mm; BA-GA at FB and Naphthalene acetic acid+Carbaryl (CB) at 7 mm; BA-GA at FB and BA+CB at 15 mm; ETH+CB at 15 mm and Metamitron (MM)+ETH at 20 mm; BA-GA at FB and BA at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm; MM at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm; Manual Thinning Only; Untreated Control. The treatments containing CB reduced fruit set, although diminished yield unsustainably. All PGR programs improved fruit quality. In conclusion, BA-GA at FB and BA+ETH at 15 mm, and MM at 7 mm and MM at 20 mm reduce crop load, preserve yield and improve fruit quality. drop (PGRs quality 202021 2020 21 2020/2 202122 2021 22 2021/22 JesusRS, JesusRS Jesus RS, RS Jesus-RS Maxi Gala Gala’ BA+Gibberellic BAGibberellic +Gibberellic Gibberellic acid47 acid acid4 acid4+ BAGA GA (BA-GA (FB BAEthephon Ethephon ETH (ETH 15mm acidCarbaryl Carbaryl (CB BACB 1 ETHCB MM+ETH MMETH +ETH 2 Only Control set unsustainably conclusion BAETH 20202 202 2020/ 20212 2021/2 2021/