Resumo A partir de duas pesquisas realizadas em comunidades indígenas de Puno, Peru, a uma altitude superior a 3910 metros, entre 2015 e 2017, busca-se compreender as possíveis contribuições do conhecimento tradicional para a elaboração e gestão de políticas públicas relacionadas à biodiversidade e à adaptação às mudanças climáticas. As pesquisas realizadas mostram conhecimentos milenares que fornecem diretrizes estratégicas, as quais devem ser reconhecidas no âmbito das convenções nacionais e políticas públicas específicas de biodiversidade, mudanças climáticas e adaptação. A sistematização de práticas comunitárias em Puno revela conhecimentos tradicionais sobre diferentes problemas, a partir dos quais se derivam práticas milenares de adaptação ligadas a saberes e uma biocultura alimentar sustentável e saudável. As contribuições são essenciais para fornecer conteúdo de gestão de políticas públicas em nível nacional, regional e local. No entanto, as controvérsias em torno do conhecimento científico e do conhecimento tradicional persistem, gerando ceticismo em relação à possibilidade de avançar nos acordos de biodiversidade e, especialmente, nos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável projetados para 2030.

Abstract The investigation aimed to identify the contribution of traditional knowledge in the construction and management of public policies for biodiversity conservation and adaptation to climate change. It was based on two studies conducted between 2015 and 2017 in two indigenous rural communities situated above 3,910 meters above sea level in the northern Puno region of Peru. The results have been synthesized to generate a proposal for strategic guidelines for high mountain agriculture with a focus on adaptation to climate change. The identified categories of traditional knowledge encompass: a) soil, b) water, c) plant health, d) measures against hailstorms, e) measures against frost, f) organization and ritual, and g) varieties and mixtures tolerant to climatic extremes. A workspace is the community itself. In the absence of public policies that take into consideration the promotion of traditional knowledge, the community establishes guidelines and actions rooted on traditional knowledge of biodiversity conservation and adaptation to climate change in plans of life aligned with the local worldview, with the aim of escalating to the district level.

Resumen A partir de dos investigaciones en comunidades originarias de Puno, Perú, a más de 3910 m.s.n.m., entre 2015 y 2017, se busca conocer los aportes potenciales del conocimiento tradicional en la construcción y gestión de las políticas públicas sobre biodiversidad y adaptación al cambio climático. Las investigaciones realizadas dan muestras de conocimientos milenarios que dan lineamientos estratégicos, los cuales deben ser reconocidos en el marco de las convenciones nacionales y políticas públicas específicas de biodiversidad, cambio climático y adaptación. La sistematización de prácticas comunitarias en Puno, dan cuenta de conocimientos tradicionales sobre diferentes problemas, a partir de estos, se derivan prácticas milenarias de adaptación ligadas a saberes y una biocultura alimentaria sostenible y saludable. Los aportes son fundamentales para dar contenidos de gestión de las políticas públicas a nivel nacional, regional y local; no obstante, las controversias sobre el conocimiento científico y el conocimiento tradicional persiste, llenando de escepticismo la posibilidad de avanzar en los convenios de biodiversidad y, en particular, en los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible proyectados al 2030.

Abstract Despite the adverse effects of late spring frost on the ecological and economic impact on agriculture, the management of these events are poorly investigated. Therefore, the grounded theory was used for extracting the livelihood stabilization model of orchardists on the shores of Lake Urmia against late spring frosts. The statistical population of this study in the qualitative part included 22 experts in the field of horticulture. In the quantitative study, they included all orchardists in the villages along with Lake Urmia, comprising 341 people, of which 236 were randomly selected. By carefully examining and linking the concepts and subcategories, the most important subcategories that were included six subcategories. The results of all calculated goodness-of-fit indexes (chi-square [P > 0.01], RMSEA = 0.000, NFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.91, and GFI = 0.92) showed the model provided an excellent fit for the data. Standardized regression coefficients showed that interfering factors had the greatest impact on the livelihood of orchardists against late spring frosts (β = 0.47). Also, the background factors (β = 0.43) and causal factors (β = 0.39) were found to affect the livelihood of the orchardists in encountering late spring frost. The results of multiple square correlations of dependent variables also indicated that about 41% of the livelihood variance of small-scale orchardists was explained by the predictor variables (i.e. causal conditions, background factors and interfering factors). The findings of this study can assist policymakers, planners and relevant managers while paying more attention to orchardists in the region, so as to support decisions in order to achieve sustainable development. agriculture investigated Therefore 2 horticulture 34 people 23 selected goodnessoffit goodness chisquare chi P 0.01, 001 0.01 , 0 01 0.01] 0000 000 0.000 095 95 0.95 091 91 0.91 0.92 092 92 data β 0.47. 047 0.47 . 47 0.47) Also 0.43 043 43 0.39 039 39 41 smallscale small scale i.e. ie i e (i.e conditions factors. factors) policymakers region development 3 00 0.0 0.00 09 9 0.9 04 0.4 4 0.3 03 i.e 0.

Resumo Apesar dos efeitos adversos das geadas do final da primavera no impacto ecológico e econômico na agricultura, o manejo desses eventos é pouco investigado. Portanto, a teoria fundamentada foi utilizada para extrair o modelo de estabilização dos meios de subsistência dos pomares nas margens do Lago Urmia contra as geadas do final da primavera. A população estatística deste estudo na parte qualitativa incluiu 22 especialistas na área de horticultura. O estudo quantitativo incluiu todos os fruticultores nas aldeias junto ao Lago Urmia, compreendendo 341 pessoas, das quais 236 foram selecionadas aleatoriamente. Ao examinar cuidadosamente e vincular os conceitos e subcategorias, as subcategorias mais importantes que foram incluídas em outras 6 subcategorias. Os resultados de todos os índices de qualidade de ajuste calculados (qui-quadrado [P > 0,01], RMSEA = 0,000, NFI = 0,95, CFI = 0,91 e GFI = 0,92) mostraram que o modelo forneceu um excelente ajuste para os dados. Os coeficientes de regressão padronizados mostraram que os fatores interferentes tiveram o maior impacto sobre a subsistência dos pomares contra as geadas do final da primavera (β = 0,47). Além disso, descobriu-se que os fatores de fundo (β = 0,43) e os fatores causais (β = 0,39) afetam o sustento dos pomares ao enfrentarem geadas no final da primavera. Os resultados de múltiplas correlações quadradas de variáveis dependentes também indicaram que cerca de 41% da variância dos meios de subsistência de pequenos pomares foi explicada pelas variáveis preditoras, ou seja, condições causais, fatores de fundo e fatores interferentes. Os resultados deste estudo podem auxiliar os formuladores de políticas, planejadores e gestores relevantes, dando mais atenção aos pomares da região, de modo a apoiar as decisões a fim de alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável. agricultura investigado Portanto 2 horticultura 34 pessoas 23 aleatoriamente quiquadrado qui quadrado P 0,01, 001 0,01 , 0 01 0,01] 0000 000 0,000 095 95 0,95 091 91 0,9 0,92 092 92 dados β 0,47. 047 0,47 . 47 0,47) disso descobriuse descobriu se 0,43 043 43 0,39 039 39 41 preditoras seja políticas relevantes região sustentável 3 00 0,0 0,00 09 9 0, 04 0,4 4 0,3 03

Abstract The aim of this work was to study the phenology of several sweet orange cultivars and their relationship with the accumulated degree-day (ADD), under the conditions of the Depressão Central of Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil. For this, 25 genotypes were evaluated for three consecutive growing seasons between 2015 and 2018. The experiment was carried out in a Citrus Collection located in municipality of Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil. The ADD was calculated for each interval between the phenological stages, as well as for the entire cycle. The first one, swelling of the buds, was concentrated between mid-July and early August. Sprouting in winter increased the risk of frost damage. Full bloom occurred between August 28 and September 22, when the orange trees ‘Cabula’, ‘Rubi’, ‘Lima Verde’ and ‘Folha Murcha’ were the first to bloom and ‘Sanguinea’, ‘Salustiana’, ‘Midknight’ and ‘Jaffa’ the last. The last stage evaluated, the skin color change of the fruits, occurred between the beginning of April and the end of May, with 2,306.4 to 2,619.4 ADD, since the beginning of sprouting. The orange trees showed different behavior when compared between genotypes and between years. Two groups of cultivars were defined: early and late. degreeday degree day , (ADD) Sul Brazil 2 201 2018 RS stages cycle one buds midJuly mid July damage 22 ‘Cabula, Cabula ‘Cabula ‘Cabula’ ‘Rubi, Rubi ‘Rubi ‘Rubi’ Lima Verde Folha Murcha ‘Sanguinea, Sanguinea ‘Sanguinea ‘Sanguinea’ ‘Salustiana, Salustiana ‘Salustiana ‘Salustiana’ ‘Midknight Midknight ‘Jaffa Jaffa fruits May 23064 306 4 2,306. 26194 619 2,619. sprouting years defined late (ADD 20 2306 30 2,306 2619 61 2,619 230 3 2,30 261 6 2,61 23 2,3 26 2,6 2,

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fenologia de diversas cultivares de laranjeiras-doces e sua relação com os graus-dia acumulados (GDA), nas condições da Depressão Central do RS. Para isso, 25 genótipos foram avaliados por três safras consecutivas, entre 2015 e 2018, conforme a escala fenológica BBCH. O experimento foi conduzido em Coleção de Citros localizada no município de Eldorado doSul-RS, Brasil. Calcularam-se, os GDAs para cada intervalo entre os estádios fenológicos, bem como para todo o ciclo. O primeiro deles, inchamento das gemas, aconteceu concentradoentre meados de julho e início de agosto. A brotação, ainda no inverno, aumentou riscos dedanos por geadas. O pleno florescimento ocorreu entre 28 de agosto e 22 de setembro,onde as laranjeiras ‘Cabula’, ‘Rubi’, ‘Lima Verde’ e ‘Folha Murcha’ foram asprimeiras; e ‘Sanguinea’, ‘Salustiana’, ‘Midknight’ e ‘Jaffa’, as últimas. O último estádio avaliado, mudança da cor da casca dos frutos, ocorreu entre o início de abril até fins de maio, com2.306,4 a 2.619,4 GDAs, desde o início da brotação. As laranjeiras apresentaram comportamentodistinto,quando comparadas entre os genótipos e entre os anos. Definiram-se dois gruposde cultivares:precoces e tardias. laranjeirasdoces doces grausdia graus dia GDA, GDA , (GDA) RS isso 2 consecutivas 201 2018 BBCH doSulRS, doSulRS doSul RS, doSul-RS Brasil Calcularamse, Calcularamse Calcularam se, se Calcularam-se fenológicos ciclo deles gemas brotação inverno geadas setembroonde setembro onde ‘Cabula, Cabula ‘Cabula ‘Cabula’ ‘Rubi, Rubi ‘Rubi ‘Rubi’ Lima Verde Folha Murcha asprimeiras ‘Sanguinea, Sanguinea ‘Sanguinea ‘Sanguinea’ ‘Salustiana, Salustiana ‘Salustiana ‘Salustiana’ ‘Midknight Midknight ‘Jaffa, Jaffa ‘Jaffa ‘Jaffa’ últimas avaliado frutos maio com23064 com2 306 4 com2.306, 26194 619 2.619, comportamentodistintoquando comportamentodistinto quando anos Definiramse Definiram cultivaresprecoces precoces tardias (GDA 20 com2306 30 com2.306 2619 61 2.619 com230 3 com2.30 261 6 2.61 com23 com2.3 26 2.6 com2. 2.

ABSTRACT Lippia alba (Mill.), popularly known bushy matgrass, is considered an aromatic and medicinal plant with physiotherapeutic characteristics, leading to its use in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and yield of the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) after the occurrence of frost in southern Brazil. The study was carried out in an experimental area located at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen Campus, in July 2014. The essential oil was extracted using the hydrodistillation technique for three hours after the start of boiling. The chemical composition of Lippia alba (Mill.) essential oil was identified through chromatographic analysis. The chemical composition of Lippia alba (Mill.) essential oil was not altered by frost. As for the yield, it was 0.311% before the frost and 0.363% after the frost. Mill., Mill Mill. , matgrass characteristics industries Therefore (Mill. Brazil Maria Campus 2014 boiling analysis 0311 0 311 0.311 0363 363 0.363 (Mill 201 031 31 0.31 036 36 0.36 20 03 3 0.3 2 0.

Climate change is a serious challenge that poses an additional problem to the many existing difficulties in the agricultural sector. It will likely exacerbate an already dire situation by making current production methods less sustainable. Previous studies concluded that most people in developing countries perceive climate change as a spatially and temporally distant threat. However, recent studies have raised a new narrative, suggesting that rural communities are becoming more aware of climate change and variability. The study, therefore, aimed to compare the perceptions of climate change among small-scale sugarcane farmers with scientifically observed climate trends in the study area. The study mainly analysed rainfall and air temperature trends over twenty years and compared these with climate change, as farmers in the study area perceived. Additionally, it assessed whether the participants had implemented adaptation plans to minimise the adverse effects of the observed climate variations, both scientifically and perceptually. The study findings indicate that small-scale sugarcane farmers perceive climate change fairly accurately. Less than half of the small-scale sugarcane farmers (nearly 40%) observed increased temperatures, rainfall, drought frequency, and frost occurrence. Their perceptions aligned with the findings from the scientific data, which indicated that maximum temperature has been increasing at 0.049 ºCper annum¹ from 1997 to 2017 while the rainfall showed an increase of15.475 mm per annum¹ over the same period. These findings confirm that these farmers are becoming more aware of climate change occurring in their communities. However, the study results also show that despite the accurate perception of climate change, farmers struggle to adapt to this accurately perceived climate change. This highlights their vulnerability to climate change due to a lack of adaptive capacity. The study recommends government intervention to facilitate improved collaboration between academics and farmers for information sharing to identify possible adaptation strategies for small-scale farmers.

ABSTRACT In the tropic, many crops are distributed in the highlands of provinces of the Andean regions at heights of 2,500 m asl and constitute the areas with the highest susceptibility to the frost events occurrence. The study objective was to propose an early frost prediction model based on the relationships between frost events and climatic variables, modeled with machine learning methods. The climatic variables were obtained from thirteen meteorological stations located inside flower crops and distributed in nine municipalities of the Cundinamarca Department. The variables registered were temperature, relative humidity, dew point, photosynthetically active radiation, and precipitation, entered as explanatory variables of frost events. The metrics used for predictive performance evaluation of the five machine learning methods examined were precision, recall, true negative rate, accuracy, and F1 score. The variables’ climatic behavior of previous hours to a frost event are low humidity, wind speed and cloudiness, and high thermal radiation. The fourth of the five trained models performed well due to their classification evaluation metrics, greater than 91%. The cross-validation and statistical analysis demonstrated the higher accuracy of the GBDT model on frost events detection. tropic 2500 2 500 2,50 occurrence Department temperature humidity point radiation precipitation precision recall rate F score cloudiness 91 91% crossvalidation cross validation detection 250 50 2,5 9 25 5 2,

Resumen Introducción. La quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) es un cultivo estratégico e importante en la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. Es el único alimento vegetal que proporciona todos los aminoácidos esenciales. Su amplia diversidad varietal constituye un acervo genético valioso, se adapta a diferentes condiciones agroecológicas y es tolerante a heladas, sequías y salinidad. Objetivo. Realizar una caracterización morfoagronómica de la quinua nativa tipo Chimborazo en Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en la provincia de Chimborazo, cantón Colta, parroquia Sicalpa, comunidad de Ocpote Tablarumi en Ecuador entre enero y julio de 2021. Se emplearon semillas pertenecientes a una familia andina que las ha seleccionado y conservado en todos los ciclos de cultivo durante generaciones. El cultivo se estableció con siembra a chorro continuo a razón de 12 kg/ha en un área total de la parcela de 640 m2 (estimado de 10 240 plantas). Después de la emergencia se seleccionaron al azar y se marcaron 100 plantas que se tomaron como unidades básicas para la caracterización de la población. Se utilizaron descriptores fenotípicos del cultivo establecidos a nivel internacional y se evaluaron caracteres cualitativos (16) y cuantitativos (12). Resultados. Los resultados evidenciaron variabilidad fenotípica. El color del tallo y de las estrías, el diámetro de la panoja, la longitud de la panoja y los días a la cosecha fueron las características que más contribuyeron a la variabilidad observada. Conclusiones. La población de plantas de quinua nativa tipo Chimborazo evaluada a través de 100 individuos, mostró variabilidad fenotípica tanto en características cuantitativas como cualitativas, con mayor frecuencia en el diámetro de la panoja, la longitud de la panoja, la longitud del peciolo, la altura de la planta, el ancho de la hoja, el rendimiento, el color del tallo y de las estrías.

Abstract Introduction. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a strategic and important crop for food security and sovereignty. It is the only plant-based food that provides all essential amino acids. Its wide varietal diversity constitutes a valuable genetic resource, as it adapts to different agroecological conditions and is tolerant to frost, drought and salinity. Objective. To perform a morpho-agronomic characterization of native Chimborazo-type quinoa in Ecuador. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted in the province of Chimborazo, Colta canton, Sicalpa parish, Ocpote Tablarumi community in Ecuador between January and July 2021. Seeds from an Andean family that had selected and conserved them in all cultivation cycles for generations were used. The crop was established by continuous sowing at a rate of 12 kg/ha in a total plot area of 640 m2 (estimate to contain 10,240 plants). After the emergence, 100 randomly selected plants were marked and taken as basic units for the population characterization. Phenotypic descriptors established at international level were used, evaluating both qualitative (16) and quantitative (12) traits. Results. The results revealed phenotypic variability. Stem and streak color, panicle diameter, panicle length, and days to harvest were the characteristics that most contributed to the observed variability. Conclusions. The population of native Chimborazo-type quinoa evaluated through 100 individuals showed phenotypic variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits, with greater frequency observed in panicle diameter, panicle length, petiole length, plant height, leaf width, yield, and stem and streak color.

Resumen El cultivo del frijol es una de las principales actividades de la economía campesina en México; sin embargo, se encuentra sometido a diferentes tipos de estrés, donde las heladas afectan significativamente su cultivo, por esta razón, es necesario buscar alternativas que brinden mayor tolerancia a las plantas. Así, el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes productos contra las heladas en el vástago, en las etapas fenológicas vegetativas (V) del frijol. La investigación se realizó en el invernadero del Campus Puebla del Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas durante 2018. Se utilizó la variedad Negrito CP, la cual fue sembrada en vasos de unicel. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron anticongelante (10 ml L-1 de agua), aminoácidos (1.5 g L-1 de agua) y la mezcla de ambos en la misma dosis empleada de manera individual; estos fueron aplicados con intervalo de 48 h y 96 h y expuestos a una helada simulada en un congelador de magnitud igual a 0 °C durante 1.5 h. Las heladas presentaron efectos distintos en las etapas vegetativas del frijol, las más tolerantes fueron V1 y V2. Las hojas fueron las más dañadas, seguidas de los peciolos y el tallo. Los tratamientos que proporcionaron mayor protección a las plántulas de frijol fueron An (anticongelante) y la combinación Lom+An (lombricomposta+anticongelante).

Abstract Bean cultivation is one of the main activities of the peasant economy in Mexico; however, it is subjected to different types of stress, where frosts significantly affect its cultivation, for this reason, it is necessary to look for alternatives that provide greater tolerance to plants. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different products against frosts on the stem, in the vegetative (V) phenological stages of the bean. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Puebla Campus of the College of Postgraduates in 2018. The Negrito CP variety was used, which was sown in expanded polystyrene cups. The treatments used were antifreeze (10 ml L-1 of water), amino acids (1.5 g L-1 of water), and the mixture of both in the same dose used individually; these were applied with an interval of 48 h and 96 h and exposed to a simulated frost in a freezer of magnitude equal to 0 °C for 1.5 h. The frosts presented different effects on the vegetative stages of the bean, the most tolerant were V1 and V2. The leaves were the most damaged, followed by the petioles and stem. The treatments that provided the greatest protection to the bean seedlings were An (antifreeze) and the combination Ver+An (vermicompost+antifreeze).

Resumen Debido a la degradación en los ecosistemas del noreste de México, ha sido necesario desarrollar estrategias para restaurarlos. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron estimar la supervivencia y composición de una reforestación con especies nativas, tres años después de su establecimiento, así como evaluar la composición florística y parámetros ecológicos del Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco (MET) a 11 años de su reconversión para aprovechamiento cinegético. Se caracterizó la vegetación regenerada a través de sus parámetros ecológicos en dos estratos, y se realizó el cálculo de sus índices de diversidad (Shannon-Wiener, Margalef y Pretzsch). Para la reforestación se estimó la supervivencia y parámetros ecológicos de las especies establecidas. Las especies con mayor importancia dentro de la regeneración fueron características de etapas de sucesión temprana, posterior a actividades antropogénicas. La mayor abundancia de familias e individuos se concentró en las familias Fabaceae y Poaceae, la primera representada por las mismas especies establecidas con éxito en la reforestación, y la segunda por taxones herbáceos de carácter invasor. Dentro de la reforestación, Prosopis glandulosa, Diospyros texana, Cordia boissieri, Ebenopsis ebano, Vachellia rigidula y Havardia pallens presentaron porcentajes de supervivencia de 76.92, 50.0, 40.0, 38.46, 24.24 y 20.0 %, respectivamente, y el resto de las especies registraron 0 %. Los resultados obtenidos son de relevancia para la toma de decisiones en el manejo forestal del MET, así como para el monitoreo de esta comunidad en sus diferentes etapas sucesionales.

Abstract The ecosystems in northeastern Mexico have become degraded, and, therefore, it has been necessary to develop strategies to restore them. The objectives of this study were to estimate the survival and composition of a reforestation with native species three years after its establishment, as well as to assess the floristic composition and ecological parameters of the Tamaulipan Thorny Scrub (MET) 11 years after its reconversion for hunting use. Based on their ecological parameters, the regenerated vegetation was characterized into two strata, and their diversity indexes were calculated (Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, and Pretzsch). The survival and ecological parameters of the established species were estimated for reforestation purposes. The most important species within the regeneration were characteristic of early successional stages, following anthropogenic activities. The highest abundance of families and individuals was concentrated in the Fabaceae and Poaceae families; the former, represented by the same species successfully established in reforestation, and the latter, by invasive herbaceous taxa. Within reforestation, Prosopis glandulosa, Diospyros texana, Cordia boissieri, Ebenopsis ebano, Vachellia rigidula, and Havardia pallens had survival rates of 76.92, 50.0, 40.0, 38.46, 24.24, and 20.0 %, respectively; the rest of the species had 0 %. The results obtained are relevant for decision-making in forest management at the TTS, as well as for the monitoring of this community in its various successional stages.

Blumenberg 's philosophical anthropology, about the origin and development of imaginative thinking among early human beings, serves as the backdrop to this article about the reasons art exists as a human activity. The article could be read in conjunction with a prior set of two articles by myself (in Afrikaans), "Hans Blumenberg's philosophical anthropology" and "Hans Blumenberg's model for the evolution of thought". Blumenberg posited that a strong connection exists between the earliest existential anxiety and the development of self-consciousness in humans and that this sets the human apart from the natural animal. My article looks at the evolution of thinking about art in the European human being, the way it occurred in various historical times, against the backdrop of the first thinking responses in primordial times. Art originated as a form of wishful thinking, as part of a survival response, which compensated for the early human's sudden lack of belonging in the world. This sudden lack occurred when the creature accidently strayed from its earliest natural habitat - that of being enclosed by primordial forests - and ended up on the open grasslands exposed to all kinds of dangers. As a result of this catastrophe, the early creature was confronted by the "absolutism of reality", as Blumenberg calls it, i.e. a near total lack of control over his own destiny in the face of overpowering factors of reality. The creation of art had a direct connection to this abysmal existential anxiety because it featured forms of imaging that assuaged the anxiety. Through the ages and to this day art plays a pacifying role in human culture. Blumenberg points out that the earliest developed forms of thinking were mostly of a mythical nature, i.e. of a wished-for or dreamt-up nature, such as the creation of the gods, and art in its first forms was part of this response. The primordial humans placed the gods between themselves and the absolutism of reality. They could approach the gods for favours or at least ascribe their sufferings to the wilful actions of these all-powerful beings. The humans made art as a form of assuaging their anxieties but as makers they had to make sure that they did not transgress on the gods 'primary right of creation. Move on now from primordial time to historical time. Especially in the Middle Ages, the human being found itself in a position of intense negotiation with Christian theology and with God as the Creator to make sure that while they created things they still could rely on the favour of the Creator. My article looks at Blumenberg's analyses of historical epochs, defined as such by him, that preceded the Modern Epoch and how this diachronic historical process eventually opened up the space for modern art to make its appearance. According to Blumenberg, the nature of the epochs and the reality concepts that govern these epochs, as well as their intermediary junctures, can only become apparent in retrospect. It is Modernity and the phenomenological ability that comes with modern times that enables this retrospective awareness in people. Blumenberg believes that the shapes of knowledge - be it philosophy, religion, culture or art - exist in particular ways within the broad machinations of an epoch - a way that pertains to that epoch alone. Knowledge has certain functions that may change in a follow-up epoch. Every epoch's institutions and traditions have the primary goal to ensure the survival of the human being as a social being (i.e. a failed natural creature). Aristotle's idea of "art as mimesis of nature" was the conception of art that reigned from European Antiquity through the Renaissance to early modernity. It was an idea designed to keep the favour of Providence while humankind slowly, and hidden to itself, expanded human autonomy in its self-expression. The Aristotelian God was the maker of things, based on the Forms of Plato, through the influence of Neoplatonism, and people did not exist as anything else but a subsidiary part of God's creation. The article traces several reoccupations within the Aristotelian scheme towards the eventually fully autonomous modern artist. All the reoccupations happened within reigning Christian theology, including the last vital one, the freeing of the human will on account of the expanding influence of Augustine's free-will thesis. It was theology that governed all knowing and its possibilities. But the changing of the guard in the reoccupation process leading to the meanings of modern art was laborious and slow. The "logic" of a particular threshold-period, namely the Renaissance of Leonardo da Vinci, was still bound up with the idea of a privileged viewpoint within the Aristotelian mimesis structure, much comparable in structure to the scientific observations of Copernicus. Both thinkers were still coming to terms with the unseating of the centrality of the given world. Blumenberg's critique of Paul Valéry 's wished-for analysis of Leonardo in Valery's own modern terms, argues that premodern art can only be understood for what it says if judged within the function of its own epochal frame. However, Blumenberg admires Valéry 's terms for modern art, especially the term objet ambigu, which finally leaves behind the privileged window image of art that reigned supreme during the Renaissance. The objet ambigu is an art product that has full spacial dexterity and movement. My article argues that the hard-earned freedoms that characterise the objet ambigu bring new securities as well as insecurities to the human being's world concept. One of the great gains for the modern mind is that it can consciously view meanings in terms of phenomenology, that is in a distanced way as if he is in the other time despite being in his own time. The earliest patterns of meaning that were devised by a primordial mind are mythical. These are so basic to thinking that they are imperishable, and still very instrumental in the communication modes of modern art, as my analysis of a Robert Frost poem shows. But the metaphorology underlying these "significance structures" has now been rendered self-conscious in the human, compared to the human of premodern and primordial art. In conclusion, it is postulated that certain shifts in late modernity are bringing about new forms of the absolutism of reality and existential anxiety, and that these have definite implications for the art product. Blumenberg's reality concept (Wirklichkeitsbegriff) of Widerstand ("withstanding") - of a world utterly traumatised by its freedoms and divisions - seems particularly apt, and my article cautions that the late modern state of affairs holds a threat to the freedom and intentional dimensionality of the objet ambigu. The reason for this, I propose, is that a world disunited in its attempts to save its rhetorical bulwark - i.e. the broad range of human mind activities that sets him apart as a social being - will be inclined to demand simplicity and partisan allegiance from the late modern artist, which amounts to an anti-modern and retrogressive stance despite all our means available to the contrary.

Die artikel gee 'n uiteensetting van die ontstaansredes vir die aktiwiteit van kuns teen die agtergrond van Hans Blumenberg se antropologie van die denke. Kuns is ten diepste 'n oorlewingsmeganisme en een van die mens se vroegste denkvorme. Volgens Hans Blumenberg se filosofiese antropologie bestaan daar 'n sterk verband tussen die noodsaak om kuns te skep en die beswering van eksistensiële angs, wat teruggaan na die mens se vroegste tyd van 'n selfbewussyn. Die vroegste denkvorme was mitewerkend van aard, en hieronder val die vroegste kuns ook. Dan beweeg die artikel van die primordiale na die (meer onlangse) historiese tyd, en karteer dit die Europese mens se veranderende kunsopvatting vanaf die Antieke Tyd tot by die Moderne Tyd teen die agtergrond van die filosofiese antropologie. Op grond van Blumenberg se model van tydperke wat volgens hul eie afsonderlike "tydslogika" funksioneer, en sy siening van "werklikheidsbegrippe", wat tye en tydsgewrigte tipeer, word die verskeie stadia van die Aristoteliaanse model van kuns bekyk in terme van die werking van "reokkupasie" - Blumenberg se begrip vir hoe die funksies van ideesisteme in historiese tyd evolueer. Die Aristoteliaanse opvatting het geglo kuns is die nabootsing van die natuur (Skepping). My artikel illustreer hoe die een na die ander term in hierdie opvatting sy funksie verander het totdat dit die moderne kunsopvatting, wat nie meer op nabootsing gegrond is nie maar op die selfstandige selfverwysende kunswerk, moontlik gemaak het. Leonardo da Vinci word binne die Renaissance-werklikheidsbegrip met die objet ambigu van die moderne kuns vergelyk. Die bedreiging wat 'n opnuut getraumatiseerde laatmoderne tyd vir die funksionering van die objet ambigu inhou, word bekyk.

Abstract Knowing the behavior of frost in terms of frequency, seasonality and intensity is vital for decision making in the agricultural sector. This paper analyzes the frequency, duration, intensity and date of occurrence of agrometeorological frosts of the southwest of Buenos Aires province (2013-2017). Statistical procedures, interpolation (Inverse Weighted Distance) and applied mapping were applied. As a result, the spatial distribution of frosts is not homogeneous. Early and late frosts occur throughout the region and mainly in the western sector, affecting the most continental localities to a greater extent.

Resumen Conocer el comportamiento de las heladas resulta vital para la toma de decisiones en el sector agropecuario. En este trabajo se analiza la frecuencia, duración, intensidad, y fecha de ocurrencia de las heladas agrometeorológicas en el suroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (2013-2017). Se aplican procedimientos estadísticos, interpolación (Distancia Inversa Ponderada) y se realiza cartografía aplicada. Como resultado se observa que, la distribución espacial de las heladas no es homogénea. Las heladas tempranas y tardías se manifiestan en toda la región y principalmente en el sector oeste, afectando, en mayor medida, a las localidades más continentales.

Abstract Frost tolerance represents an important factor in rural high Andean communities, where native potatoes are their main source of food, and many of which are adapted to low temperatures, as well as wild potato species, that can confer greater adaptation to frost. The object of investigation was to select the progenies with introgression of Solanum commersonii., that present tolerance to frost, and have good agronomic characteristics, under the conditions of the community of Occopata, district of Santiago, Cusco. The methodology consisted of evaluating the progenies under study during three agricultural campaigns, in an area that frequently presents frosts. The degree of damage affected by frost, the level of recovery and the yield at the end of the vegetative period were evaluated. From the results obtained in the first agricultural campaign, the progeny "Superior Haploid + cmm fus" was the most affected by frost, reaching a degree of damage of 75% of damage to the foliage, while for the second campaign, it was determined that the progeny "Puno III gen (Puno cold breed)", reached a degree of damage in 50% of affected leaves. The progenies "cb adg 21 x cmm fus" and "cb adg 13 x cmm fus" had the best level of recovery potential and average growth. Meanwhile, the yield was higher in the progeny "cb adg 21 x cmm fus", with an average of 22 t/ha, for the third campaign.

Resumen La tolerancia a las heladas representa un factor de importancia en las comunidades rurales alto andinas, donde las papas nativas es su principal fuente de alimentación, y muchas de las cuales tiene adaptación a las bajas temperaturas, así como también, las especies de papas silvestres, que pueden conferir una mayor adaptación a las heladas. El objeto de investigación fue seleccionar las progenies con introgresión de Solanum commersonii., que presenten tolerancia a heladas, y tengan buenas características agronómicas, bajo las condiciones de la comunidad de Occopata, distrito de Santiago, Cusco. La metodología consistió en evaluar las progenies en estudio durante tres campañas agrícolas, en una zona que presenta heladas frecuentemente. Se evaluaron: el grado de daño afectado por heladas, el nivel de recuperación y el rendimiento al final del periodo vegetativo. De los resultados obtenidos en la primera campaña agrícola, la progenie “Superior Haploid + cmm fus”, fue la más afectada por heladas, alcanzando un grado de daño del 75% de daño en el follaje, en tanto para la segunda campaña, se determinó que la progenie “Puno III gen (Puno cold breed)”, alcanzo un grado de daño en el 50% de hojas afectadas. Las progenies “cb adg 21 x cmm fus” y “cb adg 13 x cmm fus”, tuvieron el mejor nivel de potencial de recuperación y crecimiento medio. En tanto, el rendimiento fue mayor en la progenie “cb adg 21 x cmm fus”, con un promedio de 22 t/ha, para la tercera campaña.

According to recent studies, about 19% of the population in Peru is at risk of suffering from respiratory diseases due to frost, which is a drop in temperature below 0°C and causes a decrease in thermal comfort inside homes. In addition to these respiratory diseases, frost also increases the risk of other cold-related health conditions, such as hypothermia and circulatory diseases. Therefore, it is important to implement measures to improve thermal conditioning and reduce the risks of these diseases in the affected population. For this reason, the purpose is to improve thermal conditioning through the use of natural insulation. An investigation was carried out in the district of Taraco, using a rural house as a sample. The internal and external temperatures of the house were measured every half hour for 24 hours, and plans of the house were drawn up to collect information. It is proposed to make a natural thermal insulator with quinoa, to increase the temperature by 2 °C inside the house during the night. The thermal conductivity of the material will be evaluated. This study seeks to promote the use of local materials and thermal comfort to achieve sustainable development in the affected population and can be replicated in other areas of the country.

Según estudios recientes, cerca del 19% de la población en el Perú está en riesgo de padecer enfermedades respiratorias debido a las heladas, que son bajadas de la temperatura por debajo de 0°C y causan una disminución en el confort térmico dentro de las viviendas. Además de estas enfermedades pueden respiratorias, las heladas también aumentan el riesgo de otras afecciones de salud relacionadas con el frío, como hipotermia y enfermedades circulatorias. Por lo tanto, es importante implementar medidas para mejorar el acondicionamiento térmico y reducir los riesgos de estas enfermedades en la población afectada. Por tal motivo el propósito es mejorar el acondicionamiento térmico mediante el uso de un aislamiento natural. Se realizó una investigación en el distrito de Taraco, utilizando una vivienda rural como muestra. Se midieron las temperaturas internas y externas de la vivienda cada media hora durante 24 horas, y se elaboraron planos de la vivienda para recopilar información. Se propone la elaboración de un aislante térmico natural con quinua, con el objetivo de incrementar la temperatura en 2 °C en el interior de la vivienda durante la noche. La conductividad térmica del material elaborado será evaluada. Este estudio busca fomentar el uso de materiales locales y el confort térmico para lograr un desarrollo sostenible en la población afectada, y es replicable en otras zonas del país.

De acordo com estudos recentes, cerca de 19% da população do Peru arrisca sofrer de doenças respiratórias devido à geada, sendo uma queda na temperatura abaixo de 0°C e causa uma diminuição no conforto térmico dentro de casa. Além dessas doenças respiratórias, a geada também aumenta o risco de outras condições de saúde relacionadas ao frio, tais como hipotermia e doenças circulatórias. Portanto, é importante implementar medidas para melhorar o condicionamento térmico e reduzir os riscos dessas doenças na população afetada. Portanto, o objetivo é melhorar o condicionamento térmico, utilizando isolamento natural. Foi realizada uma investigação no distrito de Taraco, utilizando uma casa rural como amostra. As temperaturas internas e externas da casa foram medidas a cada meia hora durante 24 horas, elaborados planos da casa para coletar informações. É proposto fazer um isolante térmico natural com quinoa, para aumentar a temperatura dentro da casa em 2 °C durante a noite. A condutividade térmica do material produzido será avaliada. Este estudo procura promover o uso de materiais locais e conforto térmico para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável da população afetada, e é replicável em outras áreas do país.

Abstract: This study investigated the frost resistance of concrete exposed to sulfate and acid attacks after two years. The cement content was selected as 300 kg/m3, 350 kg/m3, 400 kg/m3, 450 kg/m3, and 500 kg/m3 in this study. 100 mm cubic specimens were prepared for experiments. After the specimens were cured in the water at 20 ± 2 °C for 28 days, they were kept in the laboratory conditions at 20 ± 2 °C for 23 months+2 days. Then, these samples were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles after being exposed to 5% sodium sulfate, 5% magnesium sulfate, 1% sulfuric acid, and 2% sulfuric acid for four days. Thus, the samples were exposed to the four different combined attacks. Lastly, the mechanical properties, weight change, and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of these specimens were determined. Furthermore, the SEM and EDS analyses were carried out on samples. This study found that the highest compressive strength, the highest ultrasonic pulse velocity, and the lowest weight loss were the samples with 500 kg/m3 cement content subjected to combined freeze-thaw and 1% acid attack.

ABSTRACT In the Brazilian planted forest sector, most of the species used are from the genus Eucalyptus. Even though Southern Brazil has a suitable climate for species of the genus Pinus, the planting of frost-resistant Eucalyptus species has been increasing annually. The objective of this study was to evaluate the basic density, fiber dimensions, and chemical composition of Eucalyptus benthamii, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus saligna, and Eucalyptus cloeziana woods. The trees used were from a six-year-old experimental plantation located in Canoinhas, state of Santa Catarina. For each species, three trees were selected, and discs were removed from each tree at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the commercial stem height. To evaluate the quality of the wood, the basic wood density, fiber dimensions, and chemical composition of the wood were determined by comparing the values between species and between the heights in the stem. The highest basic density was that of the wood of E. cloeziana; this species also had the greatest length and width of fibers. E. dunnii had the lowest levels of lignin and the highest levels of holocellulose. The highest lignin content was found in the wood of E. benthamii, E. saligna, and E. cloeziana. The relationship between wood properties and stem height was not relevant. The results highlight the tendency for higher extractives to be found at taller heights (100%), and holocellulose and lignin content are similar at all heights. sector Pinus frostresistant frost resistant annually dimensions benthamii saligna woods sixyearold six year old Canoinhas Catarina selected 0 0% 25 25% 50 50% 75 75% 100 E fibers relevant 100%, , (100%) 2 5 7 10 (100% 1 (100 (10 (1 (

RESUMO No setor de florestas plantadas brasileiro, a maioria das espécies utilizadas são do gênero Eucalyptus. Embora o Sul do Brasil tenha clima propicio para espécies do gênero Pinus, o plantio de espécies de Eucalyptus resistentes à geada vem aumentando anualmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a densidade básica, as dimensões das fibras e a composição química da madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus cloeziana. As árvores utilizadas foram provenientes de um plantio experimental de seis anos localizado em Canoinhas, estado de Santa Catarina. Para cada espécie, três árvores foram selecionadas e os discos foram removidos de cada árvore a 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da altura do caule comercial. Para avaliar a qualidade da madeira, a densidade básica, as dimensões das fibras e a composição química foram determinadas comparando-se os valores entre as espécies e entre as alturas no fuste. A maior densidade básica foi a da madeira de E. cloeziana; esta espécie também apresentou o maior comprimento e largura das fibras. E. dunnii apresentou os menores teores de lignina e os maiores teores de holocelulose. O maior teor de lignina foi encontrado na madeira de E. benthamii, E. saligna e E. cloeziana. A relação entre as propriedades da madeira e a altura do fuste não foi relevante. Os resultados destacam a tendência de maiores extrativos serem encontrados nas partes mais altas (100%), e os teores de holocelulose e lignina são similares em todas as alturas. brasileiro Pinus anualmente benthamii cloeziana Canoinhas Catarina 0 0% 25 25% 50 50% 75 100 comercial comparandose comparando se E relevante 100%, , (100%) 2 5 7 10 (100% 1 (100 (10 (1 (