Die prosesse wat gebruik word om onroerende eiendom van verkoper na koper in Suid-Afrika oor te dra, is verouderd en nie outomaties nie. Dokumente in papierformaat verhoog die risiko vir bedrog en wanvoorstellings. Hierdie artikel oorweeg die implementering van 'n wolkgebaseerde, gesentraliseerde databasis met eiendomsaanvoerkettingvennote, om deursigtigheid, omkeertyd en sekuriteit te verbeter, terwyl die risiko en koste geminimaliseer word. Die digitalisering van eiendomsprosesse sou lei tot die dematerialisering van die titelbewys, en nie bloot outomatisering van die papiergebaseerde stelsel nie. Die kwalitatiewe navorsing was verkennend, en halfgestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met rolspelers betrokke by eiendomsoordragte in Suid-Afrika. Dit het die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank, die Departement van Landbou, Grondhervorming en Landelike Ontwikkeling, die Prokureursorde van Suid-Afrika, verbandopstellers, Die Bankvereniging, die Departement van Binnelandse Sake, die registrateur van die aktekantoor, die landmeter-generaal, munisipaliteite, sagtewaremaatskappye, die Nasionale Tesourie, Suid-Afrika se Sentrale Sekuriteitebewaarplek, sowel as die Tshwane Munisipaliteit se Raad, ingesluit.

The processes used to transfer immovable property from a seller to a buyer in South Africa are outdated and not digitised. Paper-based documents increase the risk of fraud and misrepresentation. This study considered the implementation of a cloud-based centralised database for property supply chain partners to enhance transparency, turnaround times, and security while minimising risks and costs. Digitalised property processes would result in title deeds' dematerialisation and not merely the automation of the paper-based system. This qualitative study was exploratory, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with role-players involved with property transfers in South Africa. These included the South African Reserve Bank, the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, the Law Society of South Africa, mortgage originators, The Banking Association, the Department of Home Affairs, the Registrar of each Deeds Office, the Surveyor General's office, municipalities, software companies, National Treasury, South Africa's Central Securities Depository (Strate Ltd), and the Tshwane Mettropolitan Municipal Council.

ABSTRACT. This paper, from a dogmatic perspective, analyzes the role played by the presumption and the burden of proof in the evidentiary activity around fault and fraud within of liability for non-performance of obligations. After a substantive-procedural approach, manifested in the recourse to doctrine and jurisprudence, the convenience of the first and the uselessness of the second in the accreditation of the subjective imputation of this type of liability is concluded, taking as a referent point the normative coordinates of the Peruvian Civil Code.

RESUMEN. En el presente trabajo, desde una perspectiva dogmática, se analiza el rol que desempeña la presunción y la carga de la prueba en la actividad probatoria alrededor de la culpa y el dolo dentro de la responsabilidad por inejecución de obligaciones. Luego de un enfoque sustantivo-procesal, consistente en el recurso a doctrina y jurisprudencia, se concluye la conveniencia de la primera y la inutilidad de la segunda en la acreditación de la imputación subjetiva de este tipo de responsabilidad, tomando como punto de referencia las coordenadas normativas del Código Civil peruano.

ABSTRACT This article investigates vote buying in the 2022 elections in Rio de Janeiro. Although the topic has sparked public discussion, little is known about how vote buying is practiced, how to detect it, and its extent. We use the list experiment method to measure electors’ willingness to vote in exchange for favor or benefit. The results do not point to the widespread practice of vote buying in the state in 2022. 202 Janeiro discussion practiced it extent electors benefit 20 2

RESUMO Este artigo investiga a compra de votos nas eleições de 2022 no Rio de Janeiro. Embora o tema tenha despertado discussões públicas, pouco sabemos como a compra de votos é praticada, como detectá-la e qual sua extensão. Usamos o método de experimento em lista para medir a disposição dos eleitores a votar em troca de favor ou benefício. Os resultados não apontam a existência generalizada de compra de votos no estado em 2022. 202 Janeiro públicas praticada detectála detectá la extensão benefício 20 2

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study aims to provide an updated description of HPCSA complaints against dentists. The objectives were to analyse the incidence, types and consequences of professional misconduct and unprofessional behaviour complaints against South African dentists from 2009-2023 DESIGN: A descriptive study design was employed, focusing on a retrospective analysis of publicly accessible complaint records METHODS: Publicly available online Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) records from 2009-2023 were analysed (www.hpcsa.co.za), categorising complaints based on ethical violations. Categories included clinical misconduct, fraud, record-keeping lapses, unprofessional conduct, unethical advertising, employing unregistered personnel or laboratories, poor infection control and practicing while suspended. Complaint nature, outcomes and penalties were quantitatively assessed, with qualitative descriptions of complaint types RESULTS: From 83 dentists included in HPCSA records, 82 were found guilty. Primary complaints were fraud 33/82 (40%), clinical negligence 32/82 (39%) and employing unregistered personnel or laboratories 8/82 (10%). Forty-four dentists received fines (53%) for clinical and 20/82 (24%) for fraud-related issues, while 15/82 (18%) were suspended and 13/82 (16%) were cautioned CONCLUSION: The findings offer crucial insights into the misconduct in public and private dental practices in South Africa, highlighting areas for improvement

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar a grilagem de terras no Piauí a partir de auditorias nos dados do cadastro fundiário nacional e delinear o papel das prefeituras municipais no processo de apropriação fundiária irregular. As análises são ancoradas na epistemologia de fronteira levando em conta o conceito de colonialidade formulado por Aníbal Quijano. Utilizaram-se técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. A partir dos dados das auditorias foi possível indetificar 53 processos com imóveis com indícios de fraudes nas cadeias dominiais, dos quais 17 se referem a irregularidade “arrecadação por prefeituras municipais”. A fiscalização dos dados cadastrais se mostrou eficiente para o diagnóstico da grilagem de terras, embora necessite de correções. Identificou-se 5 grupos de fraudes junto aos registros imobiliários. Observou-se que prefeituras municipais foram utilizadas como estratégia de reserva da terra para entrada no mercado no momento oportuno. A grilagem de terras é uma função inerente ao próprio sistema-mundo capitalista moderno-colonial e representa uma das formas de colonialidade na apropriação sobre a terra.

Abstract This study aims to characterize land grabbing in Piauí based on audits of data from the national land registry and to outline the role of municipal governments in the process of irregular land appropriation. The analyses are anchored in frontier epistemology, taking into account the concept of coloniality formulated by Aníbal Quijano. Bibliographic research and documentary research were used. Based on the data from the audits, it was possible to identify 53 processes with properties with evidence of title chain fraud, of which 17 refer to the irregularity “collection by municipal governments.” The inspection of cadastral data proved to be efficient for the diagnosis of land grabbing, although it needs corrections. Also, 5 fraud groups were identified in real estate records. It was observed that city councils were used as a land reserve strategy to enter the market at the right time. Land grabbing is an inherent function of the modern-colonial capitalist world system itself and represents one of the forms of coloniality in the appropriation of land.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar el acaparamiento de tierras en Piauí a partir de auditorías de datos del catastro nacional y delinear el papel de los gobiernos municipales en el proceso de apropiación irregular de tierras. Los análisis se anclan en la epistemología de frontera teniendo en cuenta el concepto de colonialidad formulado por Aníbal Quijano. Se utilizó la investigación bibliográfica y la investigación documental. Con base en los datos de las auditorías, fue posible identificar 53 procesos con inmuebles con evidencia de fraude en las cadenas de dominio, de los cuales 17 hacen referencia a la irregularidad “recaudación por parte de los gobiernos municipales”. La inspección de datos catastrales demostró ser eficiente para el diagnóstico de acaparamiento de tierras, aunque necesita correcciones. Se identificaron 05 grupos de fraude en registros inmobiliarios. Se observó que los ayuntamientos se utilizaron como estrategia de reserva de suelo para ingresar al mercado en el momento adecuado. El acaparamiento de tierras es una función inherente del propio sistema-mundo capitalista modernocolonial y representa una de las formas de colonialidad en la apropiación de la tierra.

Abstract The article aims to investigate the work management strategies undertaken by Uber in relation to its drivers. Using the observant participation method, the researcher drove a car performing races mediated by the platform for a period of four months in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia. The company operates with a management strategy that encourages false entrepreneurship and, at the same time, hides an employment relationship: dissimulation. To do so, it makes use of tactics such as encouragement, task management, pedagogism, fraud, risk-sharing and obscurantism, as ethnography has managed to identify. drivers method Salvador Bahia time relationship dissimulation so encouragement pedagogism fraud risksharing risk sharing obscurantism identify

Resumo O artigo tem por finalidade investigar as estratégias de gestão do trabalho empreendidas pela Uber em relação aos seus motoristas. Fazendo uso do método da participação observante, o pesquisador conduziu um automóvel realizando corridas mediadas pela plataforma por um intervalo de tempo de quatro meses na Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia. A empresa atua com uma estratégia de gestão que estimula um falso empreendedorismo e, ao mesmo tempo, esconde uma relação de emprego: a ocultação. Para tanto, faz uso de táticas como incentivismo, tarefismo, pedagogismo, estelionato, compartilhamento de riscos e obscurantismo, como a etnografia conseguiu identificar. motoristas observante Salvador Bahia emprego ocultação tanto incentivismo tarefismo pedagogismo estelionato obscurantismo identificar

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las implicaciones para las ciencias sociales que presentan los delitos en línea, específicamente la estafa y la pederastia en Ecuador. La metodología utilizada se justifica en la concepción de las revisiones sistematizadas, empleándose el marco analítico de revisiones sistematizadas en Ciencias Humanas y Sociales. Se utilizaron bases de datos como Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), entre otras. Las conclusiones señalan la necesidad de incrementar las investigaciones sobre estos delitos desde las ciencias sociales, la aplicación del enfoque fenomenológico, la investigación de los mitos y creencias sobre estos fenómenos, el fomento de políticas públicas y fomento de la interdisciplinariedad con otras ciencias del comportamiento.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze the implications for the social sciences of online crimes, specifically fraud and pedophilia in Ecuador. The methodology used is justified in the conception of systematized reviews, using the analytical framework of systematized reviews in Human and Social Sciences. Databases such as Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), among others, were used. The conclusions point to the need to increase research on these crimes from the social sciences, the application of the phenomenological approach, the investigation of myths and beliefs about these phenomena, the promotion of public policies and the promotion of interdisciplinarity with other behavioral sciences.

Resumen El instituto del fraude a la ley no ha tenido un desarrollo sustancioso por parte de la doctrina concursalista, quien ha centrado todos sus esfuerzos en comprender y limitar el alcance del concepto de abusividad. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos evaluar cuándo, cómo y por qué se puede producir un fraude a la ley en una propuesta de acuerdo preventivo concursal para luego evaluar las alternativas con las que cuenta el juez concursal para abordarla. Para limitar el estudio, se propone trabajar con un caso específico de fraude: cuando un accionista de la empresa concursada se presenta como acreedor y la propuesta concordataria le ofrece igual tratamiento que al resto de los concurrentes.

Abstract The law fraud institute has not had a substantial development by the bankruptcy doctrine, which has focused all its efforts on understanding and limiting the scope of the concept of abusiveness. In the present work we intend to evaluate when, how and why a fraud of the law can occur in a proposed bankruptcy preventive agreement and then evaluate the alternatives available to the bankruptcy judge to address it. To limit the study, it is proposed to work with a specific case of fraud: when a shareholder of the bankrupt company appears as a creditor and the settlement proposal offers him the same treatment as the rest of the competitors.

RESUMEN: La trampa académica es una acción que realizan las personas para lograr el éxito de maneras que no son correctas. A menudo se hacen trampas académicas, desde instituciones educativas básicas hasta universidades o estudiantes. Los educadores deben tener moral para reducir las acciones de Trampa Académica que muchas veces se presenta a nivel educativo. La propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza determina el comportamiento poco ético, como por ejemplo si se producirán trampas académicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el efecto de la propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza sobre el fraude académico en estudiantes de programas de estudio de formación docente de primaria. El estudio actual evaluó la deshonestidad académica entre estudiantes universitarios en programas de formación docente de escuela primaria. Doscientos ocho participantes informaron sobre su comportamiento de trampa y completaron la Escala de propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza. Los resultados de la prueba de regresión para la influencia de la propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza en el fraude académico obtuvieron un valor de probabilidad de sig. (p) = 0,000 (p<0,05) por lo que se acepta la hipótesis: La propensión a la culpa y la vergüenza influyen significativamente en el fraude académico. El valor R cuadrado = 0, 075 significa que la trampa académica contribuye efectivamente en un 7,5 % a la culpa. Se debe considerar la importancia de la inculcación moral en los candidatos a estudiantes-maestros para prevenir comportamientos poco éticos.

ABSTRACT Academic cheating is an action individuals take to achieve success in ways that are not right. Academic cheating is often done, ranging from basic educational institutions to universities or students. Educators must have morals to reduce the actions of Academic Cheating that often occurs at the education level. Guilt and Shame Proneness determines unethical behavior, such as whether academic cheating will occur. This study aims to determine the effect of Guilt and Shame Proneness on Academic Cheating in students of primary school teacher education study programs. The current study assessed academic dishonesty among college students in primary school teacher education programs. Two hundred and eight participants self-reported cheating behavior and completed the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale. The regression test results for the influence of Guilt and Shame Proneness on Academic Cheating obtained a probability value of sig. (p) = 0.000 (p<0.05) so that the hypothesis is accepted: Guilt and Shame Proneness significantly influence Academic Cheating. R-square value = 0, 075 means that Academic Cheating effectively contributes 7.5% to guilt. The importance of moral inculcation in student-teacher candidates must be considered to prevent unethical behavior

Resumen Objetivo. Este estudio de caso exploratorio tiene como propósito analizar las actitudes, prácticas y preferencias del profesorado y alumnado de educación superior en relación con la evaluación en línea. Metodología. Se aplicó una metodología cuantitativa basada en el cuestionario, y se realizó un análisis descriptivo y correlacional. Las personas participantes incluyeron alumnado y profesorado de una universidad española presencial. Resultados. Se presentan ciertas similitudes y diferencias en cuanto a actitudes, prácticas y preferencias entre alumnado y profesorado. También se identificaron ciertas relaciones, si bien débiles, entre las prácticas de evaluación en línea utilizadas y algunas características del perfil del profesorado o su docencia (experiencia docente, carga docente y tamaño de las clases). Conclusiones. Los hallazgos ponen de manifiesto que gran parte del profesorado muestra ciertas reticencias en el diseño y realización de estrategias de evaluación en línea más allá de los exámenes tradicionales, así como una gran preocupación en cuanto al control del alumnado y el peligro de fraude. Por su parte, el alumnado presenta actitudes generalmente más positivas que el personal docente respecto a la evaluación en línea. Las recomendaciones apuntan a la consideración del papel de las unidades institucionales de apoyo y de formación al profesorado para la mejora de la competencia digital docente en relación con la evaluación en línea, la importancia de la actualización de los sistemas de seguridad en las infraestructuras técnicas, y el ajuste de los efectos de la carga docente y el tamaño de las clases cuando se aplica la evaluación en línea.

Resumo Objetivo. Este estudo de caso exploratório procura analisar as atitudes, práticas e preferências dos docentes e estudantes do ensino superior em relação à avaliação em linha. Metodologia. Foi utilizada uma metodologia quantitativa baseada num questionário, tendo sido efetuada uma análise descritiva e correlacional. Os participantes incluíam estudantes e professores de uma universidade espanhola presencial. Resultados. São apresentadas algumas semelhanças e diferenças de atitudes, práticas e preferências entre alunos e professores. Foram também identificadas algumas relações, embora tênues, entre as práticas de avaliação em linha utilizadas e algumas características do perfil dos professores ou do seu ensino (experiência de ensino, carga lectiva e dimensão da turma). Conclusões. Os resultados mostram que uma grande parte do pessoal docente mostra alguma relutância na concepção e aplicação de estratégias de avaliação em linha para além dos exames tradicionais, bem como uma grande preocupação com o controlo dos alunos e o perigo de fraude. Por outro lado, os estudantes mostram atitudes geralmente mais positivas em relação à avaliação em linha do que o pessoal docente. As recomendações apontam para a consideração do papel do apoio institucional e das unidades de formação de professores para a melhoria da competência digital dos professores em relação à avaliação em linha, para a importância da atualização dos sistemas de segurança nas infraestruturas técnicas e para o ajustamento dos efeitos da carga lectiva e da dimensão das turmas quando a avaliação em linha é aplicada.

Abstract Objective. This exploratory case study aims to analyze the attitudes, practices and preferences of higher education faculty and students in relation to online assessment. Methodology . A quantitative methodology based on a questionnaire was used, and a descriptive and correlational analysis was conducted. Participants included students and faculty members from a Spanish on-site university. Results. Certain similarities and differences in attitudes, practices and preferences between students and teachers are presented. Some relationships, albeit weak, were also identified between the online assessment practices used and some characteristics of the teachers’ profile or teaching (teaching experience, teaching load and class size). Conclusions. The findings show that a large part of the teaching staff shows some reluctance in the design and implementation of online assessment strategies beyond traditional exams, as well as a great concern about student control and the danger of fraud. On the other hand, students show generally more positive attitudes towards online assessment than the teaching staff. The recommendations point to the consideration of the role of institutional support and teacher training units for the improvement of teachers’ digital competence in relation to online assessment, the importance of updating security systems in technical infrastructures, and adjusting the effects of teaching load and class size when online assessment is applied.

Abstract Fashion as a cultural expression involves a great amount of goods that circulate internationally. The designs, shapes, and utilities are the result of the creative work of people, interdisciplinary teams, researchers, and companies. The fruit obtained in this activity is protected by the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Intangible rights are an integral part of the value of goods and therefore have an impact on Customs Law since they are the basis of valuation for the purposes of applying taxes to foreign trade. The protection of copyright and the correct use of commercial and industrial trademarks has been presented as a control activity of the customs and in that mission the World Customs Organization made recommendations to optimize the control and thus prevent the flow of infringing goods. In Argentina, according to these parameters, a mechanism has been implemented to prohibit the circulation of goods in trademark fraud or pirated or unauthorized copies.

Resumen La moda como expresión cultural involucra a una gran cantidad de mercaderías que circulan internacionalmente. Los diseños, formas, utilidades son el fruto de un trabajo creativo de personas, equipos interdisciplinarios, investigadores, y de empresas. El fruto obtenido en esa actividad tiene tutela en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). Los derechos intangibles son una parte integrante del valor de las mercaderías y por tal motivo tiene impacto en el Derecho Aduanero ya que integran la base de valoración a los fines de la aplicación de los tributos al comercio exterior. La tutela de respetar los derechos de autor y el uso correcto de las marcas comerciales e industriales se ha presentado como una actividad de control propia de las aduanas y en esa misión la Organización Mundial de Aduanas realizó recomendaciones para optimizar el control y de esta manera impedir el flujo de mercaderías en infracción. En la Argentina conforme a estos parámetros ha implementado un mecanismo de prohibición de circulación de mercaderías en fraude marcario o copia pirata o no autorizada.

Resumo A moda, como expressão cultural, envolve uma grande quantidade de bens que circulam internacionalmente. Os desenhos, formas e utilidades são o resultado do trabalho criativo de pessoas, equipes interdisciplinares, pesquisadores e empresas. Os frutos obtidos desta atividade são protegidos pelo Acordo da OMC sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS). Os direitos intangíveis são parte integrante do valor das mercadorias e, por esta razão, têm um impacto no Direito Aduaneiro, pois são a base da avaliação para fins de aplicação de impostos ao comércio exterior. A proteção dos direitos autorais e o uso correto das marcas comerciais e industriais foi apresentada como uma atividade de controle da alfândega e, nesta missão, a Organização Mundial das Alfândegas fez recomendações para otimizar o controle e assim evitar o fluxo de mercadorias infratoras. De acordo com estes parâmetros, a Argentina implementou um mecanismo para proibir a circulação de mercadorias em fraudes de marcas ou cópias piratas ou não autorizadas.

Caparaó and the Fluminense northwest regions are nationally recognized by the important contribution on coffee production and exportation. Adulterations involving specialty coffees result in a decrease in the quality of the final product. However, obtaining many different samples from the same region is unfeasible in some cases, needing strategies to work with a limited number of samples for pattern recognition. Thus, this work is the first to use the construction of synthetic samples (SS) for analysis of coffees, and its objective is to identify adulterations in specialty coffees with bark, straw and low-quality beans, using UV-Vis spectroscopy, associated with chemometric methods. The synthetic samples partial least square discriminant analysis (SS-PLS-DA) showed better specificity, sensitivity and reliability rates than the Hard PLS-DA models. One-class methods (soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA)) showed low specificity and reliability. The discriminant methods together with the synthetic samples proved to be adequate to identify adulterations in specialty coffees. exportation product However cases recognition Thus SS (SS bark lowquality beans UVVis UV Vis spectroscopy SSPLSDA PLS DA (SS-PLS-DA PLSDA models Oneclass One SIMCA (SIMCA DDSIMCA DD (DD-SIMCA) (DD-SIMCA

Abstract The Atlantic goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara is the largest grouper species in the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the conservation status being Vulnerable (VU) globally and Critically Endangered (CR) in Brazil, the species continues to face threats from overfishing throughout its range. We used DNA barcoding employing the mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to identify the illegal commercialization of E. itajara in fish markets from the northern (NC) and southern (SC) Brazilian coasts. Sampling was conducted in fish markets and aimed to confirm the identification of mischaracterized fish sold as E. itajara in the NC, as well as identifying fish fillets sold as the Dusky grouper in the SC. DNA barcoding allowed the unambiguous identification of 22 (84.6%) of the 26 analyzed fish market samples. Both sampled areas had confirmation of E. itajara illegal commercialization and from the 22 analyzed samples, 17 (77.3%) were confirmed to be E. itajara. Here we report two crimes, the illegal sale of E. itajara and commercial fraud by species substitution. This study has highlighted that the existing legislation that protects E. itajara in Brazilian waters requires the adoption of better public policies for the conservation of the species. Ocean VU (VU CR (CR Brazil range COI (COI E NC (NC SC (SC coasts 2 84.6% 846 84 6 (84.6% samples 1 77.3% 773 77 3 (77.3% crimes substitution 84.6 8 (84.6 77.3 7 (77.3 84. (84. 77. (77. (84 (77 (8 (7 (

Resumo O mero do Atlântico Epinephelus itajara é a maior espécie de garoupa no Oceano Atlântico. Apesar do seu status de conservação Vulnerável (VU) globalmente e Criticamente em Perigo (CR) no Brasil, a espécie continua enfrentando ameaças da sobrepesca em toda a sua área de distribuição. Utilizamos o sequenciamento de DNA por código de barras, empregando o gene mitocondrial da Citocromo c oxidase subunidade I (COI), para identificar a comercialização ilegal de E. itajara em mercados de peixe nas costas norte (CN) e sul (CS) do Brasil. A coleta de amostras foi realizada em mercados de peixe e teve como objetivo confirmar a identificação de peixes descaracterizados e vendidos como E. itajara na CN, bem como identificar filés de peixe vendidos como garoupa verdadeira na CS. O sequenciamento de DNA por código de barras permitiu a identificação inequívoca de 22 (84,6%) das 26 amostras de mercado de peixe analisadas. Ambas as áreas amostradas tiveram confirmação da comercialização ilegal de E. itajara, e das 22 amostras analisadas, 17 (77,3%) foram confirmadas como E. itajara. Nós relatamos aqui dois crimes, a venda ilegal de E. itajara e a fraude comercial por substituição de espécies. Este estudo ressaltou que a legislação existente que protege E. itajara em águas brasileiras requer a adoção de melhores políticas públicas para a conservação da espécie. VU (VU CR (CR Brasil distribuição COI, COI , (COI) E CN (CN CS (CS 2 84,6% 846 84 6 (84,6% analisadas 1 77,3% 773 77 3 (77,3% crimes espécies (COI 84,6 8 (84,6 77,3 7 (77,3 84, (84, 77, (77, (84 (77 (8 (7 (

Food fraud, such as the adulteration of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), is found to cause substantial negative impacts on both the economy and the health of consumers. This work was aimed at evaluating 19 EVOO samples commercialized in Foz do Iguaçu, a frontier city located around the triple border of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. To detect the presence of adulteration in EVOO samples, the present study employed gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and headspace solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) in order to evaluate fatty acids composition and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), respectively. The quantitative results obtained from the analysis of fatty acids composition showed that 32% of the EVOO samples were adulterated, presumably with soy oil, due to the high levels of linoleic, linolenic, and myristic acids present in them. Principal component analysis (PCA) conducted using the complete chromatographic aroma profiles obtained from the VOCs helped distinguish authentic EVOO samples from adulterated ones and the country of origin of the samples. The following aromatic compounds were first described, as possible adulterant markers: 3,3-dimethylheptanoic acid, propyl pentanoate, methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate, ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate, 2-phenylethyl acetate, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one, and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene. fraud EVOO, , (EVOO) consumers 1 Iguaçu Brazil Argentina Paraguay GCFID GC FID (GC-FID HSSPMEGCMS HS SPME MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS VOCs, (VOCs) respectively 32 linoleic linolenic them PCA (PCA described markers 3,3dimethylheptanoic 33dimethylheptanoic dimethylheptanoic 3,3 3 acid pentanoate cyclohexanecarboxylate 2phenylethyl phenylethyl 2 acetate 6,10,14trimethylpentadecan2one, 61014trimethylpentadecan2one trimethylpentadecanone 6,10,14 trimethylpentadecan one, 6 10 14 one 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one 1,2dimethoxy4methylbenzene. 12dimethoxy4methylbenzene dimethoxymethylbenzene 1,2 dimethoxy 4 methylbenzene. methylbenzene 1,2-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene (EVOO (VOCs 3dimethylheptanoic 33 3, 14trimethylpentadecan2one 6,10,14trimethylpentadecan2one 61014 6,10,1 2dimethoxy4methylbenzene 1,2dimethoxy4methylbenzene 12 1, 6101 6,10, 610 6,10 61 6,1 6,

The proliferation of online dating scams or fraud has presented a significant threat to users of online dating platforms globally. Scammers misrepresent themselves as would-be lovers, usually employing false identities, in order to defraud unsuspecting victims of large sums of money. Not only do romance scammers cause great financial harm to their victims, but also often leave victims with long-term psychological scars. As both the common law and the Cybercrimes Act 19 of 2020 address instances of fraud, both may potentially be employed to address the issue of online dating fraud. The State may charge an accused with both offences, but a conviction based on both would probably constitute a duplication of convictions. The offence of cyber fraud under the Cybercrimes Act may however be more onerous to prove, owing to the particular way that cyber fraud must be committed under section 8. A conviction based on the Cybercrimes Act may, however, be more attractive to the State as certain minimum sentences apply, depending on the amount defrauded, whether the accused was a law enforcement officer, whether someone was in charge of or had access to the data belonging to others, and whether the offence was committed in concert with others.