RESUMO A solução fundamental para o problema do entupimento do emissor é explorar o projeto ideal da estrutura do emissor e melhorar sua capacidade anti-entupimento. O objetivo da pesquisa foi selecionar a forma estrutural ideal do caminho de fluxo do emissor em sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento utilizando fontes de água de qualidade inferior, proporcionando suporte teórico para melhorar a capacidade anti-obstrução do próprio emissor e para o projeto de novos produtos de emissores. A seleção da estrutura do caminho do fluxo do emissor não tem sido conduzida com base na determinação do modelo de simulação apropriado com a condição complexa de qualidade da água. Para tanto, determinou-se o modelo de movimento interno do fluido adequado do emissor, e avaliou-se de forma abrangente o desempenho hidráulico e o desempenho anti-entupimento das cinco estruturas representativas da trajetória de fluxo no país e no exterior, e finalmente determinou-se a estrutura ótima da trajetória de fluxo do emissor. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que o modelo RNG k-ε foi o mais adequado para simular a área do fluxo no emissor por meio da análise abrangente da lacuna entre os valores simulados e os valores medidos, da precisão do cálculo e da eficiência computacional. A trajetória de fluxo fractal foi relativamente ótima para o desempenho hidráulico e para o desempenho anti-entupimento. Este estudo pode fornecer suporte teórico para melhorar a própria habilidade anti-obstrução do emissor e o projeto de novo produto de emissor. antientupimento. antientupimento anti entupimento. inferior antiobstrução obstrução emissores tanto determinouse determinou se avaliouse avaliou exterior kε k ε medidos computacional

ABSTRACT The fundamental solution to the problem of emitter clogging is to explore the optimal structure design of emitter and improve its anti-clogging ability. The research objective was to select the optimal structural form of the emitter flow path in drip irrigation systems using inferior water sources, which can provide theoretical support for improving the anti-clogging ability of the emitter itself and designing new emitter products. The selection of the flow path structure of the emitter has not been conducted on the basis of determining the appropriate simulation model with the condition of complex water quality. Therefore, the appropriate internal fluid movement model of the emitter was determined, the hydraulic performance and anti-clogging performance of the five nationally and internationally representative flow path structures were comprehensively evaluated, and finally the optimal structure of the emitter flow path was determined. The research results indicated that RNG k - ε model was the most suitable to simulate the flow field in the emitter by comprehensive analysis of the gap between simulated values and the measured values, the calculation accuracy and computational efficiency. The fractal flow path was relatively optimal for hydraulic performance and for anti-clogging performance. This study can provide theoretical support for improving the anti-clogging ability of the emitter itself and the design of the new emitter product. anticlogging anti sources products quality Therefore determined evaluated efficiency product

Abstract: Metaheuristics has a very important role today in solving optimization problems; the vast majority of these methods are based on principles that imitate natural processes to achieve their results. The objective of this research is the analysis of the adaptability and stability of two bio-inspired methods, proposing a comparison between two optimization algorithms to evaluate and compare the performance and effectiveness of the algorithms in different optimization problems, the first, inspired by the social behavior of gorillas, which is called Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (GTO), which is mathematically formulated to achieve exploration and exploitation in a given search space. The second algorithm is the one nature-inspired by imitating fractal behavior, known as Stochastic Fractal Search (SFS), where each of the particles moves stochastically until the objective function is found. By comparing both methods using benchmark functions, in this case CEC'2017 functions and performing the corresponding statistical analysis, we can conclude that with the GTO method, we obtained better results, since they are closer to the global optimum of the functions in comparison. with the SFS algorithm.

Resumen: Se diseña y simula una antena de registro periódico fractal para un radar de penetración terrestre (GPR) con el fin de evaluar la detección de minas plásticas. El concepto de pseudo-ángulo de Brewster se considera en la simulación para forzar el componente de reflexión a un valor mínimo. La metodología se enfoca en la caracterización y modelado de los medios de transmisión y la mina plástica, además, se simula la presencia de la onda estacionaria en el sistema para evaluar la señal de retorno en la antena receptora del GPR. Como resultado se destaca la característica multibanda de la antena fractal log-periódica y la relación señal a ruido (SNR) de 10,17 dB obtenida para la frecuencia de resonancia de 1,35 GHz. Asimismo, el pseudoángulo de Brewster de 70,47° minimiza la reflexión de la onda electromagnética incidente en la transición entre dos medios dieléctricos, con pérdidas y dispersivos en frecuencia (espacio libre-tierra).

Abstract: A fractal log periodic antenna for a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is designed and simulated to evaluate the detection of plastic mines. The Brewster pseudo-angle concept is considered in the simulation to force the reflection component to a minimum value. The methodology focuses on the characterization and modeling of the transmission media and the plastic mine, in addition, the presence of the standing wave in the system is simulated to evaluate the return signal in the receiving antenna of the GPR. As a result, the multiband characteristic of the log-periodic fractal antenna and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10,17 dB obtained for the resonance frequency of 1,35 GHz stand out. Likewise, the pseudo-Brewster angle of 70,47° minimizes the reflection of the incident electromagnetic wave in the transition between two dielectric media, with losses and dispersive in frequency (free space-ground).

Abstract In the Sierra de las Cruces and Montealto, in the State of Mexico, the Divine Face is a fractal divinity that lives in five sacred hills, known as “rosario”. Giver of life and seeds, this divinity receives maintenance and sustenance from “their bodies”, known as the mēfi (workers), which are chosen by the lightning and are trapped between the wrath of God and the envy of others humans.

Resumen En la Sierra de las Cruces y Montealto, en el Estado de México, el Divino Rostro es una divinidad fractal que habita en cinco cerros sagrados, conocidos como “rosario”. Dador de la vida y las semillas, esta divinidad recibe mantenimiento y sustento de “sus cuerpos”, conocidos como los mēfi (trabajadores), los cuales son elegidos mediante el rayo y quedan atrapados entre la ira de Dios y la envidia de los humanos.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio físico puede ser una alternativa para prevenir y tratar los efectos nocivos de la obesidad, principalmente los efectos inflamatorios sobre los tejidos del músculo esquelético y del hígado. Sin embargo, no existe consenso sobre cuál es el mejor modelo de entrenamiento físico para este fin. Objetivo: Evaluar las alteraciones morfológicas, metabólicas e inflamatorias del entrenamiento aeróbico y de resistencia en sobre los tejidos músculo esqueléticos y hepáticos de ratas. Métodos: 24 ratas Wistar se dividieron en grupos sedentarios (S), aeróbicos (AE) y de entrenamiento de resistencia (R). Se midieron periódicamente glucosa en sangre, colesterol total y triglicéridos. Después de la eutanasia, se midió la masa corporal para calcular la ganancia de masa total durante el experimento. Se midió la lipoproteína de alta densidad (HDL). Se extrajo tejido adiposo para calcular su porcentaje relativo a la masa corporal, así como hígado, músculos sóleo y gastrocnemio para análisis morfológicos y concentraciones de glucógeno, lípidos y Factor de Necrosis Tumoral α (TNF-α). Para el análisis estadístico fueron utilizados Kruskall-Wallis y el post-test de Dunn, adoptando p<0,05. Resultados: Ambos entrenamientos redujeron el porcentaje de tejido adiposo, masa corporal y la concentración de TNF-α hepático (p<0,05). AE aumentó el HDL sérico, el diámetro de la fibra del gastrocnemio y redujo la dimensión fractal en el sóleo (p<0,05). R redujo la glucosa en sangre y los lípidos séricos y hepáticos, aumentó las concentraciones de glucógeno hepático y sóleo, aumentó el diámetro de la fibra del gastrocnemio y disminuyó el TNF-α (p<0,05). Conclusión: Ambos modelos de entrenamiento redujeron la masa corporal, el tejido adiposo visceral relativo, la concentración sérica de colesterol total y la inflamación hepática. El entrenamiento de resistencia demostró ser más eficaz para promover los efectos metabólicos en el hígado y el músculo esquelético, además de reducir la inflamación muscular en ratas. Nivel de Evidencia V; Opinión del Especialista. Introducción obesidad embargo fin Objetivo morfológicas Métodos 2 S, S , (S) (AE R. . (R) triglicéridos eutanasia experimento HDL. (HDL) TNFα. TNFα TNF (TNF-α) KruskallWallis Kruskall Wallis posttest post test Dunn p005 p 0 05 p<0,05 Resultados (p<0,05) sérico Conclusión hepática V Especialista (S (R (HDL (TNF-α p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 p<0 (p<0, p< (p<0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise can be an alternative for preventing and treating the harmful effects of obesity, mainly inflammatory effects on skeletal muscle and liver tissues. However, no consensus exists regarding this purpose's best physical training model. Objective: Evaluate morphological, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations in rats’ skeletal and hepatic muscle tissues caused by aerobic and resistance training. Methods: 24 Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (S), aerobic (AE), and resistance training (R) groups. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, and serum triglycerides were measured periodically. After euthanasia, body mass was measured to calculate the total mass gain during the experiment. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was measured. Adipose tissue was extracted to calculate its percentage relative to body mass and the liver, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles for morphological analyses and concentrations of glycogen, lipids, and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α). The Kruskall-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were performed for statistical analysis, adopting p<0.05. Results: Both training models reduced the percentage of adipose tissue, body mass gain, and hepatic TNF-α concentration (p<0.05). AE increased serum HDL, gastrocnemius fiber diameter and reduced the fractal dimension in the soleus (p<0.05). R reduced blood glucose and serum and liver lipids, increased liver and soleus glycogen concentrations, increased gastrocnemius fiber diameter, and decreased TNF-α (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both training models reduced body mass, relative visceral adipose tissue, serum total cholesterol concentration, and liver inflammation. However, resistance training was more effective in promoting metabolic effects in the liver and skeletal muscle and reducing muscle inflammation in rats. Level of Evidence V; Expert Opinion. Introduction obesity However purposes purpose s model Objective Methods 2 S, S , (S) AE, (AE) (R groups periodically euthanasia experiment Highdensity High density HDL (HDL lipids TNFα. TNFα TNF . (TNF-α) KruskallWallis Kruskall Wallis Dunns Dunn posttest post analysis p005 p 0 05 p<0.05 Results (p<0.05) Conclusion V Opinion (S (AE (TNF-α p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício físico pode se apresentar como uma alternativa para prevenção e tratamento de efeitos deletérios da obesidade, principalmente efeitos inflamatórios sobre os tecidos muscular esquelético e hepático. No entanto, não há consenso quanto ao melhor modelo de treinamento físico para tal finalidade. Objetivos: Avaliar alterações morfológicas, metabólicas e inflamatórias dos treinamentos aeróbico e resistido sobre os tecidos muscular esquelético e hepático de ratos. Métodos: 24 ratos Wistar foram divididos nos grupos sedentário (S), treinamento aeróbico (AE) e resistido (R). Glicemia, colesterol total e triglicerídeos séricos foram mensurados periodicamente. Após a eutanásia, a massa corporal foi mensurada para calcular o ganho total de massa durante o experimento. A lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) foi dosada. O tecido adiposo foi extraído para cálculo de sua porcentagem relativa à massa corporal assim como o fígado e os músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio para as análises morfológicas e das concentrações de glicogênio, lipídios e Fator de Necrose Tumoral α (TNF-α). Para análise estatística, foram utilizados o teste de Kruskall-Wallis e o pós-teste de Dunn, adotando-se p<0,05. Resultados: Ambos os modelos de treinamento reduziram o percentual de tecido adiposo, ganho de massa corporal e concentração hepática de TNF-α (p<0,05). AE aumentou o HDL sérico, o diâmetro das fibras do gastrocnêmio e reduziu a dimensão fractal no sóleo (p<0,05). R reduziu a glicemia e os lipídios séricos e hepáticos, aumentou a concentração de glicogênio hepático e sóleo, aumentou o diâmetro das fibras gastrocnêmicas e diminuiu o TNF-α (p<0,05). Conclusão: Ambos os modelos de treinamento reduziram a massa corporal, o tecido adiposo visceral relativo, a concentração sérica de colesterol total e a inflamação hepática. No entanto, o treinamento resistido mostrou-se mais eficaz em promover efeitos metabólicos no fígado e no músculo esquelético, além de reduzir a inflamação muscular em ratos. Nível de Evidência V; Opinião do Especialista. Introdução obesidade entanto finalidade Objetivos Métodos 2 S, S , (S) (AE R. . (R) Glicemia periodicamente eutanásia experimento (HDL dosada TNFα. TNFα TNF (TNF-α) estatística KruskallWallis Kruskall Wallis pósteste pós Dunn adotandose adotando p005 p 0 05 p<0,05 Resultados (p<0,05) sérico hepáticos Conclusão relativo mostrouse mostrou V Especialista (S (R (TNF-α p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 p<0 (p<0, p< (p<0 (p< (p

■ ABSTRACT Introduction: Histological analysis is the main tool for evaluating acellular bioprostheses, mostly on an experimental basis. The objective is to histologically analyze the acellular matrix of bovine pericardium in abdominal wall repairs implanted in humans. Method: From a series of 30 repairs with the membrane, 3 patients underwent surgical revision unrelated to the implants at 13, 22, and 23 months postoperatively, obtaining biopsies of the previously implanted areas. In addition to evaluating the basic aspects of biocompatibility and tissue neoformation, the slides were digitalized and subjected to computerized analysis with the ImageJ software to quantify the kinetics of membrane degradation associated with the analysis of the fractal dimension of the samples. The values obtained for percentages of residual membrane had their means compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the unpaired Student’s T test, also used for the fractal dimension quantification values. Results: The biocompatibility of the material was demonstrated, with tissue neoformation, collagen deposition, and cellularized tissue with a normal appearance without important local reactions. Residual fragments of the membrane were quantified at 40%±7% at 13 months, at 20%±6% at 22 months, and at 17%±6% at 23 months postoperatively, with the analysis of the fractal dimension indicating a progressive degradation of implants, with statistical significance between 13 months and late samples. Conclusion: The results confirmed the functionality of the acellular bovine pericardium under different levels of mechanical stress in abdominal wall repairs in humans. Introduction bioprostheses basis humans Method 2 postoperatively areas neoformation samples ANOVA (ANOVA Students Student s test Results demonstrated deposition reactions 407 40 7 40%±7 1 206 20 6 20%±6 176 17 17%±6 Conclusion 4 40%± 20%± 17%± 40% 20% 17%

■ RESUMO Introdução: Análise histológica é a principal ferramenta de avaliação de biopróteses acelulares, em sua maioria em caráter experimental. O objetivo é analisar histologicamente a matriz acelular de pericárdio bovino em reparações de parede abdominal implantada em humanos. Método: De uma série de 30 reparações com a membrana, 3 pacientes foram submetidas a revisão cirúrgica não relacionada aos implantes, aos 13, 22 e 23 meses de pós-operatório, obtendo-se biópsias das áreas previamente implantadas. Além da avaliação dos aspectos básicos de biocompatibilidade e neoformação tecidual, as lâminas foram digitalizadas e submetidas a análise computadorizada com o software ImageJ para quantificação da cinética de degradação das membranas, associada à análise da dimensão fractal das amostras. Os valores obtidos para porcentagens de membrana residual tiveram suas médias comparadas por análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo teste T de Student não pareado, também utilizado para os valores da quantificação da dimensão fractal. Resultados: Foi demonstrada a biocompatibilidade do material, com neoformação tecidual, deposição de colágeno e tecido celularizado de aspecto normal, sem reações locais importantes. Fragmentos residuais da membrana foram quantificados em 40%±7% aos 13 meses, em 20%±6% aos 22 meses e em 17%±6% aos 23 meses de pós-operatório, com a análise da dimensão fractal indicando uma progressiva degradação dos implantes, com significância estatística entre 13 meses e as amostras tardias. Conclusão: Os resultados atestaram a funcionalidade do pericárdio bovino acelular sob diferentes níveis de estresse mecânico nas reparações da parede abdominal em humanos. Introdução acelulares experimental humanos Método implantes 2 pósoperatório, pósoperatório pós operatório, operatório pós-operatório obtendose obtendo se implantadas tecidual membranas ANOVA (ANOVA pareado Resultados material normal importantes 407 40 7 40%±7 1 206 20 6 20%±6 176 17 17%±6 tardias Conclusão 4 40%± 20%± 17%± 40% 20% 17%

ABSTRACT: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound known for its direct action on the prostate. Prostatic morphogenesis is a critical period when interference by any compound could permanently damage the organ. As such, the present study evaluated the morphological aspects resulting from gestational and lactational administration of BPA, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and genistein (GEN) in prepubescent male rats. Pregnant Sprague Dawley females were allocated into 4 experimental groups and received the following: C: Control (no treatment); B: BPA (10 µg/Kg); BG: BPA+GEN (5 mg/Kg); BI: BPA+I3C (20 mg/Kg) from gestation day (GD) 17 to postnatal day (PND) 21. After euthanasia on PND22, the prostate was collected and processed. When administered alone, BPA reduced the stromal compartment when compared to group C (P = 0.039). This decline was reversed in the groups submitted to GEN (P = 0.019) or I3C (P = 0.017). The groups treated with BPA (P < 0.0001) and the phytoestrogens (P < 0.0001) exhibited decreased epithelial height in relation to the control group. These changes were observed in stereological and morphometric analyses, but not in fractal analysis (P = 0.569). The area occupied by collagen increased in groups treated with BPA (P < 0.0001) and phytoestrogens (P < 0.0001) in relation to controls, while collagen distribution values were higher in all the treated groups (P < 0.0001), according to fractal analysis. Thus, BPA induced prostrate stroma remodeling with no influence from the phytoestrogens, which may affect glandular development and cause histopathological changes in adulthood. ABSTRACT (BPA organ such indole3carbinol indolecarbinol indole 3 carbinol IC I (I3C (GEN rats following treatment treatment) B 10 (1 µg/Kg µgKg µg Kg µg/Kg) BG BPAGEN 5 ( mg/Kg mgKg mg BI BPAI3C BPAIC 20 (2 GD (GD 1 PND (PND 21 PND22 processed alone P 0.039. 0039 0.039 . 0 039 0.039) 0.019 0019 019 0.017. 0017 0.017 017 0.017) 0.0001 00001 0001 analyses 0.569. 0569 0.569 569 0.569) controls 0.0001, , Thus adulthood BPAI 2 PND2 003 0.03 03 0.01 001 01 0.000 0000 000 056 0.56 56 00 0.0 0.00 05 0.5 0.

RESUMO: O Bisfenol A (BPA) é um composto conhecido pela sua ação direta na próstata. A morfogênese prostática é um período crítico e a interferência de qualquer composto pode acarretar danos permanentes a este órgão. Dessa forma, o presente estudo avaliou os aspectos morfológicos resultantes da administração gestacional e lactacional ao BPA, indol-3-carbinol (I3C) e genisteína (GEN) em ratos machos pré-púberes. Fêmeas prenhes da linhagem Sprague-Dawley foram divididas em quatro grupos experimentais e receberam: C: Controle; B: BPA (10 µg/Kg); BG: BPA+GEN (5 mg/Kg); BI: BPA+I3C (20 mg/Kg) do dia gestacional 17 até o dia pós-natal (DPN) 21. Após a eutanásia no DPN22 a próstata foi coletada e processada. O BPA quando administrado isoladamente ocasionou redução do compartimento estromal em comparação ao grupo C (P = 0,039). Essa redução foi revertida nos grupos que foram submetidos à administração de GEN (P = 0,019) ou I3C (P = 0,017). Os grupos tratados com BPA (P < 0,0001) e os fitoestrógenos (P < 0,0001) apresentaram redução da altura epitelial quando comparados com o grupo C. Tais modificações encontradas nas análises estéreo-morfométricas não foram evidenciadas pela análise fractal (P = 0,569). Verificou-se aumento da área ocupada pelo colágeno nos grupos submetidos à administração de BPA (P < 0,0001) e fitoestrógenos (P < 0,0001) em relação ao grupo C. Com relação ao padrão de distribuição dessas fibras, a análise fractal revelou maiores valores em todos os grupos tratados (P < 0,0001). Assim, verificou-se que o BPA induziu remodelação no estroma prostático, sem influência dos fitoestrógenos, o que pode afetar o desenvolvimento glandular e provocar alterações histopatológicas na vida adulta. RESUMO (BPA órgão forma indol3carbinol indolcarbinol indol 3 carbinol IC I (I3C (GEN prépúberes. prépúberes pré púberes. púberes pré-púberes SpragueDawley Sprague Dawley receberam Controle B 10 (1 µg/Kg µgKg µg Kg µg/Kg) BG BPAGEN 5 ( mg/Kg mgKg mg BI BPAI3C BPAIC 20 (2 1 pósnatal pós natal DPN (DPN 21 DPN2 processada P 0,039. 0039 0,039 . 0 039 0,039) 0,019 0019 019 0,017. 0017 0,017 017 0,017) 0,0001 00001 0001 estéreomorfométricas estéreo morfométricas 0,569. 0569 0,569 569 0,569) Verificouse Verificou se fibras 0,0001. Assim verificouse verificou prostático adulta BPAI 2 003 0,03 03 0,01 001 01 0,000 0000 000 056 0,56 56 00 0,0 0,00 05 0,5 0,

Abstract Since Irving Goldman’s pioneering work among the Cubeo (Goldman, 1968 [1963]), defining Eastern Tukanoan social units has been a recurring issue in regional ethnology. Many late twentieth-century ethnographies produced solid knowledge on Tukano social structure by showing distinctive and exclusive features within the Amazonian scenario (such as language exogamy, patrilineality, specialized hierarchical clans or sibs, etc.). However, they also indicated some inconsistencies and paradoxes related to a discrepancy between the ideal model of hierarchy and patrilineality and a dynamic reality more attuned to equality and cognatic arrangements. Recent attempts to understand these paradoxes have focused on what a social unit actually means from an indigenous perspective, leading to new ideas about the fractal (multi-scale) character of such units and the way they work. These interpretations take the maloca (communal house) as a model, which evolves as it changes names, places, rituals, and specific narratives that serve to create permanent differences, which in turn produce disputes and alter kinship relations. Goldmans Goldman s Goldman, (Goldman 196 1963, 1963 , [1963]) ethnology twentiethcentury twentieth century exogamy sibs etc.. etc etc. . etc.) However arrangements perspective multiscale multi scale (multi-scale communal house names places rituals differences relations 19 [1963] 1 [1963 [196 [19 [1 [

Resumo Desde a etnografia pionera de Goldman (1968 [1963]) entre os Cubeo, a maneira de comprender as unidades sociais dos povos Tukano orientais é um dos problemas mais recorrentes na etnologia regional do Alto Rio Negro. Apesar de muitas das etnografias das últimas duas décadas do século XX terem produzido conhecimentos bastante sólidos sobre a estrutura social dos Tukano que mostraram certos traços distintivos e exclusivos dentro do cenário amazônico (por exemplo, a exogamia linguística, a patrilinearidade, clãs ou sibs especializados e ordenados hierarquicamente etc.), esses trabalhos também apontaram certas incongruências e paradoxos relacionados com a discrepância entre um modelo ideal que exalta a hierarquia e a patrilinearidade e uma realidade dinâmica mais afinada com a igualdade e o cognatismo. A busca por respostas a estes paradoxos tem focado, em anos recentes, na compreensão do que é uma unidade social desde a perspectiva indígena. Entre as várias interpretações, surgem novas ideias sobre o caráter fractal (multiescalar) de ditas unidades, tomando a maloca como modelo, e sobre suas atualizações a partir de nomes, lugares, rituais e conjuntos singulares de narrativas que estão a serviço da criação permanente de diferenças, as quais produzem disputas e mudanças dentro das relações de parentesco. 1968 (196 1963 [1963] Cubeo Negro exemplo linguística etc., etc etc. , etc.) cognatismo focado recentes indígena interpretações multiescalar (multiescalar nomes lugares diferenças parentesco 196 (19 [1963 19 (1 [196 1 ( [19 [1 [

ABSTRACT Characterization and knowledge of the variability of atmospheric dynamics on a small scale in the city of Riobamba, Ecuador, are achieved through the chaos theory. Meteorological data is taken every hour during four years, including variables such as wind speed, wind direction, incident radiation, temperature, and humidity, from the ESPOCH, SAN JUAN, and QUIMIAG weather stations in the canton of Riobamba. The van Ulden and Hostlang models are used to calculate the Obukhov length, surface heat fluxes, and latent heat flux. The chaos theory is applied to study the variation of atmospheric microdynamics. The Lyapunov coefficients, Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, and Kaplan-Yorke fractal dimension are determined. Before analysis, noise reduction is necessary due to the lack of correlation, especially in the Obukhov length. This research follows a longitudinal design and employs quantitative and explanatory methods based on data analysis, statistical-mathematical techniques, and inductive-deductive approaches. The results indicate a highly variable system, reflected in a high number of Lyapunov coefficients, fractional dimensions, and entropy variations. The microdynamic parameters exhibit hyperchaotic behavior, as indicated by the presence of more than one positive Lyapunov coefficient. The variables also demonstrate a fractional fractal dimension, highlighting the irregularity in the geometric representation of the system.

RESUMEN Se lograron la caracterización y el conocimiento de la variabilidad en la dinámica atmosférica a pequeña escala en la ciudad de Riobamba, Ecuador, mediante la aplicación de la teoría del caos. Se utilizaron datos meteorológicos obtenidos cada hora durante un periodo de cuatro años de las estaciones meteorológicas ESPOCH, SAN JUAN y QUIMIAG del cantón Riobamba, asociados a la velocidad y dirección del viento, nubosidad, temperatura y radiación solar incidente. Con los modelos de van Ulden y Hostlang se calcularon la longitud de Obukhov, flujos de calor superficial, el flujo de calor latente y la velocidad de fricción. Se aplicó la teoría del caos para estudiar variaciones en la microdinámica atmosférica. Se determinaron los coeficientes de Lyapunov, la entropía de Kolmogorov-Sinai y la dimensión fractal de Kolmogorov-Sinai. El diseño de la investigación fue longitudinal de tipo cuantitativo y explicativo, con base en análisis de datos y los métodos estadístico-matemáticos e inductivo deductivo. Los resultados indican un sistema altamente variable que se manifiesta en el alto número de coeficientes de Lyapunov, dimensiones fraccionarias y variaciones en la entropía, en cual los parámetros microdinámicos son hipercaóticos al existir más de un coeficiente positivo de Lyapunov. Las variables tienen dimensión fractal fraccionada, lo cual indica la irregularidad en la representación geométrica del sistema.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its evolution over four decades (chronic) has led doctors to study the behavior of CD4 T lymphocytes with the help of branches such as statistics and mathematics. Objective: To describe the behavior of the CD4 T lymphocyte count over time through unsupervised learning. Methods: Retrospective cohort type study, a search for continuous CD4 T lymphocyte quantifications throughout the established study period (2018-2022) was performed in the electronic file, in the present investigation there was no contact with the patients. Results: There is an increase in the average numerical values of CD4 T lymphocytes throughout the study and it begins to stabilize between the groups towards a count of over 500 lymphocytes, which reflects a good immune status over time. Conclusion: We identified stability in temporal tracking, which may contribute to a memory pattern, so we suggest an extensive fractal analysis.

RESUMEN Introducción: La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y su evolución a través de cuatro décadas (crónica) ha orillado a médicos a estudiar el comportamiento de los linfocitos T CD4 con ayuda ramas como la estadística y matemáticas. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento del conteo de linfocitos T CD4 en el tiempo a través del aprendizaje no supervisado. Métodos: Estudio tipo cohorte retrospectiva, se realizó una búsqueda de cuantificaciones de linfocitos T CD4 continuas a través del periodo de estudio establecido (2018-2022) en el expediente electrónico, en la presente investigación no se tuvo contacto con los pacientes. Resultados: Existe un ascenso en los valores numéricos promedio de linfocitos T CD4 a lo largo del estudio y se empieza a estabilizar entre los grupos hacia un recuento sobre los 500 linfocitos, lo cual refleja un estado inmunológico bueno a través del tiempo. Conclusión: Identificamos estabilidad en el seguimiento temporal, lo cual puede contribuir a un patrón de memoria por lo que sugerimos un análisis fractal extenso.

Abstract This study explored the effects of L-PRF on pain, soft tissue healing, periodontal condition, and post-extraction bone repair of mandibular third molars (3Ms). A randomized, prospective, triple-blind, split-mouth clinical trial was conducted with 34 volunteers. Eligible patients were randomly allocated into two treatments: G1 (without L-PRF), G2 (alveoli filled with L-PRF), in which the removal of bilateral 3Ms was performed at the same surgical time. Outcomes were assessed according to a visual analogue scale (pain), soft tissue scoring system (wound healing), periodontal probing of mandibular second molar. Bone repair was determined by volumetric analysis (ITK-SNAP software) and fractal analysis (ImageJ software). An intention-to-treat approach to Statistical analysis was used. L-PRF reduced pain in the 7-day postoperative follow-up (p = 0.019) and not only improved soft tissue healing after 1 month of follow-up (p = 0.021), but also probing depth (distal face) in 3 months postoperatively (p = 0.011). Significant alveolar reduction occurred in 3 months after surgery in both treatments (p < 0.05), however, this was more significant in G1 (p = 0.016). The fractal dimension showed no statistical differences. L-PRF improved postoperative clinical parameters of pain, soft tissue healing, and periodontal condition, suggesting that it has a beneficial effect on preserving the alveolar ridge and accelerating the initial repair process. LPRF L PRF condition postextraction post extraction 3Ms. Ms . (3Ms) randomized prospective tripleblind, tripleblind triple blind, blind triple-blind splitmouth split mouth volunteers G without LPRF, , L-PRF) alveoli time (pain) wound healing) molar ITKSNAP ITK SNAP software ImageJ software. intentiontotreat intention treat used 7day day 7 followup follow up p 0.019 0019 0 019 0.021, 0021 0.021 021 0.021) distal face 0.011. 0011 0.011 011 0.011) 0.05, 005 0.05 05 0.05) however 0.016. 0016 0.016 016 0.016) differences process (3Ms (pain 0.01 001 01 002 0.02 02 00 0.0 0.

ABSTRACT This study introduces N-MBER, a novel soil stabilizer incorporating nano-SiO2, which significantly enhances the strength of cement-based soil mixtures. Experimental results show that N-MBER exhibits an exponential increase in strength over time, with strength improvements ranging from 15% to 50% compared to conventional stabilizers, depending on the nano-SiO2 content. The primary mechanism driving this enhancement is the increased formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, which contributes to improved durability and load-bearing capacity. Additionally, the nano-SiO2 improves particle structure, leading to greater overall stability. These advancements suggest that N-MBER not only improves soil stabilization but also has potential for reducing waste by minimizing reliance on traditional cement-based stabilizers. This development offers valuable insights into soil treatment techniques and presents a sustainable solution for infrastructure projects where soil strength is critical. NMBER, NMBER N MBER, MBER nanoSiO2, nanoSiO2 nanoSiO nano SiO2, SiO2 SiO cementbased cement based mixtures time 15 50 stabilizers nano-SiO content CSH C S H (C-S-H gel loadbearing load bearing capacity Additionally structure stability critical 1 5

Abstract We applied an emerging methodology involving percolation theory and fractal dimension to the Mexican national road network to determine cities’ boundaries in a more automated and less subjective manner. The percolated network at the distance where the maximum fractal dimension occurs, corresponds to actual built-up environmental data derived from different sources. The relationship between the critical point of the system and what is defined as urban, seems promising for defining city limits, metropolitan or functional urban areas, and dynamics related to people concentration in geographies.

Resumen Aplicamos una metodología emergente con teoría de la percolación y dimensión fractal a la red nacional de caminos mexicana para determinar límites de ciudades de manera más automatizada y menos subjetiva. La red percolada a la distancia, donde ocurre la máxima dimensión fractal, corresponde bien con datos del medio construido de diferentes fuentes. La relación entre el punto crítico del sistema y lo definido como urbano parece prometedora para delimitar ciudades, áreas urbanas metropolitanas o funcionales y dinámicas relacionadas con la concentración de personas en las geografías.

Abstract: The relationship between the Canary Islands and Venezuela developed over years, constantly mediated by the Atlantic Ocean and marked by the comings and goings of migrants and travelers, sometimes from Spain to Venezuela, at other times from Venezuela to Spain. These historic intercontinental relationships are well documented in the works of several Venezuelan authors, configuring the Canary Islands as a non-place (Augé, 2000), marked by movement and transience. The example examined here is Arena Negra (2013), by Juan Carlos Méndez Guédez, a narrative that explores the metaforicity of the island and its subjective repercussions on the main character, providing a representative view of the Canary Islands as a fractal space based on the studies of insularity by Antonio Benítez Rojo (1989), Edouard Glissant (1990, 2008) and Ottmar Ette (2016, 2018)

Resumen: La relación entre las Islas Canarias y Venezuela fue construyéndose a lo largo de los años siempre mediada por el Océano Atlántico y marcada por los tránsitos de migrantes y viajantes, no solo en el sentido España-Venezuela, como también Venezuela-España. Encontramos la representación de estas relaciones históricas intercontinentales en la literatura de muchos escritores venezolanos a través de la figuración del espacio de las Islas Canarias como un no-lugar (Augé, 2000), marcado por el movimiento y la transitoriedad. El ejemplo analizado es la obra Arena Negra (2013) de Juan Carlos Méndez Guédez, una narrativa que explora la metaforicidad de la isla y sus repercusiones subjetivas sobre la protagonista y que hace posible demostrar la representación de las Islas Canarias como un espacio fractal a partir de los estudios sobre la insularidad de Antonio Benítez Rojo (1989), Edouard Glissant (1990, 2008) y Ottmar Ette (2016, 2018)

Abstract Two nuclear techniques are used to evaluate the radioactive heat production (HP) in a basaltic environment in the Kodana region, Southern Syria: natural gamma ray borehole logging (Ra) and spectrometry gamma ray. The Ra measurements are converted into (HP) values based on the Bucker and Rybach relationship. The underestimated HP values obtained in this case study of Kodana well require therefore a modification of the Bucker and Rybach relationship constants (0.0158 and 0.8). A new equation is thereafter established and proposed as follows: HP (µW/m3) = 0.037* Ra(API) + 4.35. This equation is more suited to characterize HP in continental basaltic environments. The proposed equation is validated and has proven its efficacy through estimating and analyzing the HP in three additional boreholes in the study region. The analysis of 377 measured points along the Kodana borehole shows that Ra varies between 4.93API and 9.31API, with an average value of 6.83API, while the corrected and calibrated HP varies between 0.32 and 0.51 µW/m3, with an average value of 0.42 µW/m3. Four calibrated HP ranges were isolated in the study region using the multi-fractal concentration number and log-log graphs. The first range (<0.354 µW/m3) is related to hard massive basalt, the second (0.354 - 0.41 µW/m3) is related to hard basalt, the third (0.41 - 0.44 µW/m3) is related to pyroclastic basalt, and the fourth (> 0.44 µW/m3) is related to basalt alteration products and clay.

Resumen Con el propósito de evaluar la producción de calor radiactivo (HP, por sus siglas en inglés) se han utilizado dos técnicas nucleares en un entorno basáltico de Kodana, en el sur de Siria. Estos son: sondeo de pozos para el registro de rayos gamma de origen natural (Ra) y espectrometría de rayos gamma. Las medidas de Ra se convierten a valores HP con base a la relación de Bucker y Rybach. La subestimación de los valores HP en el caso de estudio del sondo de pozos en Kodana señala la necesidad de una modificación de las constantes de la relación de Bucker y Rybach (0.0158 y 0.8). Por ello se propone establecer una nueva ecuación de la siguiente forma: HP(µW/m3)= 0.037 (Ra(API)+ 4.35, más adecuada para caracterizar HP en ambientes basálticos continentales. Además, su eficacia se ha validado con la estimación y análisis del HP en tres pozos adicionales en la región de estudio. El análisis de 377 puntos medidos a lo largo del pozo Kodana muestra que el Ra varía entre 4.93API y 9.31API, con un valor promedio de 6.83API, mientras que el HP corregido y calibrado varía entre 0.32 y 0.51 µW/m3, con un valor promedio de 0.42 µW/m3. Utilizando multifractales número-concentración y gráficas log-log se distinguen cuatro rangos de valores de HP calibrados en la región de estudio. El primer rango (<0.354µW/m3) está relacionado con basalto denso y masivo; el segundo (0.354-0.41µW/m3) con basalto sólido; el tercero (0.41-0.44µW/m3) con basalto piroclástico, y el cuarto (>0.44µW/m3) con productos de alteración del basalto y arcillas.