Abstract Listening is the first sense that human beings develop, it is necessary to learn to speak, read, and write; however, it is not the focus of formal education. Nevertheless, other training and practice spaces recognize the importance of this skill. This is the case of ethnography, which promotes it as a fundamental component of its epistemological and descriptive perspectives. Another area of listening practices is interlearning, which is fostered through the Intercultural Inductive Method. This article aims to account for both how Maria Bertely, as an ethnographer, co-constructor, and overseer of the Intercultural Inductive Method and coordinator of projects within the Inductive Intercultural Education Network, understood and practiced listening, as well as examine its dimensions in the current project of this network concerning reading and writing in indigenous languages. To do so, concepts of listening, texts by Maria Bertely, and working documents of the ongoing project are reviewed. Among the findings, the central role of interlearning stands out, as it is linked to certain modes of listening and generated in intercultural contexts. Maria Bertely's listening practices are rooted in her hermeneutical perspective of ethnography and interlearning. The teacher training workshops of the project demonstrate the complexity of listening in indigenous population contexts and the importance of maintaining oral practices.

Resumen La escucha es el primer sentido que desarrollan los seres humanos, es necesario para aprender a hablar, leer y escribir; sin embargo, no es objeto de enseñanza escolarizada. No obstante, existen otros espacios de formación y práctica que reconocen la importancia de esta habilidad. Es el caso de la etnografía, que la fomenta como componente fundamental de sus perspectivas epistemológicas y descriptivas. Otro ámbito de prácticas de escucha son los interaprendizajes que se generan mediante el Método Inductivo Intercultural. Este artículo tiene como objetivo dar cuenta de cómo María Bertely, como etnógrafa, co-constructora y supervisora del Método Inductivo Intercultural y coordinadora de proyectos dentro de la Red de Educación Intercultural Inductiva, entendió y practicó la escucha, así como examinar sus dimensiones en el actual proyecto de esta red sobre lectura y escritura en lenguas indígenas. Para ello se revisan conceptos de escucha, textos de la propia María Bertely y documentos de trabajo del proyecto en curso. Entre los hallazgos destaca el lugar central que ocupan los interaprendizajes, articulados con ciertos modos de escucha y generados en contextos interculturales. Las prácticas de escucha de María Bertely se inscriben en su perspectiva hermenéutica de etnografía y el interaprendizaje. Los talleres de formación docente del proyecto evidencian la complejidad de escucha en contextos de población indígena y la importancia de mantener prácticas de oralidad frente al predominio de lo visual y escrito promovido tradicionalmente por la escuela.

Resumen La cirugía es una parte indispensable en la atención médica, siendo el componente quirúrgico y el anestésico fundamentales dentro del sistema de salud en países de todos los niveles de desarrollo. Anualmente, se realizan alrededor de 230 millones de procedimientos quirúrgicos en todo el mundo, siendo la cirugía pediátrica un porcentaje, ya que alrededor del 85 % de los niños requiere un procedimiento quirúrgico; sin embargo, la prestación de servicios quirúrgicos y anestésicos seguros desde la formación y entrenamiento de los actores involucrados en la atención quirúrgica infantil en países de medianos y bajos ingresos ha estado ausente del discurso de salud global. El desarrollo del campo de la anestesia en pediatría enfrenta múltiples retos: es una especialidad relativamente nueva, presenta desafíos clínicos relacionados con las diferencias anatómicas, fisiológicas, psicológicas y procedimentales, así como existen pocas oportunidades de entrenamiento con el consecuente número limitado de especialistas en anestesiología pediátrica capacitados y calificados. Para América latina, las posibilidades de aplicar a una especialización en anestesiología pediátrica son limitadas y específicamente para Colombia no ha sido posible crear la subespecialidad de anestesiología pediátrica, por lo que se debe fomentar la formación formal e informal en esta disciplina, con el fin de ofrecer una atención anestésica segura y con calidad para los niños. Este artículo hace un recuento del desarrollo de la formación en anestesiología pediátrica en el mundo y en Colombia, visibilizando la relación con la incidencia de complicaciones anestésicas y la necesidad de formación en esta disciplina.

Abstract Surgery is a key pillar in medical care, and both the surgical as well as the anesthetic components are essential within the health systems in countries of all levels of development. Every year, close to 230 million surgical procedures are performed worldwide, with pediatric surgery being representative, as around 85% of children require a surgical procedure. However, the issue of education and training of the people involved in pediatric surgery who can provide safe surgical and anesthetic care in medium and low income countries has been absent from the global health debate. The development of anesthesia in pediatrics faces many challenges: it is a relatively new specialty, it has to deal with clinical challenges associated with anatomical, physiological, psychological and procedure-related differences, while it faces the reality of few training opportunities which results in a limited number of duly trained and qualified specialists in pediatric anesthesiology. In Latin America, the possibility of applying to a specialization in pediatric anesthesia is limited. In particular in Colombia it has not been possible to establish a pediatric anesthesia subspecialty, creating the need to promote formal and informal training in this discipline in order to ensure that safe, good quality anesthetic care is provided to children. This article describes the development of pediatric anesthesia training in the world and in Colombia, highlighting the relationship between the incidence of anesthetic complications and the need for training in this discipline.

Abstract This paper employs a panel data model to study the impact of six key variables, three of them directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, on Mexican manufacturing exports. The panel comprises the 21 manufacturing subsectors and monthly data during the January 2020-December 2022 period. Moreover, the model specification entails supply- as well as demand-side variables. The two estimation techniques are ordinary least squares and two- stage least squares. The second estimation procedure corrects for endogeneity problems and is complemented by remedial measures to achieve more efficient parameter estimates. Along these lines, the evidence is robust in showing that manufacturing exports respond positively to an increase in external demand, a real currency depreciation, a drop in unit labor costs (ULC), a wider coverage of vaccination campaigns, and a relaxation of social distancing measures. Given that ULC fall as labor productivity rises, there is a valid rationale to conclude that investing in high- quality formal education, training and skill development could be an effective measure to raise exports. Likewise, the effects of the vaccination efforts highlights the relevance of coordinating economic policy with health policy.

Resumen En este trabajo se emplea un modelo de datos en panel para estudiar el impacto de seis variables clave, tres de ellas relacionadas con la pandemia del COVID-19, sobre las exportaciones manufactureras mexicanas. El panel comprende los 21 subsectores de la industria manufacturera y observaciones mensuales para el período enero de 2020 - diciembre de 2022. Para estimar el modelo, que incluye tanto variables de demanda como de oferta, se utilizan dos métodos: mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas. El segundo método corrige problemas de endogeneidad y se complementa con medidas para acrecentar la eficiencia. La evidencia obtenida indica que las exportaciones manufactureras responden positivamente frente a un incremento en la demanda externa, una depreciación real del peso, un descenso en los costos laborales unitarios (CLU), una mayor cobertura de los programas de vacunación, y un relajamiento de las medidas de distanciamiento social. Dado que los CLU descienden conforme aumenta la productividad laboral, procede concluir que una mayor inversión en educación formal de calidad, en capacitación y adiestramiento es una medida efectiva para exportar más. Asimismo, los efectos de los esfuerzos de vacunación subrayan la importancia de coordinar la política económica con la política de salud.

Resumen El presente trabajo revela la importancia de la adopción de perspectivas situadas para la apropiación creativa de tecnología orientadas a la inclusión social, especialmente en contextos de encierro punitivo. Este estudio se propone aportar a la construcción del modelo «Apropiación Creativa Tecnologías-Articulación Contenidos Curriculares» entendiéndolo como una herramienta teórica-metodológica. La elaboración de esta se realizó a partir de una prueba piloto en un centro penal juvenil de una provincia Argentina, lo cual posibilitó una aproximación empírica y situada. Este estudio de caso aporta información relevante para los espacios de encierro punitivo donde requieren de un proceso de coconstrucción entre las prácticas educativas formales y no formales. Los resultados posibilitan la comprensión de las necesidades y desafíos en la integración de tecnología en la educación de jóvenes privados de libertad y destacan la necesidad de construir iniciativas innovadoras que comprendan la inscripción de estas orientaciones en los proyectos institucionales.

Abstract The present work reveals the importance of adopting situated perspectives for the creative appropriation of technology aimed at social inclusion, especially in contexts of punitive confinement. This study aims to contribute to the construction of the «Creative Appropriation of Technologies-Articulation of Curricular Contents» model, understanding it as a theoretical-methodological tool. The development of this model was carried out based on a pilot test in a juvenile penal center in an Argentine province, which enabled an empirical and situated approach. This case study provides relevant information for spaces of punitive confinement where a process of coconstruction between formal and non-formal educational practices is required. The results enable the understanding of the needs and challenges in the integration of technology in the education of young people deprived of liberty and highlight the need to build innovative initiatives that include the inscription of these orientations in institutional projects.

Resumo Este trabalho revela a importância da adoção de perspectivas situadas para a apropriação criativa de tecnologia, voltadas para a inclusão social, especialmente em contextos de confinamento punitivo. Este estudo visa contribuir para a construção do modelo «Apropriação Criativa de Tecnologias-Articulação de Conteúdos Curriculares», entendendo-o como uma ferramenta teórico-metodológica. O desenvolvimento desta ferramenta foi realizado a partir de um teste piloto em um centro penal juvenil de uma província Argentina, o que possibilitou uma abordagem empírica e situada. Este estudo de caso fornece informações relevantes para espaços de confinamento punitivo onde é necessário um processo de co-construção entre práticas educativas formais e não formais. Os resultados permitem compreender as necessidades e desafios na integração da tecnologia na educação de jovens privados de liberdade e salientam a necessidade de construir iniciativas inovadoras que incluam a inscrição dessas orientações nos projetos institucionais.

Resumen El siguiente artículo analiza la influencia de la trayectoria académica y el «sistema sexo-género» en la participación de personas mayores en la educación no formal. Este trabajo emerge de una investigación reciente realizada en UNI3 Montevideo, una de las principales instituciones educativas del Uruguay dirigida a esta población y pionera en América Latina. Desde un abordaje principalmente cualitativo y con aportes teóricos de la Pedagogía Social, se profundiza acerca de los rasgos característicos de los participantes, reflexionando sobre posibles escenarios desde una mirada inclusiva.

Abstract The following article analyzes the influence of academic path and the «sex-gender system» on the participation of elderly adults in non-formal education. This work emerges from a recent research carried out at UNI3 Montevideo, one of the main educational institutions in Uruguay aimed at this population and a pioneer in Latin America. From a mainly qualitative approach and with theoretical contributions from Social Pedagogy, the characteristic features of the participants are deeply analyzed, reflecting on possible situations from an inclusive perspective.

RESUMEN Desde una perspectiva antropológica, el objetivo es reflexionar sobre la educación de las personas sordas y la formación de la identidad profesional de los profesores de sordos y sus prácticas en la enseñanza de la Lengua de Signos Portuguesa (LGP) en Portugal. La metodología cualitativa exploratoria fue adoptada a través de estudios de caso, en instituciones del sistema de educación pública de las ciudades de Coimbra, Porto y Lisboa, realizando entrevistas y observación. Las prácticas discursivas fueron analizadas desde la perspectiva de la narrativa de las posiciones que informaron el proceso socio-histórico de la identidad profesional y la práctica docente en la enseñanza de la LGP en la actualidad. Los resultados muestran la formación de la identidad profesional constituida por una identidad relacional que articula las trayectorias de vida y el desarrollo de la formación docente de LGP, y presenta prácticas pedagógicas con diferentes formas de pedagogías en la enseñanza de LGP con implicaciones políticas e institucionales para la enseñanza formal LGP.

ABSTRACT From an anthropological perspective, it is intended to reflect on the education of the deaf and the formation of the professional identity of deaf teachers and their practices on the teaching of Portuguese Sign Language (LGP) in Portugal. The exploratory qualitative methodology was adopted through case studies, in institutions of the public education system of the cities of Coimbra, Porto and Lisbon, carrying out interviews and observation. Discursive practices were analysed from the perspective of the narrative of positions that informed the socio-historical process of professional identity and teaching practice on the teaching of LGP today. The results show the formation of the professional identity constituted by a relational identity that articulates the life trajectories and the development of the LGP training teacher and presents pedagogical practices with different forms of pedagogies on the teaching of LGP with political and institutional implications for formal LGP teaching.

RESUMO Partindo de uma perspetiva antropológica, pretende-se refletir sobre a educação de surdos e a formação da identidade profissional dos professores surdos e as suas práticas no ensino da Língua Gestual Portuguesa (LGP), em Portugal. Adotou-se a metodologia qualitativa exploratória, através de estudos de caso, em instituições do sistema de ensino público das cidades de Coimbra, Porto e Lisboa, realizando-se entrevistas e observação. Analisou-se práticas discursivas pela ótica da narrativa de posicionamentos que informaram o processo socio-histórico da identidade profissional e da prática docente no ensino de LGP, na atualidade. Os resultados mostram a formação da identidade profissional constituída por uma identidade relacional que articula as trajetórias de vida e o desenvolvimento da formação do professor de LGP, e apresenta práticas pedagógicas com diferentes formas de pedagogias no ensino de LGP com implicações políticas e institucionais do ensino formal da LGP.

Resumen El artículo expone parte de los resultados del proyecto de investigación «Violencia y endeudamiento: mecanismos que coartan los derechos humanos de personas endeudadas en el sector informal costarricense», desarrollado en la Universidad Estatal a Distancia. Bajo un carácter descriptivo, a partir de la revisión de antecedentes nacionales e internacionales y la participación de seis mujeres, se logra comprender el impacto del endeudamiento informal en la historia de vida de la población participante. Como parte de los hallazgos, las personas participantes evidenciaron una serie de privaciones relacionadas con la educación, empleo formal y conocimientos financieros; a su vez, la figura del crédito informal se destina a gastos regulares requeridos para la reproducción de condiciones de vida (pago de alquiler, alimentación o servicios básicos), con montos catalogados como «micro créditos», sujetos a plazos y condiciones definidos a criterio de la persona prestamista; espacio en el cual, se evidencian mecanismos coercitivos de presión y violación a la integridad de la persona (amenazas, daño físico) para pagar la deuda.

Résumé Cet article expose une partie des résultats du projet de recherche intitulé «Violence et endettement: mécanismes restreignant les droits humains des personnes endettées dans le secteur informel costaricain». Il a été mené à bien à Universidad Estatal a Distancia (l'Université de l’État à Distance), sous un caractère descriptif ainsi qu’à partir de la revue des antécédents nationaux et internationaux et de la participation de six femmes, il est possible de comprendre l'impact de l'endettement informel dans l'histoire de vie de la population participant à l'étude. Parmi les découvertes, les participants ont montré une série de privations liées à l'éducation, à l'emploi formel et aux connaissances financières. Parallèlement, la pratique du crédit informel est destinée à des dépenses régulières nécessaires à la reproduction des conditions de vie (loyer, alimentation ou services de base), avec des montants qualifiés de «microcrédits», soumis à des échéances et des conditions définies selon le critère du prêteur. Dans cet espace, des mécanismes coercitifs de pression et de violation de l'intégrité de la personne (menaces, dommages physiques) pour rembourser la dette sont mis en évidence.

Abstract The article presents part of the results from the research project titled 'Violence and Indebtedness: Mechanisms Restricting the Human Rights of Indebted Individuals in the Costa Rican Informal Sector,' conducted at the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (Distance State University). In a descriptive manner, drawing on a review of national and international precedents and the participation of six women, the impact of informal indebtedness on the life stories of the participating population is understood. Among the findings, participants revealed a series of deprivations related to education, formal employment, and financial knowledge. Simultaneously, informal credit was used for regular expenses necessary for the reproduction of living conditions (rent, food, or basic services), with amounts categorized as 'micro-credits,' subject to terms and conditions defined at the discretion of the lender. Within this context, coercive mechanisms of pressure and violation of personal integrity (threats, physical harm) are evident in the process of debt repayment.

Abstract Medical communication skills are treated as innate abilities, without the need for training and evaluation. However, they play a very important role in the doctor-patient relationship. Communication deficits are a cause of dissatisfaction and litigation. Quality communication is associated with greater adherence to proposed procedures and increases patient satisfaction and safety. Effective communication is particularly important in Gynecology-Obstetrics and justifies specific training. Formal teaching of communication skills should be included at all levels of medical education, just like technical-scientific skills.

Resumo As capacidades comunicacionais dos médicos são tratadas como habilidades inatas, sem a necessidade de treino e avaliação. Desempenham, no entanto, um papel da maior importância na relação médico-doente. Os déficits de comunicação são causa de descontentamento e motivo de litigância. A comunicação de qualidade está associada a maior adesão aos procedimentos propostos, aumenta a satisfação e segurança do doente. A comunicação eficaz assume particular acutilância em Ginecologia-Obstetrícia e justifica que seja objeto de treino específico. O ensino formal da competência em comunicação deve ser incluído em todos os níveis da educação médica, à semelhança das competências técnico-científicas.

Abstract The current article explores the causes of financial inclusion among the Mexican population. It leverages data from the Encuesta Nacional de Inclusión Financiera (ENIF) (INEGI, 2021) to develop two machine learning models aimed at identifying individuals who are part of the financial system. These models are assessed using both artificial intelligence methodologies and traditional statistical significance tests. The findings suggest that factors such as education level, monthly income, future-oriented behavioral preferences over present ones, saving capacity, and access to smartphones are significant drivers that enhance the likelihood of financial inclusion. Consequently, there is a potential for implementing public policies to incentivize individuals to voluntarily adopt formal financial services.

Resumen El presente artículo explora las causas de la inclusión financiera entre la población mexicana. Con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Inclusión Financiera (ENIF) (INEGI, 2021) desarrolla dos modelos de aprendizaje automático con el objetivo de identificar a individuos que forman parte del sis tema financiero. Estos modelos son evaluados valiéndose tanto de metodologías de inteligencia artificial como de pruebas estadísticas de significancia tradicionales. Los hallazgos sugieren que factores como nivel educativo, ingreso mensual, preferencias orientadas hacia el futuro sobre las presentes, capacidad de ahorro y acceso a teléfonos inteligentes son impulsores significativos que aumentan la probabilidad de inclusión financiera. En consecuencia, existe un potencial para la implementación de políticas públicas dirigidas a incentivar a los individuos para que adopten voluntariamente servicios financieros formales.

Abstract (Introduction): Green State accreditation program is an instrument created by the Chilean Ministry of the Environment so that Chilean public institutions, on a voluntary basis, can conduct environmental management in their facilities. Among the main purposes of the program, it seeks to encourage the advance of environmental habits in public officials through environmental education. (Objective): To determine if the educational and communicational campaigns promoted by the program have generated changes in the environmental habits and behaviors of civil servants. (Methodology): The combined method was used, and for this purpose a survey was designed, on a universe of 25 000 employees obtaining a sample of 270 cases, with a confidence level of 90 % and an error level of 5 %. In addition, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted. The results were analyzed separately and then a cross analysis was developed. (Results): Officials recognize changes in habits favorable to environmental care in their institutions, although these are not generalized. (Conclusions): While the Green State accreditation program does induce changes in habits and behaviors among public employees, it requires additional reinforcement in the promotion of its educational strategies and modifications in certain requirements to fully achieve its goal in non-formal environmental education. Furthermore, the findings may be useful for Latin American States to adopt pro-environmental actions in the administrative functioning of their public institutions

Resumen (Introducción): El programa Estado Verde es un instrumento de acreditación creado por el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Chile para que las instituciones públicas del país, de forma voluntaria, puedan desarrollar una gestión ambiental en sus dependencias. El programa busca, entre sus principales fines, fomentar el desenvolvimiento de hábitos ambientales en las personas funcionarias públicas, mediante la educación ambiental. (Objetivo): Determinar si las campañas educacionales y comunicacionales que promueve el programa han generado cambios en los hábitos y las conductas ambientales del personal público. (Metodología): Se utilizó el método combinado y para ello se elaboró una encuesta, sobre un universo de 25 000 personas funcionarias. Se obtuvo una muestra de 270 casos, con un nivel de confianza del 90 % y de error de 5 %. Asimismo, se aplicaron 15 entrevistas en profundidad. Los resultados se analizaron por separado y luego se efectuó un análisis cruzado. (Resultados): Las personas funcionarias reconocen cambios de hábitos favorables para el cuidado ambiental en sus instituciones, aunque estos no son generalizados. (Conclusiones): Si bien el programa Estado Verde genera cambios de hábitos y conductas en el personal público, requiere un reforzamiento en el fomento de sus estrategias educativas y de modificaciones en algunas exigencias, para un pleno cumplimiento de su objetivo en materia de educación ambiental no formal. Asimismo, los hallazgos pueden ser útiles para que los Estados latinoamericanos adopten acciones proambientales en el funcionamiento administrativo de sus instituciones públicas.

RESUMEN El presente artículo aborda los fundamentos teóricos de la Dimensión educativa no formal del desarrollo local, bajo la mirada de las Ciencias Sociológicas. A partir del análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción y el análisis de contenido, se develó la sumisión del aspecto educativo, así como su no concepción y explicación como dimensión independiente, en el devenir de las dimensiones relacionadas con este tipo de desarrollo. Como resultado de la sistematización teórica realizada, se fundamenta desde la Sociología de la educación, en el campo de la modalidad educativa no formal, la Pedagogía Crítica y el Autodesarrollo Comunitario como las tendencias teóricas que la sustentan.

ABSTRACT This article addresses the theoretical foundations of the non-formal educational dimension of local development from the perspective of sociological sciences. From the analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and content analysis, the submission of the educational aspect was revealed, as well as its non-conception and explanation as an independent dimension, in the evolution of the dimensions related to this type of development. As a result of the theoretical systematization carried out, it is based on the Sociology of Education, in the field of the non-formal educational modality, Critical Pedagogy and Community Self-Development as the theoretical trends that support it.

Academics from South African Universities have recently been bound to possess digital skills for curriculum delivery due to the lessons learned from the COVID-19 era. Universities have implemented various interventions to enhance digital skills in academics, which include but are not limited to training workshops, organised webinars, and seminars. Irrespective of these interventions, some academics still lack the digital skills to deliver effective digital curricula. The primary aim of the research is to develop other methods to address the shortage of digital skills among scholars. This research is based on a three-year qualitative interpretive study carried out at a university in South Africa, exploring a scenario where academics share their experiences on utilising digital platforms for teaching and learning following the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was generated purposefully and conveniently by sampling thirty-two academics from the school of education. The methods used for data generation included e-reflective activities, Zoom group discussions, and semi-structured interviews conducted one-on-one via WhatsApp. After thematic analysis, findings show that academics' digital background becomes the barrier to having the necessary digital skills for digital curriculum delivery. Hence, most of them were driven by informal skills for social needs and personal digital skills for individual needs at the expense of formal digital skills for discipline needs. With universities in developing countries still becoming victims of student protests, natural disasters, and other challenges, alternatives are being sought to accommodate the transition from face-to-face to online or hybrid curriculum delivery modes.

Abstract The growing interest in expanding and improving Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Costa Rica is becoming increasingly evident. Therefore, different institutions, including the Institute for Research in Education (INIE) of the University of Costa Rica, have promoted research in this area. The present exploration aims to identify, among other aspects, the essential knowledge that future professionals who pursue a master's degree in technical education with an emphasis on pedagogical mediation must possess. This degree arises as a need in the educational context in which teachers who teach classes in different TVET institutions must reinforce their knowledge and skills around the teaching-learning process, focusing on competency-based education. This predominantly qualitative mixed research took place between 2020 and 2022. It is oriented towards the analysis of the TVET requirements that teachers have, to determine the essential knowledge that characterizes the professional academic profile in this field. A documentary review, interviews, questionnaires and focus groups were used with key TVET actors (teachers from the Ministry of Public Education and the National Learning Institute, employers in these sectors, directors or people in charge of TVET study programs, specifically, from the Technological Institute of Costa Rica (TEC) and the National Technical University (UTN), and experts in the field of TVET). Six interviews and 326 questionnaires were applied, in addition to several focus group sessions. According to the results obtained, it is determined that the main knowledge and skills must focus on the technical specialty they teach, on the implementation of information and communication technologies that enrich the educational process, on taking into account the work environment in which students may be inserted later to prepare them in the best way, considering, among other aspects, the development of soft skills, as well as the adequate implementation of a competency-based approach. Furthermore, with respect to knowing how to be and live together, a series of attitudes and values are established that teachers in charge of TVET must develop and show. It is concluded that the TVET teacher requires a complex professional profile that includes different knowledge that must be constantly reflected and updated.

Resumen El interés cada vez mayor por ampliar y mejorar la Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional (EFTP) en Costa Rica se hace cada vez más evidente. Por lo tanto, diferentes instituciones, entre ellas, el Instituto de Investigación en Educación (INIE) de la Universidad de Costa Rica han fomentado la investigación en esta área. La presente exploración pretende identificar, entre otros aspectos, los saberes esenciales que deben poseer los futuros profesionales que cursen una maestría en educación técnica con énfasis en mediación pedagógica. Dicho grado surge como una necesidad del contexto educativo en el que las personas docentes que imparten clases en las diferentes instituciones de EFTP deben reforzar sus conocimientos y habilidades en torno al proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, para enfocarse en la educación por competencias. La presente investigación de carácter mixto, predominantemente, cualitativo se realizó entre los años 2020 y 2022, está orientada hacia el análisis de los requerimientos en EFTP que tienen las personas docentes, para determinar los saberes esenciales que caracterizan el perfil académico profesional en este ámbito. Se recurrió a revisión documental, entrevistas, cuestionarios y grupos focales con actores claves de la EFTP (personas docentes del Ministerio de Educación Pública y del Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje, empleadores de estos sectores, personas directoras o encargadas de programas de estudio en EFTP, específicamente, del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica y la Universidad Técnica Nacional, y personas expertas en el campo de la EFTP). Se aplicaron seis entrevistas y 326 cuestionarios, además de varias sesiones de grupo focal. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se determinan que los principales conocimientos y habilidades (saber conocer y saber hacer) deben centrarse en la especialidad técnica que imparten, en la implementación de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación que enriquezcan el proceso educativo, para que se tome en cuenta el entorno laboral en el cual podrán insertarse, posteriormente, las personas estudiantes para prepararlos de la mejor manera, considerando, entre otros aspectos, fundamentalmente, el desarrollo de las habilidades blandas, así como también en la adecuada puesta en práctica de un enfoque por competencias. Además, con respecto al saber ser y convivir, se establecen una serie de actitudes y valores que deben desarrollar y mostrar las personas docentes encargadas de la EFTP. Se concluye que la persona docente en EFTP requiere de un perfil profesional complejo en el que se incluyen diferentes saberes que deben ser, constantemente, reflexionados y actualizados.

In the historical higher education (HE) context of early post-independence Africa, little was done to unpack or critique the dominant notion of African universities as "developmental" and to create workable models for the future. The resultant conflictual role of African universities, caught between the demands of academic excellence, on the one hand, and local demands of development and regional and communal impact, on the other, have not yet been adequately resolved. Conceptually and organisationally, "engagement", "transfer" and "outreach" activities serve as mechanisms to bridge the divide between the traditional academy and the needs and expectations of societal stakeholders located outside of formal HE structures. This is now often referred to as the third mission (TM) of HE, the first and second missions being teaching and research. In recent years, many of the existing DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) African Centres of Excellence (ACE) have established partnerships and networks with actors from the political, social and economic sector to increase their relevance and impact in their regions, especially relating to Sustainable Development Goals. Against this backdrop, a qualitative exploratory study was conducted to determine the experiences and perceptions of participating representatives from ten ACE, located in their different and specific regional and societal contexts, about their university-society community engagement (CE) or TM activities. This article reports on the findings of this study, which contributes to the larger aims of identifying long-term synergies and collaboration potential and the development of conceptual models that are scalable. The findings of this study can form an adaptable basis for future TM-CE projects and for possible future research projects about such activities in HE.

The presence of immigrants in South Africa has led citizens to believe that migrants are responsible for increased crime rates in the country. This belief is a harmful stereotype that has no basis in reality, as most of the crimes are not committed by the migrants. This study explores the impact of socio-economic factors on crime rates by international migrants in South Africa from 2012 to 2017. Specifically, it focuses on examining the likelihood and association between two key variables: migrants with no formal education and crime, and unemployed migrants and crime. Through chi-square tests and multinomial regression, the study investigated whether these socioeconomic factors drove criminal behavior among the international migrant population. This study obtained data from secondary sources. The study's findings revealed that unemployment has an impact on migrants and crime rates in South Africa. The relationship showed a weak association, attributed to insufficient supporting evidence due to the low statistical power of educational status. The relationship proved to not have a strong association, lacking supporting evidence due to low statistical power on educational status. The level of education among migrants did not play a substantial role in influencing criminal behavior within the South African context. Other factors, such as social networks, cultural integration, and individual characteristics, might have a more prominent influence on criminal activities among migrants. However, addressing unemployment issues among international migrants in South Africa to mitigate the risk of criminal involvement is crucial. Policymakers and stakeholders should focus on developing effective strategies to promote employment opportunities, skills development, and social integration among migrant communities. By addressing these socio-economic factors, it may be possible to reduce crime rates and create a more inclusive society for both migrants and the host population in South Africa.