Resumen El trabajo consiste en una reconstrucción histórico-geografía por medio de la memoria de las personas residentes de la selva, utilizando la expresión popular avizinhar en la consolidación del concepto de Extractivismo en la amazonia acreana. La metodología se basa en análisis bibliográficos, documentos, trabajo de campo, entrevistas e imágenes de dominio público. El extractivismo se desarrolló a lo largo de la historia en todo el mundo, con diferentes sesgos: como actividad que tiene su acción ligada a una extracción sin precedentes de elementos de la naturaleza, extracción sin la debida preocupación por los daños colaterales o la ausencia de tales elementos en la composición del ecosistema. Sin embargo, el presente trabajo procura presentar y conceptualizar el extractivismo a partir de la experiencia de la Amazonía, en particular el estado brasileño de Acre que, a pesar de cumplir con la etimología de la palabra, “retirada, recolección de materiales de la naturaleza”, trasciende la extracción depredadora, y se revierte en luchas por la conservación de la naturaleza y de las vidas humanas que habitan las selvas. Estas acciones fueron lidereadas por Chico Mendes a mediados de la década de 1980 a través de la organización sindical de los trabajadores forestales iniciada en la década de 1970.

Abstract The work consists of a historical-geographical reconstruction, using the popular orkers avizinhar in the consolidation of the orkers Extractivism in the Acrean Amazon. The methodology is based on bibliographic analysis, documents, fieldwork, interviews, public domain images. Extractivism developed throughout history throughout the world, with orkers biases: as na activity that has its action linked to na unprecedented extraction of elements of nature, extraction without due concern for orkers damage or the absence of such elements in the composition of the ecosystem. However, the orkers work seeks to orkers and conceptualize extractivism from the experience of the Amazon, in particular the Brazilian state of Acre that, despite complying with the etymology of the word, “withdrawal, collection of materials from nature”, transcends predatory extraction, and reverts into struggles for the conservation of nature and human lives that inhabit the forests. These actions were led by Chico Mendes in the mid-1980s through the union organization of forestry orkers initiated in the 1970s.

Resumo O trabalho consiste em uma reconstrução histórico-geográfica, utilizando a expressão popular avizinhar na consolidação do conceito de Extrativismo na Amazônia acreana. A metodologia baseia-se em análise bibliográfica, documentos, trabalho de campo, entrevistas e imagens de domínio público. O extrativismo desenvolveu-se ao longo da história em todo o mundo, com diferentes vieses: como uma atividade que tem sua ação ligada a uma extração sem precedentes de elementos da natureza, extração sem a devida preocupação com danos colaterais ou a ausência de tais elementos na composição do ecossistema. No entanto, o presente trabalho busca apresentar e conceituar o extrativismo a partir da experiência da Amazônia, em particular do estado brasileiro do Acre que, apesar de obedecer à etimologia da palavra, “retirada, coleta de materiais da natureza”, transcende o extrativismo predatório, e se reverte em lutas pela conservação da natureza e das vidas humanas que habitam as florestas. Essas ações foram lideradas por Chico Mendes em meados da década de 1980 por meio da organização sindical dos trabalhadores florestais iniciada na década de 1970.

Abstract Forest activities exert a positive or negative influence on soil ecosystem properties and services, through changes in vegetation and microclimate. The removal of biomass alters the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, which are important indicators of soil health. The objective of this study was to determine the reservoir of N and the C:N ratio at two different depths of an Umbrisol, considering three stands with forest management (Clearcutting, Parent Trees and Selection) and a post-fire regenerated area, all of them eight years after the intervention, and a control plot as reference stand in a Pinus-Quercus forest. Results indicate significant differences in the variables for both soil depths (Total N, organic C, C:N ratio, N reservoir Mg ha-1). The observed contents of total nitrogen (>0.10 %) are considered very high, being ascribable to the nature of the Umbrisol and to the quality of the organic matter of this ecosystem, with the ensuing impact on the C:N ratio, which is slightly above the optimal ranges of mineralization, having an average value of 20.4 at both depths. On the other hand, the nitrogen reserve for the analyzed profile ranged between 5.03 (control) and 9.63 Mg ha-1 (Parent Trees). Particularly, the Clearcutting and Parent Trees treatments showed differences in regard to the Control, such treatments accelerated the incorporation of organic material to the soil (roots, branches, leaves), causing increases from 79 to 91 % in the nitrogen reservoir. The present research provides essential information to establish complementary pre- and post-management forestry practices to preserve and improve the condition of the soil (clearing, pruning, burning, etc.).

Resumen Las actividades forestales influyen positiva o negativamente sobre las propiedades y servicios ecosistémicos del suelo, mediante cambios en la vegetación y microclima. La remoción de biomasa altera los ciclos del Carbono (C) y Nitrógeno (N), indicadores importantes de la salud edáfica. El objetivo fue determinar el reservorio de N y la relación C:N en dos profundidades de un Umbrisol, en tres rodales con cortas de regeneración (Matarrasa, Árboles Padre y Selección), un área regenerada posincendio con antigüedad de ocho años de ser intervenidos y un rodal de referencia (control) en un bosque de pino-encino (Pinus-Quercus). Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas para N total, C orgánico, relación C:N, y reservorio de N Mg ha-1 para ambas profundidades del suelo. Los contenidos de N total (>0.10 %) se consideran muy altos, atribuibles a la naturaleza del Umbrisol y calidad de su materia orgánica, lo que influye en la relación C:N, la cual está ligeramente por encima de los intervalos óptimos de mineralización, con un promedio para ambas profundidades de 20.4. La reserva de N para el perfil analizado varió entre 5.03 (Referencia) a 9.63 Mg ha-1 (Árboles Padre). Particularmente, las cortas de Matarrasa y Árboles Padre tuvieron diferencias con el control, estos tratamientos aceleraron la incorporación de material orgánico al suelo (raíces, ramas, hojas) que provocaron incrementos de 79 a 91 % en el reservorio de N. La información generada es fundamental para el establecimiento de prácticas complementarias pre y posmanejo forestal (limpias, podas, quemas) que conserven y mejoren la condición del suelo.

Resumen Los corredores de conservación constituyen una estrategia interesante ante la realidad de la conversión de bosque por áreas agrícolas. Con base en modelos bayesianos de ocupación multiespecies analizamos la ocupación de las especies de mamíferos a lo largo del corredor de conservación Manu-Tambopata (4 164.06 km2), ubicado en la Amazonia sur de Perú. Instalamos 102 cámaras trampa durante mayo y octubre del 2017 (8 104 días-cámara) en los regímenes de manejo que caracterizan al corredor: la concesión para la conservación Río Los Amigos, concesiones forestales (ACOMAT), la Reserva Nacional Tambopata y predios agrícolas. Se registraron 27 especies de mamíferos terrestres; sin embargo, el modelo no reveló diferencias significativas en la riqueza de especies en los cuatro regímenes de manejo, aunque sí se evidenció un efecto de la densidad de borde sobre la ocupación a escala de la comunidad. Ninguna de las especies comúnmente cazadas, con la excepción de la huangana (Tayassu pecari), evidenciaron diferencias en sus valores de ocupación en los regímenes de manejo; no obstante, la ocupación del perro de monte (Atelocynus microtis) y el jaguar (Panthera onca) fueron significativamente menores en los predios agrícolas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que en general los regímenes de manejo no tuvieron un efecto a escala de la comunidad, pero sí efectos específicos de las covariables (densidad de borde y distancia a vías) para algunas especies (e.g., A. microtis). El corredor MAT es aún un espacio en donde es factible mantener poblaciones saludables de mamíferos, aunque su viabilidad en el largo plazo requiere de asegurar conectividad tanto a nivel funcional como estructural.

Abstract Conservation corridors are an interesting strategy considering the increasing forest conversion by agricultural areas. We used Bayesian multispecies occupancy model in order to assess the occupancy of mammal species along the Manu-Tambopata conservation corridor (4 164.06 km2), located in the southern Peruvian Amazon. We installed 102 camera traps between May and October of 2017 (8 104 camera days), in four management regimes: Río Los Amigos conservation concession, forestry concessions (ACOMAT), Tambopata National Reserve and agricultural lands. Twenty-seven species of terrestrial mammals were recorded; however, models did not reveal significant differences in species richness among management regimes, although an effect of edge density on community-level occupancy was evident. Non-significant relationships were found between commonly hunted species and management regimes, apart from the white-lipped peccary; however, short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis) and jaguar (Panthera onca) occupancy were significantly lower on agricultural lands. Our results suggested that, in general, the management regimes and covariables (edge density and distance to roads) did not have an effect at the community level but did have species-specific effects for some species (e.g., A. microtis). MAT corridor is still a space where it is feasible to maintain healthy populations of mammals, although its long-term viability requires ensuring connectivity at both a functional and structural levels.

Abstract: Biosphere reserves have among their functions to support scientific research, education, training and monitoring. In the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (RBCH), created in 2005, this function has been fulfilled with the creation of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park in 2000, and its implementation in 2008 as a co-founder site of the Chilean Network of Studies Long-Term Socio- Ecological (LTSER-Chile). In 2016, this network has been strengthened with the addition of the new Cape Horn Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research Network (LTER-Cape Horn). The latter includes the Omora Ethnobotanical Park, and three new sites added to the monitoring of the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. From south to north, the four sites are: (1) Gonzalo Island (56°31’S; 68°43’O), at the southern end of the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, with sub- Antarctic vegetation dominated by grasses and cryptogams, devoid of woody species; (2) Horn Island (55°58’S; 67°13’O), at the southern end of the Cape Horn Archipelago, hosting the southernmost forest ecosystems on the planet, which are dominated by the evergreen beech (Nothofagus betuloides); (3) Omora Ethnobotanical Park (54°57’S; 67°40’O), Navarino Island, an ideal site for studies on climate change and its impact on biota and sub-Antarctic ecosystems, since it protects a watershed that includes a representative mosaic of characteristic habitats of the RBCH in an altitudinal gradient with a thermal decrease analogous to that which occurs with increases in latitude; and (4) Caleta 2 de Mayo Site (54°52’S; 68°41’O), Yendegaia Bay, in an ecotonal zone between evergreen and deciduous forests (product of the local climate gradient), at a site that will be central to future connectivity between Continental Chile, Tierra del Fuego, Navarino Island, and the RBCH. In 2015, UNESCO approved the Report of the First Periodic Review of the RBCH that proposed the protection of the Diego Ramírez Archipelago and the creation of the Diego Ramírez Islands-Drake Passage Marine Park. This goal was achieved with the promulgation of this new park on February 2, 2018, and its entry into force on January 21, 2019 with the publication of the creation decree in the Diario Oficial of Chile. In this context, the new LTER-Cape Horn network acquires great local, national and global relevance. At the local scale, it covers a representative environmental heterogeneity of the great diversity of landscapes and terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems of the RBCH and the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. At the national scale, it incorporates sub-Antarctic sites, located at the southern end of South America, to LTSER-Chile and to the Monitoring Network of the Ministry of the Environment. On a global scale, the terrestrial ecosystems of the LTER-Cape Horn network stands out for two main reasons: (1) these sub-Antarctic ecosystems lack a geographical replicate in other continents of the southern hemisphere, and (2) high latitude ecosystems are especially sensitive to global climate change. Thus, the LTER-Cape Horn network helps to overcome critical geographical gaps in the implementation of the International Network for Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER). In order to articulate these four sites and strengthen the training of technical capacities and knowledge transfer to decision makers in the area of special interest tourism and other sustainable economic activities, the LTER-Cape Horn network will be managed locally from the new Cape Horn Sub-Antarctic Center (Cape Horn Center) that will be inaugurated in Puerto Williams in 2021. The implementation of the LTER-Cape Horn network is based on a close collaboration with various public institutions: Ministry of National Assets, Ministry of the Environment, Subsecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Ministry of Economy Development and Tourism, National Forestry Service, General Water Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works, Navy of Chile, Chilean Police (Carabineros), Municipality of Cape Horn, Provincial Government of Chilean Antarctica, and the Regional Government of Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica. In the following phases, the LTER-Cape Horn network and the Cape Horn Center aim to strengthen the participation of the local community, especially the Yahgan Indigenous Community of Bahía Mejillones, artisanal fisheries, tour operators, and the educational community, including private actors. Located at the “southern summit” of the Americas, Puerto Williams, capital of the Chilean Antarctic Province emerges as a global hub for transdisciplinary sub-Antarctic research, equipped with a new center and the network of long-term socio-ecological studies. Collaboration with regional, national and international actors will allow the LTER-Cape Horn network and the Cape Horn Center to: (i) provide critical data, which will open up new opportunities for monitoring climate change and its impact on biodiversity and ecosystems in sub-Antarctic latitudes; (ii) consolidate long-term monitoring, which is an essential component to effectively design mitigation and adaptation actions; (iii) strengthen a local sustainable development model that, associated with the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, contributes from the south of the world, to a biocultural conservation model that meets the needs of socio-economic well-being and environmental sustainability at multiple regional and planetary scales.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract Timber forestry in southern Mexico is a common practice since Mayan civilization, through traditional uses, forest concessions and up to communal land tenure. Currently, half of Quintana Roo ´s ejidos are focused on timber forestry use, mainly on middle evergreen subtropical forests, the greatest kind of vegetation cover. This aim of this study was to determine forestry diversity in 14 forests in the south of Yucatán Peninsula with different age, management and conservation practices: six forestry sites in Quintana Roo and eight in other places. 10 plots of 500 m2 per site were analyzed, in which the tree species were taxonomically identified and the diameter at height was measured in specimens from 7.5 cm to 1.30 m above the ground. A richness of 156 tree species with relative abundance, dominance and importance was determined, contrasting between sites. A similarity analysis was carried out for the 14 sites by the Bray Curtis method, which was made up of three groups: the first by site of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve without use, the second by six sites without use, from 7 to 50 years old and the third by six forest ejidos. The richness, abundance and similarity between them are probably associated with the geographical location and the age of recovery from anthropogenic and natural disturbances. It is suggested to incorporate these ecological characteristics as indicators in the forest use plans, limited environmentally and socioeconomically.

Resumen El aprovechamiento forestal en el sureste de México se realiza desde la civilización Maya mediante usos tradicionales, concesiones forestales hasta la propiedad comunal. Actualmente, la mitad de los ejidos de Quintana Roo están enfocados en el aprovechamiento forestal maderable, principalmente en selvas medianas subperennifolias, el tipo de vegetación con mayor cobertura. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en determinar la diversidad arbórea en 14 selvas del sur de la Península de Yucatán, con edades, prácticas de manejo y conservación distintas: seis en ejidos forestales del estado de Quintana Roo y ocho en otros sitios. Se analizaron 10 parcelas de 500 m2 por sitio, en las que las especies arbóreas fueron identificadas taxonómicamente y se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho en ejemplares desde los 7.5 cm hasta 1.30 m sobre el suelo. Se determinó una riqueza de 156 especies de árboles con abundancia, dominancia e importancia relativas contrastante entre sitios. Se realizó, para los 14 sitios, un análisis de similitud de Bray Curtis, que se conformó por tres grupos: el primero por un sitio en la Reserva de la Biósfera de Calakmul sin uso, el segundo por seis sin uso, desde 7 hasta 50 años y el tercero por seis ejidos forestales. La riqueza, abundancia y similitud entre ellos probablemente se asocian a la ubicación geográfica y a la edad de recuperación tanto de disturbios antrópicos como naturales. Se sugiere incorporar dichas características ecológicas como indicadores en los planes de aprovechamiento forestal, acotados ambiental y socioeconómicamente.

Resumo Após a sanção do Novo Código Florestal (CF), Lei nº 12.651/2012, um dos maiores desafios, ainda a ser implementado, consiste em sanar conflitos de usos das propriedades rurais para regularizá-las e mantê-las sustentáveis. Estudos que apresentem diagnósticos sobre intervenções antrópicas, em desacordo com a legislação, tornam-se de suma importância para o desenvolvimento de ações preventivas e corretivas. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente estudo mapear, quantificar e caracterizar as áreas localizadas na Sub-bacia GD2 Vertentes do Rio Grande, no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, a fim de avaliar o cumprimento da legislação vigente e indicar quais áreas devem ser recompostas ou compensadas, como meio de auxiliar o poder público quando da adoção de medidas mitigadoras e conservacionistas. Utilizou-se a divisão da região de análise em ottobacias com o intuito de criar áreas básicas para analisar, individualmente, o atendimento ao Código Florestal. Foram mapeadas 5 classes de ocupação do solo: Vegetação Nativa (20,75%), Reflorestamentos (4,29%), Massa d’água (0,4%), Área Urbana (1,35%) e Área Antropogênica (73,19%). Os resultados apontaram que a área estudada encontra-se em acordo com a legislação, visto que existe vegetação nativa suficiente para compensação de Reserva Legal de todos os imóveis. No entanto, apenas 36,15% dos 30 metros de Área de Preservação Permanente de cursos d’água estão cobertos com vegetação nativa, demonstrando que existem áreas passíveis de regularização pelo Programa de Regularização Ambiental, que poderão compor ainda mais o superavit de vegetação dentro da sub-bacia. A análise das 22 ottobacias mostrou as regiões que contribuem com o total de vegetação nativa da sub-bacia, indicando as áreas prioritárias para recuperação e as áreas com maior potencial para o incentivo da aplicação de Cotas de Reservas Ambientais. De forma geral, esta proposta contribuirá para amenizar os impactos gerados pela Lei 12.651/12 quanto à redução das áreas protegidas.

Abstract Following the enactment of the New Forest Code (CF), Law no. 12.651/2012, one of the greatest challenges, still to be implemented, is to address conflicts of use of rural properties in order to regularize and maintain them. Studies that present diagnoses on anthropic interventions, in disagreement with legislation, are of paramount importance for the development of preventive and corrective actions. Thus, the objective of this study was to map, quantify and characterize the areas located in the Sub Basin GD2 ‘Vertentes of Rio Grande’, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in order to evaluate the compliance with the current legislation and indicate which areas should be recomposed or compensated, as a means to assist the public power when adopting mitigating and conservationist measures. The division of the analysis region into ottobacias was used to create basic areas to individually analyze the compliance with the Forest Code. Five classes of soil occupation were mapped: Native Vegetation (20.75%), Reforestation (4.29%), Water mass (0.4%), Urban Area (1.35%) and Anthropogenic Area, 19%). The results showed that the studied area is in agreement with the legislation, since there is enough native vegetation to compensate Legal Reserve of all the properties. However, only 36.15% of the 30 meters of Permanent Preservation Area of watercourses are covered with native vegetation, demonstrating that there are areas that can be regularized by the Environmental Regularization Program, which may further compound the “surplus” of within the Sub Basin. The analysis of the 22 ottobacias showed the regions that contribute with the total native vegetation of the Sub Basin, indicating the priority areas for recovery and the areas with greater potential for the incentive of the application of Quotas of Environmental Reserves. In general, this proposal will contribute to mitigate the impacts generated by Law 12.651/12 on the reduction of protected areas.

Resumo Estudos indicam a perda ambiental com a reformulação da legislação florestal dada atualmente pela Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa (LPVN), antigo Código Florestal. Ainda são necessárias pesquisas que indiquem o efeito sobre os titulares das terras, em regiões jurisdicionadas por outras regulamentações ambientais, como para o bioma Mata Atlântica, e ainda, os reflexos da integração das leis com questões de cumprimento da função social dos imóveis. A região Sudoeste do Paraná possui estrutura fundiária caracterizada pela pequena propriedade rural, e os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar se existe diferença no cumprimento da função social rural da pequena propriedade, considerando a realidade inicial das propriedades, o Código Florestal de 1965, e a LPVN; estimar o custo de oportunidade economizado pelo agricultor com a adequação ambiental rural pela lei de 2012; determinar as diferenças entre áreas de preservação permanente (APP) e reservas legais (RL) nas duas legislações; estimar a área a ser recuperada pelo Programa de Regularização Ambiental (PRA) nas pequenas propriedades. Foram confeccionados sete mapas de uso e ocupação do solo em ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica, na qual os montantes de áreas foram analisados com estatísticas inferenciais. Os dados permitiram concluir que: a pequena propriedade rural na região cumpre a função social rural em todos os padrões; o custo de oportunidade economizado foi de 6,2% do salário mínimo por módulo fiscal; A APP a restaurar foi inferior em relação à lei antecedente; estima-se para a região sudoeste, a necessidade de recuperação de 11.762,40 hectares de matas ciliares; não existe diferença significativa entre a reserva legal preexistente entre as duas leis; existe diferença significativa entre a reserva legal a recuperar.

Abstract Studies indicate environmental loss, due to the reformulation of the forest legislation, currently given by the Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL), formerly the Forestry Code. Research is still needed to indicate the effect on landowners, in regions that are governed by other environmental regulations, such as the Atlantic Forest biome as well as the reflexes of the integration of laws regarding the fulfillment of the social function of real estate. The southwestern region of Paraná state has a land structure characterized by small rural properties and the objectives of this work were: to verify if there is a difference in the fulfillment of the rural social function of the small properties, considering the initial reality of the properties, the Forestry Code of 1965; NVPL; to estimate the saved opportunity cost by the farmer with the rural environmental suitability by the 2012 law; to determine the differences between permanent preservation areas (PPAs) and legal reserves (LRs) in both legislations; estimate the area to be recovered by the Environmental Regularization Program (ERP) in small properties. Seven land use and occupation maps were designed in a Geographic Information System environment, in which the amounts of areas were analyzed with inferential statistics. The data allowed to conclude that: the small rural property in the region fulfills the rural social function in all the standards; the saved opportunity cost was 6.2% of the minimum wage per fiscal module; The PPA to be restored was smaller than the previous law; the need for recovery of 11,762.40 hectares of riparian forests is estimated for the southwestern region; there is no significant difference between the pre-existing legal reserve between the two laws; there is a significant difference between the legal reserve to be recovered.

ABSTRACT The conservation of natural resources within rural properties is a constitutional obligation. Among the social function criteria required for the exploitation of rural properties, besides the rational use and respect of working conditions, there is a need to ensure environmental protection. The current guidelines regarding the exploration and the environmental adequacy of the rural property are in the Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL - Law no. 12,651/2012) also known as Forest Code of 2012. This study aims to analyze different aspects of the Brazilian forestry legislation, with emphasis on the main points of the new legislation regarding the use and conservation of rural properties, highlighting the Rural Environmental Registry replacing the old model of Legal Reserve Registration. It is an update of the article “Ambient protection areas inside rural properties: the APP and RL case” published by Floram in 2011.

Abstract The present work examines the ideas related to the potential uses of the exposed Texcoco lake bed in the valley of Mexico. The text elaborates over the different projects proposed by engineers and other experts who imagined the desiccated area as a place for diverse uses, ranging from agriculture and forestry to natural reserve and even entertaining activities. The present investigation is aimed to explain why and how these ideas did change throughout the 20th century. The results show that the aim to reconvert the Texcoco bed has been a long-standing pretension being constrained by the geological conditions of its subsoil. The Archivo Histórico and the Biblioteca Central del Agua, as well as numerous written sources, are among the materials used for the purpose of the study.

Resumen El presente trabajo examina las ideas acerca del posible uso de la tierra descubierta debido a la desecación del lago de Texcoco, producto del Desagüe del Valle de México. El texto explica la variedad de ideas propuestas por ingenieros y otros expertos, muchos de los cuales imaginaron un espacio de múltiples usos, con fines agrícolas, silvícolas, recreativos y ecológicos. La aportación de esta investigación consiste en mostrar cómo y por qué esos planes e ideas cambiaron a lo largo del siglo XX. Los resultados muestran que la transformación de su aspecto y naturaleza ha sido un anhelo constante, limitado por las especiales condiciones del subsuelo. Para la realización de esta investigación se consultó un gran número de fuentes escritas y se acudió al Archivo Histórico y Biblioteca Central del Agua y al Museo Archivo de la Fotografía.

Abstract In Chiapas, Mexico, the management of Natural Protected Areas is closely related to the expansion of livestock, agriculture, illegal clearing, and agrarian conflicts. In this sense, this article aims to collect, analyze, systematize, and issue both a critique and a reflection on the current territorial distribution of livestock in two peasant communities located within La Sepultura Reserve in Chiapas. With information from the Community Forestry Development Program, maps of deforested areas, and participatory action-research (PLAR), the territories of Tres Picos and California communities within La Sepultura Reserve were planned. During the 70s there was a proper management of the territory; however, between 1988 and 1993 there was a significant reduction in the pine and oak forests. Nowadays, livestock moves from the traditional to the extensive system, with a trend to an agroforestry management.

Resumen En Chiapas, México, el manejo de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) del trópico está asociado a la expansión de la ganadería, la agricultura, el desmonte ilegal y los conflictos agrarios. En este sentido, en el presente artículo se recopila, analiza, sistematiza y emite una opinión crítica sobre la distribución territorial actual de la ganadería en dos comunidades campesinas ubicadas dentro de la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura (Chiapas). Con información del Programa de Desarrollo Forestal Comunitario, los mapas de georreferenciación de la zona deforestada y la investigación-acción participativa (IAP), se realizó el ordenamiento territorial comunitario (OTC) de Tres Picos y California en La Sepultura. El estudio arrojó que en los años 70s existía un manejo adecuado del área; sin embargo, entre 1988-1993 se produjo una reducción del bosque de coníferas y encinos. Actualmente, la ganadería transita del sistema tradicional al extensivo, con tendencia al manejo agroforestal.

ABSTRACT In the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve there is delinking of the forest productive chain. The objective of this study was to apply the strategic analysis to the forestry production chain in three community forest enterprises in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, in order to understand the production process and to establish better options for integration, as well as to identify factors that enhance their effectiveness and efficiency. Strategic analysis is a methodology that is built with a strategic vision according to the needs of the phenomenon under study. If the community forest enterprises partially completes the first link and wants to consolidate it, it will need to strengthen it in terms of its organizational culture or corporate principles. Integrating more links, it will be achieved through an analysis of the causes of the current state and of the competitive advantages of the product in the market. The degree of integration of the community forest enterprises allows members to perform more activities in the links of production, maintenance, protection, supply and processing, and it represents greater social organization and a culture of rational exploitation and conservation of forest resources. More than half of the members perceive that profits from forestry represent less than 25% of their economic system; however, this could increase based on the integration of the forestry production chain.

RESUMEN En la Reserva de la Biosfera de la Mariposa Monarca hay una desvinculación de la cadena productiva forestal. El objetivo de este estudio fue aplicar el análisis estratégico a la cadena productiva forestal de tres empresas forestales comunitarias en la Reserva de la Biosfera de la Mariposa Monarca, a fin de comprender el proceso productivo y establecer mejores opciones para su integración, y en su caso identificar factores que permitan mejorar su eficacia y su eficiencia. El análisis estratégico es una metodología que se construye con una visión estratégica de acuerdo con las necesidades del fenómeno a estudiar. Si la empresa forestal comunitaria completa parcialmente el primer eslabón y desea consolidarlo, es necesario que esta lo fortalezca en función de su cultura organizativa o de sus principios corporativos. La integración de más eslabones se conseguirá a través de un análisis de las causas del estado actual y de las ventajas competitivas que tiene su producto en el mercado. El grado de integración de la cadena productiva forestal de la empresa forestal comunitaria permite a sus miembros realizar mayor número de actividades en los eslabones de producción, mantenimiento, protección, abastecimiento y transformación; representa mayor organización social y una cultura de aprovechamiento y conservación del recurso forestal. Más de la mitad de los miembros percibe que las utilidades por la actividad forestal representan menos de 25% de su economía; sin embargo, esta se incrementaría en función de la integración de la cadena productiva forestal.

Abstract Governance has been described in many ways throughout its recent rise in popularity. This article seeks to contribute to these ongoing discussions by presenting the results of the research project “Multilevel governance and carbon management”, carried out in Mexico from 2014 to 2016 on behalf of the Center for International Forestry Research (Cifor). We combine results from this component of Cifor’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ with two case studies in order to illustrate multilevel governance experiences promoted as a part of REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) early actions. We discuss the relationship between governance and governability while illustrating the innovations - as well as the obstacles - that these coordination initiatives between different levels of government and members of civil society face.

Resumen La gobernanza ha sido definida de muchas maneras en su reciente auge de popularidad. Este artículo busca aportar a las discusiones continuas alrededor del tema, presentando resultados del estudio “Gobernanza multinivel y gestión del carbono a nivel de paisaje”, realizado en México entre 2014 y 2016 por el Centro para la Investigación Forestal Internacional [Cifor]. Se combina la presentación de resultados de este componente del Estudio Comparativo Global sobre REDD+ de Cifor con dos casos de estudio, para vislumbrar experiencias de gobernanza multinivel en el marco de las acciones tempranas para reducir emisiones por deforestación y degradación forestal (REDD+). Esta discusión de experiencias de gobernanza multinivel abarca la relación entre gobernanza y gobernabilidad al mostrar las innovaciones - pero también los obstáculos - que enfrentan las iniciativas de coordinación entre diferentes niveles de gobierno y actores de la sociedad civil.

Forest ungulates in West Africa are common bushmeat species and are subject to habitat degradation through deforestation. Based on historical data, there are possibly 12 species of forest Bovidae and Tragulidae found in eastern Sierra Leone. We used camera trapping to assess occupancy by forest ungulates on and around a small protected area, Tiwai Island, Sierra Leone. We then assessed habitat over two field seasons during 2008-2011 for those species where we had sufficient numbers of detections. We detected 6 of 12 potential species and obtained enough data to further assess the habitat of two species. Species detected included the black duiker (Cephalophus niger), bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), Maxwell's duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus) and yellow-backed duiker (Cephalophus silvicultor). Among detected species, the bongo is considered near threatened. Several of the species not detected might be extirpated from the region, but for several species we found no records of them in the area. For the two species with sufficient detections for analysis, we found that Maxwell's duikers were common throughout woody and swamp habitat and yellow-backed duikers preferred old growth forests with open understory. Despite widespread deforestation in Sierra Leone, a recent civil war and continued bushmeat trade, it appears that small wildlife refuges such as Tiwai Island continue to provide sanctuary for many of the forest ungulates of the region. Conservation implications: The Guinea Rainforest ecosystem of West Africa has undergone significant human impact and deforestation, negatively impacting all aspects of the biodiversity of the region. In addition, a long-standing civil war in Sierra Leone further exacerbated conservation concerns of many wildlife species. There are some recognised reserves in Sierra Leone, but small reserves managed by local people and conservation organisations have a role to play. Our work on Tiwai Island, along the Moa River in Sierra Leone, demonstrated that a significant proportion of the forest dwelling ungulate biodiversity of the region has been maintained in a small reserve despite isolation and effects of the war. Our work also suggests that Tiwai Island continues to have significant ecological value for ungulate conservation in the region and should be considered a model for establishment of other small reserves to help maintain the region's biodiversity.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como finalidad evidenciar que el aprovechamiento forestal no es solo un fenómeno que tiene impacto en territorios colectivos de comunidades negras en Colombia, sino que también se realiza en resguardos indígenas. Utilizando el método analítico descriptivo (Toro & Parra, 2010), en esta investigación se realiza un análisis jurídico sobre el estado actual de los permisos y autorizaciones otorgadas en el departamento del Chocó, con especificidad en territorios de comunidades indígenas, para el uso y aprovechamiento del recurso forestal.

Resumo O presente artigo procura evidenciar o aproveitamento das matas, não somentente é um fenómeno que tem impacto nos territórios colectivos das comunidades negras na Colômbia, também e feita em povoados indígenas. Usando o método de análitico descritivo (Tamayo, 2003), nesta pesquisa foi realizado uma análise jurídico sob a situação da concessão das licençãs no estado de Chocó, principalmente nos territórios das aldeias indígenas, paro o uso e aproveitamento dos recursos da floresta.

Abstract This article has the purpose to show that the forest exploitation is not a phenomena that has impact in collective territories of Colombian afro American communities, but also is done in indian communities; using descriptive analysis method (Tamayo, 2003) also is done legal analysis about the actual state of permits and authorizations granted in Choco department, with specificity in territories of indigenous communities for the use and exploitation of forest resources.

Résumé Cet article vise à montrer que l'exploitation forestière est non seulement un phénomène qui a un impact sur les territoires collectifs des communautés noires en Colombie, mais aussi entrepris dans les réserves autochtones. En utilisant la méthode d'analyse descriptive (Tamayo, 2003), dans cette enquête une analyse juridique de l'état actuel des permis et autorisations accordées dans le département de Chocó, avec une spécificité dans les territoires des communautés autochtones, pour l'utilisation et l'exploitation de la ressource est permis forestiers.

RESUMO Os efeitos do novo Código Florestal Brasileiro (CFB) - Lei Federal n. 12.651 (BRASIL, 2012) - ainda estão sendo avaliados e discutidos quanto à adequação de propriedades rurais à legislação ambiental, tanto nas questões de recuperação de áreas degradadas quanto em relação às possibilidades de uso sustentável das áreas de preservação permanente (APP) e de Reserva Legal (RL). O objetivo do trabalho foi construir e aplicar indicadores ambientais de avaliação para verificar o desempenho ambiental de propriedades rurais familiares, considerando alternativas que o produtor deve seguir para se adequar às legislações ambientais e, também, verificando as condutas favoráveis ao não cometimento de infrações ou crimes ambientais. Foram estabelecidos indicadores ambientais de avaliação propostos a partir de parâmetros da legislação, os quais foram utilizados na análise de propriedades rurais conduzidas sob sistemas de produção orgânica (SPO) ou convencional (SPC). As propriedades rurais conduzidas em SPO apresentaram melhores resultados quanto aos indicadores ambientais de avaliação tanto das áreas de RL quanto das APPs, predominando o caráter essencialmente preservacionista nas propriedades rurais. Houve baixa ocorrência de casos de manejo agroflorestal ou agroextrativismo tanto nas áreas de RL quanto de APP das propriedades rurais avaliadas nos dois sistemas de produção. Os indicadores ambientais construídos a partir da legislação ambiental demonstraram ser uma ferramenta eficiente, prática e de baixo custo, para os técnicos e agricultores assim como na identificação de situações positivas de manejo em relação à adequação às leis ambientais.

ABSTRACT There is an ongoing discussion about the effects of the new Brazilian forestry code (BFC) - Federal Law # 12.651 (BRASIL, 2012) - on the adequacy of small family farms, in terms of environmental degradation and recovery of forestry areas or regarding the possibilities of sustainable management of Permanent Preservation (PPA) or Legal Reserve (RL) areas. The aim of this work was to select and apply environmental evaluation indicators to analyze the environmental performance of small family farms, considering alternatives that the farmers should follow to comply with the laws and not to commit environmental crimes, in accordance with the Brazilian environmental legislation. We established environmental evaluation indicators taken from Brazilian environmental law parameters, which were tested in family farms with organic (SPO) or conventional (SPC) management systems. The organic family farms presented better results in terms of environmental evaluation indicators, either on APP or on RL areas Preservationist management was predominat on LR and on APP, in organic and in conventional production systems, and there were only a few occurrences of agroforestry systems or non-timber forest managements. The environmental evaluation indicators designed from aspects of Brazilian environmental law showed to be an efficient, practical and inexpensive tool to help technicians and farmers to identify positive situations of compliance to Brazilian environmental laws.