Resumen El trabajo consiste en una reconstrucción histórico-geografía por medio de la memoria de las personas residentes de la selva, utilizando la expresión popular avizinhar en la consolidación del concepto de Extractivismo en la amazonia acreana. La metodología se basa en análisis bibliográficos, documentos, trabajo de campo, entrevistas e imágenes de dominio público. El extractivismo se desarrolló a lo largo de la historia en todo el mundo, con diferentes sesgos: como actividad que tiene su acción ligada a una extracción sin precedentes de elementos de la naturaleza, extracción sin la debida preocupación por los daños colaterales o la ausencia de tales elementos en la composición del ecosistema. Sin embargo, el presente trabajo procura presentar y conceptualizar el extractivismo a partir de la experiencia de la Amazonía, en particular el estado brasileño de Acre que, a pesar de cumplir con la etimología de la palabra, “retirada, recolección de materiales de la naturaleza”, trasciende la extracción depredadora, y se revierte en luchas por la conservación de la naturaleza y de las vidas humanas que habitan las selvas. Estas acciones fueron lidereadas por Chico Mendes a mediados de la década de 1980 a través de la organización sindical de los trabajadores forestales iniciada en la década de 1970.

Abstract The work consists of a historical-geographical reconstruction, using the popular orkers avizinhar in the consolidation of the orkers Extractivism in the Acrean Amazon. The methodology is based on bibliographic analysis, documents, fieldwork, interviews, public domain images. Extractivism developed throughout history throughout the world, with orkers biases: as na activity that has its action linked to na unprecedented extraction of elements of nature, extraction without due concern for orkers damage or the absence of such elements in the composition of the ecosystem. However, the orkers work seeks to orkers and conceptualize extractivism from the experience of the Amazon, in particular the Brazilian state of Acre that, despite complying with the etymology of the word, “withdrawal, collection of materials from nature”, transcends predatory extraction, and reverts into struggles for the conservation of nature and human lives that inhabit the forests. These actions were led by Chico Mendes in the mid-1980s through the union organization of forestry orkers initiated in the 1970s.

Resumo O trabalho consiste em uma reconstrução histórico-geográfica, utilizando a expressão popular avizinhar na consolidação do conceito de Extrativismo na Amazônia acreana. A metodologia baseia-se em análise bibliográfica, documentos, trabalho de campo, entrevistas e imagens de domínio público. O extrativismo desenvolveu-se ao longo da história em todo o mundo, com diferentes vieses: como uma atividade que tem sua ação ligada a uma extração sem precedentes de elementos da natureza, extração sem a devida preocupação com danos colaterais ou a ausência de tais elementos na composição do ecossistema. No entanto, o presente trabalho busca apresentar e conceituar o extrativismo a partir da experiência da Amazônia, em particular do estado brasileiro do Acre que, apesar de obedecer à etimologia da palavra, “retirada, coleta de materiais da natureza”, transcende o extrativismo predatório, e se reverte em lutas pela conservação da natureza e das vidas humanas que habitam as florestas. Essas ações foram lideradas por Chico Mendes em meados da década de 1980 por meio da organização sindical dos trabalhadores florestais iniciada na década de 1970.

RESUMO Os sistemas de produção integrados surgiram como uma estratégia de produção sustentável na intensificação do uso da terra com impacto mínimo nas funções do ecossistema. Este estudo utilizou ferramentas de agricultura de precisão para investigar a variabilidade espacial de propriedades do solo e da vegetação em área de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) e área de Integração Pecuária-Floresta (IPF) em São Carlos, SP, Brasil. Consequentemente, foram avaliados: (1) as propriedades físico-químicas do solo, (2) a resistividade elétrica, e (3) os atributos da cultura do Eucalyptus urograndis que compõem a área de estudo. As amostragens foram realizadas em (1) agosto de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m; (2) outubro de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,5, 0-1,0 e 0-2,0 m; e (3) abril de 2021 e abril de 2022. Os resultados indicaram que os valores dos parâmetros de fertilidade do solo foram adequados ao desenvolvimento da cultura e apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial. As análises de solo indicaram baixa acidez, altos teores de matéria orgânica, teores médios de fósforo, potássio e capacidade de troca catiônica e altos teores de cálcio, magnésio e saturação por base. Entretanto, foram observados locais com maior variabilidade espacial para cálcio, refletindo variabilidade na capacidade de troca catiônica e saturação por base. A granulometria e a resistividade elétrica do solo apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial na camada superficial. Mesmo sem diferenças nas propriedades do solo, houve diferença de 15% no maior volume de madeira no sistema IPF em comparação ao ILPF. ecossistema LavouraPecuáriaFloresta Lavoura Pecuária Floresta ILPF (ILPF PecuáriaFloresta (IPF Carlos SP Brasil Consequentemente avaliados 1 (1 físicoquímicas físico químicas 2 (2 3 (3 202 00,2 002 0 0,2 0-0, 0,20,4 0204 0,4 4 0,2-0, m 00,5, 005 0,5, 5 0-0,5 01,0 010 1,0 0-1, 02,0 020 2,0 0-2, 2022 acidez orgânica fósforo cálcio base Entretanto superficial 15 ( 20 00 00, 02 0, 0-0 0,20, 04 0,2-0 00,5 05 0,5 01 01, 10 1, 0-1 02, 2, 0-2 0- 0,20 0,2-

ABSTRACT Integrated production systems have emerged as a sustainable production strategy in intensifying land use with minimal impact on ecosystem functions. This study used precision agriculture tools to investigate the spatial variability of soil and vegetation properties in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) and in an integrated livestock-forestry (ILF) area of São Carlos city, SP, Brazil. Consequently, the following were assessed: (1) the soil physicochemical properties, (2) the electrical resistivity, and (3) the attributes of the Eucalyptus urograndis crop comprising the study area. Samplings were performed in (1) August 2021 at depths of 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m; (2) October 2021 at depths of 0-0.5, 0-1.0, and 0-2.0 m; and (3) April 2021 and April 2022. Results indicated that the values for soil fertility parameters were suitable for crop development and presented low spatial variability. Soil analyses indicated low acidity, high levels of organic matter, average cation exchange capacity, phosphorus and potassium contents, high base saturation, and calcium and magnesium levels. However, locations with greater spatial variability for calcium were observed, reflecting cation exchange capacity and base saturation variability. Soil granulometry and electrical resistivity had a low spatial variability at the surface layer. Even without differences in the soil properties, there was a difference of 15% in the larger wood volume in the ILF then ICLF system. functions croplivestockforestry livestock forestry (ICLF livestockforestry (ILF city SP Brazil Consequently assessed 1 (1 2 (2 3 (3 202 00.2 002 0 0.2 0-0. 0.20.4 0204 0.4 4 0.2-0. m 00.5, 005 0.5, 5 0-0.5 01.0, 010 1.0, 0-1.0 02.0 020 2.0 0-2. 2022 acidity matter contents However observed layer 15 system ( 20 00 00. 02 0. 0-0 0.20. 04 0.2-0 00.5 05 0.5 01 01.0 10 1.0 0-1. 02. 2. 0-2 0- 0.20 0.2- 01. 1. 0-1

ABSTRACT: Wood is an organic material and its energetic and physical properties are related to its chemical and anatomical constituents. This study evaluated the influence of the chemical constituents on the energetic and physical properties of Parapiptadeniarigida(Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorumdubium(Spreng.) Taub.,Eucalyptus grandisW. Hill × Eucalyptus urophyllaS.T. Blake (hybrid), and Schizolobiumparahyba(Vell.) Blake an agroforestry system. Five trees of each species aged 9 years were sampled. Samples were collected at a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 1.30 m above the ground and were used to analyze the chemical, energetic, and physical properties of the wood. Chemical properties influence the energetic and physical properties of wood. We reported that the higher the lignin content in the wood, the greater the correlation with the fixed carbon content (0.76) and gross calorific value (0.65). High values of fixed carbon content increased the basic density of the wood (0.80). In contrast, the lower the lignin content in the wood, the greater the correlation with the extractive content (-0.76) and volatile material content (-0.74), and the higher the volatile material content, the lower the fixed carbon content (-0.98) and gross calorific value (-0.74). ABSTRACT ParapiptadeniarigidaBenth. ParapiptadeniarigidaBenth Parapiptadeniarigida Benth. Benth Parapiptadeniarigida(Benth. Brenan PeltophorumdubiumSpreng. PeltophorumdubiumSpreng Peltophorumdubium Spreng. Spreng Peltophorumdubium(Spreng. TaubEucalyptus Taub grandisW urophyllaST urophyllaS T urophyllaS.T hybrid, hybrid , (hybrid) SchizolobiumparahybaVell. SchizolobiumparahybaVell Schizolobiumparahyba Vell. Vell Schizolobiumparahyba(Vell. system sampled DBH (DBH 130 1 30 1.3 0.76 076 0 76 (0.76 0.65. 065 0.65 . 65 (0.65) 0.80. 080 0.80 80 (0.80) contrast (-0.76 0.74, 074 0.74 74 (-0.74) 0.98 098 98 (-0.98 0.74. Parapiptadeniarigida(Benth Peltophorumdubium(Spreng (hybrid Schizolobiumparahyba(Vell 13 3 1. 0.7 07 7 (0.7 06 0.6 6 (0.65 08 0.8 8 (0.80 (-0.7 (-0.74 0.9 09 (-0.9 0. (0. (0.6 (0.8 (-0. (0 (-0 ( (-

RESUMO: A madeira é um material orgânico e as suas propriedades energéticas e físicas estão relacionadas com os seus constituintes químicos e anatômicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos constituintes químicos nas propriedades energéticas e física da madeira de Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill × Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (híbrido) e Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, provenientes de um sistema agroflorestal. Foram amostradas cinco árvores de cada espécie, com a idade de nove anos. Sendo coletadas amostras do diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) à 1,30 m do solo, que foram utilizadas para análise das propriedades químicas, energéticas e física da madeira. As propriedades químicas influenciam nas propriedades energéticas e física da madeira. Quanto maior o teor de lignina na madeira maior será a correlação com o teor de carbono fixo (0,76) e de poder calorífico superior (0,65), assim como, elevados valores de teor de carbono fixo aumentam a massa específica básica da madeira (0,80). Em contrapartida, quanto menor o teor de lignina na madeira maior será a correlação com o teor de extrativos (-0,76) e teor de materiais voláteis (-0,74), sendo que, maiores valores de teor de materiais voláteis reduzem o teor de carbono fixo (-0,98) e o poder calorífico superior (-0,74) da madeira. RESUMO anatômicos Benth. Benth (Benth. Brenan Spreng. Spreng (Spreng. Taub Taub. W ST S T S.T híbrido (híbrido Vell. Vell (Vell. agroflorestal espécie anos DAP (DAP 130 1 30 1,3 solo 0,76 076 0 76 (0,76 0,65, 065 0,65 , 65 (0,65) 0,80. 080 0,80 . 80 (0,80) contrapartida (-0,76 0,74, 074 0,74 74 0,98 098 98 (-0,98 (-0,74 (Benth (Spreng (Vell 13 3 1, 0,7 07 7 (0,7 06 0,6 6 (0,65 08 0,8 8 (0,80 (-0,7 0,9 09 9 (-0,9 0, (0, (0,6 (0,8 (-0, (0 (-0 ( (-

Abstract (Introduction) The mountainous region of the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, currently made up mostly of the cantons of Turrubares, Puriscal and Mora, and to a lesser extent by the southwest of Acosta, was one of the most deforested areas since colonial times. (Objective) To comprehensively analyze the historical, socioeconomic, geo-climatic and ecological factors that possibly favored the logging exploitation of the forests of that region. (Methodology) The historical documents, and the geo-climatic, ecological and socioeconomic factors of the region were reviewed. In addition, a census was carried out among forestry professionals and industrialists to determine the timber species possibly extracted from the forests based on the floristic composition of protected forest areas in the region. (Results) The mountainous region was a transit and settlement site for Spanish colonists since the 16th century, which facilitated the development of access roads. Its proximity to the Central Valley, which needed forest and agricultural products for the growing urban area, together with the existence of an ecological convergence zone extraordinarily rich in trees of commercial importance, greatly facilitated the extraction of forest products. (Conclusion) The early colonization of the region, the existence of infrastructure, high demand for forest products at the national and international level, and the availability of forest resources in an area where the tropical dry forest, the cloud forest and the humid forest converge, and the edaphoclimatic conditions that also facilitated the development of agricultural crops, favored the change in land use and therefore the forestry exploitation of the region.

Resumen: (Introducción) La región montañosa del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, actualmente conformada, en su mayoría, por los cantones de Turrubares, Puriscal y Mora, y, en menor extensión, por el suroeste de Acosta, fue una de las zonas más deforestada desde tiempos coloniales. (Objetivo) Analizar integralmente los factores históricos, socioeconómicos, geoclimáticos y ecológicos que posiblemente favorecieron la explotación maderera de los bosques de esa región. (Metodología) Se revisaron los documentos históricos, y los factores geoclimáticos, ecológicos y socioeconómicos de la región. Además, se realizó un censo entre profesionales e industriales de la madera para determinar las especies maderables eventualmente extraídas de los bosques, basado en composición florística de zonas de bosque protegidas de la región. (Resultados) La región montañosa fue sitio de paso y asentamiento de los colonos españoles desde el siglo XVI, lo que facilitó el desarrollo de caminos de acceso. Su cercanía al Valle Central, que necesitó productos forestales y agrícolas para la creciente zona urbana, unido a la existencia de una zona de convergencia ecológica extraordinariamente rica en árboles de importancia comercial, facilitó, en mucho, la extracción de productos forestales. (Conclusión) La colonización temprana de la región, la existencia de infraestructura, alta demanda de productos forestales en el ámbito nacional e internacional, y la disponibilidad de recursos forestales en una zona donde convergen el bosque seco tropical, el bosque nuboso y el bosque húmedo tropical, y las condiciones edafoclimáticas que facilitaron también el desarrollo de cultivos agrícolas, favorecieron posiblemente el cambio de uso del suelo y, por ende, la explotación forestal de la región.

ABSTRACT Drought is a significant abiotic constraint in Salvia miltiorrhiza production, particularly during seedling cultivation. Therefore, researching drought resistance is crucial. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of S. miltiorrhiza at the seedling stage, evaluate drought resistance of various germplasms, and identify drought resistance markers. To simulate drought stress, five different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were applied to four S. miltiorrhiza germplasms at the seedling stage. Agronomic traits, root morphology, and physiological and biochemical indicators were measured. The data were then analyzed using the membership function method, correlation analysis, and stepwise regression analysis. The results revealed that as the PEG concentration increased, the aboveground agronomic traits and underground root morphology of the four S. miltiorrhiza germplasms showed a decline. The activities of catalase and peroxidase initially increased and then decreased, while the contents of soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein, and proline increased compared to the control. Based on the membership function values of 16 morphological and physiological indicators, the drought resistance order of the four S. miltiorrhiza germplasms was as follows: Yudanshen VD > Yudanshen VA > Yudanshen VB > Yudanshen VC. Additionally, an optimal regression equation (D = 0.887X1 - 0.003X2 + 0.142X3) was developed through stepwise regression analysis, indicating that X1, X2, and X3 represent the maximum root length, root surface area, and SS content, respectively. Consequently, this study presents a comprehensive and reliable method for evaluating drought resistance in S. miltiorrhiza germplasm resources.

Abstract Background: Agroforestry systems integrate agricultural, forestry and cultural diversity and have been little studied in coastal regions of Mexico. The SA managed by mixtecs and afro-mexicans are unknown. Questions: Which agroforestry systems are found in Mixtec and Afro-Mexican communities? Which are the forms of management, agricultural and agroforestry practices and useful species in agroforestry systems? Studied species: Various. Study site and dates: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. October 2021 to October 2022. Methods: Sixty semi-structured interviews were conducted with local specialists in three Mixtec and three Afro-Mexican communities. Questions were asked about traditional agroforestry systems, agricultural, agroforestry and management practices, and useful species. Tours and collections of herbarium specimens were carried out. Each system was described, management and agroforestry practices were categorized; and the number of useful species by category of use and cultural group was recorded. Results: Six agroforestry systems were recorded and described: milpa, pastures, plots, acahuales; piñal and coconut. Agricultural practices in Mixtec communities are carried out with basic tools and inputs and the production is for self-consumption and local sale, while in Afro-Mexican communities they are technical, and their destination is regional sale. The most common agroforestry practices were the boundaries and isolated trees. Conclusions: The cultural groups share agroforestry systems, forms of management, and number of useful species is similar, but they differ in agricultural practices. In the agroforestry systems, edible and timber species (firewood, poles, fences, construction) are mainly conserved.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrosilvícolas (SA) integran diversidad agrícola, forestal y cultural. En regiones costeras de México han sido poco estudiados, particularmente los manejados por mixtecos y afromexicanos de la costa de Oaxaca. Preguntas: ¿Qué SA se encuentran en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas?, ¿Cuáles son las especies útiles, formas de manejo, prácticas agrícolas y agroforestales de los SA? Especies de estudio: Diversas. Sitio y años de estudio: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. Octubre 2021 a octubre 2022. Métodos: Se realizaron 60 entrevistas semiestructuradas a especialistas locales en tres comunidades mixtecas y tres afromexicanas. Se preguntó acerca de especies útiles, sistemas agrosilvícolas, prácticas agrícolas, agroforestales y de manejo. Se realizaron recorridos y colectas de ejemplares de herbario. Se describió cada sistema por sus prácticas agroforestales y de manejo. Se registró el número de especies útiles por categoría de uso y grupo cultural. Resultados: Se documentaron y describieron seis SA: milpa, potreros, solares, acahuales, piñal y cocotal. Las prácticas agrícolas en comunidades mixtecas se realizan con herramientas e insumos básicos y la producción tiene un fin de autoconsumo y venta local, mientras que en comunidades afromexicanas son tecnificadas y su destino es la venta regional. Linderos y árboles aislados fueron las prácticas agroforestales más comunes. Conclusiones: Mixtecos y Afromexicanos comparten SA, formas de manejo y prácticas agroforestales, difieren en las prácticas agrícolas. En los SA se conservan principalmente especies comestibles y maderables. El número de especies útiles es similar en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas.

Abstract With the opening of the ports to Atlantic trade, the possibility of Campeche trading with Barcelona and other points along the Catalan coast was expanded. Between 1784 and 1796, Barcelona was the second port -after Cadiz- to receive logwood from Campeche, Veracruz and Havana. This prompted the arrival of migrants from Catalan coastal towns who entered the booming forestry extractive economy in that period in the basin of Laguna de Términos (Carmen district, Campeche). Unlike those who returned and invested their fortunes in their territories of origin -the Indianos-, the presence of Catalans who stayed in Campeche and became part of the elite, settling in both Villa del Carmen and San Francisco de Campeche, is notorious. This article aims to investigate the trajectories and strategies of this migratory group, as well as its presence in the conformation of regional colonial imaginaries.

Resumen Con la apertura de puertos al comercio atlántico, se extendió la posibilidad para Campeche de comerciar con Barcelona y otros puntos de la costa catalana. Entre 1784 y 1796, Barcelona fue el segundo puerto -después de Cádiz- receptor de palo de tinte procedente de Campeche, Veracruz y La Habana. Ello impulsó la llegada de migran- tes originarios de pueblos costeros catalanes quienes se introdujeron a la economía extractiva forestal en auge, en ese periodo, en la cuenca de la Laguna de Términos (partido del Carmen, Campeche). A dife- rencia de muchos de ellos, que regresaron e invirtieron sus fortunas en sus territorios de origen -los indianos-, es notoria la presencia de catalanes que se quedaron en tierras campechanas, insertándose en las élites asentadas tanto de la villa del Carmen como en San Francisco de Campeche. El presente artículo se propone indagar en las trayectorias y estrategias de dicho grupo migratorio, así como en su presencia en la conformación de imaginarios coloniales regionales.

Abstract Introduction. Canavalia ensiformis, widely used as green manure, has proven benefits from mycorrhizal inoculation. The effectiveness of the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants used in Cuba depend on the edaphic condition in which the crop develops, however there are no experimental results on eutric chromic cambisol soils from Jibacoa. Objective. Evaluate in this soil the response of canavalia to the application of 3 mycorrhizal inoculants. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the Jibacoa Agro-Forestry Experimental Station, Villa Clara province, Cuba. In a completely randomized design, 3 inoculants formulated with the strains INCAM-2/Funneliformis mosseae, INCAM-4/Glomus cubense and INCAM-11/Rizhophagus irregularis and a control without inoculation were studied. At the time that the canavalia flowered, the following were evaluated: the number of effective nodules; the height; the dry mass of the root, stem, leaves, total and the efficiency index was determined. Results. Canavalia presented a positive and differentiated response to mycorrhizal inoculation. The inoculation with INCAM-2 significantly increased the number of effective nodules (21.9%) with values higher than the control treatment and the inoculation with INCAM-4, it also caused the greatest height with increases of 66.1%, higher (p<0.05) to those found with the other inoculants. INCAM-2 always caused higher values of dry mass (p<0.01) in any of the organs and total in relation to the control treatment, however, they did not differ (p<0.01) from those obtained with the other inoculants, which did not always differ from the control treatment. The response based on total dry mass was ordered as follows: INCAM-2 with 71.90% > INCAM-11 with 50.17% > INCAM-4 with 38.29%. Conclusions. Canavalia presented a positive response to mycorrhizal inoculation in the eutric chromic cambisol soil with increases in its nodulation, growth and dry mass production. The INCAM-2 inoculant was always the most effective.

Resumen Introducción. Canavalia ensiformis ampliamente utilizada como abono verde, presenta beneficios comprobados por la inoculación micorrízica. La efectividad de los inoculantes micorrízicos arbusculares utilizados en Cuba dependen de la condición edáfica en que se desarrolla el cultivo; sin embargo, hay pocos resultados experimentales en suelos Cambisol éutrico crómico de Jibacoa. Objetivo. Evaluar en este suelo la respuesta de la canavalia a la aplicación de 3 inoculantes micorrizicos. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en la Estación Experimental Agro-Forestal de Jibacoa, provincia Villa Clara, Cuba. En un diseño completamente aleatorizado se estudiaron 3 inoculantes formulados con las cepas INCAM-2/Funneliformis mosseae, INCAM-4/Glomus cubense e INCAM-11/Rizhophagus irregularis y un control sin inocular. En el momento que floreció la canavalia se evaluó: la cantidad de nódulos efectivos; la altura; la masa seca de la raíz, del tallo, de las hojas, la total y se determinó el índice de eficiencia. Resultados. La canavalia presentó una respuesta positiva y diferenciada a la inoculación micorrízica. La inoculación con INCAM-2 incrementó significativamente la cantidad de nódulos efectivos (21,9%) con valores superiores al tratamiento control y a la inoculación con INCAM-4, además originó la mayor altura con aumentos del 66,1%, superiores (p<0,05) a las encontradas con los otros inoculantes. INCAM-2 siempre provocó valores superiores de masa seca (p<0,01) en cualquiera de los órganos y la total en relación con el tratamiento control, no obstante, no se diferenciaron (p<0,01) a los obtenidos con los otros inoculantes, los cuales no siempre se diferenciaron del tratamiento control. La respuesta se ordenó de acuerdo con la masa seca total como sigue: INCAM-2 con 71,90% > INCAM-11 con 50,17% > INCAM-4 con 38,29%. Conclusiones. La canavalia presentó una respuesta positiva a la inoculación micorrízica en el suelo Cambisol éutrico crómico con incrementos en su nodulación, crecimiento y producción de masa seca. El inoculante INCAM-2 siempre resultó el más efectivo.

Abstract Forests monitoring is an essential task for the understanding and management of forest stands, however, the collection of the necessary information to carry out this task is costly and time-consuming. Given the forestry sector's need to develop new efficient and accurate alternatives for tropical forests monitoring that can complement current methodologies, this study was conducted to characterize the structural attributes of forest systems using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). Five sites with different successional stages of tropical dry forest (TdF) and five forest plantations of different ages and under different management regimes were characterized by extracting the variables of Stand Height, Effective Number of Layers (ENL), Stand Structural Complexity Index (SSCI) and the percentage of Canopy Openness, out of point clouds obtained from TLS. The results suggest that there is no pattern related with the specific successional stages of the TdF evaluated, however, the comparison between the different forest plantations with TdF reflect a strong contrast between the different groups, which represents a potential for further research on the use of this technology in different tropical forest landscapes.

Resumen El monitoreo de los bosques es una labor imprescindible para el entendimiento y manejo de las masas forestales, sin embargo, la recolección de la información necesaria para realizar esta labor es una actividad tardada y costosa. Ante la necesidad del sector forestal de desarrollar nuevas alternativas de monitoreo de bosques tropicales, que sean eficientes, precisas y permitan complementar las metodologías actuales, surge este estudio para caracterizar los atributos estructurales de sistemas boscosos a través del uso del escáner láser terrestre (TLS). Se caracterizaron cinco sitios de diferentes estadios sucesionales de bosque seco tropical (BsT) y cinco plantaciones forestales con diferentes edades y bajo distintos regímenes de manejo, al extraer las variables de Altura de dosel, Efective Number of Layers (ENL), Índice de Complejidad Estructural (SSCI) y porcentaje de Apertura de dosel, por medio de nubes de puntos obtenidas con TLS. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que no existe un patrón de comportamiento normal dependiente de la etapa de sucesión del BsT evaluado, sin embargo, la comparación entre las distintas plantaciones forestales con el BsT refleja un fuerte contraste entre los distintos grupos, lo que representa un potencial para seguir investigando el uso de esta tecnología en distintos paisajes forestales tropicales.

Resumen (Introducción): La capacidad productiva de una plantación forestal depende principalmente de las características fisicoquímicas del suelo, así como del manejo silvicultural necesario para un óptimo desarrollo de los árboles. (Objetivo): El objetivo de esta investigación fue la evaluación del efecto de la fertilización sobre plantaciones forestales clonales de Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm., de tres años, en el Pacífico Norte y Sur de Costa Rica. (Metodología): El estudio se realizó en 2 ensayos experimentales del Instituto de Investigación y Servicios Forestales ubicados en La Esperanza, Cóbano (ensayo 1) y en Rancho Quemado, Bahía Drake (ensayo 2). Se establecieron 5 bloques completos, al azar, con 4 tratamientos de fertilización con el abono 19-4-19-2-0,1(B)-1,8(S)-,1(Zn). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y comparación de medias de los incrementos medios anuales del DAP, la altura y el volumen total de los árboles utilizando la prueba de Tukey. (Resultados): Los resultados muestran que el sitio con mayor fertilidad natural presenta aumento en el crecimiento de los árboles; sin embargo, no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre todos los tratamientos aplicados. El sitio de menor fertilidad natural se ubica en Bahía Drake y presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en algunos tratamientos en términos de volumen total. (Conclusiones): La fertilización continua tienen un impacto positivo en el crecimiento dasométrico en plantaciones de G. arborea que presenten bajos contenidos de calcio (< 4.5 cmol L-1), valores bajos en capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva (< 7.8 cmol L-1) y alta saturación de acidez (> 19.4 %).

Abstract (Introduction): The productive capacity of a forest plantation depends mainly on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, as well as the necessary silvicultural management for optimal tree development. (Objective): The objective of this research was the evaluation of the effect of fertilization on clonal forest plantations of Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. 3 years old, in the North and South Pacific of Costa Rica. (Methodology): The study was carried out in 2 experimental trials of the Forestry Research and Services Institute located in La Esperanza, Cóbano (trial 1) and in Rancho Quemado, Drake Bay (trial 2). Five complete blocks were established at random with four fertilization treatments with the fertilizer 19-4-19-2-0.1(B)-1.8(S)-.1(Zn). An analysis of variance and comparison of means of the mean annual increments of DBH, height and total volume of the trees was carried out, using the Tukey test. (Results): The results show that the site with the highest natural fertility presents a greater growth of the trees, however, there are no statistically significant differences between all the treatments applied. The site with the lowest natural fertility is located in Bahía Drake and it did present statistically significant differences in some treatments in terms of total volume. (Conclusions): Continuous fertilization have a positive impact on the dasometric growth in G. arborea plantations that present low calcium contents (< 4.5 cmol L-1), low values of effective cation exchange capacity (<7.8 cmol L-1) and high acidity saturation (> 19.4 %).

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo de madera sostenible pierde terreno ante la producción agrícola y otros usos de la tierra; para contrarrestar esto, es necesario entender de qué manera el ente productor toma decisiones en la adopción voluntaria de sistemas agrícolas. Por consiguiente, deben diseñarse esquemas de manejo ajustados a cómo los pequeños productores gestionan los sistemas productivos de una forma voluntaria. (Objetivo): Identificar los factores que influyen en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los pequeños grupos productores que deben ser considerados para la promoción del cultivo de madera. (Metodología): Se aplicaron encuestas con preguntas abiertas y selección única al 100 % de los entes productores (N = 77) de dos asentamientos del INDER. Por la complejidad de las interacciones entre factores, se simplificó el análisis a cuatro enfoques. La tendencia de los datos se graficó a partir de un modelo de regresión local (LOESS), en el cual la curva de regresión se generó y suavizó con el uso de la función geom_smooth del lenguaje estadístico R. (Resultados): Se identificó un total de 162 interacciones entre factores indirectos y directos, estas mismas se clasificaron en tres grupos según las veces que el sujeto productor cambió de sistema de producción en periodos cortos (cinco años). Así, el Grupo A tuvo una mayor representación en la población con un 67.5 %, le siguieron el Grupo B con un 24.7 % y el Grupo C con un 7.8 %. El 67.5 % no se encontraba de acuerdo en incluir el cultivo de madera. (Conclusiones): Se demostró la existencia de factores de decisión que influyen en cómo el sujeto productor adopta los sistemas agrícolas contrarios al cultivo de madera. La venta segura (VS) es uno de ellos; por lo tanto, hasta que no se ajusten los esquemas de manejo forestal actuales, la posibilidad de una adopción espontánea es mínima y seguirá necesitando de ayudas financieras.

Abstract (Introduction): Sustainable timber cultivation is losing ground to agricultural production and other land uses; To counteract this, it is necessary to understand how the farmer makes decisions. Therefore, management schemes must be designed that adjust to the way in which small farmers manage productive systems on a voluntary basis. (Objective): Identify the factors that influence the decision-making process of small farmers that must be considered for the promotion of timber cultivation. (Methodology): Surveys with open questions and single selection were applied to 100% of the farmers (N = 77) of two INDER settlements. Due to the complexity of the interactions between factors, the analysis was simplified into four approaches. The data trend was plotted from a local regression model (LOESS), in which the regression curve is generated and smoothed with the use of the geom_smooth function of the R statistical language. (Results): A total of 162 interactions between Indirect and Direct factors. They were classified into three groups according to the number of times the farmer changed the production system in short periods (5 years). Group A has a greater representation in the population with 67.5 %, followed by Group B with 24.7 % and Group C with 7.8 %. 67.5 % of the farmers did not agree to include the cultivation of wood. (Conclusions): It was possible to demonstrate the existence of decision factors that influence the way in which the farmers adopt the agricultural systems contrary to the cultivation of wood. Safe selling (VS) is one of them; therefore, until current forest management schemes are adjusted, the possibility of spontaneous adoption is minimal and will continue to require financial aid.

Resumen La vegetación es una parte vital de la infraestructura urbana por los servicios ambientales y los beneficios que provee a la población, por lo que es importante conocer su diversidad y estructura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estructura y composición florística de árboles, palmas y arbustos ubicados en áreas urbanas públicas de la ciudad de Tapachula, en el estado de Chiapas. Se recabó información dasométrica de ocho parques públicos, cinco áreas verdes públicas, cuatro camellones o jardineras y 38 calles, con una superficie total de 27.32 ha. Se registró el diámetro normal (1.30 m de la base del suelo) y la altura total. Se calculó la densidad de especies por área verde. La diversidad fue evaluada mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner y de Margalef. Taxonómicamente, se identificaron 130 especies, 109 géneros y 44 familias. De los taxa registrados, 65 pertenecen a especies nativas (550 individuos) y 65 a exóticas (1 927 individuos). Ficus microcarpa es el taxón exótico preponderante con un Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de 6.14. De las especies nativas, Roseodendron donnell-smithii destaca como el elemento más representativo (IVI=1.45). El Índice de Shannon-Weiner calculado para diferentes áreas verdes registró 2.7≤H’≤3.3 y el Índice de Margalef 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, lo cual evidencia que las calles poseen una gran diversidad de especies.

Abstract Urban vegetation is a vital part of urban infrastructure due to the environmental services it provides and the benefits to the population; therefore, it is important to know its diversity and structure. The objective of this work was to assess the structure and floristic composition of trees, palms and shrubs located in public urban areas of the city of Tapachula, state of Chiapas. Mensuration information was collected from eight public parks; five public green areas, four medians and 38 streets, with a total area of 27.32 ha. Normal diameter (1.30 m base from the ground) and total height were recorded. The density of species per urban green area was calculated. Diversity was evaluated using the Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indexes. Taxonomically, 130 species, 109 genera and 44 families were identified. Of the 130 specific taxa recorded, 65 belong to native species and 65 exotic. The total number of individuals was 1 927 exotic and 550 native. Ficus microcarpa is the predominant exotic with 6.14 Importance Value Index (IVI). Of the native species, Roseodendron donnell-smithii stands out as the most representative (IVI=1.45). The Shannon-Weiner Index calculated for different green areas registered 2.7≤H'≤3.3 and the Margalef Index 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, showing that the streets have a great species diversity.

Abstract (Introduction) The mountainous region of the Central Pacific of Costa Rica, currently made up mostly of the cantons of Turrubares, Puriscal and Mora, and to a lesser extent by the southwest of Acosta, was one of the most deforested areas since colonial times. (Objective) To comprehensively analyze the historical, socioeconomic, geo-climatic and ecological factors that possibly favored the logging exploitation of the forests of that region. (Methodology) The historical documents, and the geo-climatic, ecological and socioeconomic factors of the region were reviewed. In addition, a census was carried out among forestry professionals and industrialists to determine the timber species possibly extracted from the forests based on the floristic composition of protected forest areas in the region. (Results) The mountainous region was a transit and settlement site for Spanish colonists since the 16th century, which facilitated the development of access roads. Its proximity to the Central Valley, which needed forest and agricultural products for the growing urban area, together with the existence of an ecological convergence zone extraordinarily rich in trees of commercial importance, greatly facilitated the extraction of forest products. (Conclusion) The early colonization of the region, the existence of infrastructure, high demand for forest products at the national and international level, and the availability of forest resources in an area where the tropical dry forest, the cloud forest and the humid forest converge, and the edaphoclimatic conditions that also facilitated the development of agricultural crops, favored the change in land use and therefore the forestry exploitation of the region.

Resumen: (Introducción) La región montañosa del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, actualmente conformada, en su mayoría, por los cantones de Turrubares, Puriscal y Mora, y, en menor extensión, por el suroeste de Acosta, fue una de las zonas más deforestada desde tiempos coloniales. (Objetivo) Analizar integralmente los factores históricos, socioeconómicos, geoclimáticos y ecológicos que posiblemente favorecieron la explotación maderera de los bosques de esa región. (Metodología) Se revisaron los documentos históricos, y los factores geoclimáticos, ecológicos y socioeconómicos de la región. Además, se realizó un censo entre profesionales e industriales de la madera para determinar las especies maderables eventualmente extraídas de los bosques, basado en composición florística de zonas de bosque protegidas de la región. (Resultados) La región montañosa fue sitio de paso y asentamiento de los colonos españoles desde el siglo XVI, lo que facilitó el desarrollo de caminos de acceso. Su cercanía al Valle Central, que necesitó productos forestales y agrícolas para la creciente zona urbana, unido a la existencia de una zona de convergencia ecológica extraordinariamente rica en árboles de importancia comercial, facilitó, en mucho, la extracción de productos forestales. (Conclusión) La colonización temprana de la región, la existencia de infraestructura, alta demanda de productos forestales en el ámbito nacional e internacional, y la disponibilidad de recursos forestales en una zona donde convergen el bosque seco tropical, el bosque nuboso y el bosque húmedo tropical, y las condiciones edafoclimáticas que facilitaron también el desarrollo de cultivos agrícolas, favorecieron posiblemente el cambio de uso del suelo y, por ende, la explotación forestal de la región.

A key global change challenge is to significantly reduce the risks of alien taxa causing harmful impacts without compromising the rights of citizens. As part of efforts to address this challenge, South Africa promulgated comprehensive regulations and lists of alien taxa in 2014. In this paper, we review how the lists developed, changed overtime, and how they have been implemented. As of March 2021, 560 taxa were listed under four broad regulatory categories, and between 2014 and 2020, almost 3000 permits were issued to regulate the continued use of listed taxa. The full lists of regulated taxa, permits issued, and corresponding regulations are available in the Supplementary material. A proposed standardised, transparent, and science-informed process to revise the regulatory lists is also presented - as of 30 April 2024, risk analyses have been developed for 140 taxa using the Risk Analysis for Alien Taxa (RAAT) framework and reviewed by an independent scientific body [the Alien Species Risk Analysis Review Panel (ASRARP)] with input from taxon-specific experts. These recommendations are being considered by an interdepartmental governmental decision-making body established in March 2023 [the Risk Analysis Review Committee (RARC)]. Finally, key issues with the listing of alien taxa in South Africa that remain to be resolved are presented. As South Africa's regulatory framework continues to develop, the process of listing and regulating alien taxa will, we believe, become more transparent, consistent, and acceptable to stakeholders, and ultimately facilitate efforts to reduce the harmful impacts of alien taxa. SIGNIFICANCE: The regulation of alien species is a major part of how South Africa addresses biological invasions. For this process to be effective, relevant stakeholders need to be engaged and involved. This paper outlines how species have been regulated in the past, provides regulatory lists in accessible formats, and analyses how the lists have changed over time. A transparent, science-informed process to update the regulatory lists is presented and progress to date reviewed. This process aims to engage interested and affected parties in efforts to preserve the benefits of alien species while reducing the harmful impacts of invasions.

RESUMEN Las quemas controladas son comúnmente utilizadas por los agricultores en tierras de vocación forestal para la limpieza del terreno previo al establecimiento de cultivos agrícolas. El presente trabajo experimental tuvo como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento del fuego en quemas controladas en tierras de vocación forestal en la comuna Sancán, provincia de Manabí, Ecuador. Se delimitaron 10 parcelas de 1,18 x 5 m en hileras de combustible y tres parcelas de 20 x 50 m en combustibles dispersos. Durante la quema se midieron las variables temperatura del aire, humedad relativa y velocidad del viento a 0,50 metros de altura del suelo y a más de 3,00 m de distancia del extremo de la parcela por donde se inició el fuego. El material combustible se caracterizó considerando peso, espesura y contenido de humedad antes de la quema. Los parámetros del comportamiento del fuego evaluados fueron velocidad de propagación, intensidad lineal del fuego, alturas de las llamas, altura de secado letal y calor liberado por unidad de área. El comportamiento del fuego mostró valores medios superiores para todos los parámetros en las parcelas ubicadas en las hileras de combustible, excepto para el caso de la velocidad de propagación. Además, en esas parcelas los valores de la desviación estándar obtenidos para cada variable indican mayor dispersión de los datos con respecto a la media lo cual supone un comportamiento del fuego menos homogéneo en sentido general. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser utilizados para fundamentar el uso responsable del fuego en tierras de vocación forestal.

RESUMO A queima controlada é comumente usada por agricultores em terras florestais para limpar a terra antes do estabelecimento de culturas agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho experimental foi avaliar o comportamento do fogo em queimadas controladas em terras florestais na comuna de Sancán, província de Manabí, Equador. Foram delimitadas 10 parcelas de 1,18 x 5 m em fileiras de combustíveis e três parcelas de 20 x 50 m em combustíveis dispersos. Durante a queima, as variáveis temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e velocidade do vento foram medidas a 0,50 metros do solo e a mais de 3,00 m de distância do final da parcela onde ocorreu o incêndio. O material combustível foi caracterizado considerando peso, espessura e teor de umidade antes da queima. Os parâmetros de comportamento do fogo avaliados foram velocidade de propagação, intensidade linear do fogo, altura das chamas, altura de secagem letal e calor liberado por unidade de área. O comportamento do fogo apresentou maiores valores médios para todos os parâmetros nas parcelas localizadas nas linhas de combustível, exceto para o caso da velocidade de propagação. Além disso, nestas parcelas os valores de desvio padrão obtidos para cada variável indicam maior dispersão dos dados em relação à média, o que implica um comportamento do fogo menos homogéneo de uma forma geral. Os resultados obtidos podem ser utilizados para apoiar o uso responsável do fogo em terras florestais.

ABSTRACT Controlled burning is commonly used by farmers on forestry lands to clear the land prior to establishing agricultural crops. The objective of this experimental work was to evaluate the behavior of fire in controlled burning on forestry lands in the Sancán commune, province of Manabí, Ecuador. 10 plots of 1.18 x 5 m were delimited in fuel rows and three plots of 20 x 50 m in dispersed fuels. During the burning, the variables air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were measured at 0.50 meters above the ground and more than 3.00 m away from the end of the plot where the fire started. The fuel material was characterized considering weight, thickness and moisture content before burning. The fire behavior parameters evaluated were propagation speed, linear fire intensity, flame heights, lethal drying height and heat released per unit area. Fire behavior showed higher mean values for all parameters in the plots located in the fuel rows, except for the case of propagation speed. Besides, in these plots, the standard deviation values obtained for each variable indicate greater dispersion of the data with respect to the mean, which implies less homogeneous fire behavior in a general sense. The results obtained can be used to support the responsible use of fire in forestry lands.