Abstract This article reflects on the resignification of the Tijuca massif during the latter half of the nineteenth century after the planting of the Tijuca Forest, based on notions of the social uses of forests which were in line with Eurocentric imagery prizing nature. We utilized primary sources from the Brazilian Arquivo Nacional and Biblioteca Nacional, especially the Hemeroteca Digital online collection. The perception of these green areas shifted, with planted forests evolving from solely spaces for future forestry use to also serve as forest parks for recreation and contemplating nature, while still permitting appreciation of fine wood and landscapes and evoking the idea of nationalism and modernity. Forest nature collection shifted modernity

Resumo O artigo reflexiona sobre o processo de ressignificação do maciço da Tijuca, na segunda metade do século XIX, após o projeto de plantio da Floresta da Tijuca, a partir da proposição de usos sociais das florestas, alinhando-se ao imaginário eurocêntrico de valorização da natureza. Vale-se de fontes primárias do Arquivo Nacional e da Biblioteca Nacional, especialmente da Hemeroteca Digital. Desvela a mudança na percepção dessas áreas verdes, onde a floresta plantada deixou de ser unicamente um espaço para uso silvicultural futuro, passando a ser também uma floresta-parque, para recreação e contemplação da natureza, sem excluir a apreciação das madeiras nobres e das paisagens, evocando a ideia de nacionalismo e modernidade. Tijuca XIX florestas alinhandose alinhando se natureza Valese Vale Digital verdes futuro florestaparque, florestaparque parque, parque floresta-parque paisagens modernidade

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo avalia evidências empíricas sobre a percepção dos colaboradores sobre os impactos positivos e negativos da certificação Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) em empresas brasileiras. Metodologia Foi desenvolvido um levantamento e coletados dados de 149 colaboradores de empresas certificadas. Uma escala de impactos positivos e negativos foi desenvolvida a partir da literatura. O teste de Jonckheere-Terpstra foi utilizado para comparar a diferença estatística dos atributos em análise. Também foi desenvolvida uma análise fatorial exploratória com abordagem quantitativa. Resultados As percepções mais positivas estão relacionadas à proteção da floresta e da sociedade. Quanto aos aspectos negativos, destacam-se a desinformação sobre as certificações e o seu custo de implementação. Originalidade A literatura existente sobre a certificação FSC tem como foco os gestores das empresas e/ou stakeholders externos. O estudo sobre a perspectiva dos colaboradores de empresas certificadas é importante para garantir o bem-estar dos funcionários, promover a sustentabilidade e a responsabilidade social corporativa, identificar áreas de melhoria e fortalecer a reputação e a credibilidade da empresa no mercado. (FSC brasileiras 14 JonckheereTerpstra Jonckheere Terpstra quantitativa sociedade destacamse destacam se implementação eou ou externos bemestar bem estar funcionários corporativa mercado 1

Abstract Purpose This study evaluates empirical evidence on the perceptions of employees on the positive and negative impacts of Forest Stewarship Council (FSC) certification on Brazilian companies. Methodology A survey was developed, and data from 149 employees of certified companies was collected. A scale of positive and negative impacts based on the literature was developed. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test was used to compare the statistical differences between the attributes under analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was also developed with a quantitative approach. Results The most positive perceptions are related to the protection of the forest and society. Regarding the negative aspects, the misinformation about the certifications and the cost to carry out the certification were highlighted. Originality The existing literature about FSC certification focuses on company managers and/or external stakeholders. A study on the perspective of employees from certified companies is important to ensure the well-being of employees, promote sustainability and corporate social responsibility, identify areas for improvement, and strengthen the company’s reputation and credibility in the market. (FSC 14 collected JonckheereTerpstra Jonckheere Terpstra approach society aspects highlighted andor or stakeholders wellbeing well being responsibility improvement companys s market 1

Abstract Community forestry enterprises (CFEs) require regional business planning skills to establish and maintain business associations at large-scale. The aim of this study was to identify the perception of four CFEs on the limitations and opportunities for scaling up in CFEs in Central Mexico. We selected four contrasting CFEs of development and social organization level to assess barriers and opportunities for scaling up, applying interviews to different stakeholders. The analysis of obstacles and opportunities suggests that scaling strategies should foster technical and administrative training, develop infrastructure and strengthen internal governance that promote economic diversification and increased income from forest management.

Resumen Las empresas forestales comunitarias (EFC) requieren habilidades de planificación comercial regional para establecer y mantener asociaciones comerciales a mayor escala. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar la percepción de cuatro EFC contrastantes sobre las limitaciones y oportunidades de escalamiento en el centro de México, con base en el nivel de desarrollo de aprovechamiento silvícola y organización social, aplicando entrevistas a diferentes actores. El análisis cualitativo de obstáculos y oportunidades sugiere que las estrategias de escalamiento deben fomentar capacitación técnica y administrativa, desarrollar infraestructura y gobernanza interna sólida, que favorezca la diversificación económica, y mayores ingresos derivados del manejo forestal.

Abstract Co-development of knowledge is a useful tool for addressing the management of complex social-ecological systems like the ribeirinhos (riverine communities) of Brazil. Incorporating local knowledge and environmental perception of ribeirinhos into assessments of river degradation can lead to management outcomes that better support human and ecosystem health. In the state of Piauí, Brazil, riverine people depend on the Igaraçu River for various subsistence needs. However, river pollution has increased. The objective of this study was to comprehend the perceptions of ribeirinhos regarding the environmental degradation of the Igaraçu River in Piauí and how they believed it affected their life and ecosystem. We conducted interviews with 79 informants to gather insights on environmental degradation, its causes, and consequences. The results were analyzed using a Loyalty Level (LL) metric. The majority of respondents (67.86%, n=38) perceived that degradation was indeed taking place. They attributed the primary causes of degradation to discarded garbage (LL= 74.41) and the discharge of polluted water (LL= 11.60). Informants reported that local fauna and flora (LL= 35.70) were being impacted by water contamination. However, despite their reliance on the river for sustenance, including food, water, and the harvesting of forest products, they did not perceive any significant harm to their livelihoods. This study demonstrates that individuals who have a direct dependency on local natural resources can offer firsthand data regarding environmental changes. However, additional efforts are required to assist local communities (those who directly utilize the local environment) in developing a deeper understanding of how environmental degradation impacts both the present and future of their communities, as well as their connection to the local ecosystem. Codevelopment Co development socialecological social ecological Brazil health needs However increased 7 consequences LL (LL metric 67.86%, 6786 67 86 (67.86% n=38 n38 n 38 place LL= 74.41 7441 74 41 11.60. 1160 11.60 . 11 60 11.60) 35.70 3570 35 70 contamination sustenance food products livelihoods changes those environment 67.86% 678 6 8 (67.86 n=3 n3 3 74.4 744 4 116 11.6 1 35.7 357 67.86 (67.8 n= 74. 11. 35. 67.8 (67. 67. (67 (6 (

Resumen Una característica destacada de los movimientos sociales que surgieron en América Latina en la década de 1980 es el papel central que la identidad desempeñó en sus movilizaciones y reivindicaciones. Las relaciones establecidas con el gobierno produjeron cambios en su repertorio. Analizamos cómo estos cambios afectan la dinámica del cambio de escala y cómo esta afecta la percepción de logros, estrategias y demandas por parte del movimiento de las poblaciones extractivistas de la Amazonia brasileña. Utilizamos archivos de organizaciones y entrevistas con representantes de movimientos sociales. El movimiento ha ido cambiando sus estrategias y demandas. Sin embargo, esto no significa que su eficacia para reivindicar sus demandas en el ámbito de la política se haya reduczido. El desarrollo de enfoques específicos como estrategia ha generado roces en la definición de metas entre líderes de nivel inferior y superior. El movimiento es notable la región hasta el día de hoy. 198 reivindicaciones repertorio logros brasileña embargo reduczido superior hoy 19 1

Abstract A remarkable characteristic of the social movements that arose in Latin America in the 1980s is the central role that identity played in their mobilization and demands. The relationships established with the government led to changes in their repertoire. We analyze how those changes have affected the dynamics related to scale shift and how it affects the perception of achievements, strategies, and demands by the forest extractivists movement in the Brazilian Amazon. We use archives of local and national organizations, and interviews with leaders of the social movement. The movement has been changing its strategies and demands. However, this does not mean that it is becoming less effective in pursuing its demands through the realm of politics. The development of specific approaches as a strategy led to a friction about the definition of goals between lower and higher-level leaders. The movement remains remarkable in the region to this day. s repertoire achievements Amazon organizations However politics higherlevel higher level day

Resumo Uma característica marcante dos movimentos sociais surgidos na América Latina na década de 1980 é o papel central que a identidade desempenhou em suas mobilizações e reivindicações. Além disso, as relações estabelecidas com o governo levaram a mudanças em seu repertório. Nesse sentido, analisamos como as mudanças tem afetado a dinâmica relacionada à mudança de escala e como ela afeta a percepção de conquistas, estratégias e demandas pelo movimento dos extrativistas florestais da Amazônia brasileira. Utilizamos arquivos de organizações locais e nacionais e entrevistas com lideranças do movimento social. Observamos que o movimento vem mudando suas estratégias e demandas. No entanto, isso não significa que está se tornando menos eficaz em reivindicar suas demandas através do âmbito da política. O desenvolvimento de abordagens específicas como estratégia levou a um atrito sobre a definição de metas entre os líderes de nível inferior e superior. O movimento continua marcante na região até os dias de hoje. 198 reivindicações disso repertório sentido conquistas brasileira social entanto política superior hoje 19 1

Resumen (Objetivo) El estudio se enfocó en analizar los estilos de aprendizaje y la percepción de estudiantes universitarios de ingeniería forestal con tres niveles de avance (principiante, intermedio y avanzado). (Metodología) Se aplicaron pruebas para determinar el conocimiento en temas afines a la carrera, percepción de la carrera y temáticas o conceptos que consideren complicados o problemáticos, todos bajo pruebas en modalidad doble ciego con pruebas previamente validadas; posteriormente, se desarrolló un modelo de estilo de aprendizaje. (Resultados) Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre los estudiantes principiantes con respecto a los intermedios y avanzados. El grupo principiante tiende a tener una deficiencia de aprendizaje memorístico y significativo, lo cual llega a mejorar conforme el estudiante avance en la carrera. Además, se determinó que la mejora en aspectos de aprendizaje como trabajo en equipo, habilidades blandas y trabajo bajo presión incrementan las capacidades de aprendizaje del estudiante. Al momento de analizar el modelo se determinó que las expectativas del alumno mostraron poca relación con el modelo propuesto; esto, indiferentemente el nivel de aprendizaje. Aspectos como el conocimiento previo y las influencias sociales tienen un efecto significativo en el aprendizaje, lo cual afecta indirectamente la satisfacción del usuario. (Conclusiones) El modelo propuesto tiene una adaptabilidad con los estudiantes de ingeniería forestal y permite una evolución en el entendimiento de conceptos y habilidades claves para la carrera; sin embargo, la primera etapa de carrera (principiante), requiere mejora en vías de disminuir la carga memorísticas e impulsar aprendizaje con métodos observacionales y de descubrimiento que darían mayor funcionalidad y motivación a los estudiantes.

Resumo (Objetivo) O estudo teve como foco analisar os estilos de aprendizagem e a percepção de estudantes universitários de engenharia florestal com três níveis de avanço (iniciante, intermediário e avançado). (Metodologia) Foram aplicados testes para determinar o conhecimento sobre temas relacionados à carreira, percepção da carreira e temas ou conceitos que consideram complicados ou problemáticos, todos sob testes duplo-cegos com testes previamente validados; posteriormente, foi desenvolvido um modelo de estilo de aprendizagem. (Resultados) Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os estudantes iniciantes em relação aos intermediários e avançados. O grupo iniciante tende a apresentar deficiência na aprendizagem memorística e significativa, que melhora à medida que o estudante avança na carreira. Além disso, foi determinado que a melhoria em aspectos de aprendizagem como trabalho em equipe, habilidades pessoais e trabalho sob pressão aumentam as capacidades de aprendizagem do estudante. Ao analisar o modelo, verificou-se que as expectativas do estudante apresentavam pouca relação com o modelo proposto; isso, independentemente do nível de aprendizagem. Aspectos como conhecimento prévio e influências sociais têm um efeito significativo na aprendizagem, o que afeta indiretamente a satisfação do usuário. (Conclusões) O modelo proposto tem uma adaptabilidade com estudantes de engenharia florestal e permite uma evolução na compreensão de conceitos e competências chave para a carreira; no entanto, a primeira etapa da carreira (iniciante) requer aperfeiçoamento para reduzir a carga memorística e promover o aprendizado com métodos observacionais e de descoberta que dariam aos estudantes maior funcionalidade e motivação.

Abstract (Objective) This study is focused on the analysis of learning styles and perceptions of university forestry engineering students at three different levels (beginning, intermediate and advanced). (Methodology) Tests were applied to determine students' knowledge of topics related to the career, such as their perception of the career and topics or concepts that they considered to be complicated or problematic, all a using double-blind methodology with previously validated tests; a model of learning styles was subsequently developed. (Results) The results showed significant differences between beginning students and intermediate and advanced students. The group of beginners tends to be deficient in rote and meaningful learning, which improves as students advance in the program of study. In addition, it was determined that improvement in learning areas such as teamwork, soft skills and working under pressure increase students' learning abilities. When the model was analyzed, it was determined that students' expectations showed little relationship with the proposed model, regardless of the level of learning. Aspects such as prior knowledge and social influences significantly affect learning, which indirectly affects student satisfaction. (Conclusions) The proposed model is adaptable to forestry engineering students and helps them to better understand critical concepts and skills for the career; however, improvements must be made in the first stage of the program of study (for beginners) to reduce the need for memorization and promote learning through observational and discovery methods that would give students greater capabilities and motivation.

Resumo A área pública, atualmente denominada Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo, foi criada em 1947 com o objetivo de pesquisar e desenvolver árvores madeiráveis, tendo em vista a grande exploração madeireira nas décadas anteriores. Neste estudo utilizou-se a percepção ambiental, como estratégia de investigação para tentar aclarar aspectos subjetivos da relação homem ambiente, evidenciada na comunidade local, em atual conflito com os gestores da unidade de conservação. Utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa a análise de conteúdo. Apesar de perceberem a Floresta importante para a biodiversidade e qualidade de vida, convivem com situações conflitantes, relacionadas a sua exclusão no planejamento de atividades da UC, bem como a forma pela qual as fiscalizações são realizadas para evitar o plantio de transgênicos no entorno. A percepção tem potencial para elucidar conflitos semelhantes em outras áreas, indicando aos gestores das unidades caminhos para melhorar o relacionamento com a comunidade do entorno.

Abstract The public area currently known as Passo Fundo National Forest was created in 1947 to research and develop timber trees in light of a large amount of logging that had occurred in previous decades. In this study, environmental perception was used as a research strategy to attempt to clarify the subjective aspects of the human-environment relationship evident in the local community in the current conflict with the managers of the protected area. A qualitative approach to content analysis was used. Although they perceive the forest as important for biodiversity and quality of life, they live with conflicts related to their exclusion in the planning of activities at PA and the way controls are implemented to prevent the planting of transgenic crops in the surroundings. Perceptions have the potential to shed light on similar conflicts in other areas and provide managers with ways to improve relationships with surrounding communities.

Resumen El área pública, actualmente denominada Bosque Nacional Passo Fundo, fue creada en 1947 con el objetivo de investigar y desarrollar árboles maderables, en vista de la gran tala en décadas anteriores. En este estudio, la percepción ambiental fue utilizada como estrategia de investigación para tratar de esclarecer aspectos subjetivos de la relación hombre-ambiente, evidenciados en la comunidad local, en conflicto actual con los gestores de la unidad de conservación. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo para el análisis de contenido. A pesar de percibir el Bosque como importante para la biodiversidad y la calidad de vida, viven situaciones conflictivas, relacionadas con su exclusión de la planificación de actividades en la UC, así como la forma en que se realizan las fiscalizaciones para evitar la siembra de transgénicos en los alrededores. La percepción tiene el potencial de dilucidar conflictos similares en otras áreas, indicando a los gerentes de unidad formas de mejorar la relación con la comunidad circundante.

Abstract An index of sensation-observation-perception of climate change (ISOP-CC) is proposed as a response variable based on five indicators (rainfall, temperatures, plagues, winds and frosts), with the aim of measuring female cultural reactions to these atmospheric events. Responses were valued from zero to one hundred percent. The study was carried out in three localities of the Municipality of San Salvador el Verde, located in the upper basin of the Atoyac River, in the region known as Sierra Nevada de Puebla, Mexico. Among the independent variables with impacts on the ISOP-CC are the altitudinal gradient related to the type of ecosystem and forest cover, damages due to climate change, land tenure, economic activities of the domestic group, forest cover, social and agricultural productive variables. It is concluded that rural women have differential ISOP-CC according to the altitude of their settlement.

Resumen Se propone un índice de sensación-observación-percepción del cambio climático (ISOP-CC) como variable de respuesta a partir de cinco indicadores (precipitaciones, temperaturas, plagas, vientos y heladas), con el objetivo de medir las reacciones culturales femeninas ante dichos eventos atmosféricos; a las respuestas se les asignaron valores que oscilan entre cero y cien por ciento. El estudio se llevó a cabo en tres localidades del municipio de San Salvador el Verde, ubicadas en la cuenca alta del río Atoyac, en la región conocida como Sierra Nevada de Puebla, México. Entre las variables independientes con impactos en el ISOP-CC se encuentran el gradiente altitudinal relacionado con el tipo de ecosistema y la cobertura forestal, los perjuicios por el cambio climático, la tenencia de la tierra, las actividades económicas del grupo doméstico, la cobertura forestal, las variables sociales y agroproductivas. Se concluye que las mujeres rurales tienen ISOP-CC diferenciales según la altitud de su asentamiento.

Abstract. Environmental observation schemes involving the participation of citizens have long been positioned worldwide as key mechanisms for supporting political and social decisions at different scales and for diverse objectives and interests. Various terms have been used (all in the same sense) to refer to the participatory monitoring of nature, including “locally-based monitoring”, “community-based monitoring”, “citizen science”, “stakeholder participation”, and “public participation”. This implies carrying out environmental monitoring activities with local inhabitants participating in all stages, from sample collection to data analysis and the proposal of actions based on the information collected and the trends identified. In Latin America, a region characterized by the continuous growth of urban populations that entails land-use changes and the ensuing loss of the ecosystem services provided by the surrounding environment, it is interesting to review collaborative initiatives of environmental observation from the “citizen science” perspective. These schemes can contribute to implementing effective participatory monitoring systems that, depending on the level of involvement of local inhabitants, may even become effective instruments for supporting government-led environmental conservation programs, especially under environmental budget shortages that are common in developing countries. This paper describes the participatory, community-based, water monitoring (MCP, for its acronym in Spanish) carried out by an academy-local community collaborative team in a forest community of the southwestern part of Mexico City during 2015-2017. Prior to monitoring, training was provided by the Global Water Watch organization; infrastructure and technical support were provided by two scientific research projects. The method used in the study comprised the following stages: i) monitoring the quantity of water and the physical-chemical and bacteriological quality in the drinking water supply sources (two springs and a stream) located in the forested area of the community, using simple but scientifically endorsed observation techniques; ii) measuring the same water variables in a sample from water supply points (23 households and two water storage tanks) in the urban zone of the community; iii) conducting a survey of social perception about the water supply service in the households visited; and iv) collecting water samples for measuring physical-chemical water quality parameters in the laboratory, to corroborate the evaluation made through MCP. Overall, good physical-chemical water quality was maintained over the two years of observations, but with serious bacteriological problems that would demand the implementation of water quality control measures jointly with the neighboring communities. The social perception revealed that the community experiences severe water shortages in terms of quantity (water is supplied per batches, making it necessary to have storage devices) and quality (as visually identified by turbidity). The survey also revealed a strong citizen awareness of the natural resources of the community and the need to preserve the forest (as the springs and stream that supply water to the community are located in the forested area), and ongoing voluntary community work to clean ravines, etc. Finally, this article discusses the usefulness of MCP schemes as means of social empowerment and communitybased decision-making in territorial planning at a local level. Also discussed is the potential of MCP to support the implementation of policy instruments for land-use planning and environmental conservation programs at a regional scale. This would require expanding the water MCP experience to address other issues such as biodiversity, reforestation, natural plant regeneration, etc. and building capacity on MCP methods in other communities. This envisions transforming the MCP mechanism into an effective environmental monitoring and surveillance scheme and using it in the collaborative design and implementation of environmental public policy instruments.

Resumen. En este trabajo se presenta la experiencia de Monitoreo Comunitario Participativo (MCP) del agua en una comunidad forestal de la periferia suroeste de la Ciudad de México, realizado durante 2015-2017 por un equipo colaborativo (academia-comunidad). Apoyándose en el marco conceptual de MCP, se desarrollan varias etapas del estudio: i) el monitoreo del agua en la zona forestal (fuentes de abastecimiento de agua potable); ii) las mediciones en la parte urbana de la comunidad (domicilios y tanques de almacenamiento); iii) la aplicación de una encuesta sobre percepción social del servicio del agua, y iv) la toma de muestras de la calidad del agua para el laboratorio (para corroborar la rigurosidad de los datos tomados mediante el MCP). Se observa una tendencia de preservación de una buena calidad físico-química del agua, con una severa problemática bacteriológica; por otro lado, existe conciencia social sobre la deficiente dotación del recurso y la necesidad de conservación forestal. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de implementar medidas de control de la contaminación y sobre la utilidad del MCP para el empoderamiento social y la toma de decisiones comunitarias para planeación territorial a escala local.

Abstract The aim of this study is to characterize the perceptions and interests of farmers related to the adoption of agroforestry systems (AFS) for restoration of Fibria Celulose S.A.’s Legal Reserves (LRs), with the production of food and non-timber forest products. Twenty farmers were interviewed in the community of São Geraldo (São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil), who participated in the social projects led by the company in the community. With this, it was possible to trace the profile of farmers and farms, their knowledge of environmental suitability, and interest in the adoption of AFS. Most farmers did not have information about AFS and the possibility of its use in LR. After being educated on the opportunities established in the Brazilian Forestry Law, 12 of the interviewed farmers expressed interest in adopting AFS to restore LR, considering the potential benefits to the diversification of income, water, soil, and biodiversity conservation. Finally, it was also possible to identify species of interest by farmers for AFS composition in LRs.

Resumen Se evaluaron elementos paisajísticos (uso de suelo, vías de acceso, pendientes y fragilidad ambiental) y tendencias de uso de suelo durante el periodo 2005-2016 en el área propuesta para el Corredor Biológico Río Tibás (CBRT). A partir de ellos, se aplicó una metodología de selección de sitios prioritarios (SP) para la restauración de cobertura vegetal, y se realizó un diagnóstico social para valorar la percepción y anuencia de sus respectivos propietarios. El CBRT posee una distribución casi equitativa entre el uso urbano, agropecuario y natural, con una concentración importante de cobertura boscosa en su zona alta. No obstante, en 11 años ha experimentado un proceso de urbanización hasta tres veces más acelerado que otras zonas de la región, siendo los usos agropecuarios los más vulnerables al cambio. La aplicación de la metodología delimitó 20 SP de manejo, de los cuales, en 10 se realizó el diagnóstico social. El 94 por ciento de los propietarios están anuentes a la restauración, motivados, principalmente, por la conservación del agua, biodiversidad y paisaje.

Abstract An evaluation was conducted on landscape elements (land use, access roads, slopes, and environmental fragility) and trends in the use of soil during the period 2005-2016 in the area proposed for the Biological Corridor Tibas River (CBRT). From these elements and trends, a methodology for the selection of priority sites (SP) was applied for the restoration of plant cover, and a survey to assess the perception and consent of their respective owners was applied. The CBRT has adistribution almost equitable between urban, agricultural and natural use, with an important concentration of forest cover in its high area. However, in 11 years the CBRT has undergone a process of urbanization, up to three times faster than other urban areas in the region, being the agricultural uses the most vulnerable to change. The implementation of the methodology identified 20 priority sites of management; the above-mentioned survey was applied in 10 of them. The 94 por ciento of the owners are willing to the restoration, motivated primarily by the conservation of water, biodiversity and landscape.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de proponer líneas de trabajo para la autogestión comunitaria y manejo adecuado de los frutales nativos en la comunidad de Munhiba, provincia de Zambézia (Mozambique), se realizó un estudio sobre la percepción de los actores locales sobre las causas de deterioro de los frutales, así como la importancia económica social y ambiental. Se realizó un muestreo intencional seleccionando 118 actores locales. En aras de desarrollar un diagnóstico rápido participativo, se realizaron talleres de intercambio y visitas al campo para identificar las especies frutales y usos que se le atribuyen. Para la recolección de información, se aplicó entrevista semi-estructurada junto con el uso de observación simple y participante. Para el tratamiento de datos se usó el análisis de frecuencia y de correlación de variables (Rho de Spearman). Entre los resultados más importantes destacan la clasificación botánica de las especies frutales, la percepción de los actores locales sobre la importancia económica, social, ambiental y las causas de deterioro, se identificaron las fortalezas y debilidades para el manejo de los frutales y se definieron líneas de trabajo para su autogestión. A pesar del potencial de los frutales en el territorio de estudio no se aprecia un manejo adecuado, principalmente por falta de conocimiento en el proceso de producción y recolección de las comunidades locales, lo que puede conducir al deterioro progresivo de las especies y el ecosistema donde habitan.

ABSTRACT With the aim of propose lines of work for the community’s appropriate self-management of the native fruit trees in Munhiba, province of Zambézia (Mozambique), it was carried out a study of the perception of the local actors about the causes of deterioration of the fruit trees, as well as their economic, social, and environmental importance. It was used intentional sampling by selecting 118 local actors. In order to develop a Participatory Rapid Diagnosis, exchange workshops and field visits were also performed to identify the fruit species and their use. For the information gathering, semi-structured interviews were applied together with the use of simple and participant observation. Frequency and correlation of variables (Rho of Spearman) were developed for data processing. Among the most important results, it was found the botanical classification of the fruit species, the perception of the local actors about the economic, social, and environmental importance as well as causes of deterioration, identification of strengths and weaknesses for the management of the native fruit trees and a proposal of work lines for their self-management. Despite the potential of native fruit trees in the territory of study, it was not appreciated yet proper management due to the lack of knowledge of the production process that could lead to the progressive deterioration of the species and the ecosystem where they inhabit.

ABSTRACT This paper presents considerations on the Federal Law nº 12651/2012, better known as Brazil's new Forest Code, which granted the use of “apicum” (swamp in the Tupi language)” and “salgado” sectors (regions of mangrove) to shrimp farming. This code approved that 35% of these ecotones can be used for shrimp farming. Thus, this study aimed to look into the way these legislative updates have influenced or will influence the social, economic and environmental aspects of the shrimp farming activity in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), particularly in the municipality of Canguaretama. A quali-quantitative approach was used, with questionnaires and semi-structured interviews applied to the artisanal fishermen, shrimp farmers and to the State Environmental Agency. Artisanal fishermen understood that this legislative change degrades and unbalances the ecological environment, especially that there will be loss of territory and damage to their fishing resources, so they were against such change, the same opinion of the State Environmental Agency. On the other hand, shrimp farmers were in favor of the changes, claiming to be a legal incentive for their activity, contributing to the legalization of previously illegal enterprises, in addition to expanding their area of cultivation. 126512012 12651 2012 12651/2012 Brazils Brazil s Code apicum “apicum swamp language language) salgado “salgado regions mangrove 35 Thus social RN, RN , (RN) Canguaretama qualiquantitative quali quantitative semistructured semi structured Agency environment resources hand changes enterprises cultivation 12651201 1265 201 12651/201 3 (RN 1265120 126 20 12651/20 126512 12 2 12651/2 1 12651/

RESUMO Esse artigo apresenta considerações sobre a Lei n 12.651/2012 mais conhecida como o novo Código Florestal Brasileiro, o qual garantiu o uso de apicuns e salgados, feições do ecossistema manguezal, para atividade da carcinicultura. Os carcinicultores poderão utilizar uma área de 35% desses ecótonos. Assim, este estudo objetivou investigar de que forma as mudanças na legislação influenciaram ou influenciarão os aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais da atividade de carcinicultura no Rio Grande do Norte (RN), particularmente, no município de Canguaretama. Para tanto, utilizou uma abordagem qualiquantitativa com questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicados aos pescadores artesanais, carcinicultores e ao órgão ambiental licenciador da atividade no Estado. Os pescadores artesanais entenderam que essa alteração na legislação degrada e desequilibra o ambiente ecológico, sobretudo, que haverá perda de território e o comprometimento dos seus recursos pesqueiros, desse modo, apresentaram-se contra a mudança, mesma opinião compartilhada pelo Órgão Licenciador do Estado. Em contrapartida, os carcinicultores se mostraram favoráveis as alterações, alegando ser um incentivo legal para atividade a fim de contribuir para a legalização dos empreendimentos antes ilegais, além de ampliar sua área de cultivo. 126512012 12 651 2012 12.651/201 Brasileiro salgados manguezal 35 ecótonos Assim sociais RN, RN , (RN) particularmente Canguaretama tanto Estado ecológico sobretudo pesqueiros modo apresentaramse apresentaram mudança contrapartida alterações ilegais cultivo 12651201 1 65 201 12.651/20 3 (RN 1265120 6 20 12.651/2 126512 2 12.651/ 12651 12.651 1265 12.65 126 12.6 12.

Abstract Researches of environmental perception evidences the extractive context and help policy making. Despite the social and economic benefits, the intensification of extractivism can promote ecological unsustainability and alteration in the perception of forest conservation values. In the region of Lençóis Maranhenses, Northeast Brazil, the sale of products extracted from Mauritia flexuosa L.f palm to supply the local and national market is increasing. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the forest values perceived by extractivists in municipalities of the region of Lençóis Maranhenses and how the socioeconomic profile interfere with the environmental perceptions of the interviewees. The research was conducted through semi-structured forms applied to 271 extractivists from the municipality of Barreirinhas, Paulino Neves and Tutóia. The perceived forest values were divided into three categories: economic, ecological and social. It was contacted that there was a prioritization of the values included in the Economic category, in which the source of income is highlighted in the municipalities that most extract the palms. The data revealed that there was a prioritization of the economic category, with emphasis on the forest value source of income. In Barreirinhas, food and climate regulation values were related to socioeconomic characteristics such as gender and monthly income from the sale of handicrafts. There is knowledge about the environmental damages that occur in the forest. However, there is no effective participation of the communities in the management of the Environmental Conservation Units of the region. making benefits Brazil Lf L f increasing Thus interviewees semistructured semi structured 27 Barreirinhas Tutóia categories category palms handicrafts However 2

Resumo Pesquisas de percepção ambiental evidenciam o contexto extrativista e auxiliam na elaboração de políticas ambientais. Apesar dos benefícios sociais e econômicos, a intensificação do extrativismo pode promover a insustentabilidade ecológica e alteração da percepção dos valores florestais conservacionistas. Na região dos Lençóis Maranhenses, Nordeste do Brasil, é crescente a venda de produtos extraídos da palmeira Mauritia flexuosa L.f. para abastecer mercado local e nacional. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar quais valores florestais são percebidos pelos extrativistas em municípios da região dos Lençóis Maranhenses e como o perfil socioeconômico interfere na percepção ambiental dos entrevistados. A pesquisa foi conduzida por meio de formulários semiestruturados aplicados a 271 extrativistas dos município de Barreirinhas, Paulino Neves e Tutóia. Os valores florestais percebidos foram divididos em três categorias: econômica, ecológica e social. Os dados obtidos revelaram que houve uma priorização da categoria econômica, com destaque para o valor florestal fonte de renda. Em Barreirinhas, os valores alimentação e regulação do clima estiveram relacionados a características socioeconômicas tais como gênero e renda mensal proveniente da venda do artesanato. Há o conhecimento sobre os danos ambientais que ocorrem nos buritizais, entretanto não existe uma efetiva participação das comunidades na gestão das Unidades de Conservação ambientais da região. econômicos conservacionistas Brasil Lf L f L.f nacional forma entrevistados 27 Barreirinhas Tutóia categorias econômica social artesanato buritizais 2

Resumen A partir del análisis de cuatro libros testimoniales del secuestro de personas del grupo de "los canjeables" se evidencia que la Amazonia es representada a través de dos de las imágenes recurrentes que sobre esta región se han emitido en la historia de su contacto con Occidente: un paraíso abudante en recursos naturales y un infierno verde. La primera de las imágenes responde al imaginario conservacionista de la naturaleza conceptualizada como medio ambiente, en el marco del discurso de la posibilidad de una crisis climática inminente. La segunda, que es la percepción de la Amazonia como un infierno que consume a quien cae en sus redes, se circunscribe a los espacios construidos por la guerrilla y que fueron experimentados con ellos. La representación de la Amazonia está en conexión con el drama que viven las víctimas del secuestro, cuya experiencia individual también se vive de manera grupal, así como transita desde las relaciones entre los seres humanos y de éstos con la naturaleza. Por tanto, la sensación apabulladora del dosel oscuro de la selva y de sus minúsculos, pero incómodos animales, se resalta como escenario del sufrimiento emocional y físico de los cautivos. Así, los libros analizados despliegan un discurso conformado por imaginarios sobre la Amazonia que se pliegan al proyecto social específico de los sectores más influyentes en los campos de la política y la economía en el país. Una de sus narrativas establece que tales territorios están totalmente disponibles para la inversión de capital luego de que sean liberados del dominio de los grupos rebeldes.

Abstract From the analysis of four testimonial books about the kidnapping of people from the "Los Canjeables" group, it is evident that the Amazon is represented through two recurrent images that have been issued in this region during its history of contact with the West: a paradise abundant in natural resources and a green hell. The first of the images corresponds to the conservationist imaginary of nature conceptualized as an environment, within the discourse of the possibility of an imminent climate crisis. The second, the perception of the Amazon as a hell that devours those who fall into its net is limited to the spaces built by the guerrillas and experienced along with them. The representation of the Amazon is connected with the drama experienced by the victims of kidnapping, whose individual experience is also experienced collectively, as well as to the relationships between humans amongst themselves and the nature. Therefore, the overwhelming feeling of the dark canopy of the forest and its small, but unsettling animals, is highlighted as a scenario of the emotional and physical suffering of the hostages. Thus, the analyzed books display a discourse made up of imaginaries about the Amazon that are shaped by a specific social project of the most influential political and economic sectors in the country. One of its narratives is the availability of the territories for investment after their liberation from the domain of rebel groups.

Resumo A partir da análise de quatro livros testemunhais do sequestro de pessoas do grupo "los canjeables", evidencia-se que a Amazô- nia é representada através de duas imagens recorrentes forma- das sobre essa região na história do seu contato com o Ocidente: um paraíso abundante em recursos minerais e um inferno verde. A primeira das imagens corresponde ao imaginário conservacionista da natureza, conceitualizada como meio ambiente, no marco do discurso sobre a possibilidade de uma crise climática iminente. A segunda, a percepção da Amazônia como um inferno que consome quem cai em suas redes, circunscreve-se aos espaços construídos pela guerrilha e que foram experimentados com seus guerrilheiros. A representação da Amazônia está em conexão com o drama que vivem as vítimas de sequestros, as quais a experiência individual também se vive de maneira gru-pal, assim como transita entre a relação dos seres humanos e deles com a natureza. Por tanto, a sensação esmagadora do dossel escuro da selva e de seus minúsculos, porém incômodos animais, ressalta-se como cenário de sofrimento emocional e físico dos prisioneiros. Dessa forma, os livros analisados revelam um discurso configurado pelos imaginários sobre a Amazônia que se aproximam ao projeto social específico dos setores políticos e econômicos mais influentes no país. Uma dessas narrativas estabelece que tais territórios estão totalmente disponíveis para o investimento de capital, uma vez liberados do domínio de grupos rebeldes.