Resumen Las diferentes especies forestales que crecen y se desarrollan en las áreas ecuatorianas responden a requerimientos climáticos específicos de cada especie, por lo que la coincidencia ecológica que logren alcanzar en los hábitats donde se asientan, será una garantía para lograr producciones madereras aceptables, además de representar una acción sostenible al involucrarse la satisfacción social, los buenos resultados económicos y la protección y conservación del ambiente. Los estudios llevados a cabo sobre el efecto de las temperaturas sobre la Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) en la provincia Los Ríos en los escenarios 2011 - 2040; 2041 - 2070; y 2071 - 2100 encontró que el aumento de las temperaturas en el escenario RCP 6.0 2011-40 favoreció el hábitat de la Balsa, determinando que las regiones hacia el Norte, con temperaturas bajas, pasarán a la categoría de Favorables. Los mayores aumentos de las temperaturas en los escenarios 2041-70 y 2071-100 determinaron que regiones hacia el Sur pasarán a la categoría de Moderadas y Desfavorables, respectivamente. Por otra parte, El aumento de las temperaturas en el escenario RCP 8.5 2011-40 determinó que las regiones hacia el Norte se favorecieran, pasando de Moderadas a Favorables, mientras que algunas regiones hacia el Sur pasarán de Favorables a Moderadas. En el escenario 2041-70 más del 80% de las regiones al Sur pasaron a Moderadas con secciones en Desfavorables, mientras que en el 2071-100 más del 80% de las regiones al Sur pasaron a la categoría de No Favorable.

Abstract The different forest species that grow and develop in Ecuadorian areas respond to specific climatic requirements of each species, so the ecological coincidence that they manage to achieve in the habitats where they settle will be a guarantee to achieve acceptable wood production, in addition to representing a sustainable action involving social satisfaction, good economic results and the protection and conservation of the environment. The studies carried out on the effect of temperatures on the Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) in the Los Ríos province in the scenarios of the periods 2011 - 2040; 2041 - 2070; and 2071 - 2100 found that the increase in temperatures in the RCP 6.0 2011-40 scenario favored the pond habitat, determining that the regions to the North, with low temperatures, will move to the Favorable category. The greatest increases in temperatures in the 2041-70 and 2071-100 scenarios determined which regions to the South for the pond will move to the Moderate and Unfavorable category, respectively. On the other hand, the increase in temperatures in the RCP 8.5 2011-40 scenario determined that the regions towards the North for the pond will be favored, going from Moderate to Favorable, while some regions towards the South will go from Favorable to Moderate. In the 2041-70 scenario, more than 80% of the southern regions for the raft moved to Moderate with sections in Unfavorable, while in 2071-100 more than 80% of the southern regions moved to the Unfavorable category.

Abstract In some areas of Oaxaca, Mexico, it is necessary to implement plantations that use seeds of genetic quality, to increase productivity and phenotypic quality. The objective was to select outstanding phenotypes of Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen and P. douglasiana Martínez, evaluating quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In 2021, 15 superior phenotypes per species were selected to evaluate inventory variables (height, diameter), density (trees ha-1), age and chip increments, recording climate and site data. Crown area (m2), basal area (m2) and total volume with bark (VTcc, m3) were determined for each tree; site index (SI) was determined based on anamorphic curves, density guides and average VTcc. Data were analyzed with Student's t tests, Pearson's correlation (( = 0.05), cluster analysis, and principal component analysis. The species showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) in dasometric characteristics. Using the average volume as a selection criterion, six P. chiapensis trees presented volumes above average (≥ 9.76 m3) and seven P. douglasiana trees presented volume above average (> 4.14 m3) and clear stem height (18.7 m), in places with high precipitation; while comparing morphological, of site and climatic characteristics, 10 individuals of P. chiapensis and six of P. douglasiana with excellent quality IS were selected. The selected trees have outstanding characteristics of wood quality and volume, so it is convenient to use them to collect seeds in the study area.

Resumen En algunas zonas de Oaxaca, México se requiere implementar plantaciones que usen semillas de calidad genética, para aumentar productividad y calidad fenotípica. El objetivo fue seleccionar fenotipos sobresalientes de Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen y P. douglasiana Martínez, a través de sus características cuantitativas y cualitativas. En 2021 se seleccionaron 15 fenotipos superiores por especie, para evaluar variables dasométricas (altura, diámetro), densidad (árboles ha-1), edad e incrementos en virutas, registro de datos climáticos y de sitio. En cada árbol se determinó área de copa (m2), área basal (m2) y volumen total con corteza (VTcc, m3); se determinó índice de sitio (IS) con base a curvas anamórficas, guías de densidad y promedio de VTcc. Los datos se analizaron con pruebas t-Student, correlación de Pearson (( = 0.05), análisis clúster y análisis de componentes principales. Las especies mostraron diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.01) en características dasométricas. Al utilizar el volumen promedio como criterio de selección seis árboles de P. chiapensis presentaron volúmenes superiores al promedio (≥ 9.76 m3) y siete árboles de P. douglasiana obtuvieron mayor volumen al promedio (> 4.14 m3) y altura de fuste limpio (18.7 m), en sitios con alta precipitación; mientras que, comparando características morfológicas, de sitio y climáticas, se seleccionaron 10 individuos de P. chiapensis y seis de P. douglasiana con IS de excelente calidad. Los árboles seleccionados tienen características sobresalientes de calidad de madera y volumen, por lo que conviene usarlos para colectar semilla en la zona de estudio.

Abstract The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for monitoring forest plantations is a potential useful tool but requires proper planning. Two softwares, four processing tools options and four flight parameters were evaluated to obtain orthomosaics in forest plantations located in Costa Rica. It was found that Pix4Dmapper® software requires less time for image processing, especially when using computers with at least 15 GB of RAM. The number of images to process per hectare can be lowered by reducing the spatial resolution of the images and using a flight plot (2D). The WebODM® software produced more processing failures, but the generated orthomosaics had fewer omission areas than those generated with Pix4Dmapper®. The proportion of processing failures is related to the number of images to be processed and the spatial resolution of the images. The best combinations to obtain orthomosaics were achieved using Pix4Dmapper® with flights at 120 meters, using a camera angle of 90° and a combination of overlap between images of 80 % frontal and 70 % lateral.

Resumen El uso de vehículos aéreos no tripulados (VANTs) para el monitoreo de plantaciones forestales es una herramienta potencialmente útil, pero requiere una adecuada planificación. Se evaluaron dos tipos de software, cuatro opciones de procesamiento y cuatro parámetros de vuelo para obtener ortomosaicos en plantaciones forestales ubicadas en Costa Rica. Se encontró que el software Pix4Dmapper® requiere menos tiempo para el procesamiento de imágenes, especialmente cuando el computador utilizado tiene al menos 15 GB de memoria RAM. El número de imágenes a procesar por hectárea se puede disminuir reduciendo la resolución espacial de las imágenes y usando un trazado de vuelo (2D). El software WebODM® produjo más fallos en el procesamiento, pero los ortomosaicos generados tuvieron menos áreas con omisiones que los generados con Pix4Dmapper®. La proporción de fallos en el procesamiento está relacionada con la cantidad de imágenes a procesar y la resolución espacial de las mismas. Las mejores combinaciones para obtener ortomosaicos se obtuvieron usando Pix4Dmapper® con vuelos a 120 metros, empleando un ángulo de cámara de 90° y una combinación de traslape entre imágenes de 80 % frontal y 70 % lateral.

Abstract Forests monitoring is an essential task for the understanding and management of forest stands, however, the collection of the necessary information to carry out this task is costly and time-consuming. Given the forestry sector's need to develop new efficient and accurate alternatives for tropical forests monitoring that can complement current methodologies, this study was conducted to characterize the structural attributes of forest systems using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). Five sites with different successional stages of tropical dry forest (TdF) and five forest plantations of different ages and under different management regimes were characterized by extracting the variables of Stand Height, Effective Number of Layers (ENL), Stand Structural Complexity Index (SSCI) and the percentage of Canopy Openness, out of point clouds obtained from TLS. The results suggest that there is no pattern related with the specific successional stages of the TdF evaluated, however, the comparison between the different forest plantations with TdF reflect a strong contrast between the different groups, which represents a potential for further research on the use of this technology in different tropical forest landscapes.

Resumen El monitoreo de los bosques es una labor imprescindible para el entendimiento y manejo de las masas forestales, sin embargo, la recolección de la información necesaria para realizar esta labor es una actividad tardada y costosa. Ante la necesidad del sector forestal de desarrollar nuevas alternativas de monitoreo de bosques tropicales, que sean eficientes, precisas y permitan complementar las metodologías actuales, surge este estudio para caracterizar los atributos estructurales de sistemas boscosos a través del uso del escáner láser terrestre (TLS). Se caracterizaron cinco sitios de diferentes estadios sucesionales de bosque seco tropical (BsT) y cinco plantaciones forestales con diferentes edades y bajo distintos regímenes de manejo, al extraer las variables de Altura de dosel, Efective Number of Layers (ENL), Índice de Complejidad Estructural (SSCI) y porcentaje de Apertura de dosel, por medio de nubes de puntos obtenidas con TLS. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que no existe un patrón de comportamiento normal dependiente de la etapa de sucesión del BsT evaluado, sin embargo, la comparación entre las distintas plantaciones forestales con el BsT refleja un fuerte contraste entre los distintos grupos, lo que representa un potencial para seguir investigando el uso de esta tecnología en distintos paisajes forestales tropicales.

Abstract (Introduction): The productive capacity of a forest plantation depends mainly on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, as well as the necessary silvicultural management for optimal tree development. (Objective): The objective of this research was the evaluation of the effect of fertilization on clonal forest plantations of Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. 3 years old, in the North and South Pacific of Costa Rica. (Methodology): The study was carried out in 2 experimental trials of the Forestry Research and Services Institute located in La Esperanza, Cóbano (trial 1) and in Rancho Quemado, Drake Bay (trial 2). Five complete blocks were established at random with four fertilization treatments with the fertilizer 19-4-19-2-0.1(B)-1.8(S)-.1(Zn). An analysis of variance and comparison of means of the mean annual increments of DBH, height and total volume of the trees was carried out, using the Tukey test. (Results): The results show that the site with the highest natural fertility presents a greater growth of the trees, however, there are no statistically significant differences between all the treatments applied. The site with the lowest natural fertility is located in Bahía Drake and it did present statistically significant differences in some treatments in terms of total volume. (Conclusions): Continuous fertilization have a positive impact on the dasometric growth in G. arborea plantations that present low calcium contents (< 4.5 cmol L-1), low values of effective cation exchange capacity (<7.8 cmol L-1) and high acidity saturation (> 19.4 %).

Resumen (Introducción): La capacidad productiva de una plantación forestal depende principalmente de las características fisicoquímicas del suelo, así como del manejo silvicultural necesario para un óptimo desarrollo de los árboles. (Objetivo): El objetivo de esta investigación fue la evaluación del efecto de la fertilización sobre plantaciones forestales clonales de Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm., de tres años, en el Pacífico Norte y Sur de Costa Rica. (Metodología): El estudio se realizó en 2 ensayos experimentales del Instituto de Investigación y Servicios Forestales ubicados en La Esperanza, Cóbano (ensayo 1) y en Rancho Quemado, Bahía Drake (ensayo 2). Se establecieron 5 bloques completos, al azar, con 4 tratamientos de fertilización con el abono 19-4-19-2-0,1(B)-1,8(S)-,1(Zn). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y comparación de medias de los incrementos medios anuales del DAP, la altura y el volumen total de los árboles utilizando la prueba de Tukey. (Resultados): Los resultados muestran que el sitio con mayor fertilidad natural presenta aumento en el crecimiento de los árboles; sin embargo, no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre todos los tratamientos aplicados. El sitio de menor fertilidad natural se ubica en Bahía Drake y presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en algunos tratamientos en términos de volumen total. (Conclusiones): La fertilización continua tienen un impacto positivo en el crecimiento dasométrico en plantaciones de G. arborea que presenten bajos contenidos de calcio (< 4.5 cmol L-1), valores bajos en capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva (< 7.8 cmol L-1) y alta saturación de acidez (> 19.4 %).

Resumen Los cafetales (Coffea arabica) de la región de la Montaña de Guerrero mantienen las características de un bosque, además contribuyen a la generación de recursos económicos que ayudan a un gran número de familias a mitigar parte de sus necesidades básicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la estructura y los usos de las especies de sombra de los cafetales en dos comunidades Me’phaa de la Montaña de Guerrero. Se muestrearon 12 parcelas en Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec y La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec; se utilizó el método de punto-centro-cuadrado; a los árboles se les midió la distancia, altura, cobertura de copa y diámetro normal. Se estimó la diversidad alfa basada en la riqueza de especies (S), el Índice de Simpson, Shannon-Wiener y el número efectivo de especies (N0, N1 y N2), la similitud se calculó con el Coeficiente Jaccard (I J ) y se determinó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). Para reconocer los usos de los árboles se aplicaron entrevistas (50 en TC y 10 en LC) estructuradas a los cafeticultores. Se registraron 35 especies, 16 en Tres Cruces y 22 en La Ciénega, de las cuales 83.3 % fueron nativas, por lo que se clasifica como manejo tradicional. Alnus acuminata en LC y Myrsine juergensenii en TC fueron las de mayor IVI. Los cafeticultores señalaron a 24 especies en TC y 14 en LC que proporcionan sombra, generan materia orgánica, frutos, flores y combustibles; las especies más empleadas son Clethra mexicana y A. acuminata.

Abstract The coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations of the Montaña de Guerrero region preserve the characteristics of a forest and also contribute to the generation of economic resources that help a large number of families to meet some of their basic needs. The objective of this work was to identify the structure and uses of shade species in coffee plantations in two Me'phaa communities in the Montaña de Guerrero region. Twelve plots in Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec and La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec, were sampled using the point-center-square method; trees were measured for distance, height, crown cover and normal diameter. The alpha diversity was estimated based on species richness (S), Simpson's Index, Shannon-Wiener’s Index, and the effective number of species (N0, N1 and N2); similarity was calculated with the Jaccard index (J I ), and the Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined. In order to identify the uses of the trees, structured interviews (50 in TC and 10 in LC) were carried out with coffee growers. Thirty-five species were recorded -16 in Tres Cruces and 22 in La Ciénega-, of which 83.3 % were native; therefore, the region is classified as under traditional management. Alnus acuminata in LC and Myrsine juergensenii in TC had the highest IVI. Coffee growers reported 24 species in TC and 14 in LC that provide shade, generate organic matter, fruits, flowers, and fuel. The most commonly used species are Clethra mexicana and A. acuminata.

Abstract Cedrela odorata is a species of economic importance due to the quality of its wood and is currently planted through reforestation programs and commercial forestry plantations. Propagation in forest nurseries is carried out by seed that is harvested regardless of its physical quality and origin. The objective of the present research was to assess the physical quality and germination parameters of seeds from Cedrela odorata plus trees. Seeds were collected from 10 trees distributed within an altitudinal gradient of 10 to 700 m in the Soconusco region of the state of Chiapas, Mexico. 20 days after collection, the purity, 100-seed weight, moisture content, and viability of the seeds were determined, as were their germination capacity, average daily germination, peak value, and germination value. The seeds’ physical quality and viability differed (p≤0.0001) between trees. The average germination capacity of the seeds was 65.8 %. Viability, germination capacity, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value were positively associated with the altitude; seeds from trees located at altitudes above 400 m recorded higher values. Seeds from higher trees differ in physical quality, viability, and germination parameters, a fact which establishes the importance of the altitudinal origin in seed collection.

Resumen Cedrela odorata es una especie de importancia económica por la calidad de su madera; en la actualidad se planta mediante programas de reforestación y plantaciones forestales comerciales. Su propagación en los viveros forestales se realiza por semilla que se recolecta sin considerar su calidad física y procedencia. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la calidad física y parámetros germinativos de semillas de árboles superiores de C. odorata. Las semillas se recolectaron en 10 árboles superiores distribuidos en un gradiente altitudinal de 10 a 700 m en la región Soconusco, Chiapas, México. Después de 20 días de la recolecta se determinó la pureza, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de humedad y viabilidad de semillas, así como la capacidad germinativa, germinación media diaria, valor pico y valor germinativo. La calidad física y la viabilidad fue diferente (p≤0.0001) entre los árboles. La capacidad germinativa promedio de las semillas fue de 65.8 %. La viabilidad, capacidad germinativa, germinación media diaria, valor pico y valor germinativo presentaron asociación positiva con la altitud; las semillas de los árboles ubicados en altitudes superiores a los 400 m presentaron mayores valores. Las semillas de los árboles superiores difieren en calidad física, viabilidad y parámetros germinativos, por lo que se establece la importancia del origen altitudinal en la recoleta de semillas.

ABSTRACT The dominant height of the trees in a site is an indirect indicator of the productivity of forest soils is called station quality, which is measured through the site index. The aim of this study was to fit Ad models as a function of age with a mixed effects modeling approach to generate site index curves in forest plantations of Pinus oocarpa Shiede in Ario de Rosales, Michoacán, Mexico. With 1 773 pairs of forest plantation dominant height-age data from two to 20 years old and 56 years old relicts, five growth models were fitted to choose a base model. The Weibull model was fitted by mixed effects modeling with the plot as an additive covariate in the site-related parameter. The dominant height guide curve and the polymorphic curves adequately cover the sample variability of the information and reliably represent the productivity of the site where these plantations grow. The bias and validation of the results showed reliability in the estimates. The technical shift in dominant height is between 5 and 15 years according to the quality of the season. With these results, it is possible to classify Pinus oocarpa forest plantations reliably and according to the level of productivity of each establishment site.

RESUMEN La altura dominante de los árboles de un sitio es un indicador indirecto de la productividad de los suelos forestales y se le denomina calidad de estación, la cual se mide a través del índice de sitio. El objetivo fue ajustar modelos de altura dominante en función de la edad con enfoque de modelos de efectos mixtos para generar curvas de índice de sitio en plantaciones forestales de Pinus oocarpa Shiede en Ario de Rosales, Michoacán, México. Con 1 773 pares de datos altura dominante-edad de plantaciones forestales de entre dos a 20 años y relictos de 56 años, se ajustaron cinco modelos de crecimiento para elegir uno base. El modelo de Weibull se ajustó por modelos de efectos mixtos con la parcela como covariable aditiva en el parámetro relacionado al sitio. La curva guía en altura dominante y las curvas polimórficas cubren adecuadamente la variabilidad muestral de la información y representan de forma confiable la productividad del sitio donde crecen estas plantaciones. El sesgo y la validación de los resultados mostró confiabilidad en las estimaciones. El turno técnico en altura dominante está entre cinco y 15 años de acuerdo con su calidad de estación. Con estos resultados es posible realizar la clasificación de las plantaciones forestales de Pinus oocarpa de manera confiable y acorde con el nivel de productividad de cada sitio de establecimiento.

ABSTRACT Mahogany and cedar are native species of tropical America and are considered the most valuable tropical hardwoods in the world. Therefore, forest plantations have been established on a commercial scale, giving them a sustainable silvicultural management, being fertilization one of the most important practices. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of four doses of fertilization on the growth of early-stage mahogany and cedar in an acid savanna soil, as well as to determine the NPK nutrient demand of each species. Eight fertilization treatments were tested on the two species. The variables studied were total height and stem diameter, and measurements were taken during 10 months. To estimate nutrient demand, four complete trees were sampled and NPK concentration was determined in each tissue (leaf, stem and root). The results show that cedar presented greater growth in height and diameter. In the height variable in the cedar species, it was the one that showed significant statistical differences, being the treatment 17-17-60 with the amounts of 35 and 50 g with an increase of 177 cm. The amount of NPK nutrient demanded by both species presented a relationship in the following order N>K>P. The greatest extraction of N, P and K is carried out by the stem and to a lesser extent by the root. And in the case of the highest concentration of nutrient is found in the leaves. Cedar showed higher nutrient demand and better exploration of the rhizosphere tan mahogany.

RESUMEN La caoba y el cedro son especies nativas de América Tropical y se consideran maderas preciosas tropicales más valiosas del mundo. Por lo que se han establecido plantaciones forestales a escala comercial, dándole un manejo silvícola sustentable, siendo la fertilización una de las prácticas más importantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de cuatro dosis de fertilización sobre el crecimiento de caoba y cedro en fase temprana en un suelo ácido de sabana, así como determinar la demanda nutrimental de NPK de cada especie. En el experimento se probaron ocho tratamientos de fertilización en las dos especies. Las variables estudiadas fueron altura total y diámetro del tallo, realizándose mediciones durante 10 meses. Para estimar la demanda nutrimental, se muestrearon cuatro árboles completos; y se determinó su concentración NPK en cada tejido (hoja, tallo y raíz). Los resultados muestran que el cedro presentó mayor crecimiento en altura y diámetro. La variable altura en la especie cedro, fue la que mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas, siendo el tratamiento 17-17-60 con las cantidades de 35 y 50 g con un incremento de 177 cm. La cantidad de nutriente de NPK que demandan ambas especies presentan una relación en el orden siguiente N>K>P. La mayor extracción de N, P y K la realiza el tallo y en menor cantidad la raíz. Y en el caso de la mayor concentración de nutriente se encuentra en las hojas. El cedro mostró mayor demanda nutrimental y mejor exploración de la rizósfera que la caoba.

ABSTRACT In-depth knowledge of total soil organic phosphorus (TPO) as a potential P source for plants allows for a comprehensive understanding of the adoption of an efficient management system of phosphorus fertilization in forest plantations. Thus, we aimed to compare three TPO extraction methods (Hedley; Bowman; Bowman and Moir) in different Eucalyptus plantations on strongly weathered soils. The TPO concentrations obtained by the “Hedley” (mean of 130 mg kg–1), and “Bowman and Moir” methods (mean of 131 mg kg–1) were similar. The “Bowman” method extracted less than 50 % of the TPO content extracted by the other methods. Both “Hedley” and “Bowman and Moir” methods showed similar TPO extraction efficiency compared to TP determined by acid digestion. However, the “Hedley” method is the most expensive and time-consuming analytical technique. In view of this, the NaOH+Na2EDTA extractor (Bowman and Moir) would be the most suitable since, in addition to showing high extraction efficiency, it offers fast analysis execution, low analytical error, and lower cost. Indepth depth (TPO Thus Hedley (Hedley Moir soils “Hedley mean 13 kg–1, kg1 kg kg–1 , 1 5 digestion However timeconsuming time consuming technique this NaOHNa2EDTA NaOHNaEDTA NaOH Na2EDTA Na EDTA since execution error cost kg– NaOHNa NaEDTA

Abstract Epiphytes are considered indicators of forest ecological integrity, but the factors that explain their abundance are still not well understood. We here evaluated tree colonization by epiphytes in old-growth monospecific reforestation stands of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), in comparison to a neighbor seasonal tropical forest fragment under similar environmental conditions. In each forest type, we identified and measured all trees (planted and colonizers) from 5-cm stem diameter in five 200 m² plots and quantified all vascular epiphytes per tree. Tree species were categorized by bark roughness, canopy deciduousness and growth rate. The abundance of epiphytes and the frequency of host trees were higher in the A. urundeuva plantation than in the native forest, with the E. saligna stand in an intermediate position. Also, we found that host traits influenced the abundance of epiphytes in their trunks. Host trees had average stem perimeter and height both higher than non-hosts, which indicates that colonization is more likely to occur in older trees. The average abundance of epiphytes per tree was higher in species with rough bark, but no relationship was found with canopy deciduousness or tree growth rate. We evidenced, therefore, that forest plantations, even if monospecific, can provide habitat for epiphytes. However, at community level, colonization success, either in native or restored forest, depends on the relative abundance of species whose bark type favors epiphytes establishment. integrity understood oldgrowth old M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) conditions planted colonizers 5cm cm 5 20 m roughness rate A E position Also trunks nonhosts, nonhosts non hosts, hosts non-hosts evidenced therefore plantations However level success establishment (Myrtaceae 2

Resumo Epífitas são consideradas indicadores de integridade ecológica em florestas, mas os fatores que explicam sua abundância ainda não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, avaliamos a colonização por epífitas em antigos talhões monoespecíficos de Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) e Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), em comparação com um fragmento vizinho de floresta estacional semidecidual sob condições ambientais semelhantes. Em cada tipologia florestal, identificamos e medimos todas as árvores (plantadas e que colonizaram os locais) a partir de 5 cm de diâmetro à altura padrão, em cinco parcelas de 200 m². Nelas, também quantificamos todas as epífitas vasculares por árvore. Em busca de uma explicação funcional para as diferenças entre espécies, utilizamos rugosidade da casca, deciduidade da copa e taxa de crescimento como atributos potencialmente relevantes. A abundância das epífitas e a frequência de forófitos foi maior no talhão de A. urundeuva do que na floresta nativa, com o talhão de E. saligna ocupando uma posição intermediária. Encontramos evidências, também, de que os atributos dos forófitos influenciaram a abundância de epífitas em seus troncos. Os forófitos apresentaram maior perímetro médio e altura que as árvores não hospedeiras, o que indica que a colonização é mais provável de ocorrer em árvores mais velhas. A abundância média de epífitas por árvore foi maior em espécies com casca rugosa, mas nem a deciduidade da copa, nem a velocidade de crescimento exerceram efeito neste aspecto. Evidenciamos, portanto que, plantações florestais, ainda que monoespecíficas, podem prover habitat para epífitas. Contudo, em nível de comunidade, o sucesso da colonização, seja em florestas nativas ou restauradas, depende da abundância relativa de espécies cujo tipo de casca favorece o estabelecimento de epífitas. compreendidos estudo M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) semelhantes florestal plantadas locais padrão 20 m² m Nelas relevantes nativa E intermediária evidências troncos hospedeiras velhas rugosa aspecto Evidenciamos florestais monoespecíficas Contudo comunidade restauradas (Myrtaceae 2

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to present a methodological tool for the phenotypic evaluation in progeny tests of Guazuma crinita in producer plots of the Aguaytía river basin, Ucayali, Peru, which allows field technicians to standardize the morphological evaluation criteria of trees in forest plantations. Therefore, the phenotypic traits were evaluated for plant height (m), diameter at the height of the base (cm), number of branches, number of rings, stem form, branch orientation, presence and quantity of leaves. The heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits were also estimated. Therefore, 32 morphological categories were plotted based on the significant correlations (p? 0.05) shown between the place of planting, the stem form, the orientation of the branches and the presence of leaves. For the same reason, the progeny showed low morphological patterns, being a low factor of phenotypic variability. It is concluded that the correlations between the biometric and morphological traits evaluated, allowed to validate the phenotypic evaluation procedures of Guazuma crinita progeny tests at 36 months of age. basin Ucayali Peru plantations Therefore m, m , (m) cm, cm (cm) rings form leaves estimated 3 p (p 0.05 005 0 05 planting reason patterns variability age (m (cm 0.0 00 0.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma ferramenta metodológica para avaliação fenotípica em testes de progênie de Guazuma crinita em parcelas de produtores na bacia do rio Aguaytía, Ucayali, Peru, que permite aos técnicos de campo padronizar os critérios de avaliação morfológica das árvores em plantações florestais. Também foi estimada a herdabilidade e as correlações genéticas e fenotípicas entre os caracteres. Dessa maneira, os caracteres fenotípicos foram avaliados para altura da planta (m), diâmetro na altura da base (cm), número de ramos, número de anéis, forma do fuste, orientação do ramo, presença e quantidade de folhas. Sendo assim, 32 categorias morfológicas foram plotadas com base nas correlações significativas (p? 0,05) mostradas entre local de plantio, forma do fuste, orientação do ramo e presença de folhas. Conclui-se que as correlações entre os caracteres biométricas e morfológicas avaliadas permitiram a validação dos procedimentos de avaliação fenotípica dos testes de progênies de Guazuma crinita aos 36 meses de idade. Aguaytía Ucayali Peru florestais maneira m, m , (m) cm, cm (cm) ramos anéis fuste folhas assim 3 p (p 0,05 005 0 05 plantio Concluise Conclui se idade (m (cm 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT Land-use changes from native pastures to forest plantations in humid temperate areas have raised concerns about their potential impact on the environment. This study aimed to assess the effects of such changes on soil water properties, focusing on the impact of the forest species planted and their relationship with changes in soil C content. Specifically, we aimed to identify the development of surficial soil hydrophobicity and changes in soil water holding capacity. A long-term forest experiment with variable planting densities (816, 1111, and 2066 trees ha-1) of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Pinus taeda L. was established in 2004 on native pasture vegetation. Undisturbed soil samples (0.00-0.03 m soil layer) were extracted from the experiment and surrounding pastures and soil water repellency was determined by the water drop penetration time (WDPT) method at three soil matric potential levels (SMP). Bootstrapping was used to test if the sample size was sufficient to obtain robust results. Replacing native pastures with forest plantations significantly increased surficial soil hydrophobicity, which was more pronounced under Eucalyptus grandis than under Pinus taeda. Soil water repellency increased with decreasing SMP, particularly in land-uses that generated higher initial hydrophobicity. Additionally, the soils under forest cover had less water retention capacity than those under pastures at each SMP, with larger differences when the soil was dried to more negative SMP. More research is necessary to determine if soil alterations from converting native pastures to forest plantations in temperate climates will lead to a significant decrease in soil water holding capacity and an increase in hydrophobicity at deeper depths. Landuse Land use environment properties content Specifically longterm long term 816, 816 (816 1111 206 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 L 200 vegetation 0.000.03 000003 0.00 0.03 0 00 03 (0.00-0.0 layer WDPT (WDPT SMP . (SMP) results landuses land uses Additionally depths 81 (81 111 20 ha- 000 0.000.0 00000 0.0 003 (0.00-0. (SMP 8 (8 11 2 0.000. 0000 0. (0.00-0 ( 0.000 (0.00- (0.00 (0.0 (0. (0

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of native species used in ecological restoration in Brazil (Peltophorum dubium - canafístula, Hymenaea courbaril - jatobá, Jacaranda cuspidifolia - jacarandá, and Enterolobium contortisiliquum - timboril) as raw material for the supply of sawmills. Due to the difficulties in sampling trees of native species, four trees per species were collected, at age of 12 years, in a legal reserve area. The sampled trees were evaluated as being quite characteristic of trees of the same genetic material. The trees’ diameter was measured, the percentage of bark and the taper were measured, and the lumber yield of each species was calculated. The boards were air-dried. Based on the DBH, timboril had the greatest potential for biomass production, but its wood quality was unsatisfactory. To supply raw material for sawmills, in addition to jatobá, we suggest investing in plantations of canafístula and jacarandá. Peltophorum jatobá jacarandá sawmills collected 1 years area measured calculated airdried. airdried air dried. dried air-dried DBH production unsatisfactory

ABSTRACT The environmental conditions of Mexico allow the presence of several species of bamboo, where commercial uses have diversified due to their rapid growth and characteristics. The Mexican Guaduas are specimens with exemplary structural characteristics, however, there is no cartographic information in Mexico that allows locating and sizing the areas where bamboo species are located or can be located, which restricts decision making for commercial forest plantations. Therefore, it is intended to determine the probability of occurrence of the 7 species of this genus of bamboo, based on the maximum entropy approach and three arrangements of 21 environmental variables, for which 478 presence records were used. All generated models defined a good fit with the training data, with an AUC value greater than 0.90. It was found that the niche distribution of Guadua mexicana species is mainly influenced by altitude (ELEV), so they are found in areas close to coastal regions. Likewise, in defining the distribution of this genus, annual precipitation (BIO12), evapotranspiration (ETP) and average annual temperature (BIO1) stood out. This was independent of the three arrangements of environmental variables that were tested. characteristics however plantations Therefore 2 47 used data 090 0 90 0.90 ELEV, ELEV , (ELEV) regions Likewise BIO12, BIO12 BIO (BIO12) ETP (ETP BIO1 (BIO1 out tested 4 09 9 0.9 (ELEV (BIO12 (BIO 0.

RESUMO As condições ambientais do México permitem a presença de várias espécies de bambu, onde, devido ao seu rápido crescimento e características, os usos comerciais se diversificaram. As Guaduas mexicanas são exemplares com características estruturais exemplares, porém não há informações cartográficas no México que permitam localizar e dimensionar as áreas onde estão ou podem estar localizadas espécies de bambu, o que restringe a tomada de decisão para plantações florestais comerciais. Portanto, pretende-se determinar a probabilidade de ocorrência das 7 espécies deste gênero de bambu, com base na abordagem de máxima entropia e três arranjos de 21 variáveis ambientais, para as quais foram utilizados 478 registros de presença. Todos os modelos gerados definiram um bom ajuste com os dados de treinamento, com um valor de AUC maior que 0,90. Verificou-se que a distribuição de nicho das espécies mexicanas de Guadua é influenciada principalmente pela altitude (ELEV), por isso são encontradas em áreas próximas às regiões costeiras. Da mesma forma, a precipitação anual (BIO12) destacou-se na definição da distribuição deste gênero, assim como a evapotranspiração (ETP) e a temperatura média anual (BIO1). Isso foi independente dos três arranjos de variáveis ambientais que foram testados. bambu diversificaram Portanto pretendese pretende 2 47 treinamento 090 0 90 0,90 Verificouse Verificou ELEV, ELEV , (ELEV) costeiras forma BIO12 BIO (BIO12 destacouse destacou ETP (ETP BIO1. BIO1 . (BIO1) testados 4 09 9 0,9 (ELEV (BIO1 0, (BIO