Abstract Monkey mortality in Costa Rica is due, in most cases, to anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, forest fragmentation, lack of tree connectivity, and tourism development in most coastal areas. The latter factor has caused the death of at least 450 monkeys per year due to electrocution, as a result of the increase in electrical wiring that has arisen in the different regions with urban development. Faced with this threat, proposals have been developed to avoid the danger, such as the construction of appropriate passage infrastructure for monkeys, the placement of insulated wiring, and the protection of electrical transformers. Using the morphometric measurements of the four species of monkeys native to Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii, and Cebus imitator), a model of safe and functional aerial passages or bridges for them was designed, the foundations of which are discussed in this article.

Resumen La mortalidad de los monos en Costa Rica se debe, en la mayoría de los casos, a factores antropogénicos, como la deforestación, la fragmentación de los bosques, la falta de conectividad arbórea y el desarrollo turístico en la mayoría de las zonas costeras. Este último factor ha provocado la muerte de al menos 450 monos por año debido a la electrocución, a raíz del aumento del cableado eléctrico que ha surgido en las diferentes regiones con desarrollo urbanístico. Ante esta amenaza se han elaborado propuestas para evitar el peligro, como la construcción de infraestructura de paso apropiada para los monos, la colocación de cableado aislado y la protección de los transformadores eléctricos. Utilizando las medidas morfométricas de las cuatro especies de monos nativas de Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii y Cebus imitator), se diseñó un modelo de pasos aéreos o puentes seguros y funcionales para ellos, cuyos fundamentos se discuten en el presente artículo.

Resumen. Los datos de campo obtenidos de los inventarios forestales, principalmente área basal y densidad de fustes, son relevantes para el análisis de la biomasa aérea y la fragmentación forestal. Debido al suelo inundado, el trabajo de campo en los bosques de manglar requiere mucho tiempo y es complicado. Dado que los manglares son sensibles a los efectos del cambio climático, la selección de un método de campo ideal es de suma importancia. Con este fin, analizamos 4 clases de manglares: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG) y AG arbustivo. Georreferenciamos y contamos todos los fustes de mangle dentro de 4 parcelas cuadradas de 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m). Analizamos 3 áreas circulares y el método del punto cuadrante central (PCQM) basado en las parcelas cuadradas originales. Dependiendo de la clase de mangle, el PCQM sobreestimó el área basal hasta en un 34% y la densidad de fustes en un 21%. Los 3 muestreos en parcelas circulares subestimaron el área basal entre -1% y -29% y la densidad de fustes entre -3% y -25%. Basándonos en los resultados, sugerimos utilizar una parcela circular de 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) en bosques menos densos (RM y AG) y una parcela circular de 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) en densidades superiores a 3,500 fustes/ha (LR y AG arbustivo). Las ventajas de utilizar las parcelas circulares sobre el método PCQM son que los inventarios de mangle pueden cuantificarse rápidamente y no requieren un número mínimo de puntos de muestreo.

Abstract. The data obtained from field-based forest inventories, mainly basal area and stem density, are relevant for the analysis of aboveground biomass and forest fragmentation. Due to its persistently flooded ground, fieldwork in mangrove forests is time-consuming and complicated. Since mangroves are sensitive to the effects of climate change, selecting a reliable field method is of utmost importance. To this end, we analyzed 4 mangrove classes: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG), and AG shrub. We georeferenced and counted all mangrove stems within four 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m square). We analyzed data from 3 circular area plots and the plotless point-centered quarter method (PCQM) based on the original square plots. Depending on the mangrove class, PCQM overestimated basal area by up to 34% and stem density by 21%. The 3 circular plot surveys underestimated basal area from -1% to -29% and stem density from -3 to -25%. Based on the results, we suggest using a circular plot of 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) in less dense forests (RM and AG) and a circular plot of 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) with forest densities greater than 3,500 stems/ha (LR and AG shrub). The advantages of using the circular plot approach over PCQM are that mangrove inventories can be quantified quickly and do not require a minimum number of sampling points.

Abstract Introduction: Acoustic communication is essential in anuran communities, particularly for reproduction. However, the acoustic space is limited, and bioacoustic interferences, such as competition for mating and resources, impact the effectiveness of communication. The tropical dry forest in Colombia hosts resilient anuran species that have endured significant reduction, fragmentation, and transformation over the past decades. The scarce research on this topic underscores the importance of acoustically characterizing anuran assemblages to understand species coexistence, monitor changes in the community, and evaluate the impact of both invasive species and human activity on the ecosystem. Objective: To acoustically characterize an anuran assemblage in the Cauca River Valley. Methods: From September to November 2022 (rainy season), acoustic recordings were obtained using passive and active acoustic sensors from an anuran community in the geographical Cauca River Valley, on the western flank of the Central Cordillera in Colombia. Anuran advertisement calls were analyzed in three dimensions: spectral parameters, temporal patterns, and acoustic activity. Results: Five anuran species were recorded, exhibiting high overlap in activity but significant structural differences in their calls. The species were predominantly nocturnal, except for one from the dendrobatid family. Conclusions: Each species presents a distinct acoustic niche, avoiding overlap in acoustic signals. These findings establish a baseline for assessing future changes in the assemblage.

Resumen Introducción: La comunicación acústica es esencial en las comunidades de anuros, especialmente para la reproducción. No obstante, el espacio acústico es limitado y las interferencias bioacústicas, como la competencia por apareamiento y recursos, afectan la eficacia de la comunicación. El bosque seco tropical en Colombia alberga especies de anuros que han sido resilientes a la gran reducción, fragmentación y transformación de este en las últimas décadas. La investigación escasa en este tema subraya la importancia de la caracterización acústica de los ensamblajes de anuros, para comprender la coexistencia de especies, monitorear cambios en la comunidad y evaluar el impacto tanto de especies invasoras como de la actividad humana en el ecosistema. Objetivo: Caracterizar acústicamente un ensamblaje de anuros del valle del río Cauca. Métodos: De septiembre a noviembre de 2022 (temporada lluviosa), se tomaron registros acústicos con sensores acústicos pasivos y activos de una comunidad de anuros del valle geográfico del río Cauca, en el flanco occidental de la cordillera central de Colombia. Se analizaron los cantos de anuncio en tres dimensiones: parámetros espectrales, temporales y patrones de actividad acústica. Resultados: Se registraron cinco especies de anuros, sus cantos presentaron un alto solapamiento en actividad, pero grandes diferencias estructurales, las especies tuvieron actividad nocturna a excepción de una de la familia Dendrobatidae. Conclusiones: Cada especie presenta un nicho acústico particular que evita el traslape en las señales acústicas, y estos resultados proporcionan una línea base para evaluar futuros cambios en el ensamblaje.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los mapas de bosques perturbados son útiles para identificar afectaciones sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos. Los métodos que emplean únicamente datos espectrales para detectar las perturbaciones a nivel regional tienen limitaciones. El conocimiento de expertos y el análisis de fragmentación puede mejorar la estimación. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la distribución de los bosques perturbados en una región de alta biodiversidad? ¿Qué tipos de vegetación y regiones son las más afectadas? Descripción de los datos: imágenes satelitales SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 de 2019. Se colectó información de la vegetación en 653 sitios. Además, se usaron datos de herbario, censos agrícolas y del Inventario Nacional Forestal. Lugar y fecha del estudio: Estado de Chiapas, durante 2018-2022. Métodos: Se elaboró un mapa híbrido de los tipos de vegetación enfatizando la identificación de bosques secundarios, también se realizó un análisis de fragmentación y se calculó la biomasa leñosa por tipo de bosque. Resultados: El 40 % de la superficie del Estado mantiene una cobertura arbórea; pero solo en el 18 % no se aprecia perturbación; la mayor parte de los bosques no perturbados se encuentran en tres regiones: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre y Planicie del Golfo. En general la biomasa de los bosques perturbados es significativamente menor que la de su contraparte madura. Conclusiones: En Chiapas la distribución de los bosques en buen estado de conservación está restringida; casi la mitad de ellos se encuentran fuera de las ANP, por lo que es imperativo promover estrategias adicionales para su manejo y conservación.

Abstract Background: Maps of disturbed forests help to identify impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Methods using only spectral data to detect disturbance at the regional level have limitations, but expert knowledge and fragmentation analysis can improve estimation. Questions: What is the distribution of disturbed forests in a region of high biodiversity, and which vegetation types and regions are most affected? Data description: SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2019. Vegetation data were collected at 653 sites. In addition, herbarium, agricultural census, and National Forest Inventory data were used. Study site and dates: Chiapas State, during 2018-2022. Methods: We elaborated a hybrid map of vegetation types, emphasizing identifying secondary forests. Also, we carried out a fragmentation analysis and calculated the woody biomass per forest type. Results: 40 % of the State still maintains tree cover, but only 18 % is undisturbed; most undisturbed forests are in three regions: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre, and Gulf Plain. Overall, the biomass of disturbed forests is significantly lower than that of their mature counterparts. Conclusions: In Chiapas, the distribution of forests with good conservation status is restricted; almost half of them are outside NPAs, so it is imperative to promote additional strategies for their conservation and management.

Summary Background and aims: Bryological inventories in Cuban protected areas support the updating of management plans by inventorying species, detecting threats and designing actions for their conservation. The aim of this research is to characterize the bryoflora present in the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. M&M: In the collection of the specimens, suitable habitats for the establishment of the bryophytes were explored following the method of Floristic Habitat Sampling. Specialised literature and databases were consulted in the determination of taxa. All collected material was deposited in the Bryophyta collection of the BSC herbarium. Results: For the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara 49 infrageneric taxa of hornworts, liverworts and mosses were recorded. The La Caoba reserve was the most diverse (73.5% of the total) and mosses the best represented division (55.1%). The epiphytic substrate is the most diverse and the mesophyll semi-deciduous forest the best represented plant formation (83.3%). All threatened taxa were recorded in the La Caoba Managed Floristic Reserve. Conclusions: In the Managed Floristic Reserves La Caoba and Charrascales de Mícara the bryoflora is characterised by the presence of taxa with a wide ecological plasticity and geographical distribution. The conditions present in the Charrascales de Mícara reserve limit the development of bryophytes. The bryological diversity in La Caoba is threatened by habitat fragmentation due to landscape alterations.

Resumen Introducción y Objetivos: Los inventarios briológicos en los espacios protegidos cubanos apoyan la actualización de los planes de manejos al inventariar las especies, detectar sus amenazas y diseñar acciones para su conservación. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar la brioflora presente en las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. M&M: En la recolecta de los especímenes se exploraron los hábitats adecuados para la instalación de los briófitos siguiendo el método del Muestro Florístico del Hábitat. En la determinación de los taxones se consultó la bibliografía especializada y las bases de datos. Todo el material colectado fue depositado en la colección Bryophyta del herbario BSC. Resultados: Se registraron para las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara 49 taxones infragenéricos de antocerotas, hepáticas y musgos. La reserva La Caoba fue la más diversa (73,5% del total) y los musgos la división mejor representada (55,1%). El sustrato epífito es el más diverso y el Bosque semideciduo mesófilo la formación vegetal mejor representada (83,3%). La totalidad de los taxones amenazados se registraron en la Reserva Florística Manejada La Caoba. Conclusiones: En las Reservas Florísticas Manejadas La Caoba y Charrascales de Mícara la brioflora se caracteriza por la presencia de taxones de amplia plasticidad ecológica y distribución geográfica. Las condiciones presentes en la reserva Charrascales de Mícara limitan el desarrollo de los briófitos. La diversidad briológica en La Caoba está amenazada por la fragmentación del hábitat debido a las alteraciones del paisaje.

Resumen Evaluamos el paisaje de la región Norte y Noroeste de Río de Janeiro, determinando los cambios en la cobertura forestal por fitofisonomía, utilizando la colección MapBiomas 6. Trabajamos en ambiente R y en QGIS. Entre las fitofisonomías, los Bosques de Tierras Bajas presentaron mayores pérdidas de área hasta 1985 (93%), volviéndose altamente fragmentados y aislados en el paisaje. Entre 1985 y 2020, hubo poca pérdida de cobertura forestal. Sin embargo, este resultado es el resultado del balance de ganancias de vegetación secundaria que cubre las pérdidas de vegetación madura, con pérdidas para la biodiversidad. El principal impulsor de la pérdida de vegetación fue la agricultura y la ganadería y actualmente menos del 8% de la vegetación está protegida. El retraso en la creación de las UC y la restauración de las APP tendrá graves y negativas consecuencias para la conservación de la vegetación de la región. Janeiro fitofisonomía 6 QGIS fitofisonomías 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) 2020 embargo madura biodiversidad 8 protegida 19 9 (93% 202 1 (93 20 (9 2 (

Abstract We evaluated the landscape of the North and Northwest of Rio de Janeiro, determining changes in forest cover by phytophysiognomy using collection 6 of MapBiomas (1985-2020). We worked in the R environment and QGIS. Among the phytophysiognomies, the Lowland forests showed the greatest area loss until 1985 (93%), becoming highly fragmented and isolated in the landscape. Between 1985 and 2020 the loss of forest was reduced. However, this result is related to the balance of secondary vegetation increase that covers up the losses of mature vegetation, with risks to biodiversity. The main driver of vegetation loss was agriculture, and currently less than 8% of the vegetation is protected. The procrastination in the establishment of conservation units and restoration of permanent protection areas will have serious negative consequences for the conservation of the vegetation in this region. Janeiro 19852020. 19852020 . (1985-2020) QGIS phytophysiognomies 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) 202 reduced However biodiversity agriculture 8 protected region 1985202 (1985-2020 19 9 (93% 20 198520 (1985-202 1 (93 2 19852 (1985-20 (9 (1985-2 ( (1985- (1985 (198 (19 (1

Resumo Avaliamos a paisagem das regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense determinando as mudanças na cobertura florestal por fitofisionomia, utilizando a coleção 6 do MapBiomas (1985-2020). Trabalhamos no ambiente R e no QGIS. Entre as fitofisionomias, as Florestas de Terras Baixas apresentaram maior perda de área até 1985 (93%), tornando- -se altamente fragmentadas e isoladas na paisagem. Entre 1985 e 2020, houve redução nas perdas de cobertura florestal. Entretanto, este resultado é fruto do balanço dos ganhos de vegetação secundária que mascaram as perdas de vegetação madura, com prejuízos para biodiversidade. O principal promotor da perda de vegetação foi a agropecuária e atualmente menos de 8% da vegetação está protegida. A procrastinação na criação de Unidade Conservação e restauração das Áreas de Proteção Permanente trará consequências sérias e negativas para a conservação da vegetação nas regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense. fitofisionomia 19852020. 19852020 2020 . (1985-2020) QGIS fitofisionomias 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) tornando se Entretanto madura biodiversidade 8 protegida 1985202 202 (1985-2020 19 9 (93% 198520 20 (1985-202 1 (93 19852 2 (1985-20 (9 (1985-2 ( (1985- (1985 (198 (19 (1

ABSTRACT Forest remnants play an important role within urban ecosystems, contributing significantly not only to the environmental quality of municipalities, but also to improving social, economic and aesthetic aspects. In this context, applying and analyzing tools that can contribute to the environmental discussion of these ecosystems become an important contribution in the management of these spaces within the municipalities. The present work aimed to analyze and discuss the forest fragmentation and the environmental quality of the existing forest fragments in the hydrographic basin of the Quilombo River, located in the municipality of Campinas/SP, which is an area that suffers from the processes of urbanization, soil sealing and floods. In general, the procedures performed to assess the environmental quality of forest remnants in the watershed under study were carried out in five main stages: (1) Mapping of forest remnants; (2) Landscape metrics calculations; (3) Environmental Quality Assessment of the remnants; (4) Statistical analysis of data; and, finally, (5) Diagnosis of hydrographic basins based on the results obtained. In general, it can be observed that the Quilombo basin, characterized by the high degree of use and occupation of the soil and predominance of urbanized areas, with non-critical soil and slope conditions, and the forest remnants are predominantly of medium size and have similar conditions of nearest neighbor distance (ENN), where approximately 50% of them are less than 60 m away from their nearest neighbor. Given these conditions, the management and conservation actions of natural vegetation in the Quilombo basin can hardly be based on the connectivity of the remnants. It is indicated that actions are proposed especially aimed at mitigating the edge effects that have acted on these remnants and guaranteeing the effectiveness and quality of the ecological processes involved. municipalities social aspects context River CampinasSP Campinas SP Campinas/SP urbanization floods general stages 1 (1 2 (2 calculations 3 (3 4 (4 data finally 5 (5 obtained areas noncritical non critical ENN, ENN , (ENN) 50 6 involved ( (ENN

RESUMO Os remanescentes florestais desempenham um importante papel dentro dos ecossistemas urbanos, contribuindo de forma significativa não somente com a qualidade ambiental dos municípios, mas também com a melhoria dos aspectos sociais, econômicos e estéticos das paisagens urbanas. Nesse contexto, aplicar e analisar ferramentas que possam contribuir na discussão ambiental desses ecossistemas se tornam uma contribuição importante na gestão desses espaços dentro dos municípios. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar e discutir a fragmentação florestal e a qualidade ambiental dos fragmentos florestais existentes na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Quilombo, localizada no município de Campinas/SP, sendo esta uma área que sofre com os processos de urbanização, de impermeabilização do solo e de enchentes. De forma geral, os procedimentos executados para avaliação da qualidade ambiental dos remanescentes florestais na bacia hidrográfica em estudo foram realizados em cinco etapas principais: (1) Mapeamento dos remanescentes florestais; (2) Cálculos das métricas de paisagem; (3) Avaliação da Qualidade Ambiental dos remanescentes; (4) Análise estatística dos dados; e, por fim, (5) Diagnóstico da bacia hidrográfica a partir dos resultados obtidos. De um modo geral, pode-se observar que a bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Quilombo, caracterizada pelo alto grau de uso e ocupação do solo e predomínio de áreas urbanizadas, com condições de solo e declividade não críticas, sendo que os remanescentes florestais são de tamanho predominantemente médio e apresentam condições semelhantes de distância de vizinho mais próximo (ENN), onde aproximadamente 50% deles encontram-se a menos de 60 m de distância do seu vizinho mais próximo. Diante dessas condições, as ações de manejo e conservação de vegetação natural na bacia do Quilombo dificilmente poderá estar pautada na conectividade dos remanescentes. Indica-se que sejam propostas ações especialmente voltadas em amenizar os efeitos de borda que tem atuado sobre esses remanescentes e garantir a efetividade e qualidade dos processos ecológicos envolvidos. urbanos municípios sociais urbanas contexto CampinasSP Campinas SP Campinas/SP urbanização enchentes geral principais 1 (1 2 (2 paisagem 3 (3 4 (4 dados fim 5 (5 obtidos podese pode urbanizadas críticas ENN, ENN , (ENN) 50 encontramse encontram 6 Indicase Indica envolvidos ( (ENN

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study is to characterize the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina in three Atlantic Forest fragments in the south of Espírito Santo state, using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) molecular markers. Genomic DNA from 85 trees was analyzed using 12 ISSR primers, generating 147 fragments, of which 109 were polymorphic (74%). Markers were characterized as moderately informative, with a mean polymorphic informational content of 0.34. Results: Low genetic diversity was found for the three fragments and in the total sample, based on Nei’s diversity parameters (H* = 0.26) and Shannon’s index (I* = 0.38). In the dissimilarity analysis, four groups were observed in the dendrogram with an exclusive clustering trend by location. The analysis of molecular variance confirmed that most of the genetic variation is found within populations (73.50%), however, with high genetic differentiation between them (Φ ST = 0.26). This result was supported by the Bayesian approach that indicated genetically structured populations. Conclusion: The data obtained reveal that forest fragmentation affected the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina and allow expanding knowledge for the development of effective strategies for the conservation and management of the species. Background A state (ISSR markers 8 1 primers 14 10 74%. 74 74% . (74%) informative 034 0 34 0.34 Results sample Neis Nei s H* H (H 0.26 026 26 Shannons Shannon I* I (I 0.38. 038 0.38 38 0.38) location 73.50%, 7350 73.50% , 73 50 (73.50%) however Φ 0.26. Conclusion species 7 (74% 03 3 0.3 0.2 02 2 735 73.50 5 (73.50% (74 0. 73.5 (73.50 (7 73. (73.5 ( (73. (73

Abstract Fishermen-hunter-gatherers of sambaquis (Brazilian shell mounds) had an intimate affinity with marine-coastal environments, where they exploited a great variety of fish and mollusks that comprise the best documented fauna from sambaquis. However, other groups of animals as mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians are also present in these sites, but are relatively less studied. This paper is the first one focused exclusively on the Tetrapoda biodiversity of sambaquis and aimed to identify tetrapods of ten sites from southern Brazil. We present a faunal inventory and data regarding animal capture and environmental exploitation. We identified the specimens anatomically and taxonomically, analyzed them concerning fragmentation, and quantified the data for the number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI). Despite the high degree of fragmentation of remains, we identified 46 taxa. As expected, most were from marine animals: cetaceans (total NISP = 2,568 and MNI = 27), otariids (total NISP = 248 and MNI = 32), and seabirds (total NISP = 65 and MNI = 23), indicating great relevance of marine tetrapod fauna as a resource for sambaqui builders (79.39% of NISP). We thus document the close bond between fishermen-hunter-gatherers of sambaquis and the marine tetrapods in southern Brazil. Fishermenhuntergatherers Fishermen hunter gatherers Brazilian mounds marinecoastal coastal environments However mammals birds reptiles studied Brazil exploitation taxonomically (NISP MNI. . (MNI) remains 4 taxa expected total 2568 2 568 2,56 27, 27 , 27) 24 32, 32 32) 6 23, 23 23) 79.39% 7939 79 39 (79.39 NISP. NISP) fishermenhuntergatherers fishermen (MNI 256 56 2,5 3 79.39 793 7 (79.3 25 5 2, 79.3 (79. 79. (79 (7 (

RESUMEN La calidad del agua en las cuencas hídricas depende de varios factores y en Ecuador muchos ríos se encuentran contaminados por impacto antrópico. Este estudio evaluó la influencia de diferentes usos de suelo y la fragmentación del paisaje sobre las características físicas y químicas del río Teaone, Ecuador. Se ubicaron ocho puntos de muestreo por uso de suelo (ganadería, sistemas agroforestales, bosques y zonas urbanas) donde se midieron temperatura, turbiedad, sólidos disueltos totales (SDT), pH, conductividad eléctrica, oxígeno disuelto (OD) y salinidad. Se registró el tipo de vegetación, ancho del caudal, sustrato y profundidad del agua. Se crearon parcelas circulares digitales para calcular indicadores de la estructura y fragmentación del paisaje (índice de bordes, dominancia e índice de fragmentación), e indicadores espectrales a través de índices de vegetación como el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI, por su sigla en inglés), el índice de vegetación mejorado (EVI), y bandas del infrarrojo cercano (NIR), del rojo y azul. Varios parámetros físicos y químicos estuvieron dentro de los límites permisibles (turbidez = -38.7 UNT, pH = 8.1, conductividad eléctrica = 365 μS/cm, temperatura = 26.0 ºC, salinidad = 0.15 UPS). Sin embargo, el OD y los SDT quedaron fuera de los límites en todos los usos de suelo (OD = 4.04, SDT = 186.1 mg/L). El pastizal tuvo mayor número de fragmentos (12.1), seguido de los poblados (9.4). Para el NIR, el EVI y el NDVI se observaron valores altos en bosque nativo, agroforestal y ganadería y el menor valor en la zona urbana. Los parámetros demuestran que los sistemas agroforestales y bosques nativos mantienen una buena calidad de agua, mientras que en la zona ganadera y urbana la calidad decrece.

ABSTRACT Water quality in watersheds depends on several factors and in Ecuador many rivers are polluted by anthropogenic impact. This study evaluated the influence of different land uses and landscape fragmentation on the physical and chemical characteristics of the Teaone river, Ecuador. Eight sampling points were located by land use (livestock, agroforestry systems, forests, and urban areas) where temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, vegetation type, flow width, substrate, and water depth were measured. Digital circular plots were created to calculate indicators of landscape structure and fragmentation (edge index, dominance, and fragmentation index), and spectral indicators through vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and near infrared (NIR), red, and blue bands. Several physical and chemical parameters were within allowable limits (turbidity = -38.7 UNT, pH = 8.1, electrical conductivity = 365 μS/cm, temperature = 26.0 ºC, salinity = 0.15 UPS). However, OD and SDT were outside the limits in all land uses (OD = 4.04, SDT = 186.1 mg/L). Grassland had the highest number of fragments (12.1), followed by settlements (9.4). For NIR, EVI and NDVI high values were observed in native forest, agroforestry, and livestock and lowest values in the urban area. The parameters show that agroforestry systems and native forests maintain good water quality, while in livestock and urban areas water quality decreases.

RESUMEN Los bosques montanos se encuentran en un rango altitudinal entre 800 y 3500 m snm, conservan una importante diversidad de especies arbóreas y altos niveles de endemismos. Muchos de estos bosques están siendo convertidos a otros usos de tierra y en algunos casos ocurren procesos sucesionales que permiten el establecimiento de bosques secundarios. Con el fin de evaluar la contribución florística de estos bosques montanos secundarios a la flora arbórea de la región de la Selva Central del Perú, se analizó la composición florística y la diversidad arbórea en dos bosques secundarios ubicados en la provincia de Chanchamayo. Para ello, se instalaron dos parcelas per- manentes de monitoreo de vegetación, siendo estas la Parcela Puyu Sacha Bosque Secundario (P-PS) de 1 ha ubicada en un bosque montano a 2060 m snm, donde se registraron 638 individuos, 52 especies, 37 géneros y 28 familias botánicas, y la Parce- la Génova Bosque Secundario 2 (P-GS2) de 0,6 ha ubicada en un bosque premontano a 1040 m snm, donde se registraron 242 individuos, 34 especies, 32 géneros y 21 familias botánicas. En P-PS (estrato montano entre 1500 y 3500 m snm) las familias más abundantes fueron Urticaceae, Actinidiaceae, Melastomataceae, Cordiaceae y Rubiaceae; y las especies más abundantes fueron Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Miconia aff. crassistigma Cogn., Saurauia biserrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Cecropia angustifolia Trécul, Cecropia sp.2 y Saurauia glabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Soejarto. En P-GS2 (estrato premontano entre 800 y 1500 m snm) las familias más abundantes fueron Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae, Piperaceae y Urticaceae; y las especies más abundantes fueron Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Trema mi- crantha (L.) Blume, Cecropia polystachya Trécul, Erythrina ulei Harms y Piper aduncum L. Ambas parcelas presentaron bajos niveles de diversidad debido a que se ubican sobre bosques secundarios que en el pasado tuvieron intervenciones antrópicas.

ABSTRACT Montane forests are found in an altitudinal range between 800 and 3500 m asl and conserve an important diversity of tree species and high levels of endemism. Many of these forests are being converted to other land uses and, in some cases, successional processes are occurring that allow the establishment of secondary forests. In order to evaluate the floristic contribution of these secondary montane forests to the arboreal flora of the Selva Central region of Peru, we analyzed the floristic composition and tree diversity in two secondary forests located in the province of Chanchamayo. For this purpose, two permanent vegetation monitoring plots were installed, the Puyu Sacha Secondary Forest Plot (P-PS) of 1 ha located in a montane forest at 2060 m asl, where 638 individuals, 52 species, 37 genera and 28 botanical families were recorded, and the Genova Secondary Forest 2 Plot (P-GS2) of 0.6 ha located in a premontane forest at 1040 m asl, where 242 individuals, 34 species, 32 genera and 21 botanical families were recorded. In P-PS (montane stratum between 1500 and 3500 m asl) the most abundant families were Urticaceae, Actinidiaceae, Melastomataceae, Cordiace- ae and Rubiaceae; and the most abundant species were Cordia cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Miconia aff. crassistigma Cogn., Saurauia biserrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng., Cecropia angustifolia Trécul, Cecropia sp.2 and Saurauia glabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Soejarto. In P-GS2 (premontane stratum between 800 and 1500 m asl) the most abundant families were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae, Piperaceae and Urticaceae; and the most abundant species were Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Cecropia polystachya Trécul, Erythrina ulei Harms and Piper aduncum L. Both plots showed low levels of diversity because they are located in secondary forests that in the past had anthropic interventions.

RESUMO A fragmentação florestal e exploração descontrolada levaram à inclusão de Araucaria angustifolia na lista de espécies brasileiras ameaçadas de extinção, o que culminou na necessidade de identificação de matrizes para coleta de sementes e produção de mudas. Assim, objetivou-se descrever as características morfológicas do material vegetativo de diferentes indivíduos de Araucaria angustifolia, bem como avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes para identificação de matrizes para coleta na área em estudo. Cada árvore foi considerada um indivíduo distinto e, inicialmente, foi realizada a caracterização biométrica de pinhas e sementes. Posteriormente, a avaliação da similaridade foi definida utilizando-se o método da distância Euclidiana e “single linkage method”. O potencial fisiológico das sementes foi determinado através dos testes de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, massa seca e comprimento de plântulas. Os materiais vegetativos estudados apresentaram variação nos dados biométricos, sendo que para as sementes houve, também, diferença nas características fisiológicas. As matrizes 1, 5 e 18 destacaram-se positivamente das demais e a avaliação da biometria, germinação, emergência e comprimento das plântulas foi considerada eficiente para determinação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Tais informações podem auxiliar em futuros programas de manejo em áreas de floresta de Araucária da região. extinção mudas Assim objetivouse objetivou se estudo inicialmente Posteriormente utilizandose utilizando single method. method . method” germinação biométricos houve também fisiológicas 1 destacaramse destacaram biometria região

ABSTRACT The forest fragmentation and uncontrolled exploration of the Araucária angustifolia led to the inclusion of this species in the list of Brazilian species threatened with extinction, which culminated in the need to identify parent trees for seed collection and seedling production. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the morphological characteristics of the different plant materials of Araucaria angustifolia, as well as evaluate the physiological quality of the seeds for the identification of matrix trees for collection in the study area. Each tree was considered a distinct matrix, and initially, the biometric characterization of cones and seeds was performed. Subsequently, the evaluation of similarity was defined using the Euclidean distance method and the “single linkage method”. The physiological potential of the seeds was determined through tests of germination, germination speed index, dry mass and seedling length. The vegetative materials studied presented variation in the biometric data, and for the seeds, there was also a difference in the physiological characteristics. The matrices 1, 5 and 18 stood out positively from the others and the evaluation of biometrics, germination, emergence and seedling length was considered efficient for the determination of the seed’s physiological quality. Such information can help in future management programs in Araucaria forest areas in the region. extinction production Thus area initially performed Subsequently single method. . method” index data 1 biometrics s region

Abstract The Sierra de Guadalupe is the last forest redoubt north of Mexico City. In order to restore its vegetation cover, or at least manage it, it is necessary to understand its development. It is a system with unity through which energy transits in different forms depending on the vegetation, which is the most evident result of lithological, edaphological, climatic, geographical and historical conditions with different types of human intervention. The behaviour of vegetation cover in the Sierra de Guadalupe in recent decades is described by comparing the area and perimeter of the mosaics. Four landscape indices were also applied: a matrix-patch-corridor approach (Puyravaud, 2003), which expresses the change in vegetation cover based on the equation of compound interest (Mikels, 2003), the detection of fragmentation by the proximity between the centres of the mosaics of each vegetation type; the relationship of the dissection of a landscape, based on the similarity of the mosaics, with circles of the same area (Bowen and Burgess, 1981), expressed by the possibility of an organism encountering another of its species at random sites in the landscape (Jaeger, 2000). The Markov transition matrix analysis shows the ecological succession of some mosaics and also the change from forest to urban land use in most of the Sierra. Moran’s autocorrelation index allows us to assess how clustered the patches are, or, in other words, how constant the energy flow across the landscape is. To determine the mosaics, 1994 and 2019 images of the Sierra de Guadalupe were compared and the perimeter of each mosaic was drawn freehand. Field visits were made to the study area to relate the texture and position of each mosaic. The Sierra de Guadalupe was defined as a set of microwatersheds with an extension of 16 813 ha. In 1994, 8698 ha were urbanised, by 2019 concrete had covered a further 1741 ha. 540 ha of forest and plantations have been established, in addition to the 1670 ha that already existed. The oak forest has spread along the ravines over 74 ha. The most important plant community in terms of extent in 1994 was xerophytic scrub, when it represented 16.8% of the Sierra. In 2019, xerophytic scrub with grassland had an extension of 12.7% of the total. Closed or open oak woodland, the most conserved and mature growing ecosystem, covered 334 ha in 1994 and by 2019 it reached 410 ha. As for artificial forest stands, eucalyptus plantations have been the most widespread, accounting for 3.7% in 1994, but 5.2% in 2019. The Puyvaraud index (2003) revealed an increase in forest mass of 1.05% per year. Of course, the forest stand canopy does not actually increase at that rate, rather forest stands became established until they were visible on satellite imagery as established canopy. Jaeger’s (2000) cohesion index indicates zero probability (both in 1994 and 2019) of encountering two organisms of the same species hypothetically randomly arranged in the landscape. The dissection index (Bowen and Burgess, 1981) yields a value of 5.84% in 1994 and 8.42% in 2019, indicating that the landscape has become more sparse by 3.42% with respect to the similarity of a circle of the same area as all patches, i.e. it has become finer grained. The Markov matrix reveals the most representative transitions (discarding transitions to urbanisation). Grasslands became xerophytic scrubland; scrubland became heterogeneous forest and oak woodland; xerophytic scrubland became eucalyptus plantations, scrubland and grassland became stands of pirul, and scrubland and grassland became artificial copses of pine, casuarina and white cedar. A correlation of 0.5 was found for 1994 and 0.06 for 2019. In general, vegetation cover has been almost entirely affected by human causes, either with negative environmental impact, such as the construction of colonies, or positive impact, such as reforestations. Landscape indices indicate that, with the exception of eucalyptus plantations, most forest communities have become small, scattered mosaics with little core area, forming a fine-grained landscape, and the retraction of the forest frontier has promoted further fragmentation.

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ABSTRACT Edge effects are changes in vegetation, microclimate conditions and soil in transition bands between the edge and interior of the forest. The objective of this study was to verify for how many meters it is possible to perceive structural floristic variations caused by the Edge Effect by analyzing the tree and regenerative strata of four seasonal semi-deciduous forests located in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Samples were taken from four fragments of semi-deciduous forests in the Cerrado and analyzed by dendrograms and regressions for structural parameters that could distinguish edge and interior regions. In the Bray-Curtis Index and in the Sørensen Coefficient, for the tree stratum, the fragments presented groups with plots close to 40 meters from the edge. For the regenerative stratum the groups were more difficult to distinguish, even with a tendency to floristic dissimilarity of 15 to 20 meters. The groups were statistically confirmed by the Similarity Analysis (ANOSIM). The similarity percentage (SIMPER) can relate the species according to their contribution to the division into groups and to the areas of greatest interest. In the analysis of the structural data, the relationships between the number of trees, species and basal area as a function of the edge were not proven. Similarity analyzes distinguished the interior from the edge and measured the distance covered in the studied fragments, demonstrating that the composition of the first 40 meters of forest can be considered edges. vegetation semideciduous semi deciduous Biome Brazil regions BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Coefficient 4 1 2 ANOSIM. ANOSIM . (ANOSIM) SIMPER (SIMPER interest data trees proven edges (ANOSIM

RESUMO Os Efeitos de Borda são modificações na vegetação, nas condições microclimáticas e no solo na transição entre o meio exterior e o interior da floresta. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar até quantos metros é perceptível variações florístico estruturais ocasionadas pelo Efeito de Borda, analisando-se o estrato arbóreo e regenerativo de quatro fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizados no bioma Cerrado. A partir da amostragem realizada nestes quatro fragmentos, foram analisadas, por meio de dendrogramas e regressões, se os parâmetros estruturais podem distinguir regiões de borda e de interior. Para o estrato arbóreo, nos dendrogramas de similaridade (Bray-Curtis e Sørensen), os fragmentos apresentaram grupos com parcelas semelhantes até os 40 metros de borda. Para o estrato regenerativo, os grupos foram mais difíceis em distinguir, mesmo com tendência, a dissimilaridade florística de 15 a 20 m. A partir da Análise de Similaridade (ANOSIM), os grupos foram confirmados estatisticamente. A porcentagem de similaridade (SIMPER) pode relacionar as espécies em função da sua contribuição para a divisão dos grupos e para as áreas de maior interesse. Nas análises dos dados estruturais, não foram comprovadas as relações do n° de árvores, espécies e área basal em função da borda. As análises de similaridade foram capazes de distinguir o interior da borda e mensurar a distância percorrida nos fragmentos estudados, demonstrando que a composição dos primeiros 40 m de floresta pode ser considerada borda. vegetação analisandose analisando Cerrado analisadas regressões BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Sørensen, Sørensen , Sørensen) 4 tendência 1 2 ANOSIM, ANOSIM (ANOSIM) estatisticamente SIMPER (SIMPER interesse n árvores estudados (ANOSIM

Abstract Dermanura gnoma (Handley, 1987) is a phyllostomid bat that occurs in South America. In Brazil, most of the records are concentrated in the Amazon Forest, with sparse data from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. This study presents the first record of D. gnoma for Alagoas state, and for the Pernambuco Endemism Center (PEC), the most threatened region of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, characterized by its high rate of endemism, habitat loss, and fragmentation. The species was surveyed at Murici Ecological Station and its identification was supported by morphological and molecular data. We provide the first COI and CYTB gene sequences for this species in the entire Atlantic Forest. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the generated sequences were recovered in the same clade as the published sequences of D. gnoma from the Amazonian Forest, corroborating the disjunct distribution pattern between Amazonia and PEC, as already reported for other vertebrate taxa. Also, this record increases the number of bat species to 71 for the PEC and extends the geographic distribution of D. gnoma by 758 kilometers to the northeast of its range. Handley, Handley (Handley 1987 America Brazil Forest D state , (PEC) endemism loss fragmentation taxa Also 7 75 range 198 (PEC 19 1