Abstract Monkey mortality in Costa Rica is due, in most cases, to anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, forest fragmentation, lack of tree connectivity, and tourism development in most coastal areas. The latter factor has caused the death of at least 450 monkeys per year due to electrocution, as a result of the increase in electrical wiring that has arisen in the different regions with urban development. Faced with this threat, proposals have been developed to avoid the danger, such as the construction of appropriate passage infrastructure for monkeys, the placement of insulated wiring, and the protection of electrical transformers. Using the morphometric measurements of the four species of monkeys native to Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii, and Cebus imitator), a model of safe and functional aerial passages or bridges for them was designed, the foundations of which are discussed in this article.

Resumen La mortalidad de los monos en Costa Rica se debe, en la mayoría de los casos, a factores antropogénicos, como la deforestación, la fragmentación de los bosques, la falta de conectividad arbórea y el desarrollo turístico en la mayoría de las zonas costeras. Este último factor ha provocado la muerte de al menos 450 monos por año debido a la electrocución, a raíz del aumento del cableado eléctrico que ha surgido en las diferentes regiones con desarrollo urbanístico. Ante esta amenaza se han elaborado propuestas para evitar el peligro, como la construcción de infraestructura de paso apropiada para los monos, la colocación de cableado aislado y la protección de los transformadores eléctricos. Utilizando las medidas morfométricas de las cuatro especies de monos nativas de Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii y Cebus imitator), se diseñó un modelo de pasos aéreos o puentes seguros y funcionales para ellos, cuyos fundamentos se discuten en el presente artículo.

Resumen. Los datos de campo obtenidos de los inventarios forestales, principalmente área basal y densidad de fustes, son relevantes para el análisis de la biomasa aérea y la fragmentación forestal. Debido al suelo inundado, el trabajo de campo en los bosques de manglar requiere mucho tiempo y es complicado. Dado que los manglares son sensibles a los efectos del cambio climático, la selección de un método de campo ideal es de suma importancia. Con este fin, analizamos 4 clases de manglares: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG) y AG arbustivo. Georreferenciamos y contamos todos los fustes de mangle dentro de 4 parcelas cuadradas de 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m). Analizamos 3 áreas circulares y el método del punto cuadrante central (PCQM) basado en las parcelas cuadradas originales. Dependiendo de la clase de mangle, el PCQM sobreestimó el área basal hasta en un 34% y la densidad de fustes en un 21%. Los 3 muestreos en parcelas circulares subestimaron el área basal entre -1% y -29% y la densidad de fustes entre -3% y -25%. Basándonos en los resultados, sugerimos utilizar una parcela circular de 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) en bosques menos densos (RM y AG) y una parcela circular de 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) en densidades superiores a 3,500 fustes/ha (LR y AG arbustivo). Las ventajas de utilizar las parcelas circulares sobre el método PCQM son que los inventarios de mangle pueden cuantificarse rápidamente y no requieren un número mínimo de puntos de muestreo.

Abstract. The data obtained from field-based forest inventories, mainly basal area and stem density, are relevant for the analysis of aboveground biomass and forest fragmentation. Due to its persistently flooded ground, fieldwork in mangrove forests is time-consuming and complicated. Since mangroves are sensitive to the effects of climate change, selecting a reliable field method is of utmost importance. To this end, we analyzed 4 mangrove classes: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG), and AG shrub. We georeferenced and counted all mangrove stems within four 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m square). We analyzed data from 3 circular area plots and the plotless point-centered quarter method (PCQM) based on the original square plots. Depending on the mangrove class, PCQM overestimated basal area by up to 34% and stem density by 21%. The 3 circular plot surveys underestimated basal area from -1% to -29% and stem density from -3 to -25%. Based on the results, we suggest using a circular plot of 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) in less dense forests (RM and AG) and a circular plot of 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) with forest densities greater than 3,500 stems/ha (LR and AG shrub). The advantages of using the circular plot approach over PCQM are that mangrove inventories can be quantified quickly and do not require a minimum number of sampling points.

Abstract Background: Maps of disturbed forests help to identify impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Methods using only spectral data to detect disturbance at the regional level have limitations, but expert knowledge and fragmentation analysis can improve estimation. Questions: What is the distribution of disturbed forests in a region of high biodiversity, and which vegetation types and regions are most affected? Data description: SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2019. Vegetation data were collected at 653 sites. In addition, herbarium, agricultural census, and National Forest Inventory data were used. Study site and dates: Chiapas State, during 2018-2022. Methods: We elaborated a hybrid map of vegetation types, emphasizing identifying secondary forests. Also, we carried out a fragmentation analysis and calculated the woody biomass per forest type. Results: 40 % of the State still maintains tree cover, but only 18 % is undisturbed; most undisturbed forests are in three regions: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre, and Gulf Plain. Overall, the biomass of disturbed forests is significantly lower than that of their mature counterparts. Conclusions: In Chiapas, the distribution of forests with good conservation status is restricted; almost half of them are outside NPAs, so it is imperative to promote additional strategies for their conservation and management.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los mapas de bosques perturbados son útiles para identificar afectaciones sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos. Los métodos que emplean únicamente datos espectrales para detectar las perturbaciones a nivel regional tienen limitaciones. El conocimiento de expertos y el análisis de fragmentación puede mejorar la estimación. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la distribución de los bosques perturbados en una región de alta biodiversidad? ¿Qué tipos de vegetación y regiones son las más afectadas? Descripción de los datos: imágenes satelitales SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 de 2019. Se colectó información de la vegetación en 653 sitios. Además, se usaron datos de herbario, censos agrícolas y del Inventario Nacional Forestal. Lugar y fecha del estudio: Estado de Chiapas, durante 2018-2022. Métodos: Se elaboró un mapa híbrido de los tipos de vegetación enfatizando la identificación de bosques secundarios, también se realizó un análisis de fragmentación y se calculó la biomasa leñosa por tipo de bosque. Resultados: El 40 % de la superficie del Estado mantiene una cobertura arbórea; pero solo en el 18 % no se aprecia perturbación; la mayor parte de los bosques no perturbados se encuentran en tres regiones: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre y Planicie del Golfo. En general la biomasa de los bosques perturbados es significativamente menor que la de su contraparte madura. Conclusiones: En Chiapas la distribución de los bosques en buen estado de conservación está restringida; casi la mitad de ellos se encuentran fuera de las ANP, por lo que es imperativo promover estrategias adicionales para su manejo y conservación.

Resumen Evaluamos el paisaje de la región Norte y Noroeste de Río de Janeiro, determinando los cambios en la cobertura forestal por fitofisonomía, utilizando la colección MapBiomas 6. Trabajamos en ambiente R y en QGIS. Entre las fitofisonomías, los Bosques de Tierras Bajas presentaron mayores pérdidas de área hasta 1985 (93%), volviéndose altamente fragmentados y aislados en el paisaje. Entre 1985 y 2020, hubo poca pérdida de cobertura forestal. Sin embargo, este resultado es el resultado del balance de ganancias de vegetación secundaria que cubre las pérdidas de vegetación madura, con pérdidas para la biodiversidad. El principal impulsor de la pérdida de vegetación fue la agricultura y la ganadería y actualmente menos del 8% de la vegetación está protegida. El retraso en la creación de las UC y la restauración de las APP tendrá graves y negativas consecuencias para la conservación de la vegetación de la región. Janeiro fitofisonomía 6 QGIS fitofisonomías 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) 2020 embargo madura biodiversidad 8 protegida 19 9 (93% 202 1 (93 20 (9 2 (

Abstract We evaluated the landscape of the North and Northwest of Rio de Janeiro, determining changes in forest cover by phytophysiognomy using collection 6 of MapBiomas (1985-2020). We worked in the R environment and QGIS. Among the phytophysiognomies, the Lowland forests showed the greatest area loss until 1985 (93%), becoming highly fragmented and isolated in the landscape. Between 1985 and 2020 the loss of forest was reduced. However, this result is related to the balance of secondary vegetation increase that covers up the losses of mature vegetation, with risks to biodiversity. The main driver of vegetation loss was agriculture, and currently less than 8% of the vegetation is protected. The procrastination in the establishment of conservation units and restoration of permanent protection areas will have serious negative consequences for the conservation of the vegetation in this region. Janeiro 19852020. 19852020 . (1985-2020) QGIS phytophysiognomies 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) 202 reduced However biodiversity agriculture 8 protected region 1985202 (1985-2020 19 9 (93% 20 198520 (1985-202 1 (93 2 19852 (1985-20 (9 (1985-2 ( (1985- (1985 (198 (19 (1

Resumo Avaliamos a paisagem das regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense determinando as mudanças na cobertura florestal por fitofisionomia, utilizando a coleção 6 do MapBiomas (1985-2020). Trabalhamos no ambiente R e no QGIS. Entre as fitofisionomias, as Florestas de Terras Baixas apresentaram maior perda de área até 1985 (93%), tornando- -se altamente fragmentadas e isoladas na paisagem. Entre 1985 e 2020, houve redução nas perdas de cobertura florestal. Entretanto, este resultado é fruto do balanço dos ganhos de vegetação secundária que mascaram as perdas de vegetação madura, com prejuízos para biodiversidade. O principal promotor da perda de vegetação foi a agropecuária e atualmente menos de 8% da vegetação está protegida. A procrastinação na criação de Unidade Conservação e restauração das Áreas de Proteção Permanente trará consequências sérias e negativas para a conservação da vegetação nas regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense. fitofisionomia 19852020. 19852020 2020 . (1985-2020) QGIS fitofisionomias 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) tornando se Entretanto madura biodiversidade 8 protegida 1985202 202 (1985-2020 19 9 (93% 198520 20 (1985-202 1 (93 19852 2 (1985-20 (9 (1985-2 ( (1985- (1985 (198 (19 (1

ABSTRACT Forest remnants play an important role within urban ecosystems, contributing significantly not only to the environmental quality of municipalities, but also to improving social, economic and aesthetic aspects. In this context, applying and analyzing tools that can contribute to the environmental discussion of these ecosystems become an important contribution in the management of these spaces within the municipalities. The present work aimed to analyze and discuss the forest fragmentation and the environmental quality of the existing forest fragments in the hydrographic basin of the Quilombo River, located in the municipality of Campinas/SP, which is an area that suffers from the processes of urbanization, soil sealing and floods. In general, the procedures performed to assess the environmental quality of forest remnants in the watershed under study were carried out in five main stages: (1) Mapping of forest remnants; (2) Landscape metrics calculations; (3) Environmental Quality Assessment of the remnants; (4) Statistical analysis of data; and, finally, (5) Diagnosis of hydrographic basins based on the results obtained. In general, it can be observed that the Quilombo basin, characterized by the high degree of use and occupation of the soil and predominance of urbanized areas, with non-critical soil and slope conditions, and the forest remnants are predominantly of medium size and have similar conditions of nearest neighbor distance (ENN), where approximately 50% of them are less than 60 m away from their nearest neighbor. Given these conditions, the management and conservation actions of natural vegetation in the Quilombo basin can hardly be based on the connectivity of the remnants. It is indicated that actions are proposed especially aimed at mitigating the edge effects that have acted on these remnants and guaranteeing the effectiveness and quality of the ecological processes involved. municipalities social aspects context River CampinasSP Campinas SP Campinas/SP urbanization floods general stages 1 (1 2 (2 calculations 3 (3 4 (4 data finally 5 (5 obtained areas noncritical non critical ENN, ENN , (ENN) 50 6 involved ( (ENN

RESUMO Os remanescentes florestais desempenham um importante papel dentro dos ecossistemas urbanos, contribuindo de forma significativa não somente com a qualidade ambiental dos municípios, mas também com a melhoria dos aspectos sociais, econômicos e estéticos das paisagens urbanas. Nesse contexto, aplicar e analisar ferramentas que possam contribuir na discussão ambiental desses ecossistemas se tornam uma contribuição importante na gestão desses espaços dentro dos municípios. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar e discutir a fragmentação florestal e a qualidade ambiental dos fragmentos florestais existentes na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Quilombo, localizada no município de Campinas/SP, sendo esta uma área que sofre com os processos de urbanização, de impermeabilização do solo e de enchentes. De forma geral, os procedimentos executados para avaliação da qualidade ambiental dos remanescentes florestais na bacia hidrográfica em estudo foram realizados em cinco etapas principais: (1) Mapeamento dos remanescentes florestais; (2) Cálculos das métricas de paisagem; (3) Avaliação da Qualidade Ambiental dos remanescentes; (4) Análise estatística dos dados; e, por fim, (5) Diagnóstico da bacia hidrográfica a partir dos resultados obtidos. De um modo geral, pode-se observar que a bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Quilombo, caracterizada pelo alto grau de uso e ocupação do solo e predomínio de áreas urbanizadas, com condições de solo e declividade não críticas, sendo que os remanescentes florestais são de tamanho predominantemente médio e apresentam condições semelhantes de distância de vizinho mais próximo (ENN), onde aproximadamente 50% deles encontram-se a menos de 60 m de distância do seu vizinho mais próximo. Diante dessas condições, as ações de manejo e conservação de vegetação natural na bacia do Quilombo dificilmente poderá estar pautada na conectividade dos remanescentes. Indica-se que sejam propostas ações especialmente voltadas em amenizar os efeitos de borda que tem atuado sobre esses remanescentes e garantir a efetividade e qualidade dos processos ecológicos envolvidos. urbanos municípios sociais urbanas contexto CampinasSP Campinas SP Campinas/SP urbanização enchentes geral principais 1 (1 2 (2 paisagem 3 (3 4 (4 dados fim 5 (5 obtidos podese pode urbanizadas críticas ENN, ENN , (ENN) 50 encontramse encontram 6 Indicase Indica envolvidos ( (ENN

ABSTRACT Edge effects are changes in vegetation, microclimate conditions and soil in transition bands between the edge and interior of the forest. The objective of this study was to verify for how many meters it is possible to perceive structural floristic variations caused by the Edge Effect by analyzing the tree and regenerative strata of four seasonal semi-deciduous forests located in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Samples were taken from four fragments of semi-deciduous forests in the Cerrado and analyzed by dendrograms and regressions for structural parameters that could distinguish edge and interior regions. In the Bray-Curtis Index and in the Sørensen Coefficient, for the tree stratum, the fragments presented groups with plots close to 40 meters from the edge. For the regenerative stratum the groups were more difficult to distinguish, even with a tendency to floristic dissimilarity of 15 to 20 meters. The groups were statistically confirmed by the Similarity Analysis (ANOSIM). The similarity percentage (SIMPER) can relate the species according to their contribution to the division into groups and to the areas of greatest interest. In the analysis of the structural data, the relationships between the number of trees, species and basal area as a function of the edge were not proven. Similarity analyzes distinguished the interior from the edge and measured the distance covered in the studied fragments, demonstrating that the composition of the first 40 meters of forest can be considered edges. vegetation semideciduous semi deciduous Biome Brazil regions BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Coefficient 4 1 2 ANOSIM. ANOSIM . (ANOSIM) SIMPER (SIMPER interest data trees proven edges (ANOSIM

RESUMO Os Efeitos de Borda são modificações na vegetação, nas condições microclimáticas e no solo na transição entre o meio exterior e o interior da floresta. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar até quantos metros é perceptível variações florístico estruturais ocasionadas pelo Efeito de Borda, analisando-se o estrato arbóreo e regenerativo de quatro fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizados no bioma Cerrado. A partir da amostragem realizada nestes quatro fragmentos, foram analisadas, por meio de dendrogramas e regressões, se os parâmetros estruturais podem distinguir regiões de borda e de interior. Para o estrato arbóreo, nos dendrogramas de similaridade (Bray-Curtis e Sørensen), os fragmentos apresentaram grupos com parcelas semelhantes até os 40 metros de borda. Para o estrato regenerativo, os grupos foram mais difíceis em distinguir, mesmo com tendência, a dissimilaridade florística de 15 a 20 m. A partir da Análise de Similaridade (ANOSIM), os grupos foram confirmados estatisticamente. A porcentagem de similaridade (SIMPER) pode relacionar as espécies em função da sua contribuição para a divisão dos grupos e para as áreas de maior interesse. Nas análises dos dados estruturais, não foram comprovadas as relações do n° de árvores, espécies e área basal em função da borda. As análises de similaridade foram capazes de distinguir o interior da borda e mensurar a distância percorrida nos fragmentos estudados, demonstrando que a composição dos primeiros 40 m de floresta pode ser considerada borda. vegetação analisandose analisando Cerrado analisadas regressões BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Sørensen, Sørensen , Sørensen) 4 tendência 1 2 ANOSIM, ANOSIM (ANOSIM) estatisticamente SIMPER (SIMPER interesse n árvores estudados (ANOSIM

Abstract Fishermen-hunter-gatherers of sambaquis (Brazilian shell mounds) had an intimate affinity with marine-coastal environments, where they exploited a great variety of fish and mollusks that comprise the best documented fauna from sambaquis. However, other groups of animals as mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians are also present in these sites, but are relatively less studied. This paper is the first one focused exclusively on the Tetrapoda biodiversity of sambaquis and aimed to identify tetrapods of ten sites from southern Brazil. We present a faunal inventory and data regarding animal capture and environmental exploitation. We identified the specimens anatomically and taxonomically, analyzed them concerning fragmentation, and quantified the data for the number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI). Despite the high degree of fragmentation of remains, we identified 46 taxa. As expected, most were from marine animals: cetaceans (total NISP = 2,568 and MNI = 27), otariids (total NISP = 248 and MNI = 32), and seabirds (total NISP = 65 and MNI = 23), indicating great relevance of marine tetrapod fauna as a resource for sambaqui builders (79.39% of NISP). We thus document the close bond between fishermen-hunter-gatherers of sambaquis and the marine tetrapods in southern Brazil. Fishermenhuntergatherers Fishermen hunter gatherers Brazilian mounds marinecoastal coastal environments However mammals birds reptiles studied Brazil exploitation taxonomically (NISP MNI. . (MNI) remains 4 taxa expected total 2568 2 568 2,56 27, 27 , 27) 24 32, 32 32) 6 23, 23 23) 79.39% 7939 79 39 (79.39 NISP. NISP) fishermenhuntergatherers fishermen (MNI 256 56 2,5 3 79.39 793 7 (79.3 25 5 2, 79.3 (79. 79. (79 (7 (

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study is to characterize the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina in three Atlantic Forest fragments in the south of Espírito Santo state, using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) molecular markers. Genomic DNA from 85 trees was analyzed using 12 ISSR primers, generating 147 fragments, of which 109 were polymorphic (74%). Markers were characterized as moderately informative, with a mean polymorphic informational content of 0.34. Results: Low genetic diversity was found for the three fragments and in the total sample, based on Nei’s diversity parameters (H* = 0.26) and Shannon’s index (I* = 0.38). In the dissimilarity analysis, four groups were observed in the dendrogram with an exclusive clustering trend by location. The analysis of molecular variance confirmed that most of the genetic variation is found within populations (73.50%), however, with high genetic differentiation between them (Φ ST = 0.26). This result was supported by the Bayesian approach that indicated genetically structured populations. Conclusion: The data obtained reveal that forest fragmentation affected the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina and allow expanding knowledge for the development of effective strategies for the conservation and management of the species. Background A state (ISSR markers 8 1 primers 14 10 74%. 74 74% . (74%) informative 034 0 34 0.34 Results sample Neis Nei s H* H (H 0.26 026 26 Shannons Shannon I* I (I 0.38. 038 0.38 38 0.38) location 73.50%, 7350 73.50% , 73 50 (73.50%) however Φ 0.26. Conclusion species 7 (74% 03 3 0.3 0.2 02 2 735 73.50 5 (73.50% (74 0. 73.5 (73.50 (7 73. (73.5 ( (73. (73

ABSTRACT Water quality in watersheds depends on several factors and in Ecuador many rivers are polluted by anthropogenic impact. This study evaluated the influence of different land uses and landscape fragmentation on the physical and chemical characteristics of the Teaone river, Ecuador. Eight sampling points were located by land use (livestock, agroforestry systems, forests, and urban areas) where temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, vegetation type, flow width, substrate, and water depth were measured. Digital circular plots were created to calculate indicators of landscape structure and fragmentation (edge index, dominance, and fragmentation index), and spectral indicators through vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and near infrared (NIR), red, and blue bands. Several physical and chemical parameters were within allowable limits (turbidity = -38.7 UNT, pH = 8.1, electrical conductivity = 365 μS/cm, temperature = 26.0 ºC, salinity = 0.15 UPS). However, OD and SDT were outside the limits in all land uses (OD = 4.04, SDT = 186.1 mg/L). Grassland had the highest number of fragments (12.1), followed by settlements (9.4). For NIR, EVI and NDVI high values were observed in native forest, agroforestry, and livestock and lowest values in the urban area. The parameters show that agroforestry systems and native forests maintain good water quality, while in livestock and urban areas water quality decreases.

RESUMEN La calidad del agua en las cuencas hídricas depende de varios factores y en Ecuador muchos ríos se encuentran contaminados por impacto antrópico. Este estudio evaluó la influencia de diferentes usos de suelo y la fragmentación del paisaje sobre las características físicas y químicas del río Teaone, Ecuador. Se ubicaron ocho puntos de muestreo por uso de suelo (ganadería, sistemas agroforestales, bosques y zonas urbanas) donde se midieron temperatura, turbiedad, sólidos disueltos totales (SDT), pH, conductividad eléctrica, oxígeno disuelto (OD) y salinidad. Se registró el tipo de vegetación, ancho del caudal, sustrato y profundidad del agua. Se crearon parcelas circulares digitales para calcular indicadores de la estructura y fragmentación del paisaje (índice de bordes, dominancia e índice de fragmentación), e indicadores espectrales a través de índices de vegetación como el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI, por su sigla en inglés), el índice de vegetación mejorado (EVI), y bandas del infrarrojo cercano (NIR), del rojo y azul. Varios parámetros físicos y químicos estuvieron dentro de los límites permisibles (turbidez = -38.7 UNT, pH = 8.1, conductividad eléctrica = 365 μS/cm, temperatura = 26.0 ºC, salinidad = 0.15 UPS). Sin embargo, el OD y los SDT quedaron fuera de los límites en todos los usos de suelo (OD = 4.04, SDT = 186.1 mg/L). El pastizal tuvo mayor número de fragmentos (12.1), seguido de los poblados (9.4). Para el NIR, el EVI y el NDVI se observaron valores altos en bosque nativo, agroforestal y ganadería y el menor valor en la zona urbana. Los parámetros demuestran que los sistemas agroforestales y bosques nativos mantienen una buena calidad de agua, mientras que en la zona ganadera y urbana la calidad decrece.

Abstract The Sierra de Guadalupe is the last forest redoubt north of Mexico City. In order to restore its vegetation cover, or at least manage it, it is necessary to understand its development. It is a system with unity through which energy transits in different forms depending on the vegetation, which is the most evident result of lithological, edaphological, climatic, geographical and historical conditions with different types of human intervention. The behaviour of vegetation cover in the Sierra de Guadalupe in recent decades is described by comparing the area and perimeter of the mosaics. Four landscape indices were also applied: a matrix-patch-corridor approach (Puyravaud, 2003), which expresses the change in vegetation cover based on the equation of compound interest (Mikels, 2003), the detection of fragmentation by the proximity between the centres of the mosaics of each vegetation type; the relationship of the dissection of a landscape, based on the similarity of the mosaics, with circles of the same area (Bowen and Burgess, 1981), expressed by the possibility of an organism encountering another of its species at random sites in the landscape (Jaeger, 2000). The Markov transition matrix analysis shows the ecological succession of some mosaics and also the change from forest to urban land use in most of the Sierra. Moran’s autocorrelation index allows us to assess how clustered the patches are, or, in other words, how constant the energy flow across the landscape is. To determine the mosaics, 1994 and 2019 images of the Sierra de Guadalupe were compared and the perimeter of each mosaic was drawn freehand. Field visits were made to the study area to relate the texture and position of each mosaic. The Sierra de Guadalupe was defined as a set of microwatersheds with an extension of 16 813 ha. In 1994, 8698 ha were urbanised, by 2019 concrete had covered a further 1741 ha. 540 ha of forest and plantations have been established, in addition to the 1670 ha that already existed. The oak forest has spread along the ravines over 74 ha. The most important plant community in terms of extent in 1994 was xerophytic scrub, when it represented 16.8% of the Sierra. In 2019, xerophytic scrub with grassland had an extension of 12.7% of the total. Closed or open oak woodland, the most conserved and mature growing ecosystem, covered 334 ha in 1994 and by 2019 it reached 410 ha. As for artificial forest stands, eucalyptus plantations have been the most widespread, accounting for 3.7% in 1994, but 5.2% in 2019. The Puyvaraud index (2003) revealed an increase in forest mass of 1.05% per year. Of course, the forest stand canopy does not actually increase at that rate, rather forest stands became established until they were visible on satellite imagery as established canopy. Jaeger’s (2000) cohesion index indicates zero probability (both in 1994 and 2019) of encountering two organisms of the same species hypothetically randomly arranged in the landscape. The dissection index (Bowen and Burgess, 1981) yields a value of 5.84% in 1994 and 8.42% in 2019, indicating that the landscape has become more sparse by 3.42% with respect to the similarity of a circle of the same area as all patches, i.e. it has become finer grained. The Markov matrix reveals the most representative transitions (discarding transitions to urbanisation). Grasslands became xerophytic scrubland; scrubland became heterogeneous forest and oak woodland; xerophytic scrubland became eucalyptus plantations, scrubland and grassland became stands of pirul, and scrubland and grassland became artificial copses of pine, casuarina and white cedar. A correlation of 0.5 was found for 1994 and 0.06 for 2019. In general, vegetation cover has been almost entirely affected by human causes, either with negative environmental impact, such as the construction of colonies, or positive impact, such as reforestations. Landscape indices indicate that, with the exception of eucalyptus plantations, most forest communities have become small, scattered mosaics with little core area, forming a fine-grained landscape, and the retraction of the forest frontier has promoted further fragmentation.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

RESUMEN Este artículo interpreta parte de los procesos migratorios y de la colonización que tuvieron lugar en el Sur de Brasil y en la provincia de Misiones, en Argentina, en la zona del bosque de araucarias, impulsados por empresas colonizadoras privadas y por políticas públicas de repoblación en el siglo XX. Se utilizan estudios de agrónomos y otros investigadores argentinos que identificaron el área de distribución de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze en Misiones. Se discute el proceso de explotación de la araucaria y otras especies arbóreas nativas en el desarrollo económico de Misiones y la correspondiente reducción y fragmentación de los ecosistemas forestales, la creación de paisajes y la pérdida de la biodiversidad. Argentina araucarias XX Bertol. Bertol (Bertol. forestales biodiversidad (Bertol

ABSTRACT This article interprets part of the migratory and colonization processes that occurred in the South of Brazil and in Misiones, in Argentine, in the Araucaria Forest area, driven by private colonizing companies and by the public repopulation policies of the twentieth century. It used studies from agronomists and other Argentine researchers that identified the distribution area of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in Misiones. Thus, it discusses the process of exploitation of araucaria and other native tree species in the economic development of Misiones and the corresponding reduction and fragmentation of forest ecosystems, the creation of landscapes, and the loss of biodiversity. century Bertol. Bertol (Bertol. Thus ecosystems landscapes biodiversity (Bertol

RESUMO Este artigo interpreta parte dos processos migratórios e de colonização ocorridos no Sul do Brasil e em Misiones, na Argentina, na área da floresta com araucárias, impulsionados por companhias colonizadoras privadas e políticas públicas de repovoamento do século XX. Utiliza estudos de engenheiros agrônomos e de outros estudiosos argentinos que identificaram a área de distribuição da Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze em Misiones. Discute, assim, o processo de exploração da araucária e de outras espécies arbóreas nativas no desenvolvimento econômico de Misiones e as correspondentes redução e fragmentação dos ecossistemas florestais, a construção de paisagens e a perda de biodiversidade. Argentina araucárias XX Bertol. Bertol (Bertol. Discute assim florestais biodiversidade (Bertol

ABSTRACT The climatic cycles of the Pleistocene affected the distribution of the vegetation of different bio-mes, determining the distribution and evolution of the associated fauna. Many studies of Atlantic Forest (AF) organisms suggest that the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial cycles have produced demographically stable populations in the forest’s central region and unstable populations in its southern regions (known as the Car-naval-Moritz model). We studied the phylogeographic structure of an AF passerine, the Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops, Thraupidae) and evaluated questions related to the history of the AF. We analyzed three independent genes, two nuclear and one mitochondrial, using population genetic methods based on summary statistics and traditional phylogeographic methods. Our results suggest that T. melanops shares phylogeographic features with other AF taxa. Even though an effective population size gradient was found between the central and southern populations, which is in agreement with the results of other phylogeographic studies and the forest refugia model (the Carnaval-Moritz model), there is no evidence of a gradient of genetic diversity. In addition, we have found that T. melanops populations show the demographic dynamics expected according to the Carnaval-Moritz model: the inland-southern population was found to be the one with the greatest signs of recent demographic expansion, compared to the central and coastal-southern populations. Although this species is ecologically generalist and not very sensitive to forest fragmentation and degradation, it has been impacted by the historical dynamism of the AF.

RESUMEN Los ciclos climáticos del Pleistoceno afectaron la distribución de la vegetación de diferentes bio-mas, condicionando la distribución y evolución de la fauna asociada. Muchos estudios sobre organismos de la Selva Atlántica (SA) sugieren que los ciclos glaciales e interglaciales del Pleistoceno han producido poblaciones demográficamente estables en la región central de la selva y poblaciones inestables en sus regiones del sur (conocido como modelo Carnaval-Moritz). Estudiamos la estructura filogeográfica de un paseriforme que se distribuye en la SA, el Frutero de Anteojos Negros (Trichothraupis melanops, Thraupidae), y evaluamos preguntas relacionadas con la historia de la SA. Analizamos tres genes independientes, dos nucleares y uno mitocondri Editora Asociada: Bettina Mahler al, utilizando métodos de genética de poblaciones basados en estadísticas sumarias y métodos filogeográficos tradicionales. Nuestros resultados sugieren que T. melanops comparte características filogeográficas con otros taxones de la SA. Si bien se encontró un gradiente de tamaño poblacional efectivo entre las poblaciones del centro y del sur, lo que concuerda con los resultados de otros estudios filogeográficos y el modelo de refugios (el modelo Carnaval-Moritz), no hay evidencia de un gradiente de diversidad genética. Además, hemos encontrado que las poblaciones de T. melanops presentan la dinámica demográfica esperada por el modelo Carnaval-Moritz: la población del centro-sur resultó ser la que presenta mayores signos de expansión demográfica reciente, en comparación con las poblaciones central y de la costa sur. Aunque esta especie es ecológicamente generalista y poco sensible a la fragmentación y degradación forestal, ha sido impactada por el dinamismo histórico de la Selva Atlántica.

Resumen Introducción: Los mamíferos medianos y grandes están amenazados globalmente debido a la pérdida y fragmentación de su hábitat. En Costa Rica, los fragmentos de bosque fuera de áreas protegidas pueden servir como refugio o sitio de paso para estos animales. La presencia de mamíferos en ambientes fragmentados puede estar influenciada por la disponibilidad de recursos, la cual puede variar ampliamente en sitios con una estacionalidad marcada. Objetivo: Determinar la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes en un fragmento de bosque, y examinar si la diversidad y detectabilidad de estas especies variaron entre la época seca y lluviosa. Métodos: Establecimos 26 estaciones de cámaras trampa en el Bosque Municipal de Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), un fragmento de bosque de 26.4 ha, que brinda agua potable a cerca de 1 800 personas. Desde agosto de 2021 hasta abril de 2022, una cámara trampa estuvo activa en cada estación durante 12-21 días en cada época (seca y lluviosa), para un total de 810 días cámara trampa. Aplicamos curvas de rarefacción y extrapolación para caracterizar la diversidad de especies y compararla entre la época seca y lluviosa. Resultados: Registramos 19 especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes, siendo las más detectadas el pizote (Nasua narica; 0.254 detecciones/día cámara trampa) y la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detecciones/día cámara trampa). También, registramos cuatro especies consideradas en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica, tres felinos: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis y la nutria, Lontra longicaudis. No observamos un efecto de la estacionalidad en la diversidad, pero sí en la detectabilidad, la cual fue mayor durante la época lluviosa. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demuestra cómo la protección de parches de bosque pequeños puede contribuir a la conservación de mamíferos en paisajes fragmentados.

Abstract Introduction: Medium and large-sized mammals are threatened globally due to habitat loss and fragmentation. In Costa Rica, forest fragments that remain outside protected areas may serve as a refuge or corridor for these animals. Mammal presence in fragmented landscapes may be influenced by resource availability, which varies greatly in seasonal regions. Objective: To determine the species richness of medium and large-sized mammals in a forest fragment, and to examine if species diversity and detectability varied between the wet and dry season. Methods: We established 26 camera trap stations throughout the Municipal Forest of Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), a 26.4 ha forest fragment that provides water to about 1 800 people. From August 2021 to April 2022, one camera trap was active at each station for 12-21 days throughout each season (dry and wet), for a total of 810 camera trap days. We applied rarefaction and extrapolation curves to characterize mammal's species diversity and compare it between seasons. Results: We detected 19 species of mammals. The most frequently detected species were the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica; 0.254 detections/camera trap day), and the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detections/camera trap day). We also registered four species considered as endangered in Costa Rica, three felines: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis, and the Neotropical River Otter, Lontra longicaudis. Seasonality did not affect species diversity, but it influenced dominant species and detectability, which was greater during the wet season. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates how protecting small forest fragments, can help conserve endangered medium and large-sized mammals in human-dominated landscapes.

SUMMARY In forest conservation, especially in a changing climate, it is essential to understand the intraspecific variation of multiple functional traits in a species. Accordingly, the analysis of Nothofagus alessandrii, an endangered species from Chile, could play an important role as a basis for future conservation of genetic resources and restoration of its forests. This study aims to analyze the variation of this species, considering its spatial distribution, variation in ecological distribution, populations associated with forest typology, genecological differentiation, variation in growth, and genetic variation. The information analyzed shows that these forests cover 314 hectares in a very restricted area, with little variation in environmental conditions, only showing variation in sun exposure and in fertility of soils. Although there are no differentiated growth zones, there is evidence that growth can vary. Genetic studies have shown varying levels of genetic diversity and differences between populations. Habitat fragmentation is emerging as the main threat to the survival of the species, as it can cause genetic isolation, inbreeding depression, genetic drift, and loss of adaptive potential. Based on existing research and the analysis carried out, a second experimental phase is proposed in order to select populations capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions due to climate change. It is important to take into account the microbiome of this species and establish efficient conservation and restoration measures for its forests. In summary, the analysis of the variation of N. alessandrii is crucial for the conservation of this species in a changing climate.

RESUMEN En la conservación de los bosques, especialmente en un escenario de cambio climático, es fundamental conocer la variación intraespecífica de múltiples rasgos funcionales en una especie. En este sentido, es importante analizar Nothofagus alessandrii, una especie altamente amenazada en Chile, para servir como base en futuros programas de conservación de recursos genéticos y restauración de sus bosques. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la variación de esta especie, considerando su distribución espacial, variación en la distribución ecológica, poblaciones asociadas a la tipología forestal, diferenciación genecológica, variación en el crecimiento y variación genética. La información analizada muestra que estos bosques abarcan 314 hectáreas en un área muy restringida, con poca variación en las condiciones ambientales, solamente en exposiciones de umbría y en suelos de baja fertilidad. Aunque no existen zonas diferenciadas de crecimiento, hay evidencia de que este puede variar. Los estudios genéticos han demostrado niveles variables de diversidad genética y diferencias entre poblaciones. La fragmentación del hábitat se perfila como la principal amenaza para la supervivencia de la especie, ya que puede provocar aislamiento genético, depresión endogámica, deriva genética y pérdida de potencial de adaptación. A partir de la investigación existente y al análisis realizado, se propone una segunda fase experimental para seleccionar poblaciones capaces de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones ambientales, debido al cambio climático. Es importante tener en cuenta el microbioma de esta especie y establecer medidas eficientes de conservación y restauración de sus bosques. En resumen, el análisis de la variación de N. alessandrii es crucial para la conservación de esta especie en un escenario de cambio climático.

Resumen La fragmentación del bosque subandino es preocupante, tanto por su valor intrínseco, como por los servicios ecosistémicos que provee. La restauración pasiva se presenta como una opción para contrarrestar esa situación. Esta investigación presenta información sobre la variación en la riqueza de la comunidad de aves frugívoras con relación al tiempo de regeneración natural del bosque para los periodos bianuales I (2012-2013), II (2014-2015) y III (2016-2017). Los registros de las aves se realizaron en seis puntos de observación para cada uno de los escenarios definidos (restauración temprana, avanzada y potrero), del PNN Munchique, departamento del Cauca. En total se registraron 50 especies de aves frugívoras de 15 familias, donde la familia Thraupidae representó el 44% de la riqueza de la comunidad de aves. Del total de especies, 43 eran frugívoros pequeños y siete de frugívoros medianos y grandes. El periodo con mayor riqueza fue el III con 36 especies y el menor fue el I con 15. Tras varios años de sucesión natural, se evidencia el aumento temporal en la riqueza de especies de aves frugívoras de pequeño tamaño, con la incorporación minoritaria de algunas especies de frugívoras medianas y grandes hacia el final del periodo de observación.

Abstract The fragmentation of the sub-Andean Forest is worrying, both for its intrinsic value and for the ecosystem services it provides. Passive restoration is presented as an option to counteract this situation. This research presents information on the variation in the richness of the frugivorous bird community in relation to the natural regeneration time of the forest for the biennial periods I (2012-2013), II (2014-2015) and III (2016-2017). Bird records were made at six observation points for each of the defined scenarios (early restoration, advanced restoration, and paddock), of the PNN Munchique, department of Cauca. In total, 50 species of frugivorous birds from 15 families were recorded, where the Thraupidae family represented 44% of the richness of the bird community. Of the total species, 43 were small frugivores and seven were medium and large frugivores. The richest period was III with 36 species and the lowest was I with 15. After several years of natural succession, there is evidence of a temporary increase in the richness of small frugivorous bird species, with the minority incorporation of some medium and large frugivorous species towards the end of the observation period.