ABSTRACT The livestock productive landscape encompassing Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco, and La Rafaela estates in the western region of Paraguay emerges as a representative model with capabilities for both production and conservation of ecosystem services. Through categorization using ArcGIS 10.3, it was identified that grasslands and savannas cover approximately 35% of the total area, around 5,716 hectares. The study, based on landscapescale homogeneity, allowed for the analysis of physical characteristics, distribution, coverage, and anthropogenic pressures in five Homogeneous Environmental Units (HEUs). The characterization of ecosystem services revealed that forest remnants provide regulation, provisioning, and cultural services, while grasslands are the primary providers of supporting services. Technical profiles were generated for each HEU, and conservation strategies such as agroforestry systems and land planning, derived from sustainable production, were proposed for the benefit of both producers and ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of understanding the dynamics of productive landscapes for resource optimization and long-term sustainability.

RESUMEN El paisaje productivo ganadero en las fincas Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco y La Rafaela, región occidental de Paraguay, se erige como modelo representativo con aptitudes para producción y conservación de servicios ecosistémicos. Mediante categorización con ArcGIS 10.3, se identificó que los pastizales y sabanas cubren aproximadamente el 35% del área total, alrededor de 5,716 hectáreas. El estudio, basado en homogeneidad a escala paisaje, permitió analizar características físicas, distribución, cobertura y presiones antrópicas en cinco Unidades Ambientales Homogéneas (UAH). La caracterización de servicios ecosistémicos reveló que los remanentes boscosos proveen servicios de regulación, provisión y culturales, mientras que los pastizales son los principales proveedores de servicios de soporte. Con fichas técnicas para cada UAH, se propusieron estrategias de conservación como sistemas silvopastoriles y planificación predial, derivadas de la producción sostenible, en beneficio de productores y ecosistemas, subrayando la importancia del conocimiento de la dinámica de paisajes productivos para la optimización de recursos y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo.

The partial or complete loss of vegetation cover triggers an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and sedimentation of water bodies, including reservoirs for hydroelectric power generation, reducing their life expectancy. To control or mitigate this issue, ecological restoration interventions should prioritize the recovery of areas most vulnerable to these processes, such as springs. Conversely, wildfires cause damage to vegetation cover and hinder ecological restoration and/or natural regeneration processes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify - with the aid of Geographic Information Systems - the temporal and spatial likelihood of fire occurrences in spring recharge areas undergoing ecological restoration and contributing to hydroelectric reservoirs in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings indicated that the months with the highest probability of wildfire occurrences were August and September (accounting for 66% of cases), requiring increased attention to prevention efforts. Furthermore, locations most susceptible to fires (steeper slopes, more flammable vegetation, and higher anthropogenic use) should be treated as priorities for both prevention and ecological restoration actions

A perda parcial ou total da cobertura vegetal desencadeia um aumento do escoamento superficial, erosão e assoreamento de corpos hídricos, entre eles os reservatórios para a geração de energia hidroelétrica, reduzindo sua expectativa de vida útil. Para tentar controlar ou corrigir este problema, intervenções de restauração ecológica devem priorizar a recuperação de áreas mais frágeis a estes processos, como as nascentes. Por outro lado, a ocorrência de incêndios promove danos à cobertura vegetal e inibem os processos de restauração ecológica e/ou regeneração natural. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar - com o auxílio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - a época mais provável e os locais mais susceptíveis aos incêndios, em áreas de recarga de nascentes sob processo de restauração ecológica e que são contribuintes de reservatórios hidroelétricos no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que os meses de maior probabilidade de ocorrências de incêndios florestais foram agosto e setembro (66% dos casos), o que exigirá maior atenção quando das ações de prevenção. Bem assim, que os locais mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de incêndios (maior inclinação, vegetação mais inflamável e maior uso antrópico) necessitarão ser tratados como prioritários, tanto para ações de prevenção quanto de restauração ecológica

RESUMEN La modelación del tiempo y el clima a escala local en las montañas han sido relevantes para el estudio de los ecosistemas agroforestales y su evolución futura. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo integrar un conjunto de datos espaciales de alta resolución al modelo numérico de predicción e investigación meteorológica WRF, adecuado para el análisis meteorológico y del clima local en las montañas de Cuba. En el trabajo, se definió como datos espaciales prioritarios los referidos al relieve, la máscara de tierra como interface océano-suelo, el tipo de cobertura y tipo de suelo. Se seleccionaron las bases de datos espaciales de alta resolución nacionales o globales de mejor calidad y más adecuadas a las características del modelo. Las bases de datos integradas al WRF tuvieron resolución espacial entre 0,95 y 0,03 km aproximadamente en el Ecuador. El incremento y actualización de los datos espaciales robustecieron la capacidad del modelo para el análisis de los factores geográficos formadores del clima local, propiciando mejor desempeño en las montañas. Los resultados de la investigación pudieran contribuir a la vigilancia y pronóstico meteorológico y climático a escala local para las montañas de Cuba. De igual manera, beneficiarían los estudios y gestión de riesgos asociados a incendios forestales, eventos hidrometeorológicos severos, la variabilidad climática, el cambio climático, y otros peligros relacionados con el sistema climático que han afectado los ecosistemas agroforestales cubanos.

ABSTRACT Local-scale weather and climate modeling in mountains has been relevant for the study of agroforestry ecosystems and their future evolution. The study aimed to integrate a set of high-resolution spatial data to the WRF numerical meteorological prediction and research model, suitable for meteorological and local climate analysis in the mountains of Cuba. In the study, priority spatial data were defined as those referring to the relief, the land mask as the ocean-soil interface, the type of cover and type of soil. The national or global high-resolution spatial databases of the best quality and most appropriate to the characteristics of the model were selected. The databases integrated into the WRF had spatial resolution between approximately 0.95 and 0.03 km in Ecuador. The increase and updating of spatial data strengthened the model's capacity for the analysis of the geographic factors that shape the local climate, promoting better performance in the mountains. The research results could contribute to meteorological and climate monitoring and forecasting at a local scale for the mountains of Cuba. Likewise, studies and risk management associated with forest fires, severe hydrometeorological events, climate variability, climate change, and other dangers related to the climate system that have affected Cuban agroforestry ecosystems would benefit.

RESUMO A modelagem do tempo e do clima em escala local nas montanhas tem sido relevante para o estudo dos ecossistemas agroflorestais e sua evolução futura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi integrar um conjunto de dados espaciais de alta resolução ao modelo numérico de pesquisa e previsão do tempo WRF, adequado para a análise do tempo e do clima local nas montanhas de Cuba. No trabalho, os dados espaciais prioritários foram definidos como aqueles referentes ao relevo, à máscara de terra como uma interface oceano-solo, ao tipo de cobertura e ao tipo de solo. Foram selecionados os bancos de dados espaciais nacionais ou globais de alta resolução da mais alta qualidade e mais adequados às características do modelo. Os bancos de dados integrados ao WRF tinham resolução espacial entre 0,95 e 0,03 km aproximadamente no equador. Os dados espaciais ampliados e atualizados fortaleceram a capacidade do modelo de analisar os fatores geográficos que moldam o clima local, levando a um melhor desempenho nas montanhas. Os resultados da pesquisa podem contribuir para o monitoramento e a previsão do tempo e do clima em escala local nas montanhas de Cuba. Eles também beneficiariam estudos e gerenciamento de riscos associados a incêndios florestais, eventos hidrometeorológicos graves, variabilidade climática, mudanças climáticas e outros perigos relacionados ao sistema climático que afetaram os ecossistemas agroflorestais cubanos.

Abstract The forests of the Yucatán Peninsula have been periodically subjected to various natural and anthropogenic disturbance factors, among these are the occurrence of hurricanes and logging, the latter with a history of more than 300 years. The use of remote sensing has been widely employed for forest cover management and other land uses. Satellite information allows the calculation of several indexes that are useful for purposes of forest management, one of the most widely used is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is associated with the fraction of solar radiation absorbed by plants. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamics of the NDVI changes in a region under forest harvesting in the state of Quintana Roo and determine their possible causes during the 1985-2022 period. A time series of NDVI values was generated from Landsat sensor images for the years 1985, 1993, 2000, 2010 and 2022. Differences in NDVI values were wide and appear to follow the recurrence of hurricanes in the region. Logging did not explain the upward and downward patterns in NVDI values, nor did these patterns coincide with the changes in vegetation, as they do not change the land cover characteristics. These results provide partial evidence that significant changes in vegetation characteristics occur only after major and extensive disturbances such as hurricanes.

Resumen Las selvas de la Península de Yucatán han estado sujetas periódicamente a diferentes factores de perturbación natural y antropogénica, entre ellos la ocurrencia de huracanes y el aprovechamiento maderable, este último con una historia de más de 300 años. El uso de sensores remotos se ha empleado ampliamente para la gestión de coberturas forestales y otros usos del suelo. La información satelital permite el cálculo de diversos índices útiles para la administración forestal, uno de los más usados es el Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI) que se asocia a la fracción de la radiación solar absorbida por las plantas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la dinámica espacio-temporal de los cambios en el NDVI en una región con aprovechamiento maderable en el estado de Quintana Roo y determinar sus posibles causas durante el periodo 1985-2022. Se generó una serie de tiempo de valores de NDVI en imágenes de los sensores Landsat para los años 1985, 1993, 2000, 2010 y 2022. Las diferencias en los valores del NDVI fueron amplias y parecen seguir la recurrencia de huracanes en la región. La tala forestal no explicó los patrones al alza y a la baja en los valores del NVDI, ni coincidieron con las modificaciones en la vegetación, ya que no cambian las características de la cobertura del suelo. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia parcial de que cambios significativos en las características de la vegetación solo ocurren después de perturbaciones importantes y extensas como los huracanes.

ABSTRACT: In this work we use Machine Learning (Randon Forest) as a tool to classify biomass and calculate vegetation indices seeking to identify the characteristics of the vegetation cover at the head of the Atacama Desert. The aim is to establish the correlation between vegetation indices and precipitation, in order to know their reliability on the climatology in this region. The geospatial analysis based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the processing of Landsat 5 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images was important, for the period 1985 - 2022, which made it possible to characterize climate change. The NDVI, SAVI, GVI and RVI have been tested and validated in arid systems. The NDVI responds positively to precipitation in the wet season and weakly in the winter rainy season. It is confirmed that the high NDVI corresponds to summer, after a prolonged drought. Towards the years 2020 and 2022, an increase in vegetation cover is recorded in places with higher temperatures, evidencing climate change and reflected in biomass indices.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo usamos Machine Learning (Randon Forest) como herramienta para clasificar la biomasa y calcular los índices de vegetación buscando identificar las características de la cobertura vegetal en la cabecera del desierto Atacama. Se busca establecer la correlación entre los índices de vegetación y la precipitación, a fin de conocer su confiabilidad sobre la climatología en esta región. Fue importante el análisis geoespacial basado en Google Earth Engine (GEE) y el procesamiento de imágenes Landsat 5 ETM y Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, para el período 1985 - 2022, lo que permitió caracterizar el cambio climático. El NDVI, SAVI, GVI y RVI han sido probados y validados en sistemas áridos. El NDVI responde positivamente a la precipitación en temporada húmeda y en forma débil en la temporada de lluvias invernales. Se confirma que el NDVI alto corresponde al verano, después de una sequía prolongada. Hacia los años 2020 y 2022, se registra un aumento de cobertura vegetal en lugares de mayor temperatura, evidenciando cambio climático y reflejado en los índices de biomasa.

Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (2016), para 1979-1989, 1990-2000 e 2001-2012. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas usando técnicas de SIG. O inventário florestal foi realizado por meio de técnicas de amostragem aleatória. Um lote padrão de 0,1 ha (n = 80) foi estabelecido para determinar a densidade das árvores, volume, biomassa e estoques de C. A simulação dos estoques de C foi realizada pela aplicação do modelo CO2FIX com a entrada de dados do inventário. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição na cobertura florestal e de neve na região de 1979 a 2012. Da mesma forma, diminuição foi observada no volume da árvore, biomassa das árvores, dinâmica dos estoques de C e diminuição na densidade das árvores, respectivamente. É recomendado que precisemos de mais projetos como o BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) e o projeto Green Pakistan para aumentar a cobertura florestal, controlar as mudanças no uso da terra, proteger o ecossistema florestal e proteger a cobertura de neve.

Abstract Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.

Resumo As montanhas de Liupan são uma região importante na China no contexto de cobertura florestal e vegetação devido às enormes práticas de florestamento e plantação, que trouxeram mudanças nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, e estoques e estequiometrias do solo raramente são compreendidos. O estudo visa explorar a distribuição de nutrientes do solo a 1 m de profundidade do solo na região da floresta plantada. As amostras de solo em cinco incrementos de profundidade (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm) foram coletadas e analisadas para diferentes características físico-químicas do solo. Os resultados mostraram uma variação significativa nos valores de densidade do solo (BD), porosidade do solo, pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Mais DB do solo (1,41 g cm-3) e pH (6,97) do solo foram observados na camada profunda do solo (80-100 cm), enquanto os maiores valores de porosidade (60,6%), CE (0,09 mS cm-1) e CEC (32,9 c mol kg-1) foram refletidos na camada superior do solo (0-20 cm). Da mesma forma, os maiores teores de carbono orgânico do solo (SOC), fósforo total (TP), fósforo disponível (AP), nitrogênio total (TN) e potássio disponível (AK) foram calculados na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). Com o aumento do incremento da profundidade do solo, uma tendência decrescente no SOC e na concentração de outros nutrientes foi encontrada, enquanto o potássio total do solo (TK) produziu uma correlação negativa com a profundidade da camada do solo. Todos os resultados produziram a distribuição de SOCs e TNs (estoques) em várias profundidades de solo em padrões de floresta 0 → 20cm> 20 → 40cm> 40 → 60cm ≥ 60 → 80cm ≥ 80 → 100 cm. Além disso, as relações estequiométricas de C, N e P, as relações C / P e N / P, apresentaram valores máximos (66,49 e 5,46) em 0-20 cm, e valores mais baixos (23,78 e 1,91) em solo de 80-100 cm profundidade da camada. Embora a relação C / N fosse estatisticamente semelhante em todo o perfil do solo (0-100 cm). Esses resultados destacaram que os incrementos de profundidade do solo podem ser amplamente atribuídos a flutuações nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, estoques e estequiometrias do solo. Mais estudos são necessários para tirar conclusões adicionais sobre a dinâmica dos nutrientes, estoques de solo e estequiometria do solo nessas florestas.

Abstract Liupan Mountains are an important region in China in the context of forest cover and vegetation due to huge afforestation and plantation practices, which brought changes in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries are rarely been understood. The study aims to explore the distribution of soil nutrients at 1-m soil depth in the plantation forest region. The soil samples at five depth increments (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm) were collected and analyzed for different soil physio-chemical characteristics. The results showed a significant variation in soil bulk density (BD), soil porosity, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electric conductivity (EC) values. More soil BD (1.41 g cm-3) and pH (6.97) were noticed in the deep soil layer (80-100 cm), while the highest values of porosity (60.6%), EC (0.09 mS cm-1), and CEC (32.9 c mol kg-1) were reflected in the uppermost soil layer (0-20 cm). Similarly, the highest contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) were calculated in the surface soil layer (0-20 cm). With increasing soil depth increment a decreasing trend in the SOC and other nutrient concentration were found, whereas the soil total potassium (TK) produced a negative correlation with soil layer depth. The entire results produced the distribution of SOCs and TNs (stocks) at various soil depths in forestland patterns were 0→20cm > 20→40cm > 40→60cm ≥ 60→80cm ≥ 80→100 cm. Furthermore, the stoichiometric ratios of C, N, and P, the C/P, and N/P ratios showed maximum values (66.49 and 5.46) in 0-20 cm and lowest values (23.78 and 1.91) in 80-100 cm soil layer depth. Though the C/N ratio was statistically similar across the whole soil profile (0-100 cm). These results highlighted that the soil depth increments might largely be attributed to fluctuations in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries. Further study is needed to draw more conclusions on nutrient dynamics, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometry in these forests.

Abstract In Mexico, natural disasters related to sediments, such as landslides, landslides and alluviums, are generally induced by anthropogenic activities such as road construction, which modify the vegetation cover, soil characteristics, root density and soil stability. slopes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mechanical and chemical characteristics of roots of tree forest species (J. deppeana, Q. sideroxyla, P. durangensis y P. cooperi) present in slope cuts of the main road that connects the urban area with the rural area of the municipality of Pueblo Nuevo, Durango. 30 root samples per species were collected and divided into three diameter categories (CD) (CD I = 0.1-3.0 mm, CD II = 3.1-6.0 mm and CD III = 6.1-10 mm). The mechanical properties (maximum breaking force [Fmax], tensile strength [Ts] and elastic modulus [Eroot]) were analyzed with an Instron SATEC universal machine at a constant speed of 10 mm/min. The amount of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose was determined using the Van-Soest method. The results showed significant differences between species for all the properties analyzed. Particularly J. deppeana presented higher values of Fmax, Ts and Eroot of 402.80 N, 34.06 N mm2, 1283.45 N mm2, as well as the contents of cellulose (40.29%), hemicellulose (12.57%) and lignin (37.63%). The mechanical and chemical characterization of the roots of the evaluated forest species provides important information that can be considered in slope maintenance and rehabilitation activities.

Resumen En México los desastres naturales relacionados con sedimentos, como los desprendimientos, deslizamientos y aluviones, generalmente son inducidos por actividades antropogénicas como la construcción de caminos, que modifican, la cubierta vegetal, características del suelo, la densidad de las raíces y la estabilidad de los taludes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las características mecánicas y químicas de raíces de especies forestales arbóreas (J. deppeana, Q. sideroxyla, P. durangensis y P. cooperi) presentes en cortes de talud de la carretera principal que conecta la zona urbana con la zona rural del municipio de Pueblo Nuevo, Durango. Se colectaron 30 muestras de raíces por especie y fueron divididas en tres categorías diamétricas (CD) (CD I = 0.1-3.0 mm, CD II = 3.1-6.0 mm y CD III = 6.1-10 mm). Las propiedades mecánicas (fuerza máxima de quiebre [Fmax], fuerza de tensión [Ts] y módulo de elasticidad [Eroot]) se analizaron con una maquina universal Instron SATEC a una velocidad constante de 10 mm/min. La cantidad de celulosa, lignina y hemicelulosa se determinó por medio del método de Van-Soest. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre especies para todas las propiedades analizadas. Particularmente J. deppeana presentó valores más altos de Fmax, Ts y Eroot de 402.80 N, 34.06 N mm2, 1283.45N mm2, así como de los contenidos de celulosa (40.29%), hemicelulosa (12.57%) y lignina (37.63%). La caracterización mecánica y química de las raíces de las especies forestales evaluadas provee información importante que puede ser considerada en actividades de mantenimiento y rehabilitación de taludes.

RESUMEN El Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña (BMM) del centro de Veracruz, México, representa un paisaje alterado por actividades antrópicas, por lo que es necesario evaluar el potencial evolutivo y adaptativo de las aves refugiadas en el sitio, las cuales se enfrentan a un paisaje con un gradiente heterogéneo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad de aves en fragmentos de BMM y vegetación secundaria (VS), en el predio Finca La Pastoría, Huatusco, Veracruz, así como, asociar su presencia y/o alimentación a cada hábitat evaluado. Se identificaron las especies y número de individuos en 14 sitios de observación de aves, con el método de muestreo basado en conteo por puntos con radio fijo de 30 m. Se registraron 100 especies pertenecientes a 33 familias y 15 órdenes. En el BMM se identificaron 916 individuos, correspondientes a 89 especies, y en VS 331 individuos de 54 especies, encontrando diferencias significativas de diversidad de aves entre coberturas de muestreo. Destacan los registros de Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi y Vireo griseus, por ser endémicas. La primera está clasificada en peligro de extinción, mientras que la segunda se encuentra sujeta a protección especial y la tercera amenazada. También se registraron Pionus senilis, especie amenazada; Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis y Amazona albifrons, sujetas a protección especial. Este estudio brinda información sobre cómo la avifauna hace uso diferencial de dos coberturas de vegetación, la cual puede servir para generar estrategias sustentables para el manejo y conservación del bosque.

ABSTRACT The Cloud Forest (CF) in central Veracruz, Mexico, represents a landscape that has been altered by anthropic activities. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the evolutionary and adaptive potential of the birds sheltered in the site, which face a landscape with a heterogeneous gradient. The objective of the study was to describe the diversity of birds in fragments of CF and secondary vegetation (VS), in the property “Finca La Pastoría”, Huatusco, Veracruz. The species and number of individuals in 14 bird watching sites were identified, with the sampling method based on counting points with a fixed radius of 30 m. 100 species from 33 families and 15 orders were recorded. In the CF, 916 individuals were identified, corresponding to 89 species, and in VS 331 individuals of 54 species, finding significant differences in bird diversity between sampling coverages. The records of Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi and Vireo griseus stand out for being endemic and classified as endangered and threatened, respectively. Furthermore, Pionus senilis, a threatened species, as well as Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis and Amazona albifrons, subject to special protection, were also recorded. This study provides information on how the birds make differential use of two vegetation covers, which can be used to generate sustainable strategies for forest management and conservation.

Resumen Introducción. La pérdida de nutrientes en diferentes coberturas de suelo, genera una disminución de la productividad en sistemas agroforestales en los bosques tropicales. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto durante dos años de la cobertura del suelo sobre la concentración de nutrientes en el agroecosistema del Centro Experimental de Investigación y Producción Amazónica. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se desarrolló en el Centro Experimental de Investigación y Producción Amazónica en Napo, Ecuador. Se establecieron dos parcelas de bosque primario con coberturas: a) guabas (Inga sp.) y b) melastomatáceas. Se realizaron dos muestreos aleatorios de suelo, uno en el año 2019 (cuatro muestras por cobertura) y otro en el año 2021 (seis muestras por cobertura), se analizaron las concentraciones de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio y materia orgánica. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza para determinar diferencias significativas entre las coberturas y los períodos de muestreo. Se realizó un análisis de correlación de Pearson para determinar las relaciones entre las concentraciones de los diferentes nutrientes. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) para las coberturas de suelo en las concentraciones de materia orgánica y fósforo, que fueron mayores en la parcela con melastomatáceas. En el año 2021 se observaron diferencias significativas para las concentraciones de potasio, fósforo y nitrógeno. La interacción año x cobertura, en la cobertura guabas, mostró un incremento de concentración de nutrientes después de los dos años. Hubo correlaciones significativas entre las concentraciones de potasio con el resto de nutrientes y de la materia orgánica con el nitrógeno. Conclusión. La cobertura de suelo influyó sobre la concentración de nutrientes, que varió entre años. El bosque primario reportó la mayor pérdida de nutrientes y la cobertura de Inga tuvo un incremento en la concentración de estos con el paso del tiempo.

Abstract Introduction. Nutrient loss in different soil cover generates a decrease in productivity in agroforestry systems in tropical forests. Objective. To determine the effect of soil cover over a two-year period on nutrient concentrations in the agroecosystem of the Amazonian Research and Production Experimental Center. Materials and methods. This study was conducted at the Amazonian Research and Production Experimental Center in Napo, Ecuador. Two plots of primary forest were established with the following soil covers: a) guava (Inga sp.) and b) melastomataceae. Two random soil samplings were conducted, one in 2019 (four samples per cover) and another in 2021 (six samples per cover). Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and organic matter were analyzed. An analysis of variance was applied to determine significant differences between the soil coverages and sampling periods. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine relationships between the concentrations of different nutrients. Results. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed for soil covers in concentrations of organic matter and phosphorus, which were higher in the melastomataceae plot. In 2021, significant differences were observed for potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen concentrations. The year x cover interaction in guava cover showed an increase in nutrient concentrations after two years. Significant correlations were found between potassium concentrations and the other nutrients, as well as between organic matter and nitrogen concentrations. Conclusion. Soil cover influenced nutrient concentrations, which varied between years. The primary forest exhibited the highest nutrient loss, and the Inga cover showed an increase in nutrient concentrations over time.

Resumen Los páramos ecuatorianos afectados por incendios forestales presentan cambios en su estructura, composición florística, modificación en sus procesos ecológicos y aparición de especies invasoras. El presente trabajo se desarrolló en el Parque Universitario ''Francisco Vivar Castro”, con la finalidad de caracterizar el estado actual de P. arachnoideum y su vegetación asociada en 20 parcelas de 5 x 5 m, mediante la identificación de individuos mayores a 5 cm de altura. Las variables medidas fueron abundancia, densidad, estructura poblacional, distribución espacial; y para la vegetación asociada se calcularon parámetros estructurales de la vegetación, el grado de cobertura de especies herbáceas y el grado de asociación con las especies. Se registró una abundancia de 1 919 individuos de P. arachnoideum, densidad poblacional de 38 380 ind/ha y una distribución espacial agregada. La riqueza específica del páramo antrópico fue de 28 especies, 27 géneros y 15 familias; las especies con mayor importancia ecológica y que determinan su estructura fueron Baccharis latifolia (12,52 %), Gaultheria erecta (12,35 %) y Gynoxys nitida (11,85 %); la cobertura vegetal de P. arachnoideum estuvo entre el 25-50 %, el 46,42 % de las especies tuvieron una asociación baja, el 25 % una asociación media y el 28,58 % una asociación alta. La presencia de P. arachnoideum en el páramo antrópico fue abundante y dominante, especies arbustivas y arbóreas nativas presentaron diferentes grados de asociación como producto de las condiciones ambientales del páramo antrópico.

Abstract The Ecuadorian paramos affected by forest fires present changes in their structure, floristic composition, modifications in their ecological processes, and the appearance of invasive species. This study was carried out at the Parque Universitario "Francisco Vivar Castro", to characterize the status of P. arachnoideum and the associated vegetation in 20 plots of 5 x 5 m, by identifying individuals greater than 5 cm in height. The variables measured were abundance, density, population structure, and spatial distribution; for the associated vegetation, we calculated the structural parameters of the vegetation, the level of coverage of herbaceous species, and the level of association with the species. The results showed an abundance of 1 919 individuals of P. arachnoideum, a population density of 38 380 ind/ha, and a cluster spatial distribution. The specific richness of the anthropic paramo was 28 species, 27 genera, and 15 families; the species with the greatest ecological importance and that determine its structure were Baccharis latifolia (12,52%), Gaultheria erecta (12,35%), and Gynoxys nitida (11,85%); the plant cover of P. arachnoideum was between 25-50%, 46,42% of the species had a low association, 25% a medium association and 28,58% a high association. The presence of P. arachnoideum in the anthropic paramo was abundant and dominant, and shrubs and tree species showed different associated levels as products of environmental conditions of anthropic paramo.

Resumen Introducción: Un servicio particularmente importante que brindan los bosques tropicales es el control de enfermedades. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se han enfocado en analizar cómo este servicio es afectado por la deforestación. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la deforestación en la abundancia y riqueza de especies de roedores y de sus ectoparásitos en Marqués de Comillas, en el sureste de México. Métodos: Capturamos roedores en 6 unidades del paisaje (UP), cada una de 1 km², con distintos porcentajes de cobertura vegetal (0.7, 5, 40, 46, 78 y 95 %). En cada UP colocamos 90 trampas Sherman, que permanecieron activas las 24 horas por 7 días durante dos muestreos en octubre 2019 y septiembre 2020. Todos los roedores capturados fueron revisados para detectar ectoparásitos en su pelaje que fueron recolectados para su posterior identificación en el laboratorio. Resultados: Capturamos 70 roedores de cinco especies: Sigmodon toltecus, Heteromys desmarestianus, Ototylomys phyllotis, Peromyscus mexicanus y Oryzomys couesi. La abundancia de roedores aumentó con la pérdida de bosque (R² = 0.706, P = 0.022). La mayor riqueza de especies de roedores se presentó en sitios con cobertura forestal intermedia (40 y 78 %). Las especies más abundantes fueron: S. toltecus (N = 45) seguido de O. couesi (N = 9), estas especies dominaron en los sitios con menor cobertura forestal. Registramos un total de 23 ectoparásitos diferentes, identificamos 15 a nivel de especie y ocho a nivel de género. Los sitios con menor cobertura forestal presentaron la menor riqueza de especies de ectoparásitos. Detectamos tres especies de ectoparásitos (Amblyomma sp., Ornithonyssus bacoti y Androlaelaps fahrenholzi) que se sabe que son vectores de enfermedades zoonóticas. Conclusión: Encontramos que la deforestación está promoviendo un aumento en la proliferación de vectores de enfermedades zoonóticas lo que, a su vez, tiene el potencial de incrementar las afectaciones de la población local.

Abstract Introduction: Tropical forests provide important ecosystem services, including disease control. However, few studies have focused on how deforestation affects species more suitable to be zoonotic vectors. Objective: To evaluate how deforestation affects the abundance and species richness of rodents and their associated ectoparasites in a tropical ecosystem. Methods: We captured rodents in 6 landscape units, 1 km² each, with 0.7; 5; 40; 46; 78 and 95 % tree cover, in Marques de Comillas, Chiapas, Southern Mexico. In each unit we set 90 Sherman traps that were active 24 hours for 7 days during two sampling seasons (October 2019, and September 2020). We manually extracted ectoparasites from all captured rodents. Results: We captured 70 rodents of five species: Sigmodon toltecus, Heteromys desmarestianus, Ototylomys phyllotis, Peromyscus mexicanus, and Oryzomys couesi. Rodent abundance increased with forest loss (R²= 0.706, P= 0.022). The greatest richness of rodent species occurred in sites with intermediate forest cover (40 and 78 %). The most abundant species were: S. toltecus (N= 45) followed by O. couesi (N= 9), these species dominated in sites with less forest cover. We recorded a total of 23 ectoparasite species, three of them known to be zoonotic vectors: Amblyomma sp., Ornithonyssus bacoti, and Androlaelaps fahrenholzi. Conclusions: The ongoing loss of forests promotes the proliferation of zoonotic disease vectors in this tropical ecosystem, which can potentially increase the frequency of affectation among the local population.

Abstract Bosque de Chapultepec is the main component of the urban forest of Mexico City and its importance goes back for more than seven centuries. In the beginning, the forest provided potable water to the pre-Hispanic city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, and was the resting and recreational place for the tlatoanis (emperors) of the Mexica Empire. After the Spanish Conquest, Chapultepec continued as water provider to the capital of the viceroyalty of New Spain and also served as resting and recreational site for the viceroys; however, the place was declared property of the city in 1530 and opened for the citizens of Mexico City in 1550. Nowadays the value of this green urban space is remarkable, considering its location in a metropolitan area of 7 866 km2 and 22 million inhabitants, because of the social and ecosystemic services that provide. Notwithstanding the importance of Chapultepec to the city along the centuries, the information about the characteristics and conditions of the tree cover is limited and any analytical compilation effort of the scarce information was never done before. This attempt tries to explain the changes of the tree cover of Chapultepec over the centuries, in response to the environmental changes of the site but also the basin of the Valley of Mexico. The 1st part of this paper considers the pre-Hispanic period and continues chronologically to the XIX century, reporting as possible the tree species that were established and the conditions of the forest and the basin.

Resumen El Bosque de Chapultepec es el componente principal del bosque urbano de la Ciudad de México y ha sido de gran trascendencia para la misma por más de siete siglos, ya que suministró agua potable a los habitantes de la ciudad desde la época prehispánica, y sirvió como sitio de recreación y descanso para los tlatoanis mexicas. Después de la Conquista Española, el bosque fue declarado, en 1530, propiedad de la Ciudad de México y abierto a sus habitantes para su recreación en 1550; lo cual continuó en el México independiente. En la actualidad, al estar el bosque ubicado en el área metropolitana más extensa y poblada del país (7 866 km2 de superficie y 22 millones de personas), su valor ambiental y social se acrecienta debido a los variados servicios ecosistémicos que genera para sus residentes. Es paradójico que no obstante la trascendencia del bosque durante tantos siglos, sea escasa la documentación sobre las características de su arbolado, particularmente en las etapas iniciales, y que nunca se había realizado una recopilación y revisión analítica del mismo, con el fin de entender los cambios que se dieron en función de la variación de las condiciones ambientales que se presentaron en Chapultepec y en la cuenca del Valle de México. Esta contribución recopila la información consignada desde la época Prehispánica, y de manera cronológica se llega hasta el fin del siglo XIX; se comentan las especies que se establecieron y las condiciones del bosque y de la cuenca.

Abstract The loss and reduction of forest cover are related to soil degradation and the reduction of environmental services. Reforestation is a key element to fight global warming. Replanting deforested areas with native forest species increases the survival and success of the plantation. It was proposed that, according to the requirements of altitude, slope, temperature, precipitation, topography, soil type, texture and depth, and through the use of the BIOCLIM tool, it is possible to identify and quantify the potential reforestation areas in the state of Guanajuato by six forest species of the Fabaceae family. Based on climatic and edaphic requirements, Prosopis laevigata was the taxon with the largest potential area for reforestation with 278 102 ha of good and very good suitability, Albizia occidentalis occupied a surface area of 230 239 ha, 157 491 ha were estimated for Acacia farnesiana (synonym of Vachellia farnesiana), 149 434 ha for Lysiloma divaricata (synonym of Lysiloma divaricatum), 120 968 ha for Leucaena esculenta, and merely 3 633 ha for Acacia pennatula (synonym of Vachellia pennatula). The delimited areas are the zones where it is possible to plant these species and guarantee a greater probability of survival and success in reforestation works, and with it, the restoration of the landscape.

Resumen La pérdida y reducción de la cubierta forestal están relacionadas con la degradación del suelo y la disminución de servicios ambientales. Reforestar es un elemento clave para combatir el calentamiento global. Repoblar zonas deforestadas con especies forestales nativas aumenta la supervivencia y éxito de la plantación. Se planteó que de acuerdo con los requerimientos de altitud, pendiente, temperatura, precipitación, topografía, tipo, textura y profundidad del suelo y mediante el uso de la herramienta BIOCLIM es posible identificar y cuantificar las áreas potenciales de reforestación en el estado de Guanajuato para seis especies forestales de la familia Fabaceae. Con base en los requerimientos climáticos y edáficos, Prosopis laevigata fue el taxón con mayor superficie potencial para reforestar con 278 102 ha de aptitud buena y muy buena, Albizia occidentalis tuvo una superficie de 230 239 ha, para Acacia farnesiana (sinonimia de Vachellia farnesiana) se obtuvo un área de 157 491 ha, Lysiloma divaricata (sinonimia de Lysiloma divaricatum) de 149 434 ha, Leucaena esculenta de 120 968 ha, y en el caso de Acacia pennatula (sinonimia de Vachellia pennatula) se determinaron solamente 3 633 ha. Las áreas delimitadas son las zonas donde es posible plantar estas especies y garantizar mayor probabilidad de supervivencia y éxito en trabajos de reforestación, y con ello la restauración del paisaje.

ABSTRACT Unsustainable exploitation activities (UEAs), combined with the increasing impacts of global climate change are the key causes that lead to soil erosion in the North-Central Vietnam. Mountainous areas in the North-Central Vietnam commonly have steep slopes and sandy clay in the surface soil layer, which contribute to enhancing the soil erosion, resulting in a serious loss of life and property. This study investigates the land cover change (LCC) across the Thanh Chuong district by combining Remote Sensing Technique (RST) data with Geographic Information System (GIS) and further, establishing erosion risk hazard maps based on the RUSLE model simulation. To achieve these objectives, Sentinel and Landsat satellite images from the period 2010_2021 were acquired. It was verified that the forest area gradually decreased from 2010_2021, and the average annual soil loss was approximately 25 t per year. The amount of erosion that led to a soil loss of up to 18% of the total land area is related to weather conditions, terrain features, and the soil texture. The decline in the vegetation cover is expected to be the main cause of increasing trends in erosion and soil loss.

RESUMO Atividades de exploração insustentáveis (UEAs), combinadas com os crescentes impactos das mudanças climáticas globais são as principais causas que levam à erosão do solo no centro-norte do Vietnã. As áreas montanhosas no centro-norte do Vietnã geralmente têm encostas íngremes e argila arenosa na camada superficial do solo, o que contribui para aumentar a erosão do solo, resultando em uma séria perda de vidas e propriedades. Este estudo investiga a mudança de cobertura da terra (LCC) em todo o distrito de Thanh Chuong combinando dados da técnica de sensoriamento remoto (RST) com o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (GIS) e, além disso, estabelecendo mapas de risco de erosão com base na simulação do modelo RUSLE. Para atingir estes objetivos, foram adquiridas imagens dos satélites Sentinel e Landsat do período 2010-2021. Verificou-se que a área florestal diminuiu gradualmente de 2010-2021, e a perda média anual de solo foi de aproximadamente 25 t por ano. A quantidade de erosão que levou a uma perda de solo de até 18% da área total da terra está relacionada às condições climáticas, características do terreno e textura do solo. Espera-se que o declínio da cobertura vegetal seja a principal causa das tendências crescentes de erosão e perda de solo.