RESUMEN Para las economías en desarrollo el diseño de políticas con respecto al financiamiento externo es realmente complejo. El estallido y posterior evolución de la crisis derivada de la pandemia de COVID-19 a inicios del 2020 afectó, en primer lugar, a las economías en desarrollo que debieron enfrentarse a una compleja situación interna y restricción al financiamiento internacional. El presente trabajo describe el complejo escenario internacional que dificulta el acceso al financiamiento externo y se detiene en el caso cubano, en el cual un conjunto de factores internos y externos dificultan de manera extrema el acceso a recursos financieros imprescindibles para la recuperación y el desarrollo del país. El análisis se centra en el financiamiento proveniente de fuentes privadas y en particular en dos de sus principales instrumentos, la inversión extranjera directa y las remesas.

ABSTRAC For developing economies, the design of policies regarding external financing is really complex. The outbreak and subsequent evolution of the crisis derived from the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 affected, first of all, developing economies that had to face a complex internal situation and restriction on international financing. This work describes the complex international scenario that makes access to external financing difficult and focuses on the Cuban case in which a set of internal and external factors make it extremely difficult to access essential financial resources for recovery and development from the country. The analysis focuses on financing from private sources and in particular on two of its main instruments, foreign direct investment and remittances.

For a long period of time, what is termed scientific knowledge and discoveries have constantly ignored the existence of indigenous practices and knowledge. Until recently, indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) were not acknowledged when it comes to responding to the ailing world. IKS includes information created inside inborn social orders, autonomous of, and earlier to, the appearance of the cutting-edge logical information framework. It can relate to issues such as conserving nature, food production, forestry development and medicine, to mention a few. The purpose of the article is to discuss the importance of the integration of IKS and culture into climate change adaptation. This article makes the case that scientific interventions among the impoverished in rural developing nations are viewed as foreign and are thus not accepted by the local populace. Consequently, the scientific approach by development experts, and the complex nature of climate change and its understanding, has had no impact on people's adaptation in rural areas, where most of the people still rely on IKS to survive. This theoretical article focuses on the implications of IKS for climate change adaptation. The question the article intends to answer is, with the advent of climate change in recent years, how are rural communities coping with its impact? How is the scientific understanding of climate change with its complexities filtering down to the indigenous communities' coping and adaptation activities? The article's conclusion demystifies the notion that the impact of climate change might be mitigated, and repair achieved solely by scientifically developed measures against it. The article intends to contribute towards building knowledge that acknowledges the importance of different sources of interventions towards addressing climate change. It is important for the current and future professoriate to look beyond the conventional understanding of dealing with challenges such as climate change that the world is facing.

Abstract: Catalan Jesuit Andrés Febrés’ Art of the General Tongue of the Kingdom of Chile (1765) contains the earliest examples of two explicitly Mapuche discourse genres. These are the ‘dialogue between two chiefs’ or dungulun and the ‘discourse’ or coyaghtun. Despite the role they were given as exemplification or protreptic texts, it remains clear that religious biases and a gaze from linguistic and cultural othering have produced a reimagining of the interactions and communities they seek to portray. This ‘clean-up’ of the material raises questions about their value as testimonies to Mapuche language and culture of the time. In this article we propose a critical reading of the material in which we seek out without denying foreign influence - the linguistic threads that may, with a modicum of certainty, be identified as part of contemporary speakers’ repertoires. This task is particularly relevant in current efforts to strengthen the role of textual sources in Mapudungun historical linguistics, that is, in establishing a philological tradition for the tongue. The novel method we propose entails the verification of historical linguistic material by contemporary native speakers of the language. As such, we present the results of a shared reading of the target texts, conducted by a historical linguist and a contemporary speaker. As a result, we highlight a series of under-described linguistic structures (lexicon, morphology, phonology, discourse) which show parallels between contemporary usage or lived memory and materials from over a quarter of a millennium ago.

Resumen: El Arte de la Lengua General del Reyno de Chile (1765), del jesuita Andrés Febrés, contiene los ejemplos más tempranos que poseemos de dos géneros discursivos explícitamente mapuches. Se trata del ‘diálogo entre dos caciques’ o dugulun y el ‘parlamento’ o coyaghtun. A pesar del rol ejemplificador o protréptico que se le da a este material, no cabe duda que el sesgo religioso y la mirada desde la otredad lingüística y cultural producen una reimaginación de la interacciones y las comunidades que se buscan caracterizar. Este ‘depuramiento’ del material pone en cuestión el valor del mismo en cuanto testimonio de la lengua y cultura mapuche de la época. En este artículo proponemos una lectura crítica del material en la cual buscamos, sin desmentir los elementos foráneos, seguir los hilos lingüísticos que podamos, con cierto grado de certeza, identificar como propios de los hablantes de la época. Esta tarea es particularmente relevante en los esfuerzos por fortalecer el rol del material textual en la lingüística histórica del mapudungun, esto es, de establecer una tradición filológica para la lengua. Proponemos como método innovador la verificación del material lingüísticos histórico por parte de los hablantes actuales. En tanto, presentamos los resultados de una lectura compartida de los dos textos en cuestión, realizada por un lingüista histórico y una hablante contemporánea. Destacamos una serie de elementos lingüísticos (léxico, morfología, fonología, discurso) poco descritos que muestran paralelos entre la usanza o memoria actual y los materiales de hace más de un cuarto de milenio.

Resumen Los relevamientos y muestreos arqueológicos de rocas realizados a lo largo de la cuenca del río Atuel (sur de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina) permitieron identificar fuentes potenciales de aprovisionamiento lítico en tres sectores: cordillera, piedemonte y planicie. Este trabajo articula dicha información con la previamente disponible sobre las características geológicas y litológicas de la cuenca, y con la obtenida en distintos sitios arqueológicos allí emplazados, pertenecientes al Holoceno tardío. El objetivo es caracterizar la base regional de recursos líticos del Atuel e indagar sobre los modos de aprovisionamiento, explotación y circulación de las rocas de la región. Los resultados sugieren que la base regional incidió en los modos de aprovisionamiento en cordillera y piedemonte, mientras que en la planicie intervinieron mecanismos de interacción, como el intercambio de rocas foráneas. Los datos recopilados permiten reconstruir las trayectorias artefactuales de las rocas mayormente utilizadas en los sitios del Atuel (i.e., silíceas, obsidiana, basalto y riolita), lo que es de gran relevancia para los estudios tecnológicos y la contrastación de modelos biogeográficos generados para el sur de Mendoza.

Abstract Archaeological rock surveys and sampling carried out along the Atuel River Basin (southern Mendoza, Argentina) identified potential sources of lithic procurement in three sectors of the basin: mountain range, piedmont, and plain. This paper articulates the information obtained with that previously available on the geological and lithological characteristics of the basin and that from different Late Holocene archaeological sites in the area. The goal is to characterize the regional base of Atuel lithic resources and investigate the modes of procurement, exploitation and circulation of rocks in the region in the past. The results suggest that the regional base influenced the procurement modes in the mountain range and piedmont, while interaction mechanisms, such as the exchange of foreign rocks, intervened in the plain. In addition, the data collected allows the artifactual trajectories of the rocks mostly used in the Atuel sites (i.e., siliceous, obsidian, basalt and rhyolite) to be reconstructed, which is of great relevance for technological studies and the evaluation of different biogeographic models generated for the region.

Abstract: The country that after its independence focuses its efforts on a territorial and identity delimitation is the same that drives the occupation of the south during the 19th Century. For that, it creates a procedure under the law of colonization and institutions that facilitate and justify the migration from European countries toward the south of Chile. In this paper it assembles the emigrational movement from Germany toward the provinces of Valdivia and Llanquihue, as well as the plurinational migration within the context of the occupation of the Araucanía, presenting them as actions of the same plan of strengthening of the incipient Chilean national-State. Through the analysis of the contemporary sources and later (chronic, reports, contracts, travel stories, among others), it makes visible the representation that used to move both before, during and after the occupation, where foreign colonization is presented as a foundational landmark for the cities of the south.

Resumen: El país que tras su independencia concentra sus esfuerzos en una delimitación territorial e identitaria es el mismo que impulsa la ocupación del sur durante el siglo XIX. Para ello es que crea un mecanismo amparado en la Ley de Colonización e instituciones que faciliten y justifiquen la migración desde países europeos hacia el sur de Chile. En este artículo se agrupa el movimiento migratorio desde Alemania hacia las provincias de Valdivia y Llanquihue, así como la migración plurinacional dentro del contexto de la ocupación de la Araucanía, presentándolas como acciones del mismo plan de fortalecimiento del incipiente estado-nación chileno. A través del análisis de fuentes de la época y posteriores (crónicas, contratos, relatos de viaje, entre otras), se visibiliza la representación que circulaba tanto antes, como durante y después de la ocupación, en que la colonización extranjera es presentada como hito fundacional para las ciudades del sur.

Resumen En este artículo se reconstruye una polémica suscitada en la ciudad de Buenos Aires en 1891 a propósito de unas infracciones contra la ley de ejercicio de la medicina, cometidas presuntamente por dos actores que se especializaban en el tratamiento de la lombriz solitaria, un médico extranjero y un sanador no diplomado. En base al examen de las fuentes relativas a ese caso, el texto propone una reflexión en torno a tres tópicos. En primer lugar, se rastrean las múltiples ofertas curativas disponibles para el abordaje de esa afección, pues se entiende que considerarlas ayuda a comprender de modo más certero los componentes de aquella polémica. En segundo lugar, se documentan los antecedentes de los actores sociales involucrados en ese conflicto, bajo el supuesto de que se trata de un caso ilustrativo de las trayectorias de muchos otros agentes del mundo de la salud de esos años. En tercer lugar, se recupera la discusión referida a las relaciones de complementariedad o de negociación entabladas entre la medicina diplomada y sus competidores no autorizados.

Abstract This article reconstructs a controversy that arose in the city of Buenos Aires in 1891 regarding infractions against the law on the practice of medicine, allegedly committed by two actors who specialized in the treatment of tapeworms, a foreign doctor and a healer. not graduated. Based on the examination of the sources related to that case, the text proposes a reflection on three topics. Firstly, the multiple curative offers available to address this condition are traced, since it is understood that taking these offers into consideration helps to more accurately understand the components of that controversy. Secondly, the background of the social actors involved in this conflict is documented, with the understanding that it is an illustrative case of the trajectories of many other agents in the world of health in those years. Thirdly, the discussion referring to the relationships of complementarity or negotiation established between certified medicine and its unauthorized competitors is recovered.

Resumo Este artigo reconstrói uma polêmica surgida na cidade de Buenos Aires em 1891 a respeito de infrações à lei do exercício da medicina, supostamente cometidas por dois atores especializados no tratamento de tênias, um médico estrangeiro e um curandeiro não graduado. A partir do exame das fontes relacionadas ao caso, o texto propõe uma reflexão sobre três temas. Primeiramente, são traçadas as múltiplas ofertas curativas disponíveis para o enfrentamento dessa condição, pois se entende que considerá-las ajuda a compreender com maior precisão os componentes dessa polêmica. Em segundo lugar, documenta-se a trajetória dos atores sociais envolvidos neste conflito, partindo do pressuposto de que se trata de um caso ilustrativo das trajetórias de muitos outros agentes do mundo da saúde naqueles anos. Em terceiro lugar, recupera-se a discussão sobre as relações de complementaridade ou negociação estabelecidas entre o medicamento certificado e os seus concorrentes não autorizados.

Resumo Nas Bases do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social até 2030, destaca-se o eixo estratégico da nação, relacionado às transformações produtivas e à inserção internacional, em que se faz referência à promoção do desenvolvimento das exportações com base na participação competitiva nos mercados internacionais. O tema da pesquisa contribui para atenuar as insuficiências associadas ao desdobramento de poderes e funções associados à atividade de comércio exterior para a empresa estatal socialista, anteriormente assumidos pelos níveis centrais de gestão da economia. Este artigo detalha o procedimento para a gestão das exportações de bens e serviços na Empresa de Componentes Eletrônicos "Ernesto Che Guevara". Foi utilizado o método dialético-materialista, que possibilitou a descoberta da dialética do desenvolvimento do processo em estudo. As informações primárias foram obtidas por meio de métodos empíricos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os tomadores de decisão locais envolvidos no processo de exportação. Foi feito um diagnóstico do estado atual do processo de gerenciamento das exportações de bens e serviços na empresa em estudo, que revelou limitações no processo de gerenciamento da internacionalização, fontes escassas de financiamento externo e falta de conhecimento dos especialistas e gerentes da empresa sobre como desenvolver estratégias de internacionalização. A proposta oferece aos gerentes uma ferramenta metodológica destinada a melhorar o processo de tomada de decisão, com base em métodos e ferramentas científicas, e contribui para melhorar a qualidade, a eficiência e a eficácia da gestão desse processo.

Abstract In the Bases of the National Economic and Social Development Plan until 2030, the strategic axis of the nation is highlighted, related to productive transformations and international insertion, where reference is made to promoting the development of exports based on a competitive participation in international markets. The subject of research contributes to attenuate insufficiencies associated with the deployment of faculties and functions associated with the foreign trade activity to the socialist state enterprise, previously assumed by the central levels of management of the economy. This article details the procedure for the management of exports of goods and services in the "Ernesto Che Guevara" Electronic Components Enterprise. The dialectical-materialistic method was used, which allowed discovering the dialectics of the development of the process to be studied. Primary information was obtained through empirical methods. Interviews were conducted with local decision-makers linked to the export process. A diagnosis of the current state of the process of management of exports of goods and services in the company under study was made, where limitations in the process of internationalization management, scarce sources of external financing and lack of knowledge of the company's specialists and managers of the ways to develop internationalization strategies were found. The proposal provides managers with a methodological tool aimed at improving the decision-making process, based on scientific methods and tools, and contributes to improve the quality, efficiency and effectiveness in the management of this process.

Resumen En las Bases del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social hasta el 2030, se destaca el eje estratégico de la nación, relacionado con las transformaciones productivas e inserción internacional donde se hace referencia a impulsar el desarrollo de las exportaciones sobre la base de una participación competitiva en los mercados internacionales. El tema de investigación contribuye a atenuar insuficiencias asociadas al despliegue de facultades y funciones asociadas a la actividad de comercio exterior hacia la empresa estatal socialista, antes asumidas por los niveles centrales de dirección de la economía. El presente artículo detalla el procedimiento para la gestión de las exportaciones de bienes y servicios en la Empresa de Componentes Electrónicos "Ernesto Che Guevara". Se utilizó el método dialéctico-materialista, el cual permitió descubrir la dialéctica del desarrollo del proceso a estudiar. Con métodos empíricos se obtuvo información primaria. Se realizaron entrevistas a decisores locales vinculados al proceso de exportación. Se realizó un diagnóstico del estado actual del proceso de gestión de las exportaciones de bienes y servicios en la empresa objeto de estudio, donde se constataron limitaciones en el proceso de gestión de la internacionalización, escasas fuentes de financiamiento externo y desconocimiento de los especialistas y directivos de la empresa de las formas de desarrollar las estrategias de internacionalización. La propuesta dota a los directivos de una herramienta metodológica orientada a perfeccionar el esquema de toma de decisiones, apoyada en métodos y herramientas científicas y contribuye a impulsar la calidad, eficiencia y eficacia en la gestión de este proceso.

RESUMEN El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de la calidad de la educación en los procesos económicos dentro de las instituciones de educación superior. La confiabilidad y validez de los resultados de la investigación están garantizadas por el análisis teórico de la literatura científica pertinente, un análisis de materiales estadísticos de referencia sobre la educación superior en la República de Kirguistán y el análisis de documentos. Además, la investigación considera los hallazgos de académicos kirguises junto con investigadores del extranjero cercano y lejano. Como resultado de la investigación realizada, se analizan las características peculiares del impacto que produce la calidad de la educación en los procesos económicos dentro de las universidades de la República de Kirguistán. Esta influencia resulta contradictoria porque la orientación de las universidades públicas y privadas competidoras hacia la diversificación de las fuentes de financiación les impide resolver las tareas de la política educativa nacional y alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible del país. A partir de opiniones de expertos, se establece que la comunidad local considera discriminatoria la política de gestión de la calidad de los servicios educativos en relación con los estudiantes extranjeros, ya que existe una brecha significativa en la calidad de la educación (se invita a profesores extranjeros, las actividades educativas se organizan utilizando exportar programas educativos en lugar de basarlos en estándares locales de educación vocacional superior). Éste es el precio de preparar la educación superior de la República de Kirguistán para la integración global.

ABSTRACT The study aims to analyze the impact of education quality on economic processes within higher education institutions. The reliability and validity of research findings are ensured by theoretical analysis of pertinent scientific literature, an analysis of reference statistic materials on higher education in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, and document analysis. Additionally, the research considers the findings of Kyrgyz scholars along with researchers from near and far abroad. As a result of the conducted investigation, the peculiar features of the impact produced by education quality on economic processes within universities of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan are analyzed. This influence is found to be contradictory because the orientation of competing public and private universities towards diversification of funding sources sets them back from solving the tasks of national education policy and achieving the country's sustainable development goals. Drawing on expert opinions, it is established that the local community views the policy of educational services quality management in relation to foreign students as discriminatory, as there is a significant gap in the quality of education (foreign teachers are invited, educational activities are organized using export educational programs rather than based on local standards of higher vocational education). This is the price of preparing the higher education of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan for global integration.

Abstract Since 1976, the Argentine dictatorship created sophisticated foreign communication plans in order to counteract the multiplication of denunciations of human rights violations in international forums. This paper analyzes the guidelines of the main two plans, specifically examining the implementation of one of their shared tactics: the visit of foreign journalists to Argentina. We study the experiences of the Spanish writer Fernando Vizcaíno Casas and the French journalist Irène Jarry, both invited to write positive articles for the military regime in the press of their respective countries. While the former was ideologically close to the Junta, the latter was less aligned, but allowed to articulate an attractive public-private alliance. Exploring various sources, some still practically unexplored, we will shed light on the implementation of an axis of these programs and propose that they were built in close monitoring of the communicative actions of their opponents.

Resumen: Desde 1976, la dictadura argentina elaboró sofisticados planes de comunicación exterior para contrarrestar la multiplicación de denuncias por violaciones de derechos humanos que se presentaban en los foros internacionales. El presente artículo analiza los lineamientos de sus dos principales planes, examinando puntualmente la puesta en práctica de una de sus tácticas compartidas: la visita de periodistas extranjeros a la Argentina. Aquí se estudian las experiencias contrastantes del español Fernando Vizcaíno Casas y de la francesa Irène Jarry, ambos invitados con el fin de que escribieran artículos positivos para el régimen militar en la prensa de sus respectivos países. Mientras el primero era afín ideológicamente a la Junta, la segunda se mostraba menos alineada, pero permitía articular una atractiva alianza público-privada. Cruzando diversas fuentes, algunas aun prácticamente inexploradas, echaremos luz sobre la implementación de uno de los ejes de esos programas, proponiendo que se constituyeron en estrecho seguimiento del accionar comunicativo de sus opositores.

Abstract The persistence of the concentration of land in a few hands is associated in Paraguay with the advance of agribusiness between 2008 and 2022, years of the penultimate and last agricultural census. Both sources were compared to determine the evolution of the agrarian reality in the aforementioned period. Specifically, three dimensions were studied: 1) the evolution of the level of land concentration; 2) the number of hectares of land in foreign hands and 3) the evolution of the area occupied by temporary and permanent crops and livestock activity. Unequal access to land is reflected in the results of the study carried out: 40% of the agricultural area is in the hands of 0.07% of landowners, which is close to the scenario of perfect inequality.

Resumo A persistência da concentração de terras em poucas mãos está associada no Paraguai ao avanço do agronegócio entre 2008 e 2022, anos do penúltimo e último Censo Agropecuário. Ambas as fontes foram comparadas para determinar a evolução da realidade agrária no referido período. Especificamente, foram estudadas três dimensões: 1) a evolução do nível de concentração fundiária; 2) o número de hectares de terras em mãos estrangeiras e 3) a evolução da área ocupada por culturas temporárias e permanentes e pela atividade pecuária. A desigualdade de acesso à terra reflete-se nos resultados do estudo realizado: 40% da área agrícola está nas mãos de 0,07% dos proprietários, o que se aproxima do cenário de desigualdade perfeita.

Resumen La persistencia de la concentración de la tierra en pocas manos se encuentra asociada, en Paraguay, al avance del agronegocio entre 2008 y 2022, años del penúltimo y último Censo Agropecuario. Ambas fuentes fueron comparadas para determinar la evolución de la realidad agraria en el mencionado período. De manera específica, fueron estudiadas tres dimensiones: 1) la evolución del nivel de la concentración de la tierra, 2) la cantidad de hectáreas de tierras en manos extranjeras y 3) la evolución de la superficie ocupada por cultivos temporales, cultivos permanentes y actividad pecuaria. El acceso inequitativo a la tierra se refleja en los resultados arrojados por el estudio realizado: un 40% de la superficie agropecuaria se encuentra en manos de un 0,07% de los terratenientes, lo que es cercano al escenario de la desigualdad perfecta.

Christian translation is integral to Christian missions that benefit the ingenious people and the gospel. Among early missionary activities, translations of the Bible to vernacular language have tremendous implications for the gospel propagation. Its roots are well spelt out in the early church, which endorsed Christianity as a universal faith. The researchers observe the historical and missiological perspective of Bible translation. They used library materials and internet sources to explain the meaning of translation, such as explaining a text language in the context of the recipients. This article contains a biblical basis for Bible translations, as it was from the early scriptures, and it concludes by explaining the relevance of Christian translation in terms of literacy, preservation of culture and freedom from slavery, among others. Christian translation has helped to create different versions of the Bible; the New Testament alone is available in 1551 languages out of over 7100 languages worldwide. Christian translation shows that Christian missionaries are not another form of a colonising agency because their activities resulted in actions that led to the end of colonisation in many parts of Africa. The author used a descriptive research method for this article. CONTRIBUTION: From the analysis, Christian translation is a vital part of Christian missions that has many benefits for the ingenious people by preserving their cultural practices and language, among others. It also made Christianity not to be perceived as a foreign religion that has no link with the African Belief system. Christians are to seek to translate more materials, especially the Bible, into other peoples' languages to have a lasting impact on the indigenous people.

South African citizens usually accuse foreign nationals of stealing their jobs and increasing the crime rate in the country. Such accusations have often resulted in xenophobic violence. Unfortunately, not much effort has been made to depict immigrants in positive light to improve the relations between them and the indigenous population. Thus, this article utilised Joseph's narrative (as described in Genesis in the Old Testament) as a biblical-theological lens in an attempt to mitigate the negative perceptions of migrants among the South African indigenous population. The narrative cast a positive picture on migration by presenting Joseph who, as a foreigner in Egypt, contributed to the development of the economy of Egypt. This article accomplished its aforementioned objective by initially interrogating relevant literature that identified and discussed the various factors that portrayed immigrants negatively, thereby pushing disgruntled South African citizens to engage in xenophobic violence. Thereafter, Joseph's forced migration to Egypt is discussed. This narrative was used as a biblical-theological lens to establish the contributions of foreign nationals in the development of the economies of host nations. While applying the biblical-theological lens of Joseph's narrative to the contemporary situation of migration, this article lamented the dearth of research on the contributions of foreigners to host nations. Furthermore, pertinent sources were used to highlight the correlation between Joseph's narrative and the current migration situation. Having underscored the aforementioned, this article argued that the current positive contributions that immigrants have made to the host nations' economies, should compel the nations to construct migration policies and frameworks that proactively integrate immigrants. Furthermore, formal recognition of any such contributions would encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and foreign nationals, resulting in a more compassionate and inclusive world. That is, instead of regarding immigrants with resentment and anger, nations can create a world where migration is not only acknowledged but celebrated as a fundamental part of the human experience. In its attempt to encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and immigrants in South Africa, this article aligned with the principles of this journal, which aim to develop South African society by addressing the ongoing challenge of xenophobia within some of the country's communities. CONTRIBUTION: The contribution of this article lies in that formal recognition of any positive contributions made by foreign nationals would encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and foreign nationals, resulting in a more compassionate and inclusive world where immigrants are primarily viewed positively rather than as mere criminals.

Resumé L’étude présente une analyse de la circulation du mobilier scolaire dans l’Instruction publique élémentaire de l’État du Pará, au Brésil, entre 1889 et 1910. Partant de réflexions autour des catalogues d’entreprises françaises et américaines, nous avons posé la problématique suivante : quels modèles diffuseurs de la matérialité ont circulé dans l’État du Pará par le biais des catalogues ? Comment se sont effectuées l’acquisition et la commercialisation du mobilier scolaire pour l’Instruction publique de cet État ? Sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons mené une recherche documentaire, fondée sur un relevé des sources dans les archives publiques de l’État du Pará. Les résultats révèlent les stratégies des dirigeants de l’administration du Pará ainsi que l’influence exercée par la circulation des catalogues, véritables vitrines des savoirs universels pour la modernisation des systèmes éducatifs.

Resumo O estudo apresenta uma análise sobre a circulação da mobília escolar na Instrução Pública Primária do Pará entre os anos de 1889 e 1910. Com base nas reflexões em torno dos catálogos das empresas francesas e norte-americanas, levantamos a seguinte problemática: que modelos difusores da materialidade circularam no Pará por meio dos catálogos? Como se deu a aquisição e comercialização do mobiliário escolar para a Instrução Pública do Pará? Metodologicamente, utilizou-se a pesquisa documental realizada a partir do levantamento de fontes no Arquivo Público do Estado do Pará. Os resultados revelam as estratégias dos dirigentes da administração do Pará e as influências de circulação dos catálogos, vitrines dos saberes universais para modernização dos sistemas educativos.

Abstract The study presents an analysis of the circulation of school furniture in Primary Public Instruction in Pará between the years 1889 and 1910. Based on reflections on the catalogs of French and North American companies, we raise the following issue: which models did diffusers of materiality circulate in Pará through catalogs? How was the acquisition and sale of school furniture for Public Instruction in Pará? Methodologically, documentary research was carried out based on a survey of sources in the Public Archive of the State of Pará. The results reveal the strategies of the Pará administration leaders and the influences on the circulation of catalogues, showcases of universal knowledge for the modernization of systems educational.

Resumen El estudio presenta un análisis de la circulación de mobiliario escolar en la Instrucción Pública Primaria en Pará entre los años 1889 y 1910. A partir de reflexiones sobre los catálogos de empresas francesas y norteamericanas, planteamos la siguiente cuestión: ¿qué modelos fabricaban los difusores de ¿La materialidad circula en Pará a través de catálogos? ¿Cómo fue la adquisición y venta de mobiliario escolar para la Instrucción Pública en Pará? Metodológicamente, la investigación documental se realizó a partir de un levantamiento de fuentes del Archivo Público del Estado de Pará, cuyos resultados revelan las estrategias de los líderes de la administración paraense y las influencias en la circulación de catálogos, escaparates de saberes universales para la modernización de la sistemas educativos.

Abstract The creation of the first teachers training institute in Argentina was related to state intervention and its role in the construction of the nation and patriotic feelings. Along with the influence of the first foreign teachers, different approaches to teacher training and secondary education became prevailing. From the field of study of history of Geography and its teaching, I propose to analyze in this article the disciplinary traditions in the Geography Department of the Instituto Superior del Profesorado "Dr. Joaquín V. González'' during the period 1904-1993. I will also seek to identify those teachers who were the most influential, as well as the relationship of the teacher training institute with other geographical institutions. The methodology consisted of an analysis of different primary sources and semi-structured interviews with teachers who studied at the institute since the 1950s.

Resumen La creación del primer profesorado de Geografía en Argentina se relacionó con la intervención del Estado y su rol en la construcción nacional y los sentimientos patrióticos. Junto a la influencia de los primeros profesores extranjeros se fueron constituyendo diferentes enfoques preponderantes en la formación docente y en la enseñanza media. Desde el campo de estudio de la historia de la Geografía y su enseñanza, en el presente artículo se propone analizar las tradiciones disciplinares en el Departamento de Geografía del Instituto Superior del Profesorado “Dr. Joaquín V. González” para el periodo 1904- 1993. Asimismo, se buscará identificar aquellos docentes que hayan tenido mayor influencia, como también la relación del profesorado con otras instituciones geográficas. La metodología consistió en un análisis de distintas fuentes primarias y entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes que cursaron en el profesorado desde la década del 50.

Abstract: This article delves into the socio-historical evolution of the initial Curriculum of the Special Course in Psychology, which commenced in 1947 at the Faculty of Philosophy and Education of the University of Chile. Employing a socio-institutional analysis of primary and secondary sources, it elucidates how the proyect of the Teaching State in Chile shapes the progression of the university education system. This influence fosters the exploration, assimilation, and dissemination of foreign psychological knowledge (germanic, anglophone, and francophone) during the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. This trajectory culminates in a specialized training process in the field, leading to the formalization of the Psychology program, thus beginning the construction of a new professional subject on the national scene.

Resumen: Este artículo examina el devenir sociohistórico del primer plan de estudios del Curso Especial de Psicología, que inició el año 1947 en la Facultad de Filosofía y Educación de la Universidad de Chile. Mediante un análisis socio-institucional de fuentes primarias y secundarias se evidencia cómo el proyecto del Estado Docente en Chile generó un desarrollo del sistema educativo universitario que propició la búsqueda, recepción y propagación del saber psicológico foráneo (germánico, anglófono y francófono) a fines del siglo XIX y durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, lo que se consolidó con un proceso de formación especializada en la materia y posterior formalización de la carrera de Psicología, iniciándose, de este modo, la construcción de un nuevo sujeto profesional en la escena nacional.