Abstract By the year of two thousand and nineteen, the private medical service industry growth was concentrated in the border cities of the Sonora state due to the large number of foreign patients and around six hundred thousand Sonora residents or descendants living in the state of Arizona (López, 2019). Hermosillo stands out among the border municipalities, thanks to its internationally certified private hospital infrastructure. However, the absence of post-operative-care as well as external services promoters in Mexico and internationally, combined with a fragmented value chain, have slowed down the growth of the medical industry in the capital (López, 2019). Our society is still in the first stages of digitalization therefore a universally accepted concept of digital economy has yet to be established. There's a gap between the available tools and the implementation in order to optimize the value chain and the customer experience. The current document contextualizes the private medical service industry in Hermosillo, Sonora within the digital economy through documentary research on digital resources, in the matters of politics, economics, social and technological context. In addition, the health crisis forced the digitalization of the commercialization processes in order to accomplish established objectives, thereby positioning the medical service industry as a participant in the digital economy.

Resumen Para el año dos mil diecinueve el crecimiento de la industria médica privada se daba más en las ciudades fronterizas del estado de sonora debido a la afluencia de pacientes extranjeros y unos seiscientos mil sonorenses o descendientes radicados en el estado de Arizona (López, 2019). Hermosillo destaca de los municipios fronterizos, gracias a la infraestructura privada hospitalaria certificada internacionalmente. Sin embargo, la ausencia de servicio postoperatorio al igual que agentes externos promotores de los servicios en el extranjero como en la república mexicana y una desconexión en la cadena de valor, han frenado el crecimiento de la industria médica en la capital (López, 2019). El concepto de economía digital no cuenta con una definición ampliamente aceptada, debido a que la sociedad se encuentra en las primeras etapas de digitalización. Existe una brecha entre las herramientas y su instrumentación para eficientar la cadena de valor y la experiencia del cliente. El presente documento contextualiza la industria privada de servicios médicos de Hermosillo, Sonora en la economía digital mediante una investigación documental de recursos digitales, esto en materia política, económica, social y tecnológica. Aunado a lo anterior la crisis sanitaria forzó a la digitalización de los procesos comerciales para lograr los objetivos planteados, por lo que la industria médica se convirtió en un actor de la economía digital.

Abstract Background: Medical residents in operating rooms present signs and symptoms associated with occupational exposure to surgical smoke. Objective: To determine the incidence and relative risk of developing signs and symptoms associated with surgical smoke exposure in medical residents. Methodology: A cohort study was conducted with medical residents exposed and unexposed to surgical smoke. Data collection was conducted in two moments, over four months, using a questionnaire containing items on sociodemographic and occupational characteristics and surgical smoke-related signs and symptoms and protective measures. Results: The most frequent signs and symptoms in those exposed compared to those unexposed to surgical smoke were foreign body sensation in the throat, burning sensation in the pharynx, irritation of other mucous membranes, and nasopharyngeal lesions. The use of protective eyewear was a protective factor for those exposed (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Surgical smoke-related signs and symptoms are higher in medical residents exposed than in those unexposed. The relative risk of developing signs and symptoms is always higher for those exposed.

Resumen Marco contextual: Los médicos residentes de los quirófanos presentan signos y síntomas relacionados con la exposición al humo quirúrgico. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia y el riesgo relativo de desarrollar signos y síntomas relacionados con la exposición al humo quirúrgico en médicos residentes. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte, realizado con médicos residentes expuestos y no expuestos al humo quirúrgico. La recogida de datos se realizó en dos momentos, durante cuatro meses, con un formulario que contenía las características sociodemográficas y laborales, los signos y los síntomas, y las medidas preventivas. Resultados: Los signos y síntomas más incidentes en aquellos expuestos en comparación con los no expuestos al humo quirúrgico fueron sensación de cuerpo extraño en la garganta, ardor faríngeo, irritación de otras mucosas y lesiones nasofaríngeas. El uso de gafas protectoras fue un factor de protección para los expuestos (p = 0,01). Conclusión: Hubo una mayor incidencia de signos y síntomas relacionados con el humo quirúrgico en aquellos expuestos en comparación con los no expuestos. El riesgo relativo de desarrollar signos y síntomas es siempre mayor para los expuestos.

Resumo Enquadramento: Os médicos residentes das salas operatórias apresentam sinais e sintomas relacionados à exposição ao fumo cirúrgico. Objetivo: Determinar a incidência e o risco relativo do desenvolvimento de sinais e sintomas relacionados com a exposição ao fumo cirúrgico em médicos residentes. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte, realizado com médicos residentes expostos e não expostos ao fumo cirúrgico. A colheita de dados foi realizada em dois momentos, durante quatro meses, com um formulário contendo as características sociodemográficas, de trabalho, sinais e sintomas e medidas preventivas. Resultados: Os sinais e sintomas mais incidentes nos expostos quando comparados com os não expostos ao fumo cirúrgico foram sensação de corpo estranho na garganta, ardência de faringe, irritação de outras mucosas e lesões nasofaríngeas. A utilização dos óculos de proteção foi um fator de proteção para os expostos (p = 0,01). Conclusão: Houve maior incidência de sinais e sintomas relacionados com o fumo cirúrgico nos expostos quando comparados aos não expostos. O risco relativo de desenvolvimento de sinais e sintomas é sempre maior para os expostos.

ABSTRACT In Chile, until December 31st, 2020, 12.5% of foreign residents were from Haiti. The nutritional status (NS) in pregnant women and infants is unknown; as well as the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) of the Haitian population residing in Chile. This study aimed to compare: (i) the NS of Haitian and Chilean pregnant women, (ii) the NS of infants, and (iii) the duration of EBF in children of Haitian and Chilean mothers. We analyzed the database of the Haitian and Chilean population attended between the years 2016-2019 at the Primary Care Health Center (CESFAM) “Los Castaños” located in the commune of La Florida. During the pregestational stage, the Haitian pregnant women had a higher prevalence of low weight compared to the Chilean pregnant women (p= 0,0003), whereas, at the end of the pregnancy, they had a higher prevalence of normal nutritional status (p= 0,0001) and a lower prevalence of obesity and a tendency at the end of pregnancy. Whereas at the end of the pregnancy, Chilean women had a higher prevalence of obesity. Regarding the nutritional status of the infants, differences were only observed in the first month of life, where 82% of Haitian infants had a normal weight compared to 24% of Chilean infants (p= 0.0001). No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of EBF up to 6 months between Haitian and Chilean infants (35.3% vs. 30%, respectively). It is important to mention that neither of the two groups of infants met the goal established by the World Health Organization (WHO) that proposes EBF for the first six months of life up to at least 50%. In conclusion, there are differences in the NE of pregnant and lactating women in both countries, while the prevalence of EBF in both groups was similar.

RESUMEN En Chile, al 31 de diciembre del 2020 un 12,5% de los extranjeros eran de nacionalidad haitiana. Se desconoce el estado nutricional (EN) en embarazadas y lactantes; así como también la prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) de la población haitiana en Chile. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron comparar: (i) el EN de embarazadas haitianas y chilenas, (ii) el EN de lactantes y (iii) la duración de la LME en hijos de madres haitianas y chilenas. Para esto se analizó la base de datos de la población haitiana y chilena atendidos entre los años 2016-2019 en el Centro de Salud Familiar (CESFAM) “Los Castaños” ubicado en la comuna de La Florida. En la etapa pre-gestacional, las embarazadas haitianas presentaron mayor prevalencia de bajo peso en comparación a embarazadas chilenas (p= 0,0003), mientras que al término del embarazo presentaron una mayor prevalencia de estado nutricional normal (p= 0,0001) y menor prevalencia de obesidad (p= 0,0001). Respecto al estado nutricional de los lactantes, sólo se observaron diferencias en el primer mes de vida, donde un 82% de los lactantes haitianos tenían un EN normopeso en comparación al 24% en los lactantes chilenos (p= 0,0001). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la prevalencia de LME hasta los 6 meses entre lactantes haitianos y chilenos (35,3% vs 30%, respectivamente). Es importante mencionar que ninguno de los dos grupos de lactantes cumplió con la meta establecida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) que propone LME en los primeros seis meses de vida hasta al menos 50%. En conclusión, se evidencian diferencias en el EN de las embarazadas y lactantes de ambos países, mientras que la prevalencia de LME en ambos grupos fue similar.

Migration has become a global phenomenon and South Africa, like many other countries, is a recipient of migrant workers. Migrant workers can be classified under five categories: permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, temporary residents, and undocumented migrants. This article focuses on documented migrants and their right to engage in work. Integral to the right to work is the right to choose one's trade, occupation or profession freely. This is a constitutionally protected right, but is reserved exclusively for citizens, which implies that migrant workers can be lawfully excluded from working in certain occupations or professions. This ties in with South Africa's obligation to protect employment opportunities for citizens. However, South Africa has immigration laws in place that afford substantial rights to certain categories of migrants. Furthermore, as a member of the UN and International Labour Organisation (ILO), South Africa has certain international law obligations. Against this backdrop, this article engages with the recent Constitutional Court decision of Rafoneke v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services where temporary residents were denied the right to be admitted to practise and be authorised to be enrolled as legal practitioners. The article seeks to establish whether this decision, which has been viewed as disappointing, complies with international law and upholds the legal principles endorsed in preceding cases.

South Africa's controlled foreign company ("CFC") rules were enacted more than two decades ago before most of today's business models existed. These are anti-avoidance rules that ensure the South African taxation of profits diverted offshore by South African residents. In terms of the CFC rules, the profits of a non-resident company may also be subject to tax in South Africa at the hands of its South African resident shareholder if such non-resident company is considered to be a CFC. Advances in technology developments and the use of information communication and technology ("ICT") have given rise to what is referred to as the digital economy. The term refers to economic activities hinged on the use of ICT and the internet. Digitalisation has made it possible for a business to carry on economic activity without the need for a multitude of offices, staff, equipment, and other resources. As a result, new business models like Uber and Shien have emerged. This paper argues that the current South African CFC rules have not kept pace with these new business models and do not effectively regulate the new business models and the digital economy. This paper recommends that the CFC rules be updated to address the digital economy and new business models by amending the rules, incorporating the provisions of Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 into the rules, using country-by-country reporting, and even considering implementing a regime alternative to CFC rules.

Abstract In the last 20 years, new foreign residents from industrialized countries have settled in the northern part of Merida’s Downtown. This is an international phenomenon known as lifestyle migration. The objective is to analyze the daily life of these residents in the study area to observe the process of appropriation of urban space. This is carried out through symbolic identification and through the daily actions that take place in the area. The arrival of the lifestyle migrants has involved socio-spatial transformations that have gentrified the area where news and formers residents share walls and streets but with a clear social distance. This qualitative research is supported by semi-structured interviews with different informants, by field work in the study area, by different INEGI databases, by hemerographic information and by a digital ethnography of the different groups of expatriates that exist in the social network Facebook.

Resumen Durante los últimos 20 años se han instalado en la zona norte del Centro Histórico de la ciudad de Mérida nuevos residentes que vienen de países industrializados, a quienes se conoce a nivel internacional como migrantes de estilo de vida. Este texto analiza la cotidianidad de estos nuevos residentes y el proceso de apropiación del espacio urbano desde la identificación simbólica y desde las acciones cotidianas. La llegada de los migrantes de estilo de vida ha implicado transformaciones socioespaciales que han gentrificado la zona en la que antiguos y nuevos residentes comparten muros y calles, pero con una clara distancia social. Esta investigación es de corte cualitativo y se sustenta en una serie de entrevistas semiestructuradas, de trabajo de campo en la zona de estudio, de la consulta a diferentes bases de datos del INEGI, de la consulta hemerográfica y de la realización de una etnografía digital, hecha en los grupos de expatriados de la red social Facebook.

Abstract: An analysis of the public space of the medium-sized cities of Chapecó, Mossoró and Marabá is presented, from a geographical perspective, analyzing the leisure infrastructure of these cities, as well as the practices carried out in them. The foreign category of “death” of public space is critically discussed, contrasting an empirical analysis of three medium-sized Brazilian cities, in the context of the theory related to socio-spatial fragmentation. There are also characteristics of public spaces in these cities that differ from those found in large metropolises: in the cities surveyed, we have extensive and well-equipped leisure areas located in central regions, which are used by the middle classes, but also by residents of areas peripheral areas, although in a temporally fragmented way, that is, during different days. On the other hand, there are trends towards the privatization of traditional functions of public space and greater use of norms and controls, explicit or implicit, but not without disputes and resistance from users. Thus, the data collected contrasts with the excessively pessimistic theories related to the inexorable “destruction” or “death” of public space. The methodology used was the literature review, analysis of master plans, conducting interviews, conducting surveys, cartographic elaboration and fieldwork.

Resumo: Se apresenta uma análise do espaço público das cidades médias de Chapecó, Mossoró e Marabá, desde uma perspectiva geográfica, analisando a infraestrutura de lazer destas cidades, assim como as práticas nelas realizadas. Se discute de forma crítica a categoria forânea de “morte” do espaço público, contrapondo uma análise empírica de três cidades médias brasileiras, no contexto da teoria relacionada à fragmentação socioespacial. Também se apresentam características dos espaços públicos dessas cidades que diferem das encontradas em grandes metrópoles: nas cidades pesquisadas, temos a presença de extensas e bem equipadas áreas de lazer localizadas em regiões centrais, sendo utilizadas pelas classes médias, mas também por moradores de áreas periféricas, se bem que de maneira temporalmente fragmentada, é dizer, durante dias diversos. Por outro lado, se observam tendências para a privatização das tradicionais funções do espaço público e maior uso de normas e controles, explícitos ou implícitos, mas não sem disputas e resistências por parte dos usuários. Sendo assim, os dados recolhidos se contrapõem às teorias excessivamente pessimistas relacionadas à “destruição” ou “morte” inexorável do espaço público. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão bibliográfica, análise de planos diretores, realização de entrevistas, aplicação de enquetes, elaboração cartográfica e trabalho de campo.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes the statistical data of the Population Division of the UN, a member of the Global Migration Group, on the ratio of the number of migrants and the total population on a global scale, as well as the number and proportion of immigrants in gender and geographic contexts, a review of scientific foreign and domestic literature, which reflects the assessments of researchers about the features of horizontal movements in recent decades. The empirical study made it possible to draw a conclusion about the ambivalent response of the residents of the host country to the volumes of migration flows, and the strategies of migrants. The author substantiates that multiple scaling of the probability of the conflict component in the socio-cultural interaction of the host party and arriving representatives of a foreign cultural environment requires a comprehensive implementation of programs for mutual adaptation of the above-named entities, agreed by government agencies and non-profit organizations as parity partners.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza los datos estadísticos de la División de Población de la ONU, miembro del Grupo de Migración Global, sobre la relación entre el número de migrantes y la población total a escala global, así como el número y proporción de inmigrantes en género. y contextos geográficos, una revisión de la literatura científica extranjera y nacional, que refleja las valoraciones de los investigadores sobre las características de los movimientos horizontales en las últimas décadas. El estudio empírico permitió extraer una conclusión acerca de la respuesta ambivalente de los residentes del país receptor ante los volúmenes de los flujos migratorios, y las estrategias de los migrantes. El autor fundamenta que la escala múltiple de la probabilidad del componente de conflicto en la interacción sociocultural de la parte anfitriona y los representantes que llegan de un entorno cultural extranjero requiere una implementación integral de programas para la adaptación mutua de las entidades mencionadas anteriormente, acordadas por el gobierno. agencias y organizaciones sin fines de lucro como socios paritarios.

Resumen En este trabajo se procura contextualizar el arte rupestre del sitio Alero Estancia Guayascate en la región del norte cordobés, al tiempo que analizar su presencia en el marco de una encomienda colonial. En este sentido, el análisis de la evidencia arqueológica recuperada en el sitio puede revelar aspectos relacionados a la coyuntura indígena-colonial, en tanto involucra grupos de distintos orígenes étnicos: los residentes propios de Guayascate, las poblaciones introducidas a razón del otorgamiento de la Encomienda y Merced de Tierras y los españoles a cargo de las mismas. La interrupción tanto en el espacio como en el desarrollo de la vida diaria de grupos ajenos a Guayascate pudo implicar una pérdida del sentido original en la ejecución del arte, entendido como marcador de identidad compartida por grupos serranos del norte cordobés, dado que no continuaron las intervenciones en el sitio.

Abstract This paper attempts to contextualize pre-Hispanic rock art in the north of Córdoba, while it analyzes its presence within the framework of a colonial institution (encomienda). In this sense, the study of the Alero Estancia Guayascate archaeological site may reveal aspects related to the indigenous-colonial situation, while involving groups of different ethnic origins: the indigenous residents of Guayascate, the indigenous populations introduced as a result of the encomienda and the merced de tierras and the Spaniards in charge of them. Rock art is understood as a marker of identity shared by indigenous groups in the north of Córdoba. Therefore, the interruption both in space and in daily life of foreign groups in Guayascate could imply a loss of the original meaning in the execution of the rock art due to the fact that the interventions in the site did not continue.

Abstract In this article I analyze the work of the Inter-secretarial Demographic Commission, created in Mexico by executive decree in 1935. I review the immigration policy sanctioned by the post-revolutionary governments and the socioeconomic scenario of the southern border that the commissioners found when they arrived in Tapachula, Chiapas. I also examine the diagnosis of their first supervisor, Jorge Ferretis, and the problems they faced in their primary task of granting naturalization to many Soconusco residents who lived in legal limbo. By examining the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Relations and the Municipal Historical Archive of Tapachula, I answer the question that guided my research: Why was the Commission’s work, originally scheduled for two years in Soconusco, extended for more than a decade?

Resumen En el presente artículo analizo el trabajo de la Comisión Demográfica Intersecretarial en México, creada por decreto Ejecutivo en 1935. Reviso la política inmigratoria sancionada por los gobiernos posrevolucionarios y el escenario socioeconómico de la frontera sur que los comisionados hallaron cuando arribaron a Tapachula, Chiapas. Asimismo, examino el diagnóstico de su primer jefe, Jorge Ferretis, y los problemas que enfrentaron en su tarea primordial de otorgar la cartilla de naturalización a muchos de los pobladores del Soconusco que vivían en un limbo jurídico. Por medio de los archivos de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores y el Archivo Histórico Municipal de Tapachula, respondo a la pregunta que guió mis pesquisas: ¿por qué el trabajo de la Comisión, programado al inicio para dos años en el Soconusco, se extendió por más de una década?

Resumen Este artículo describe una experiencia de vínculo entre un proyecto de extensión docente universitaria, en este caso ED-3314 La Casa de Idiomas del Recinto de Golfito, con una empresa turística hotelera para brindar cursos de inglés en sitio a sus personas trabajadoras y pobladoras de una comunidad rural durante el periodo 2018 al 2019. Para aquellos extensionistas interesados en plantear, reorientar o fortalecer un proyecto de acción social en zonas rurales, enfocados al desarrollo de habilidades lingüísticas en inglés con fines ocupacionales en sitio, encontrarán una serie de consideraciones teóricas y metodológicas ilustradas en esta experiencia de extensión docente universitaria. La descripción incluye una breve revisión bibliográfica sobre el diseño curricular en programas de idiomas, la enseñanza del inglés con fines ocupacionales, una reseña histórica del establecimiento del vínculo universidad-empresa turística, la caracterización de la población participante, así como la acogida de la oferta educativa en términos de las matrículas consolidadas por dos años. Este documento brinda insumos encaminados a la reflexión e innovación en la enseñanza del inglés con fines ocupacionales en sitio en el marco de vínculos entre la universidad y empresas turísticas.

Abstract This paper describes a partnership experience between a university extension project, in this case ED-3314 Casa de Idiomas del Recinto de Golfito, and a tourist business to offer on-site English courses to hotel workers and local residents in a rural community between 2018 to 2019. For those interested in planning, redirecting, or strengthening an extension project in rural areas, aimed at the development of linguistic skills in English with labor purposes onsite, they would find here several theoretical and methodological considerations that have been reflected on this academic experience. This description includes a brief literature review about the curricular design process undertaken in this language program, the teaching of English with labor purposes, a historical account of this partnership experience, the characterization of the participant population, and student enrollment throughout two years. This document offers insights towards the innovation efforts in the teaching of English with labor purposes on-site within a framework of partnerships between the university and tourist businesses.

Resumo Neste ensaio apresentam-se os resultados de uma análise exploratória dos impactos da pandemia COVID-19, nos e nas estudantes em mobilidade internacional e nas pessoas de nacionalidade estrangeira que frequentam uma instituição de ensino superior em Portugal. O estudo baseia-se num questionário online dirigido a essa população, efetuado entre 7 de abril e 7 de maio de 2020. Foram analisadas as perspetivas dos respondentes, relativamente aos efeitos desta crise sanitária na continuidade dos seus estudos em Portugal, bem como nas estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem, emprego, habitação e saúde e bem-estar. Embora os problemas criados pelo novo coronavírus e as restrições à mobilidade humana para fazer face à sua propagação tenham afetado toda a comunidade estudantil, os seus efeitos não foram homogéneos, destacando-se diferenças segundo o género, idade, origem geográfica e fontes de financiamento dos estudos em Portugal.

Abstract This essay presents the results of an exploratory analysis of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on international students and foreign residents enrolled in a higher education institution in Portugal. The study is based on an online survey to these students, carried out between April 7 and May 7, 2020. The respondents’ perspectives were analysed regarding the effects of this health crisis on the continuity of their studies in Portugal, as in teaching and learning strategies, employment, housing, health and well-being. Although the problems and challenges created by the new coronavirus and the restrictions on human mobility to cope with its spread, have affected the entire student community, its effects were not homogeneous highlighting differences according gender, age, geographic origin and funding sources for their studies in Portugal.

Abstract This text diachronically addresses (in the 20th and 21st centuries) what we regard as an important socio-territorial process. It seeks to analyze the transformations of 19 blocks in the Santiago neighborhood, in the historic center of the city of Mérida, Yucatán. To this end, we consider elements of change related to the physical state of the built heritage, its use, the type of residents, as well as other aspects that touch on sociocultural, economic and political aspects. From a logic replicated on a global scale, albeit always with local specificities, we discuss the existence of a gentrification process in the study area.

Resumen Este texto aborda, en sentido diacrónico (siglos XX y XXI), lo que consideramos un importante proceso socioterritorial. La intención es analizar las transformaciones en 19 manzanas del barrio de Santiago, en el centro histórico de la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán. Para tales efectos, consideramos elementos de cambio relacionados al estado físico del patrimonio construido, a su uso, al tipo de residentes, así como a otros aspectos que tocan lo sociocultural, lo económico y lo político. Desde una lógica que se replica a escala global, aunque siempre con especificidades locales, discutimos aquí sobre la existencia de un proceso de gentrificación en la zona de estudio.

RESUMEN El páramo de Santurbán (Colombia) es un espacio biogeográfico y biodiverso, y centro de disputas sociales, políticas y económicas. Este artículo analiza las representaciones del agua, el oro y la superposición de las territorialidades de distintos grupos sociales en el año 2011 como efecto del conflicto socioambiental por minería industrial. Para ello se realizó un ejercicio de interpretación narrativa de entrevistas semiestructuradas a pobladores y colectivos sociales de los municipios de Vetas y California y de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, quienes argumentaron sobre la importancia del agua y del oro en su vida cotidiana. La población de Santurbán concibe el agua como fundamental para su existencia y al oro, para su economía, las tradiciones y la cultura. Mientras tanto, para la población de Bucaramanga, la representación del agua se relaciona con la ética ambientalista. Esta superposición desencadena conflictos antes invisibilizados entre dos poblaciones vecinas que se han beneficiado del páramo conjuntamente.

ABSTRACT The Santurban moorland (Colombia) is a biogeographic space with mining, water, and biodiverse potential, which forms a framework of social, political, and economic disputes. This article analyzes the representations of water and gold, and the superposition of the territorialities of the different social groups (Santurbán population, Bucaramanga population, foreign company, and State) in 2011 as an effect of the socio-environmental conflict over industrial mining in the moor. To do this, the researchers carried out an exercise in narrative interpretation of semi-structured interviews with residents and social groups in the municipalities of Vetas, California, and the city of Bucaramanga, who argue the importance of water and gold in their daily lives. The population of Santurbán conceives water as fundamental for its existence and the gold for its economy, traditions, and culture. Meanwhile, for the population of Bucaramanga, the representation of water is related to environmental ethics. This overlap triggers previously invisible conflicts between two neighboring populations that have jointly benefited from the moorland.

RESUMO O páramo de Santurbán (Colômbia) é um espaço biogeográfico e biodiverso, centro de disputas sociais, políticas e econômicas. Este artigo analisa as representações da água, o ouro e a sobreposição das territorialidades de distintos grupos sociais no ano 2011 como efeito do conflito socioambiental por mineração industrial. Para isto, realiza um exercício de interpretação narrativa de entrevistas semiestruturadas a habitantes e coletivos sociais dos municípios de Vetas, Califórnia e a cidade de Bucaramanga, quem argumentam a importância da água e do ouro em sua vida cotidiana. A população de Santurbán concebe a água fundamental para sua existência e o ouro para sua economia, as tradições e a cultura. Entretanto, para a população de Bucaramanga, a representação da água se relaciona com a ética ambientalista. Esta sobreposição desencadeia conflitos antes invisibilizados entre duas populações vizinhas que se têm beneficiado do páramo conjuntamente.

Abstract This paper estimates the water footprint (fresh-water consumption) at Valley of Mexico´s Basin (CVM in Spanish). This region has the biggest population and economic activity of Mexico. The methodology incorporates virtual water to the engineering scheme based on quantifying extraction and water use, and which more accurately measures the stress faced by water resources due to the enormous water consumption in the basin. The estimated water footprint is 3 895.59 hm3 of annual fresh water in 2015, making evident the water requirements of the residents of the CVM. Hence, the footprint is equivalent to the average annual water catchment at the Falcón Dam (Tamaulipas, northern Mexico), which accounts for its enormous resource requirement. Supplying such a level of water consumption has required the creation of a complicated and expensive supply engineering and overexploitation of not only own but also and external water resources. More precisely, when 202 m3 of water are consumed in the CVM, 100 m3 are explained by renewable water and 102 m3 of non-renewable water. Of this last value, 39.3 m3 come from overexploited aquifers in the same basin; 32.8 m3 from the import of overexploited basins, and 30.4 m3 is virtual water imported via the foreign trade of the basin. Finally, this composition shows that half of the consumption is based on the predatory extraction of water resources. This is received in the sustainability index of 202%, which is recorded by the water footprint in the CVM and is a value that indicates its extreme fragility to maintain itself over time.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo consiste en estimar la huella hídrica (consumo de agua fresca) de la Cuenca del Valle de México (CVM) ―la región más poblada y de mayor actividad económica de México―, aplicando una metodología que incorpora el agua virtual al esquema ingenieril basado en cuantificar la extracción y los usos de agua, y que mide con mayor precisión el estrés que enfrentan los recursos hídricos por el enorme consumo en la cuenca. La huella hídrica estimada fue de 3 895.59 hm3 de agua fresca anual en 2015, que mostró los requerimientos del consumo de los residentes en la CVM. La huella equivale a la captación de agua anual promedio en la presa Falcón (Tamaulipas, al norte de México), que da cuenta del enorme requerimiento del recurso. Abastecer tal nivel de consumo de agua ha requerido la creación de una complicada y costosa ingeniería de suministro, y la sobreexplotación de recursos hídricos propios y externos. En la CVM, cuando se consumen 202 m3 de agua, 100 m3 se explican por agua renovable y 102 m3 de agua no renovable. De este último valor, 39.3 m3 provienen de acuíferos sobreexplotados en la misma cuenca; 32.8 m3 de la importación de otras cuencas sobreexplotadas, y 30.4 m3 es agua virtual importada vía el comercio exterior de la cuenca. Dicha composición muestra que la mitad del consumo se basa en la extracción predatoria de recursos hídricos, que se capta en el índice de sustentabilidad de 202%, que registra la huella hídrica en la CVM, valor que indica su extrema fragilidad para mantenerse en el tiempo.