Abstract These lines address the participation of Campeche in the Asiento de Negros granted to England by Spain from 1713 to 1739. The legal introduction of enslaved people through the port of Campeche had its highest rate during the first half of the 18th century due to the indicated Asiento. Despite the fact that Campeche was not considered among the points for the factories of arrival and sale within the Treaty of 1713. The forest interest and the commercial expansion of the English inclu- ded the Yucatan territory, and they established a “factory” in Campeche, which they subleased to other settled merchants in Jamaica. Despite the discontent of Spain, the “factory” was made “official” with the nomination of a Spanish authority to supervise it. The consulted his- torical archives and the previous investigations confirm that during the two decades of that Asiento in Campeche, the legal forced migration amounted to more than 800 enslaved people.

Resumen Estas líneas abordan la participación de Campeche en el Asiento de Negros concedido a Inglaterra por parte de España, de 1713 a 1739. La introducción de gente esclavizada a través del puerto de Campeche de manera legal, tuvo su mayor índice durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, debido al Asiento señalado, no obstante que aquella villa no fue considerada entre los puntos para las factorías de llegada y venta dentro del Tratado de 1713. El interés forestal y la expansión comercial de los ingleses abarcó el territorio yucateco, y establecieron en Campeche una “factoría” que subarrendaron a otros comerciantes radicados en Jamaica. A pesar del descontento de España, la “factoría” fue “oficializada” con la designación de una autoridad española que la supervisara. Los diversos acervos históricos consultados y las investigaciones precedentes, con- firman que, durante las dos décadas de ese Asiento en Campeche, la migración legal forzada ascendió, hasta donde se sabe, a poco más de 800 esclavizados.

ABSTRACT Objective: circCPA4 has been defined to be an oncogenic gene. This study examined whether circCPA4 regulates Prostate Cancer (PC) development and revealed its molecular mechanism. Methods: PC tissues and PC cell lines were collected, in which circCPA4/miR-491-5p/SHOC2 levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR and immunoblot. Colony formation assay and EdU assay assessed cell proliferation, flow cytometry measured apoptosis, and Transwell assessed invasion and migration. Ki-67, cleaved caspase-3, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin were evaluated by immunoblot. Based on the luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay the authors investigated the targeting relationship between circCPA4/miR-491-5p/SHOC2. The effect of circCPA4 on tumor growth was evaluated by xenotransplantation in nude mice. Results: circCPA4 and SHOC2 levels were abundant while miR-491-5p expression was low in PC. Loss of circCPA4 decreased the proliferation and EdU-positive rate of PC cells, enhanced apoptosis, and inhibited invasion, migration, and EMT. Upregulation of circCPA4 forced the malignant behaviors of PC cells, and this promotion could be abolished when miR-491-5p was overexpressed or SHOC2 was silenced. CircCAP4 competitively decoyed miR-491-5p mediating SHOC2 expression. circCAP4 suppression inhibited PC tumor growth. Conclusion: circCAP4 acts as a novel oncogenic factor in PC, accelerating the malignant behavior of PC cells via miR-491-5p/SHOC2 interaction. This novel ceRNA axis may be a potential target for PC drug development and targeted therapy in the future. Objective circCPA gene (PC mechanism Methods collected circCPA4/miR4915p/SHOC2 circCPA4miR4915pSHOC2 circCPAmiRpSHOC circCPA4/miR 491 5p/SHOC2 miR 5p p SHOC circCPA4/miR-491-5p/SHOC RTqPCR RT qPCR immunoblot apoptosis migration Ki67, Ki67 Ki 67, 67 Ki-67 caspase3, caspase3 caspase 3, 3 caspase-3 Ecadherin, Ecadherin E cadherin, cadherin E-cadherin Ncadherin N circCPA4/miR4915p/SHOC2. 5p/SHOC2. mice Results miR4915p miRp EdUpositive positive EMT silenced CircCAP circCAP Conclusion miR4915p/SHOC2 miR4915pSHOC2 miRpSHOC miR-491-5p/SHOC interaction future circCPA4/miR4915p/SHOC pSHOC circCPA4miR4915pSHOC circCPA4miR circCPAmiR 49 5pSHOC2 5p/SHOC Ki6 6 Ki-6 caspase- miR4915p/SHOC miR4915pSHOC 4 5pSHOC Ki-

A crise econômica, social e sanitária na Venezuela resultou na maior emigração forçada da história recente da América Latina. As circunstâncias prevalentes nos países de acolhimento influenciam a autopercepção da qualidade de vida dos imigrantes, o que pode ser entendido como um indicador do seu nível de integração. A pandemia da COVID-19 exacerbou as vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas e de saúde, especialmente para imigrantes forçados. Levantamos a hipótese de que as circunstâncias adversas enfrentadas pelos imigrantes venezuelanos durante a pandemia aprofundaram sua vulnerabilidade, o que pode ter influenciado sua percepção de qualidade de vida. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida de imigrantes venezuelanos no Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Avaliamos a qualidade de vida de 312 imigrantes venezuelanos adultos vivendo no Brasil por meio de um instrumento desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF), autoadministrado online de 20 de outubro de 2020 a 10 de maio de 2021. As associações da qualidade de vida e seus domínios com as características dos participantes foram analisadas por meio de modelos de regressão linear múltipla. O escore médio de qualidade de vida foi de 44,7 (±21,8) em uma escala de 0 a 100. A melhor média registrada foi no domínio físico (66,2±17,8) e a pior no domínio do meio ambiente (51,1±14,6). A pior qualidade de vida associou-se ao sexo feminino, não viver com companheiro, menor renda familiar e discriminação por nacionalidade. Fatores associados à qualidade de vida geral e seus respectivos domínios, especialmente renda e discriminação, também foram observados em outros estudos como obstáculos aos imigrantes venezuelanos. A qualidade de vida insatisfatória entre os venezuelanos residentes no Brasil pode ter sido agravada pela pandemia no período estudado. econômica Latina integração COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 saúde forçados vulnerabilidade COVID19. 19. 31 WHOQOLBREF, WHOQOLBREF WHOQOL BREF , (WHOQOL-BREF) 2 202 1 2021 múltipla 447 44 7 44, ±21,8 218 21 8 (±21,8 100 66,2±17,8 662178 66 17 (66,2±17,8 51,1±14,6. 511146 51,1±14,6 . 51 14 6 (51,1±14,6) associouse associou se feminino companheiro nacionalidade estudado COVID1 COVID- 3 (WHOQOL-BREF 4 ±21, (±21, 66,2±17, 66217 (66,2±17, 51114 51,1±14, 5 (51,1±14,6 ±21 (±21 66,2±17 6621 (66,2±17 5111 51,1±14 (51,1±14, ±2 (±2 66,2±1 662 (66,2±1 511 51,1±1 (51,1±14 ± (± 66,2± (66,2± 51,1± (51,1±1 ( 66,2 (66,2 51,1 (51,1± 66, (66, 51, (51,1 (66 (51, (6 (51 (5

La crisis económica, social y sanitaria en Venezuela ha provocado la mayor emigración forzada en la historia reciente de América Latina. Las circunstancias imperantes en los países de acogida influyen en la calidad de vida autopercibida de los inmigrantes, lo que puede entenderse como un indicador de su nivel de integración. La pandemia del COVID-19 ha intensificado las vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas y sanitarias, especialmente para los inmigrantes forzados. Se plantea la hipótesis de que las circunstancias adversas que enfrentaron los inmigrantes venezolanos durante la pandemia profundizaron su vulnerabilidad, lo que puede haber influido en su percepción de la calidad de vida. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la calidad de vida de los inmigrantes venezolanos en Brasil durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Se evaluó la calidad de vida de 312 inmigrantes venezolanos adultos viviendo en Brasil mediante una herramienta desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHOQOL-BREF), autollenada en línea del 20 de octubre de 2020 al 10 de mayo de 2021. Las asociaciones de la calidad de vida y sus dominios con las características de los participantes se analizaron mediante modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. La puntuación media de la calidad de vida fue de 44,7 (±21,8) en una escala de 0 a 100. La mejor media registrada fue en el dominio físico (66,2±17,8), y la peor en el dominio medio ambiente (51,1±14,6). La peor calidad de vida se asoció al sexo femenino, no convivir con pareja, menores ingresos y discriminación por nacionalidad. Los factores asociados con la calidad de vida general y sus respectivos dominios, especialmente ingresos y discriminación, coinciden con lo presentado por otros estudios como obstáculos para los inmigrantes venezolanos. La calidad de vida insatisfactoria entre los venezolanos que viven en Brasil debió de ser empeorada por la pandemia en el período estudiado. económica Latina integración COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 sanitarias forzados vulnerabilidad COVID19. 19. 31 WHOQOLBREF, WHOQOLBREF WHOQOL BREF , (WHOQOL-BREF) 2 202 1 2021 múltiple 447 44 7 44, ±21,8 218 21 8 (±21,8 100 66,2±17,8, 662178 66,2±17,8 66 17 (66,2±17,8) 51,1±14,6. 511146 51,1±14,6 . 51 14 6 (51,1±14,6) femenino pareja nacionalidad estudiado COVID1 COVID- 3 (WHOQOL-BREF 4 ±21, (±21, 66217 66,2±17, (66,2±17,8 51114 51,1±14, 5 (51,1±14,6 ±21 (±21 6621 66,2±17 (66,2±17, 5111 51,1±14 (51,1±14, ±2 (±2 662 66,2±1 (66,2±17 511 51,1±1 (51,1±14 ± (± 66,2± (66,2±1 51,1± (51,1±1 ( 66,2 (66,2± 51,1 (51,1± 66, (66,2 51, (51,1 (66, (51, (66 (51 (6 (5

The economic, social, and health crisis in Venezuela has resulted in the largest forced migration in recent Latin American history. The general scenario in host countries influence migrants’ self-perception of quality of life, which can be understood as an indicator of their level of integration. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, especially for forced migrants. We hypothesized that the adverse circumstances faced by Venezuelan migrants during the pandemic have deepened their vulnerability, which may have influenced their perception of quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the quality of life of Venezuelan migrants in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed the quality of life of 312 adult Venezuelan migrants living in Brazil using the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment, which was self-administered online from October 20, 2020, to May 10, 2021. The associations of quality of life and its domains with participants’ characteristics were analyzed via multiple linear regression models. Mean quality of life score was 44.7 (±21.8) on a scale of 0 to 100. The best recorded mean was in the physical domain (66.2±17.8) and the worst in the environmental domain (51.1±14.6). The worst quality of life was associated with being a woman, not living with a partner, lower household income, and discrimination based on nationality. Factors associated with overall quality of life and respective domains, especially income and discrimination, were also observed in other studies as obstacles to Venezuelan migrants. The unsatisfactory quality of life among Venezuelans living in Brazil may have been worsened by the pandemic during the study period. economic social history selfperception self integration COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 vulnerabilities vulnerability 31 WHOQOLBREF WHOQOL BREF assessment selfadministered administered 20 2020 10 2021 participants models 447 44 7 44. ±21.8 218 21 8 (±21.8 100 66.2±17.8 662178 66 2 17 (66.2±17.8 51.1±14.6. 511146 51.1±14.6 . 51 1 14 6 (51.1±14.6) woman partner nationality period COVID1 COVID- 3 202 4 ±21. (±21. 66.2±17. 66217 (66.2±17. 51114 51.1±14. 5 (51.1±14.6 ±21 (±21 66.2±17 6621 (66.2±17 5111 51.1±14 (51.1±14. ±2 (±2 66.2±1 662 (66.2±1 511 51.1±1 (51.1±14 ± (± 66.2± (66.2± 51.1± (51.1±1 ( 66.2 (66.2 51.1 (51.1± 66. (66. 51. (51.1 (66 (51. (6 (51 (5

South African citizens usually accuse foreign nationals of stealing their jobs and increasing the crime rate in the country. Such accusations have often resulted in xenophobic violence. Unfortunately, not much effort has been made to depict immigrants in positive light to improve the relations between them and the indigenous population. Thus, this article utilised Joseph's narrative (as described in Genesis in the Old Testament) as a biblical-theological lens in an attempt to mitigate the negative perceptions of migrants among the South African indigenous population. The narrative cast a positive picture on migration by presenting Joseph who, as a foreigner in Egypt, contributed to the development of the economy of Egypt. This article accomplished its aforementioned objective by initially interrogating relevant literature that identified and discussed the various factors that portrayed immigrants negatively, thereby pushing disgruntled South African citizens to engage in xenophobic violence. Thereafter, Joseph's forced migration to Egypt is discussed. This narrative was used as a biblical-theological lens to establish the contributions of foreign nationals in the development of the economies of host nations. While applying the biblical-theological lens of Joseph's narrative to the contemporary situation of migration, this article lamented the dearth of research on the contributions of foreigners to host nations. Furthermore, pertinent sources were used to highlight the correlation between Joseph's narrative and the current migration situation. Having underscored the aforementioned, this article argued that the current positive contributions that immigrants have made to the host nations' economies, should compel the nations to construct migration policies and frameworks that proactively integrate immigrants. Furthermore, formal recognition of any such contributions would encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and foreign nationals, resulting in a more compassionate and inclusive world. That is, instead of regarding immigrants with resentment and anger, nations can create a world where migration is not only acknowledged but celebrated as a fundamental part of the human experience. In its attempt to encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and immigrants in South Africa, this article aligned with the principles of this journal, which aim to develop South African society by addressing the ongoing challenge of xenophobia within some of the country's communities. CONTRIBUTION: The contribution of this article lies in that formal recognition of any positive contributions made by foreign nationals would encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and foreign nationals, resulting in a more compassionate and inclusive world where immigrants are primarily viewed positively rather than as mere criminals.

A crise econômica, social e sanitária na Venezuela resultou na maior emigração forçada da história recente da América Latina. As circunstâncias prevalentes nos países de acolhimento influenciam a autopercepção da qualidade de vida dos imigrantes, o que pode ser entendido como um indicador do seu nível de integração. A pandemia da COVID-19 exacerbou as vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas e de saúde, especialmente para imigrantes forçados. Levantamos a hipótese de que as circunstâncias adversas enfrentadas pelos imigrantes venezuelanos durante a pandemia aprofundaram sua vulnerabilidade, o que pode ter influenciado sua percepção de qualidade de vida. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida de imigrantes venezuelanos no Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Avaliamos a qualidade de vida de 312 imigrantes venezuelanos adultos vivendo no Brasil por meio de um instrumento desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF), autoadministrado online de 20 de outubro de 2020 a 10 de maio de 2021. As associações da qualidade de vida e seus domínios com as características dos participantes foram analisadas por meio de modelos de regressão linear múltipla. O escore médio de qualidade de vida foi de 44,7 (±21,8) em uma escala de 0 a 100. A melhor média registrada foi no domínio físico (66,2±17,8) e a pior no domínio do meio ambiente (51,1±14,6). A pior qualidade de vida associou-se ao sexo feminino, não viver com companheiro, menor renda familiar e discriminação por nacionalidade. Fatores associados à qualidade de vida geral e seus respectivos domínios, especialmente renda e discriminação, também foram observados em outros estudos como obstáculos aos imigrantes venezuelanos. A qualidade de vida insatisfatória entre os venezuelanos residentes no Brasil pode ter sido agravada pela pandemia no período estudado.

The economic, social, and health crisis in Venezuela has resulted in the largest forced migration in recent Latin American history. The general scenario in host countries influence migrants’ self-perception of quality of life, which can be understood as an indicator of their level of integration. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, especially for forced migrants. We hypothesized that the adverse circumstances faced by Venezuelan migrants during the pandemic have deepened their vulnerability, which may have influenced their perception of quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the quality of life of Venezuelan migrants in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed the quality of life of 312 adult Venezuelan migrants living in Brazil using the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment, which was self-administered online from October 20, 2020, to May 10, 2021. The associations of quality of life and its domains with participants’ characteristics were analyzed via multiple linear regression models. Mean quality of life score was 44.7 (±21.8) on a scale of 0 to 100. The best recorded mean was in the physical domain (66.2±17.8) and the worst in the environmental domain (51.1±14.6). The worst quality of life was associated with being a woman, not living with a partner, lower household income, and discrimination based on nationality. Factors associated with overall quality of life and respective domains, especially income and discrimination, were also observed in other studies as obstacles to Venezuelan migrants. The unsatisfactory quality of life among Venezuelans living in Brazil may have been worsened by the pandemic during the study period.

La crisis económica, social y sanitaria en Venezuela ha provocado la mayor emigración forzada en la historia reciente de América Latina. Las circunstancias imperantes en los países de acogida influyen en la calidad de vida autopercibida de los inmigrantes, lo que puede entenderse como un indicador de su nivel de integración. La pandemia del COVID-19 ha intensificado las vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas y sanitarias, especialmente para los inmigrantes forzados. Se plantea la hipótesis de que las circunstancias adversas que enfrentaron los inmigrantes venezolanos durante la pandemia profundizaron su vulnerabilidad, lo que puede haber influido en su percepción de la calidad de vida. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la calidad de vida de los inmigrantes venezolanos en Brasil durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Se evaluó la calidad de vida de 312 inmigrantes venezolanos adultos viviendo en Brasil mediante una herramienta desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHOQOL-BREF), autollenada en línea del 20 de octubre de 2020 al 10 de mayo de 2021. Las asociaciones de la calidad de vida y sus dominios con las características de los participantes se analizaron mediante modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. La puntuación media de la calidad de vida fue de 44,7 (±21,8) en una escala de 0 a 100. La mejor media registrada fue en el dominio físico (66,2±17,8), y la peor en el dominio medio ambiente (51,1±14,6). La peor calidad de vida se asoció al sexo femenino, no convivir con pareja, menores ingresos y discriminación por nacionalidad. Los factores asociados con la calidad de vida general y sus respectivos dominios, especialmente ingresos y discriminación, coinciden con lo presentado por otros estudios como obstáculos para los inmigrantes venezolanos. La calidad de vida insatisfactoria entre los venezolanos que viven en Brasil debió de ser empeorada por la pandemia en el período estudiado.

Migration of people, whether legal or not, is no doubt one of the universe's enigmas. As a subject that seeks the engagement of interdisciplinary approaches, the biblical text is not in shortage of references to the movement and resettlement of individuals across different narratives and literary forms. Numerous references to 'sojourners', 'migrants', and the intricacies and reactions that migration generates are found in several portions of the Pentateuch. By employing a narrative methodology and a hermeneutic of ethical deduction as interpretive approach, this article holds that, the patriarchal narrative of Genesis 12:10-20, is fittingly, a narrative of migration that raises several ethical challenges that are profoundly relevant to migrants in socio-economic situations. Abraham's vulnerable position as a migrant under socio-economic circumstances to Egypt created fear in him and presented him moral dilemmas in which inequalities created by wealth and poverty posed dangers of losing faith. Many individuals and families are faced with similar circumstances today, being caught up in webs of difficult considerations and forced to make unpleasant decisions. CONTRIBUTION: This article employs a narrative reading of Abraham's sojourn in Genesis 12:10-20 in an attempt to bring together biblical, literary and theological discourses into dialogue with ethics and migration. The article serves as a viable starting point for discussions about the ethical considerations faced by migrants in socio-economic situations, and how principles of honesty, empathy and responsible decision-making can guide their actions

Abstract: Contemporary migrations reveal displacements of populations between territories, with greater prominence for the contexts of war, political conflicts or mitigation of fundamental rights, or that calls for international concern for the promotion of the effectiveness of global citizenship and corresponding rights. The present article aims to promote an analysis of the current migratory panorama, with emphasis on the forced displacement of black women in Brazil, in order to assess their relationship with racial necropolitics. It is proposed to identify the normative categories of the two migratory rights and to analyze the national and international regulations related to the central theme. It was used in the literature review, from a research with a qualitative approach, of an explanatory and applied nature, with a view to the production of knowledge that could offer support to the implementation of public policies that reduce the deleterious effects of necropolitics and racial misogyny. Foram used as databases by the platforms SCieLo, Google Scholar and Scopus, being inclusion criteria scientific articles published in the Portuguese, English and Spanish languages, the last thirty years, involving topics necropolitics, migration, racism, black women, from the combinations two descriptors and boolean and/or operators. From the research, it was possible to observe that contemporary migratory flows encounter various causal factors, which can be considered a phenomenon from an intersectional perspective, due to the perpetuation of racism, recalling the effects of colonization and slavery of African peoples, and of machismo, in virtue of the consideration of the body of the black woman as an object, resulting from the historical misogenic racial necropolitics.

Resumo As migrações contemporâneas revelam deslocamentos de populações entre territórios, com maior destaque para os contextos de guerra, conflitos políticos ou mitigação de direitos fundamentais, o que reclama a preocupação internacional para a promoção da efetividade da cidadania global e de direitos decorrentes. O presente artigo objetiva promover uma análise do panorama migratório hodierno, com ênfase nos deslocamentos forçados de mulheres negras no Brasil, a fim avaliar sua relação com a necropolítica racial. Propõe-se a identificação das categorias normativas dos direitos migratórios e a análise das normativas pátria e internacional atinentes à temática central. Utilizou-se da revisão de literatura, a partir de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, de natureza explicativa e aplicada, tendo em vista a produção de conhecimento que poderá oferecer suporte à implantação de políticas públicas que minorem efeitos deletérios da necropolítica e da misoginia racial. Foram utilizadas como base de dados as plataformas SCieLo, Google Acadêmico e Scopus, sendo critérios de inclusão artigos científicos publicados nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, nos últimos trinta anos, envolvendo temas necropolítica, migração, racismo, mulheres negras, a partir das combinações dos descritores e operadores booleanos and/or. A partir da pesquisa, foi possível obervar que os fluxos migratórios contemporâneos encontravam diversos fatores causais, podendo ser considerado um fenônemo a partir de uma perspectiva interseccional, em razão da perpetuação do racismo, rememorando os efeitos da colonização e da escravização de povos africanos, e do machismo, em virtude da consideração do corpo da mulher negra como objeto, resultante da necropolítica racial misógena histórica.

Abstract We discuss the repercussions of the intensification and heterogeneity of contemporary migrations, especially forced migrations, in compulsory schooling contexts in Portugal. Our objectives are (i) to identify the major educational challenges arising from transnational migration, (ii) to understand how schools, still very much rooted in an educational-pedagogical nationalism, adjust to these challenges and (iii) to understand the practices of educational agents in complex circumstances and subjected to many constraints. We draw on data from qualitative fieldwork that we have been carrying out for seven years on the settlement and integration of migrants in the North and Centre of Portugal. From the analysis of this data, we found that schools have been gradually adapting to the multiple challenges (support, resources, skills and specialised pedagogies) raised by migration. The discretionary capacity, informality, creativity and goodwill of educational agents have been fundamental to this, often compensating for the lack of guidelines and resources. migrations Portugal i (i migration ii (ii educationalpedagogical pedagogical nationalism iii (iii constraints support, support (support resources pedagogies capacity informality

Resumo Debatemos as repercussões da intensificação e heterogeneidade das migrações contemporâneas, sobretudo das migrações forçadas, em contextos de escolaridade obrigatória em Portugal. Os nossos objetivos passam por (i) identificar os grandes desafios educacionais decorrentes das migrações transnacionais, (ii) perceber como as escolas, ainda muito enraizadas num nacionalismo educativo-pedagógico, se ajustam a estes desafios e (iii) compreender as práticas dos agentes educativos em circunstâncias complexas e sujeitas a muitos condicionalismos. Do ponto de vista empírico, partimos de dados resultantes de um trabalho de campo qualitativo que temos vindo a realizar há cerca de sete anos sobre a instalação e integração de imigrantes no Norte e Centro de Portugal. Da análise destes dados, constatamos que as escolas têm-se adaptado gradualmente aos múltiplos desafios (apoios, recursos, competências e pedagogias especializadas) suscitados pelas migrações. Para tal, foi fundamental a capacidade discricionária, informalidade, criatividade e boa vontade dos agentes educativos, compensando amiúde a falta de orientações e de recursos. contemporâneas forçadas Portugal i (i transnacionais ii (ii educativopedagógico, educativopedagógico educativo pedagógico, pedagógico educativo-pedagógico iii (iii condicionalismos empírico têmse têm apoios, apoios (apoios recursos especializadas tal discricionária informalidade

RESUMEN El presente artículo evidencia, a través de un estudio de caso, los desafíos jurídicos y sociopolíticos que tienen los Estados para garantizar los derechos humanos de la población en situación de migración irregular, particularmente los derechos humanos de las mujeres, adultas, adolescentes y niñas (MAAN) para evitar la reproducción de las desigualdades sociales, la feminización de la pobreza y la ampliación de las brechas de género. El análisis se enfoca en un contexto globalizado que no deja de ser patriarcal y en el cual, las mujeres migrantes que se encuentran en el "desenmarque normativo" suelen ser potenciales víctimas de diferentes tipos de violencias sexuales basadas en el género (VSG). Además, demuestra cómo la priorización de un tratamiento punitivo de fenómenos sociales como la migración irregular, tiene como consecuencia inmediata la marginación social y económica de las víctimas del tráfico ilegal, precariedad que empuja particularmente a las mujeres a otros riesgos como el ser víctimas de trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual, prostitución forzada o explotación laboral. La base empírica de este artículo es el resultado de la sistematización de información obtenida en diferentes proyectos de capacitación y acompañamiento jurídico dirigidos a población venezolana en situación de migración irregular en el municipio de Ipiales y desarrollado por la Corporación Guasimí.*

ABSTRACT This article evidences through a case study, the legal and sociopolitical challenges that States have to guarantee the human rights of irregular migrants, particularly the human rights of women, adults, adolescents and girls to avoid the reproduction of social inequalities, the feminization of poverty and the widening of gender gaps. The analysis focuses on a globalized context that is still patriarchal and in which female migrants who are in the "regulatory gap" use to be potential victims of different types of gender-based and sexual violence (GBSV). In addition, it demonstrates how prioritizing a punitive treatment of social phenomena such as irregular migration, has as an immediate consequence the social and economic marginalization of the victims of illegal trafficking, a precariousness that particularly pushes women to other risks such as being victims of trafficking of people with fines for sexual exploitation, forced prostitution or labor exploitation. The empirical basis of this article is the result of the systematization of information obtained in different training and legal support projects aimed at the Venezuelan population in an irregular migration situation in the municipality of Ipiales and developed by the Guasimí Corporation.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the relevance of the Central American Isthmus in Mexico’s foreign policy in the 21st century, after the promotion of programs and projects aimed at reversing the structural conditions that have led to the prevalence of a high level of inequality among its population and, as a consequence, to the generation of forced migration. To this end, a brief context of the region is considered in order to understand the historical process of the political, economic and social conditions that converge in these countries.

Resumen: el presente artículo tiene como finalidad revisar la importancia del istmo centroamericano, particularmente en la política exterior de México en el siglo XXI, luego de que se han impulsado proyectos y programas que pretenden revertir las condiciones estructurales que han incidido para que prevalezca un alto margen de desigualdad en su población y, como consecuencia, que se genere una migración forzada. Se expone, por ello, un breve contexto de la región, a fin de entender el proceso histórico de las condiciones políticas, económicas y sociales que convergen en esos países.

Abstract This study investigates how Regulatory Ordinance No. 120 of March 17, 2020, reflects the constitutional principles and international treaties recognized by Brazil. This Ordinance is a non-statutory regulation to fight COVID-19 seeking to prohibit the entry of people from Venezuela during this pandemic. This deductive investigation assumes that this measure is not supported by the national and international migration laws incorporated by Brazil. The legal justifications the act used as arguments were found to be inconsistent with the formal requirements for the act itself as per the Brazilian legal framework. Verification of its legal and technical justifications showed a lack of legal, scientific, and empirical support, turning the Ordinance into a target of criticism by Civil Society organizations. In light of national and international law, the analysed instrument can be considered in breach of international technical guidelines for administering vulnerable migrant influxes as is the case of Venezuelans in Brazil. No 12 17 2020 Brazil nonstatutory non statutory COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic framework scientific support organizations law 1 202 COVID1 COVID- 20 2

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar como a Portaria nº 120, de 17 de março de 2020 reflete os princípios constitucionais e tratados internacionais reconhecidos pelo Brasil. A presente portaria é apresentada como medida infralegal de combate ao COVID-19 buscando proibir o ingresso de pessoas oriundas da Venezuela. A investigação dedutiva parte do pressuposto de que a portaria não se sustentaria frente às legislações migratórias nacionais e internacionais incorporadas pelo Brasil. Constatou-se que as justificativas legais apresentadas pelo ato infralegal apresentara inconsistências com as exigências formais para o referido ato. Verificou-se que as justificativas jurídicas e técnicas apresentadas pela portaria carecem de lastro legal, científico e empírico, tornando a medida alvo de críticas pela sociedade civil. Considerou-se que, frente ao direito nacional e internacional, o fechamento realizado pelo instrumento infralegal analisado vai de encontro às orientações técnicas para administração de fluxos de migrantes vulneráveis, que incluem Venezuelanos no Brasil. 120 1 202 Brasil COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Venezuela Constatouse Constatou Verificouse Verificou legal empírico civil Considerouse Considerou internacional vulneráveis 12 20 COVID1 COVID- 2

Abstract Music has been a force for social cohesion and a site of politicized consciousness for the migrants of the Haitian diaspora as early as the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804). This essay explores Vodou Jazz movement of Haiti during and after the United States occupation (1915-1934) by connecting this 20th century movement to Haitian migration to New Orleans in the early 19th century. Both are expressions of transcarribean culture (“the common wind”) which spread the news and militancy of the Haitian Revolution through popular song and dance. Rather than passive victims to enslavement, forced migration, and economic imperialism, this essay demonstrates how multiple transnational communities made sense of their world through a sophisticated aural culture which challenged imperialism, slavery, and the plantation mode of production. 17911804. 17911804 1791 1804 . (1791-1804) 19151934 1915 1934 (1915-1934 th wind wind” dance enslavement imperialism slavery production 1791180 179 180 (1791-1804 1915193 191 193 (1915-193 179118 17 18 (1791-180 191519 19 (1915-19 17911 1 (1791-18 19151 (1915-1 (1791-1 (1915- (1791- (1915 (1791 (191 (179 (19 (17 (1 (

Resumen La música ha sido una fuerza de cohesión social y un espacio de conciencia politizada para los emigrantes de la diáspora haitiana desde el estallido de la Revolución Haitiana (1791-1804). Este ensayo explora el movimiento Vodou Jazz de Haití, durante y después de la ocupación estadounidense (1915-1934), conectando este movimiento del siglo XX con la migración haitiana a Nueva Orleans a principios del siglo XIX. Ambos son expresiones de la cultura transcaribeña ("el viento común") que difundió las noticias y la militancia de la Revolución haitiana a través del canto y la danza populares. En lugar de ser víctimas pasivas de la esclavitud, la migración forzada y el imperialismo económico, este ensayo demuestra cómo múltiples comunidades transnacionales dieron sentido a su mundo a través de una sofisticada cultura auditiva que desafiaba al imperialismo, la esclavitud y el modo de producción en las plantaciones. 17911804. 17911804 1791 1804 . (1791-1804) Haití 19151934, 19151934 1915 1934 , (1915-1934) XIX común común" populares económico plantaciones 1791180 179 180 (1791-1804 1915193 191 193 (1915-1934 179118 17 18 (1791-180 191519 19 (1915-193 17911 1 (1791-18 19151 (1915-19 (1791-1 (1915-1 (1791- (1915- (1791 (1915 (179 (191 (17 (19 (1 (

Abstract Central America experienced important levels of forced migration since last decades of 20th century. Restrictions to migrant fluxes implemented by the United States derived part of these migration fluxes to Spain. This work offers a structural analysis of migration processes that took place between Honduras, El Salvador and Spain, through a critical interdisciplinary approach that encompass the study of forced migration with the analysis of the historical context in which population movements occur, shedding light on the situation of migrants coming from these two Central American countries to Spain. th century Spain Honduras occur

Resumen América Central ha experimentado importantes niveles de migración forzada desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX. Las restricciones a la migración implementadas por Estados Unidos han derivado gran parte de estos flujos a España. En este texto se ofrece un análisis estructural de los procesos migratorios ocurridos entre Honduras, El Salvador y España, a través de una perspectiva crítica interdisciplinar que combina el estudio de la migración forzada con el análisis del contexto histórico en las que ocurren estos movimientos de población, arrojando luz sobre la situación de los migrantes procedentes de estos dos países centroamericanos en España. XX España Honduras población

RESUMO As migrações impostas têm ocasionado a presença cada vez maior de estudantes deslocados forçados no sistema de ensino brasileiro. O objetivo deste artigo é abordar os desafios enfrentados no acolhimento e no ensino de alunos imigrantes e refugiados, matriculados na Educação Básica, a partir da perspectiva docente, em dois municípios da região da Serra do Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa, de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo, discute o ensino de Português como Língua de Acolhimento e a formação de professores em uma perspectiva plurilíngue. A análise dos dados é realizada por meio da Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de formação docente para o ensino de língua portuguesa para imigrantes e refugiados, ainda nos cursos de licenciatura, e a concretização de políticas públicas para o acolhimento desse público. Ao final do artigo, sugerem-se algumas ações, a fim de promover a aprendizagem e a integração desses estudantes à sociedade brasileira, garantindo-lhes o direito à educação e à construção da cidadania.

ABSTRACT Forced migration has occasioned a higher number of displaced students in the Brazilian scholar system. The main purpose of this paper is to approach, through the teacher’s perspective, the challenges faced when welcoming and teaching immigrants and refugees students who are registered in basic education in two towns in Serra Gaúcha, Rio Grande do Sul. This research, based on quantitative and qualitative methodology, discusses the teaching of Portuguese as a Welcoming Language and teacher’s training in a plurilingual outlook. The data analysis is achieved by Content Analysis. The results indicate the necessity of teacher’s training focused on teaching Portuguese to immigrants and refugees while the teachers are still in graduation courses and the accomplishment of public policies to welcome these students. By the end of the paper, some actions are suggested in order to promote the learning and integration of these subjects in Brazilian society, guaranteeing them the right to education and to the establishment of citizenship.

RESUMEN El aprendizaje digital se incorpora a los espacios educativos mediante elementos constitutivos como las tecnologías, las metodologías activas, las estrategias educativas y la formación de profesores. La pandemia ocasionada por el Covid-19 forzó a las instituciones de enseñanza superior a adaptarse a una realidad de distanciamiento social y con esto, cada componente ganó proyección en dicho contexto. El presente estudio evaluó la migración y adaptación de los contenidos educacionales en el proceso de transición de enseñanza-aprendizaje presencial a virtual. Este artículo analiza el punto de vista mediático del proceso. Para tal fin, se realizó un estudio cualitativo con diseño metodológico de tipo narrativo, a partir de la aplicación de la evaluación en tres asignaturas de un programa de pos-graduación. Se determinó un indicador ideal para la adaptación de contenidos a partir de la Pirámide de Glasser. El objetivo fue comprobar qué tan cerca está cada asignatura de un modelo ideal de enseñanza-aprendizaje a distancia. Como resultado relevante se evidenció que la adaptación de los contenidos educativos al entorno virtual, tradicionalmente ofrecidos de manera presencial, fue efectiva.

ABSTRACT Digital learning is incorporated into educational spaces through constitutive elements such as technologies, active methodologies, educational strategies, and teacher training. The pandemic caused by Covid-19 forced higher education institutions to adapt to a new reality of social distancing, and with this, each component gained projection in that context. This study evaluated the migration and adaptation of educational content in the transition process from face-to-face to virtual learning. This article analyzes the media's point of view of the process. For this purpose, a qualitative study with a narrative-type methodological design was carried out based on the application of the evaluation in three subjects of graduate program. An ideal indicator for content adaptation was determined from the Glasser Pyramid. The objective was to check how close each subject is to an ideal distance learning model. As a relevant result, it was evidenced that the adaptation of educational content to the virtual environment, traditionally offered in person, was adequate.