Resumen El siguiente trabajo sugiere abandonar el concepto de migraciones trans* y/o exilio como nombramiento de los desplazamientos geográficos de personas transfemeninas y travestis, proponiendo conceptualizar tales desplazamientos geográficos como movilidades migratorias. Para ejemplificar el uso del concepto propuesto se dan a conocer los datos de un trabajo de campo etnográfico realizado con transfeminidades de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, en Argentina. Esa investigación buscó relevar las condiciones materiales de vida y los factores que obligaban y/o empujaban a la migración. El dato principal es que la movilidad aparece como un hito en sus biografías, pero que, además, se la concibe como un proyecto abierto de varios movimientos, y de idas y venidas concebidas como retornos. Este trabajo apuesta al concepto de movilidad migratoria, ya que habilita dos aristas nuevas de análisis sobre los desplazamientos geográficos de las personas transfemeninas.

Abstract The following study suggests abandoning the concept of trans* migrations and/or exile in favor of naming geographical displacements of transfeminine and transvestite people, proposing to conceptualize these as migration mobilities. To exemplify the use of the proposed concept, data from an ethnographic field work carried out with transfemininities from the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina, will be presented. This research sought to reveal the material of living conditions and migration factors that forced and/or pushed migration. The main fact is that mobility appears as a milestone in their biographies, conceived not only as an open project of various movements, but also as comings and goings conceived as returns. This work focuses on the concept of migration mobility, since it enables two new aspects of analysis regarding the geographical displacements of transfeminine people.

In 2023, we had a 110 million people living as forcibly displaced persons in the world (United Nations Refugee Agency, 2023). Of these, 43.3 million were children under the age of 18 years. Migration (both forced and other) has resulted in an influx of "foreign" children into school classrooms across the globe, presenting many educators with a new task-that of teaching the Other. Now, more than ever before, there is a need to assist people to cultivate an understanding of the self in relation to the Other in a manner that upholds the values of dignity, equality, and freedom for all people (Republic of South Africa, 1996; United Nations, 1973). This article presents a living theory for educators. It constructs a new lens through which educators can view the world, analyse their own teaching practice, and take individual action towards dismantling the canon of inequality that exists within their classrooms. The new lens beckons a deep and meaningful engagement with the question: "How can I create experiences of dignity for the Other in my classroom?"

Abstract These lines address the participation of Campeche in the Asiento de Negros granted to England by Spain from 1713 to 1739. The legal introduction of enslaved people through the port of Campeche had its highest rate during the first half of the 18th century due to the indicated Asiento. Despite the fact that Campeche was not considered among the points for the factories of arrival and sale within the Treaty of 1713. The forest interest and the commercial expansion of the English inclu- ded the Yucatan territory, and they established a “factory” in Campeche, which they subleased to other settled merchants in Jamaica. Despite the discontent of Spain, the “factory” was made “official” with the nomination of a Spanish authority to supervise it. The consulted his- torical archives and the previous investigations confirm that during the two decades of that Asiento in Campeche, the legal forced migration amounted to more than 800 enslaved people.

Resumen Estas líneas abordan la participación de Campeche en el Asiento de Negros concedido a Inglaterra por parte de España, de 1713 a 1739. La introducción de gente esclavizada a través del puerto de Campeche de manera legal, tuvo su mayor índice durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, debido al Asiento señalado, no obstante que aquella villa no fue considerada entre los puntos para las factorías de llegada y venta dentro del Tratado de 1713. El interés forestal y la expansión comercial de los ingleses abarcó el territorio yucateco, y establecieron en Campeche una “factoría” que subarrendaron a otros comerciantes radicados en Jamaica. A pesar del descontento de España, la “factoría” fue “oficializada” con la designación de una autoridad española que la supervisara. Los diversos acervos históricos consultados y las investigaciones precedentes, con- firman que, durante las dos décadas de ese Asiento en Campeche, la migración legal forzada ascendió, hasta donde se sabe, a poco más de 800 esclavizados.

Abstract: The article centers on a reading of Valeria Luiselli’s Desierto sonoro (2019) by Valeria Luisell, with a focus on the Elegías para los niños perdidos, an apocryphal text included in the novel. In light of the reflections made by Judith Butler (2010) concerning precariousness, as well as the inequality of distribution in terms of the greater or lesser recognition of the value of life with respect to different populations and affective dispositions of political importance, we consider that the novel, and particularly the Elegías, builds a moral and affective positioning in relation to the situation of children who migrate to another country in search of refuge. Using different motifs, the two diegetic planes of the novel are linked in a way that presents Desierto Sonoro as a biopolitical elegy: while capturing the vulnerability of their lives and expressing the pain of their losses, its argument intervenes as a critical instrument of denunciation that questions the dominant frameworks (political, legal, media) related to forced displacement and the search for asylum. The scansion of the Elegías throughout the novel, oscillating between repetition and lack, as well as the motif of displacement that, through the predominance of ominous atmospheres, constructs a chronotope of life out in the open, braving the elements, are some of the procedures used to question the biopolitical frameworks which weigh in when it comes to deciding the value of the lives and deaths of children.

Resumen: Este artículo se concentra en una lectura de Desierto sonoro (2019) de Valeria Luiselli y privilegia un abordaje de las Elegías para los niños perdidos, texto apócrifo incluido en la misma novela. A la luz de las reflexiones de Judith Butler en torno a la precariedad, la desigual distribución en cuanto al mayor o menor reconocimiento del valor de la vida respecto de distintas poblaciones y las disposiciones afectivas de importancia política, consideramos que la novela y, particularmente las Elegías, construyen un posicionamiento moral y afectivo con relación a la situación de los niños que migran a otro país en busca de refugio. A través de diferentes motivos, los dos planos diegéticos de la novela se ligan de modo que permiten plantear Desierto Sonoro como una elegía biopolítica que, al tiempo que captura las vidas vulneradas y manifiesta el dolor por sus pérdidas, interviene como un instrumento crítico y de denuncia que cuestiona los marcos dominantes (políticos, legales, mediáticos) referidos al desplazamiento forzado y a la búsqueda de asilo. La escansión de las elegías en la totalidad de la novela, entre repeticiones y faltas, y el motivo del desplazamiento, que a través del predominio de atmósferas ominosas configura una cronotopía de la intemperie, son algunos de los procedimientos que interpelan los marcos biopolíticos desde los que se decide sobre el valor de las vidas y las muertes de los niños.

A crise econômica, social e sanitária na Venezuela resultou na maior emigração forçada da história recente da América Latina. As circunstâncias prevalentes nos países de acolhimento influenciam a autopercepção da qualidade de vida dos imigrantes, o que pode ser entendido como um indicador do seu nível de integração. A pandemia da COVID-19 exacerbou as vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas e de saúde, especialmente para imigrantes forçados. Levantamos a hipótese de que as circunstâncias adversas enfrentadas pelos imigrantes venezuelanos durante a pandemia aprofundaram sua vulnerabilidade, o que pode ter influenciado sua percepção de qualidade de vida. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida de imigrantes venezuelanos no Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Avaliamos a qualidade de vida de 312 imigrantes venezuelanos adultos vivendo no Brasil por meio de um instrumento desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF), autoadministrado online de 20 de outubro de 2020 a 10 de maio de 2021. As associações da qualidade de vida e seus domínios com as características dos participantes foram analisadas por meio de modelos de regressão linear múltipla. O escore médio de qualidade de vida foi de 44,7 (±21,8) em uma escala de 0 a 100. A melhor média registrada foi no domínio físico (66,2±17,8) e a pior no domínio do meio ambiente (51,1±14,6). A pior qualidade de vida associou-se ao sexo feminino, não viver com companheiro, menor renda familiar e discriminação por nacionalidade. Fatores associados à qualidade de vida geral e seus respectivos domínios, especialmente renda e discriminação, também foram observados em outros estudos como obstáculos aos imigrantes venezuelanos. A qualidade de vida insatisfatória entre os venezuelanos residentes no Brasil pode ter sido agravada pela pandemia no período estudado.

The economic, social, and health crisis in Venezuela has resulted in the largest forced migration in recent Latin American history. The general scenario in host countries influence migrants’ self-perception of quality of life, which can be understood as an indicator of their level of integration. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, especially for forced migrants. We hypothesized that the adverse circumstances faced by Venezuelan migrants during the pandemic have deepened their vulnerability, which may have influenced their perception of quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the quality of life of Venezuelan migrants in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed the quality of life of 312 adult Venezuelan migrants living in Brazil using the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment, which was self-administered online from October 20, 2020, to May 10, 2021. The associations of quality of life and its domains with participants’ characteristics were analyzed via multiple linear regression models. Mean quality of life score was 44.7 (±21.8) on a scale of 0 to 100. The best recorded mean was in the physical domain (66.2±17.8) and the worst in the environmental domain (51.1±14.6). The worst quality of life was associated with being a woman, not living with a partner, lower household income, and discrimination based on nationality. Factors associated with overall quality of life and respective domains, especially income and discrimination, were also observed in other studies as obstacles to Venezuelan migrants. The unsatisfactory quality of life among Venezuelans living in Brazil may have been worsened by the pandemic during the study period.

La crisis económica, social y sanitaria en Venezuela ha provocado la mayor emigración forzada en la historia reciente de América Latina. Las circunstancias imperantes en los países de acogida influyen en la calidad de vida autopercibida de los inmigrantes, lo que puede entenderse como un indicador de su nivel de integración. La pandemia del COVID-19 ha intensificado las vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas y sanitarias, especialmente para los inmigrantes forzados. Se plantea la hipótesis de que las circunstancias adversas que enfrentaron los inmigrantes venezolanos durante la pandemia profundizaron su vulnerabilidad, lo que puede haber influido en su percepción de la calidad de vida. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la calidad de vida de los inmigrantes venezolanos en Brasil durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Se evaluó la calidad de vida de 312 inmigrantes venezolanos adultos viviendo en Brasil mediante una herramienta desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHOQOL-BREF), autollenada en línea del 20 de octubre de 2020 al 10 de mayo de 2021. Las asociaciones de la calidad de vida y sus dominios con las características de los participantes se analizaron mediante modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. La puntuación media de la calidad de vida fue de 44,7 (±21,8) en una escala de 0 a 100. La mejor media registrada fue en el dominio físico (66,2±17,8), y la peor en el dominio medio ambiente (51,1±14,6). La peor calidad de vida se asoció al sexo femenino, no convivir con pareja, menores ingresos y discriminación por nacionalidad. Los factores asociados con la calidad de vida general y sus respectivos dominios, especialmente ingresos y discriminación, coinciden con lo presentado por otros estudios como obstáculos para los inmigrantes venezolanos. La calidad de vida insatisfactoria entre los venezolanos que viven en Brasil debió de ser empeorada por la pandemia en el período estudiado.

ABSTRACT Objective: circCPA4 has been defined to be an oncogenic gene. This study examined whether circCPA4 regulates Prostate Cancer (PC) development and revealed its molecular mechanism. Methods: PC tissues and PC cell lines were collected, in which circCPA4/miR-491-5p/SHOC2 levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR and immunoblot. Colony formation assay and EdU assay assessed cell proliferation, flow cytometry measured apoptosis, and Transwell assessed invasion and migration. Ki-67, cleaved caspase-3, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin were evaluated by immunoblot. Based on the luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay the authors investigated the targeting relationship between circCPA4/miR-491-5p/SHOC2. The effect of circCPA4 on tumor growth was evaluated by xenotransplantation in nude mice. Results: circCPA4 and SHOC2 levels were abundant while miR-491-5p expression was low in PC. Loss of circCPA4 decreased the proliferation and EdU-positive rate of PC cells, enhanced apoptosis, and inhibited invasion, migration, and EMT. Upregulation of circCPA4 forced the malignant behaviors of PC cells, and this promotion could be abolished when miR-491-5p was overexpressed or SHOC2 was silenced. CircCAP4 competitively decoyed miR-491-5p mediating SHOC2 expression. circCAP4 suppression inhibited PC tumor growth. Conclusion: circCAP4 acts as a novel oncogenic factor in PC, accelerating the malignant behavior of PC cells via miR-491-5p/SHOC2 interaction. This novel ceRNA axis may be a potential target for PC drug development and targeted therapy in the future.

La crisis económica, social y sanitaria en Venezuela ha provocado la mayor emigración forzada en la historia reciente de América Latina. Las circunstancias imperantes en los países de acogida influyen en la calidad de vida autopercibida de los inmigrantes, lo que puede entenderse como un indicador de su nivel de integración. La pandemia del COVID-19 ha intensificado las vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas y sanitarias, especialmente para los inmigrantes forzados. Se plantea la hipótesis de que las circunstancias adversas que enfrentaron los inmigrantes venezolanos durante la pandemia profundizaron su vulnerabilidad, lo que puede haber influido en su percepción de la calidad de vida. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la calidad de vida de los inmigrantes venezolanos en Brasil durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Se evaluó la calidad de vida de 312 inmigrantes venezolanos adultos viviendo en Brasil mediante una herramienta desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHOQOL-BREF), autollenada en línea del 20 de octubre de 2020 al 10 de mayo de 2021. Las asociaciones de la calidad de vida y sus dominios con las características de los participantes se analizaron mediante modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. La puntuación media de la calidad de vida fue de 44,7 (±21,8) en una escala de 0 a 100. La mejor media registrada fue en el dominio físico (66,2±17,8), y la peor en el dominio medio ambiente (51,1±14,6). La peor calidad de vida se asoció al sexo femenino, no convivir con pareja, menores ingresos y discriminación por nacionalidad. Los factores asociados con la calidad de vida general y sus respectivos dominios, especialmente ingresos y discriminación, coinciden con lo presentado por otros estudios como obstáculos para los inmigrantes venezolanos. La calidad de vida insatisfactoria entre los venezolanos que viven en Brasil debió de ser empeorada por la pandemia en el período estudiado.

The economic, social, and health crisis in Venezuela has resulted in the largest forced migration in recent Latin American history. The general scenario in host countries influence migrants’ self-perception of quality of life, which can be understood as an indicator of their level of integration. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, especially for forced migrants. We hypothesized that the adverse circumstances faced by Venezuelan migrants during the pandemic have deepened their vulnerability, which may have influenced their perception of quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the quality of life of Venezuelan migrants in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed the quality of life of 312 adult Venezuelan migrants living in Brazil using the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment, which was self-administered online from October 20, 2020, to May 10, 2021. The associations of quality of life and its domains with participants’ characteristics were analyzed via multiple linear regression models. Mean quality of life score was 44.7 (±21.8) on a scale of 0 to 100. The best recorded mean was in the physical domain (66.2±17.8) and the worst in the environmental domain (51.1±14.6). The worst quality of life was associated with being a woman, not living with a partner, lower household income, and discrimination based on nationality. Factors associated with overall quality of life and respective domains, especially income and discrimination, were also observed in other studies as obstacles to Venezuelan migrants. The unsatisfactory quality of life among Venezuelans living in Brazil may have been worsened by the pandemic during the study period.

A crise econômica, social e sanitária na Venezuela resultou na maior emigração forçada da história recente da América Latina. As circunstâncias prevalentes nos países de acolhimento influenciam a autopercepção da qualidade de vida dos imigrantes, o que pode ser entendido como um indicador do seu nível de integração. A pandemia da COVID-19 exacerbou as vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas e de saúde, especialmente para imigrantes forçados. Levantamos a hipótese de que as circunstâncias adversas enfrentadas pelos imigrantes venezuelanos durante a pandemia aprofundaram sua vulnerabilidade, o que pode ter influenciado sua percepção de qualidade de vida. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida de imigrantes venezuelanos no Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Avaliamos a qualidade de vida de 312 imigrantes venezuelanos adultos vivendo no Brasil por meio de um instrumento desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF), autoadministrado online de 20 de outubro de 2020 a 10 de maio de 2021. As associações da qualidade de vida e seus domínios com as características dos participantes foram analisadas por meio de modelos de regressão linear múltipla. O escore médio de qualidade de vida foi de 44,7 (±21,8) em uma escala de 0 a 100. A melhor média registrada foi no domínio físico (66,2±17,8) e a pior no domínio do meio ambiente (51,1±14,6). A pior qualidade de vida associou-se ao sexo feminino, não viver com companheiro, menor renda familiar e discriminação por nacionalidade. Fatores associados à qualidade de vida geral e seus respectivos domínios, especialmente renda e discriminação, também foram observados em outros estudos como obstáculos aos imigrantes venezuelanos. A qualidade de vida insatisfatória entre os venezuelanos residentes no Brasil pode ter sido agravada pela pandemia no período estudado.

South African citizens usually accuse foreign nationals of stealing their jobs and increasing the crime rate in the country. Such accusations have often resulted in xenophobic violence. Unfortunately, not much effort has been made to depict immigrants in positive light to improve the relations between them and the indigenous population. Thus, this article utilised Joseph's narrative (as described in Genesis in the Old Testament) as a biblical-theological lens in an attempt to mitigate the negative perceptions of migrants among the South African indigenous population. The narrative cast a positive picture on migration by presenting Joseph who, as a foreigner in Egypt, contributed to the development of the economy of Egypt. This article accomplished its aforementioned objective by initially interrogating relevant literature that identified and discussed the various factors that portrayed immigrants negatively, thereby pushing disgruntled South African citizens to engage in xenophobic violence. Thereafter, Joseph's forced migration to Egypt is discussed. This narrative was used as a biblical-theological lens to establish the contributions of foreign nationals in the development of the economies of host nations. While applying the biblical-theological lens of Joseph's narrative to the contemporary situation of migration, this article lamented the dearth of research on the contributions of foreigners to host nations. Furthermore, pertinent sources were used to highlight the correlation between Joseph's narrative and the current migration situation. Having underscored the aforementioned, this article argued that the current positive contributions that immigrants have made to the host nations' economies, should compel the nations to construct migration policies and frameworks that proactively integrate immigrants. Furthermore, formal recognition of any such contributions would encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and foreign nationals, resulting in a more compassionate and inclusive world. That is, instead of regarding immigrants with resentment and anger, nations can create a world where migration is not only acknowledged but celebrated as a fundamental part of the human experience. In its attempt to encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and immigrants in South Africa, this article aligned with the principles of this journal, which aim to develop South African society by addressing the ongoing challenge of xenophobia within some of the country's communities. CONTRIBUTION: The contribution of this article lies in that formal recognition of any positive contributions made by foreign nationals would encourage peaceful coexistence between the indigenous population and foreign nationals, resulting in a more compassionate and inclusive world where immigrants are primarily viewed positively rather than as mere criminals.

Migration of people, whether legal or not, is no doubt one of the universe's enigmas. As a subject that seeks the engagement of interdisciplinary approaches, the biblical text is not in shortage of references to the movement and resettlement of individuals across different narratives and literary forms. Numerous references to 'sojourners', 'migrants', and the intricacies and reactions that migration generates are found in several portions of the Pentateuch. By employing a narrative methodology and a hermeneutic of ethical deduction as interpretive approach, this article holds that, the patriarchal narrative of Genesis 12:10-20, is fittingly, a narrative of migration that raises several ethical challenges that are profoundly relevant to migrants in socio-economic situations. Abraham's vulnerable position as a migrant under socio-economic circumstances to Egypt created fear in him and presented him moral dilemmas in which inequalities created by wealth and poverty posed dangers of losing faith. Many individuals and families are faced with similar circumstances today, being caught up in webs of difficult considerations and forced to make unpleasant decisions. CONTRIBUTION: This article employs a narrative reading of Abraham's sojourn in Genesis 12:10-20 in an attempt to bring together biblical, literary and theological discourses into dialogue with ethics and migration. The article serves as a viable starting point for discussions about the ethical considerations faced by migrants in socio-economic situations, and how principles of honesty, empathy and responsible decision-making can guide their actions

Resumen El cambio climático y la movilidad humana constituyen un gran desafío dentro de aquellos contextos transnacionales conectados por rutas migratorias, como sucede en el espacio euromediterráneo y, en especial, el ámbito hispano-marroquí, escenario de emisión, tránsito y entrada de flujos migratorios, además de desplazamientos forzados por la variabilidad climática y los desastres. Por ello, nuestro objeto de estudio se centra en la cooperación hispano-marroquí, con el fin de valorar la alineación de las prioridades estratégicas de la Cooperación Española con los objetivos del país vecino y sus iniciativas frente a las consecuencias del cambio climático, enfatizando especialmente en la armonización de estas actuaciones con los compromisos e instrumentos internacionales. Los resultados arrojan luz sobre el esfuerzo de planificación y la falta de mayores mecanismos de coordinación para una inversión más efectiva en la lucha contra este fenómeno. migratorias especial hispanomarroquí, hispanomarroquí hispano marroquí, marroquí hispano-marroquí emisión migratorios desastres ello internacionales fenómeno

Abstract Climate change and human mobility constitute a great challenge within those transnational contexts connected by migratory routes, as happens in the Euro-Mediterranean space and, especially, the Hispano-Moroccan area, the scene of emission, transit and entry of migratory flows, in addition of forced displacement due to climate variability and disasters. Therefore, our object of study focuses on Hispano-Moroccan cooperation, in order to assess the alignment of the strategic priorities of Spanish Cooperation with the objectives of the neighboring country and its initiatives against the consequences of climate change, especially emphasizing in the harmonization of these actions with international commitments and instruments. The results shed light on the planning effort and the lack of greater coordination mechanisms for a more effective investment in the fight against this phenomenon. routes EuroMediterranean Euro Mediterranean HispanoMoroccan Hispano Moroccan area emission flows disasters Therefore cooperation instruments phenomenon

Resumo Este artigo discute os desastres naturais como o principal fator que levou a processos de migração forçada em El Salvador, Guatemala e Honduras para os Estados Unidos entre 2018 e 2023. Esses três países têm semelhanças em seus contextos de pobreza e violência que forçam as pessoas a fugir deles. Eles também são considerados pelo Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) como alguns dos lugares mais vulneráveis da América Latina às mudanças climáticas. Analisamos dados sobre deslocamento interno e solicitantes de asilo desses países; estatísticas sobre a apreensão de migrantes na fronteira terrestre do sudoeste dos Estados Unidos; dados sobre desastres naturais. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que os desastres podem influenciar a migração forçada interna e internacional. Ao identificar possíveis refugiados ambientais nas migrações da América Central, esperamos chamar a atenção para a necessidade de proteção legal para essas pessoas em situações de vulnerabilidade. Salvador 201 2023 deles IPCC (IPCC climáticas internacional Central vulnerabilidade 20 202 2

Abstract This article discusses natural disasters as the main factor that have led to forced migration processes in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to the United States between 2018 and 2023. These three countries have similarities in that their contexts of poverty and violence that force people to flee from them. They are also considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be some of the most vulnerable places in Latin America to climate change. We analyzed data on internal displacement and asylum-seekers from these countries; statistics on the apprehension of migrants at the Southwest land border of the United States; data on natural disasters. This article aims to show that disasters can influence internal and international forced migration. By identifying potential environmental refugees in Central American migrations, we hope to draw attention to the need for legal protection for these people in situations of vulnerability. Salvador Guatemala 201 2023 them IPCC (IPCC change asylumseekers asylum seekers migrations vulnerability 20 202 2

Abstract: Contemporary migrations reveal displacements of populations between territories, with greater prominence for the contexts of war, political conflicts or mitigation of fundamental rights, or that calls for international concern for the promotion of the effectiveness of global citizenship and corresponding rights. The present article aims to promote an analysis of the current migratory panorama, with emphasis on the forced displacement of black women in Brazil, in order to assess their relationship with racial necropolitics. It is proposed to identify the normative categories of the two migratory rights and to analyze the national and international regulations related to the central theme. It was used in the literature review, from a research with a qualitative approach, of an explanatory and applied nature, with a view to the production of knowledge that could offer support to the implementation of public policies that reduce the deleterious effects of necropolitics and racial misogyny. Foram used as databases by the platforms SCieLo, Google Scholar and Scopus, being inclusion criteria scientific articles published in the Portuguese, English and Spanish languages, the last thirty years, involving topics necropolitics, migration, racism, black women, from the combinations two descriptors and boolean and/or operators. From the research, it was possible to observe that contemporary migratory flows encounter various causal factors, which can be considered a phenomenon from an intersectional perspective, due to the perpetuation of racism, recalling the effects of colonization and slavery of African peoples, and of machismo, in virtue of the consideration of the body of the black woman as an object, resulting from the historical misogenic racial necropolitics.

Resumo As migrações contemporâneas revelam deslocamentos de populações entre territórios, com maior destaque para os contextos de guerra, conflitos políticos ou mitigação de direitos fundamentais, o que reclama a preocupação internacional para a promoção da efetividade da cidadania global e de direitos decorrentes. O presente artigo objetiva promover uma análise do panorama migratório hodierno, com ênfase nos deslocamentos forçados de mulheres negras no Brasil, a fim avaliar sua relação com a necropolítica racial. Propõe-se a identificação das categorias normativas dos direitos migratórios e a análise das normativas pátria e internacional atinentes à temática central. Utilizou-se da revisão de literatura, a partir de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, de natureza explicativa e aplicada, tendo em vista a produção de conhecimento que poderá oferecer suporte à implantação de políticas públicas que minorem efeitos deletérios da necropolítica e da misoginia racial. Foram utilizadas como base de dados as plataformas SCieLo, Google Acadêmico e Scopus, sendo critérios de inclusão artigos científicos publicados nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, nos últimos trinta anos, envolvendo temas necropolítica, migração, racismo, mulheres negras, a partir das combinações dos descritores e operadores booleanos and/or. A partir da pesquisa, foi possível obervar que os fluxos migratórios contemporâneos encontravam diversos fatores causais, podendo ser considerado um fenônemo a partir de uma perspectiva interseccional, em razão da perpetuação do racismo, rememorando os efeitos da colonização e da escravização de povos africanos, e do machismo, em virtude da consideração do corpo da mulher negra como objeto, resultante da necropolítica racial misógena histórica.

RESUMEN El presente artículo evidencia, a través de un estudio de caso, los desafíos jurídicos y sociopolíticos que tienen los Estados para garantizar los derechos humanos de la población en situación de migración irregular, particularmente los derechos humanos de las mujeres, adultas, adolescentes y niñas (MAAN) para evitar la reproducción de las desigualdades sociales, la feminización de la pobreza y la ampliación de las brechas de género. El análisis se enfoca en un contexto globalizado que no deja de ser patriarcal y en el cual, las mujeres migrantes que se encuentran en el "desenmarque normativo" suelen ser potenciales víctimas de diferentes tipos de violencias sexuales basadas en el género (VSG). Además, demuestra cómo la priorización de un tratamiento punitivo de fenómenos sociales como la migración irregular, tiene como consecuencia inmediata la marginación social y económica de las víctimas del tráfico ilegal, precariedad que empuja particularmente a las mujeres a otros riesgos como el ser víctimas de trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual, prostitución forzada o explotación laboral. La base empírica de este artículo es el resultado de la sistematización de información obtenida en diferentes proyectos de capacitación y acompañamiento jurídico dirigidos a población venezolana en situación de migración irregular en el municipio de Ipiales y desarrollado por la Corporación Guasimí.*

ABSTRACT This article evidences through a case study, the legal and sociopolitical challenges that States have to guarantee the human rights of irregular migrants, particularly the human rights of women, adults, adolescents and girls to avoid the reproduction of social inequalities, the feminization of poverty and the widening of gender gaps. The analysis focuses on a globalized context that is still patriarchal and in which female migrants who are in the "regulatory gap" use to be potential victims of different types of gender-based and sexual violence (GBSV). In addition, it demonstrates how prioritizing a punitive treatment of social phenomena such as irregular migration, has as an immediate consequence the social and economic marginalization of the victims of illegal trafficking, a precariousness that particularly pushes women to other risks such as being victims of trafficking of people with fines for sexual exploitation, forced prostitution or labor exploitation. The empirical basis of this article is the result of the systematization of information obtained in different training and legal support projects aimed at the Venezuelan population in an irregular migration situation in the municipality of Ipiales and developed by the Guasimí Corporation.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the relevance of the Central American Isthmus in Mexico’s foreign policy in the 21st century, after the promotion of programs and projects aimed at reversing the structural conditions that have led to the prevalence of a high level of inequality among its population and, as a consequence, to the generation of forced migration. To this end, a brief context of the region is considered in order to understand the historical process of the political, economic and social conditions that converge in these countries.

Resumen: el presente artículo tiene como finalidad revisar la importancia del istmo centroamericano, particularmente en la política exterior de México en el siglo XXI, luego de que se han impulsado proyectos y programas que pretenden revertir las condiciones estructurales que han incidido para que prevalezca un alto margen de desigualdad en su población y, como consecuencia, que se genere una migración forzada. Se expone, por ello, un breve contexto de la región, a fin de entender el proceso histórico de las condiciones políticas, económicas y sociales que convergen en esos países.

Resumo Debatemos as repercussões da intensificação e heterogeneidade das migrações contemporâneas, sobretudo das migrações forçadas, em contextos de escolaridade obrigatória em Portugal. Os nossos objetivos passam por (i) identificar os grandes desafios educacionais decorrentes das migrações transnacionais, (ii) perceber como as escolas, ainda muito enraizadas num nacionalismo educativo-pedagógico, se ajustam a estes desafios e (iii) compreender as práticas dos agentes educativos em circunstâncias complexas e sujeitas a muitos condicionalismos. Do ponto de vista empírico, partimos de dados resultantes de um trabalho de campo qualitativo que temos vindo a realizar há cerca de sete anos sobre a instalação e integração de imigrantes no Norte e Centro de Portugal. Da análise destes dados, constatamos que as escolas têm-se adaptado gradualmente aos múltiplos desafios (apoios, recursos, competências e pedagogias especializadas) suscitados pelas migrações. Para tal, foi fundamental a capacidade discricionária, informalidade, criatividade e boa vontade dos agentes educativos, compensando amiúde a falta de orientações e de recursos. contemporâneas forçadas Portugal i (i transnacionais ii (ii educativopedagógico, educativopedagógico educativo pedagógico, pedagógico educativo-pedagógico iii (iii condicionalismos empírico têmse têm apoios, apoios (apoios recursos especializadas tal discricionária informalidade

Abstract We discuss the repercussions of the intensification and heterogeneity of contemporary migrations, especially forced migrations, in compulsory schooling contexts in Portugal. Our objectives are (i) to identify the major educational challenges arising from transnational migration, (ii) to understand how schools, still very much rooted in an educational-pedagogical nationalism, adjust to these challenges and (iii) to understand the practices of educational agents in complex circumstances and subjected to many constraints. We draw on data from qualitative fieldwork that we have been carrying out for seven years on the settlement and integration of migrants in the North and Centre of Portugal. From the analysis of this data, we found that schools have been gradually adapting to the multiple challenges (support, resources, skills and specialised pedagogies) raised by migration. The discretionary capacity, informality, creativity and goodwill of educational agents have been fundamental to this, often compensating for the lack of guidelines and resources. migrations Portugal i (i migration ii (ii educationalpedagogical pedagogical nationalism iii (iii constraints support, support (support resources pedagogies capacity informality