The study is aimed at better understanding responsiveness of contact universities to technology-assisted education Post-Covid-19 pandemic. The suggestion is that a strong relationship exists between positive technology application in teaching and disciplines acceptance of technology. Without disciplines acceptance of technology, its application in teaching poses a challenge. When compelled, force majeure, to rely on technology to save an academic year, contact universities showed resilience. Students' laptops were hastily organised and synchronous online learning ensued. The application of technology in a particular context and this way is called a factor set 1. Two such factors appear in literature as the first factor set which entails synchronous technology-as-utility factor set 1 (FS-1) and asynchronous technology-as-essence factor set 2 (FS-2). There was, however, a need to develop a framework to better understand how technology is applied within the education context. Furthermore, we employed Peer Conversational Interviews with five teachers with less than five years of teaching experience and those possessing more than fifteen years teaching experience. These data were supplemented with data drawn from exploratory descriptive analysis of literature. These data collection efforts were intended to find out whether contact universities applied technology using FS-1 or FS-2 and implications of such decisions in reimagining contact universities beyond Covid-19 pandemic. Results show a strong relationship between disciplines such as IT and Engineering and the positive application of technology in terms of FS-2. They also show that post-pandemic, students are gradually warming to online teaching offerings. There is a need to provide more support to disciplines that show a lackadaisical attitude towards technology application in their areas.

RESUMEN Una licencia laboral es un período de tiempo en el que un trabajador se ausenta de su empleo de manera legalmente reconocida y conserva su empleo y ciertos beneficios mientras está ausente. Objetivo: Analizar la necesidad de la inclusión de una licencia laboral en la normativa jurídica ecuatoriana para la garantía del derecho a la estabilidad laboral. Métodos: Fue un estudio socio-jurídico, de tipo prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se encuestaron a 97 profesionales del Derecho, empleando un cuestionario de cuatro preguntas. Resultados: El 93% de los profesionales del Derecho encuestados consideraron que las licencias laborales existentes en Ecuador no abarcan todas las circunstancias que podrían llevar a un trabajador a faltar a su jornada laboral; el 95% opinó que, en el caso de faltas o atrasos del trabajador, existen circunstancias de fuerza mayor cuya calificación queda sujeta a la subjetividad; el 80% consideró que la licencia abierta debería consistir en 8 horas en el año. Conclusiones: El 83% consideró que existía la necesidad de incluir una licencia laboral en la normativa jurídica ecuatoriana para garantizar el derecho a la estabilidad laboral y se concluye que debe otorgarse a los trabajadores una licencia abierta, que debe ser remunerada, y extenderse hasta 8 horas en el año, distribuidas conforme lo requiera el trabajador, para poder atender circunstancias o eventos que requieran su presencia, como trámites, eventos familiares o sociales, entre otros, para garantizar el derecho a la estabilidad laboral.

ABSTRACT A labor leave is a period in which a worker is absent from his employment in a legally recognized manner and retains his employment and certain benefits while he is absent. Objective: To analyze the need for the inclusion of a labor leave in Ecuadorian legal regulations to guarantee the right to labor stability. Methods: This was a prospective, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional socio-legal study. Ninety-seven legal professionals were surveyed using a four-question questionnaire. Results: 93% of the legal professionals surveyed considered that the existing work leaves in Ecuador do not cover all circumstances that could lead a worker to miss work; 95% were of the opinion that, in the case of absences or delays of the worker, there are circumstances of force majeure whose qualification is subject to subjectivity; 80% considered that open leave should consist of 8 hours in the year. Conclusions: 83% considered that there was a need to include a labor leave in the Ecuadorian legal regulations to guarantee the right to labor stability and it is concluded that workers should be granted an open leave, which should be paid, and extend up to 8 hours in the year, distributed as required by the worker, in order to attend to circumstances or events that require their presence, such as paperwork, family or social events, among others, to guarantee the right to labor stability.

Abstract Purpose Leaders have been facing serious challenges in managing organizations during COVID-19, which has brought the need for implementing sudden technological change across the globe. Hence, it was important to identify effective leadership styles to successfully manage the transformational process during the period. Therefore, the current study aims to explore and compare the effectiveness of transformational and ethical leadership (EL) in terms of achieving organizational goals during COVID-19 in public and private sector organizations in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach Comparative research was carried out to find out the effectiveness of transformational and EL during and pre-COVID-19 in public and private sector organizations using the lens of social exchange theory. Data was collected from 214 respondents representing 67.6% of public and 32.4% of private sector organizations of Pakistan at two different points in time. Detailed comparative analyses were conducted in AMOS version 24 to assess the effectiveness of leadership styles before and during COVID-19 times. Findings On the whole, transformational leadership (TL) was found to have a greater impact on organizational effectiveness (OE) in comparison with EL in both pre-and during COVID-19 situations. Moreover, the effectiveness of TL significantly increased and the same decreased for EL during COVID-19. Additional analyses indicated that TL was effective for the private sector and EL for public sector organizations during COVID-19. Research limitations/implications The study has not considered the mediating mechanisms of employee motivation, engagement and performance in the relationship between transformational and EL styles and OE, which can be explored in the future. Practical implications These results have important implications for private and public sector organizations and suggest that the adoption of a TL style will generate better results in the private sector and an EL style in public sector organizations to achieve OE in uncertain situations such as COVID-19. Social implications The study shows that leadership with more care and concern for humanity tends to perform better in terms of generating results for OE. Therefore, both transformational and EL are based on individualized consideration for employees and are effective during COVID-19 in private and public sector organizations in Pakistan. Originality/value The study has carried out the comparative analyses in three different ways, including leadership styles (transformational and ethical), type of organization (private and public) and time frames (pre and during COVID-19), which is a true contribution of the research in the Pakistani context. COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19, 19 globe Hence period Therefore (EL COVID-1 Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach preCOVID19 preCOVID pre pre-COVID-1 theory 21 676 67 6 67.6 324 32 4 32.4 2 times whole (TL (OE preand Moreover COVID19. 19. limitationsimplications limitations motivation future Originalityvalue Originality value ways ethical, , ethical) COVID-19) context COVID1 1 COVID- preCOVID1 pre-COVID- 67. 3 32. pre-COVID

RESUMEN. En el presente trabajo se analiza la acción indemnizatoria de una compañía aseguradora por daños y perjuicios al porteador en caso de que la carga se pierda por un asalto a mano armada. Se revisarán, principalmente, dos cuestiones: (1) ¿cómo opera la excepción de caso fortuito o fuerza mayor que opone el porteador frente a la demanda de la compañía de seguro?; y (2) la procedencia de una indemnización de daños y perjuicios autónoma. Para lo anterior, se recurrirá a la doctrina y jurisprudencia chilena y comparada sobre los puntos por revisar.

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes the compensation action of an insurance company, for damages to the carrier in the event that the cargo is lost due to an armed robbery. Mainly, two questions will be reviewed: (1) how does the unforeseeable or force majeure exception that the carrier opposes to the insurance company demand operate?; and (2) the origin of an autonomous compensation for damages. For the above, the Chilean doctrine and jurisprudence and comparative will be used on the points to be reviewed.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene por objeto exponer la necesidad de reformular la figura del caso fortuito en el ámbito laboral, teniendo en consideración el nuevo carácter global que ostenta la morfología de los fenómenos actuales. Esta nueva morfología está presente en fenómenos como la pandemia por la COVID-19, lo que ha implicado que la invocación del caso fortuito genere una serie de problemáticas o falencias en un contexto laboral que conlleva la exigencia de que esta figura dialogue coherentemente con la narrativa de esta rama especial del derecho. Considerando esta problemática, los autores pretenden dar cuenta de la necesidad de replantear la figura del caso fortuito a la luz de la narrativa y de los principios que inspiran al derecho del trabajo, generando así un instituto jurídico que reconozca la nueva naturaleza global de los fenómenos. La intención de los autores es generar un debate que permita evitar una aplicación irrestricta y general de la figura, limitando sus supuestos de procedencia y constriñendo los efectos del mismo.

ABSTRACT This work has the goal of exposing the need for reformulation of the figure of fortuitous events in the work scenario, taking into account the new global character of today’s phenomena. This new morphology is present in phenomena such as the pandemic due to the COVID-19, which has resulted into a series of problems and failures in the work realm that leads to the demand that this figure dialogues coherently with the narrative of this special branch of Law. Considering this problem, the authors pretend to shed some light on the need for rethinking the fortuitous event figure in light of the narrative and the principles that guide the right to work, thus generating a judicial institute that recognizes the global nature of phenomena. The intention of the authors is to motivate a debate that avoids an unrestricted general application of the figure, limiting its precedence presuppositions and constraining the effects of it.

RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo expor a necessidade de reformular a figura do caso fortuito no âmbito laboral, levando em consideração o novo caráter global que ostenta a morfologia dos fenômenos atuais. Essa nova morfología encontra-se nos fenômenos como a pandemia Covid-19, levando este fato que a invocação do caso fortuito gere uma série de problemáticas ou falencias no contexto laboral que implica a exigência que essa figura dialogue coherentemente com a narrativa dessa rama especial do direito. Considerando essa problemática, os autores do texto pretendem perceber a necessidade de repensar a figura do caso fortuito sob a luz da narrativa e dos princípios que inspiram ao direito do trabalho, gerando desse modo um instituto jurídico que reconheça a nova natureza global dos fenômenos. A intenção dos autores é gerar um debate que permita evitar uma aplicação irrestrita e geral da figura, limitando seus pressupostos de procedência e diminuindo os efeitos do mesmo.

RESUMEN Este comentario analiza una reciente sentencia que aplica el art. 1932 del CC a la pandemia del coronavirus, la que califica como un “vicio jurídico” que eximiría al arrendatario del pago de la renta. Se comentan especialmente los criterios para subsumir la pandemia bajo esta norma, así como el hecho de que se eximiera al arrendatario del pago del total de la renta y se le reconociera la posibilidad de suspender su pago mientras durasen las restricciones al goce de la cosa.

ABSTRACT This commentary analyses a recent decision which applies art. 1932 of the Civil Code to the coronavirus pandemic, which is qualified as a “legal defect” that would release the lessee from paying rent. Special attention is drawn to the criteria under which the pandemic is brought under this provision, as well as the fact that the lessee was released for the total amount of the rent and was granted the possibility of withholding the payment while the enjoyment of the leased good was restricted.

RESUMEN. Los efectos de la pandemia han evidenciado la insuficiencia de herramientas jurídicas como la fuerza mayor o la imprevisión para hacer frente a las diversas dificultades que enfrentan los contratantes por circunstancias extraordinarias posteriores a la celebración de los acuerdos, más allá de la imposibilidad de cumplimiento o la excesiva onerosidad prestacional. Este artículo pretende analizar aproximaciones diferentes que puedan dar luces para encontrar una salida que tenga como norte una mayor justicia contractual, tales como la doctrina del solidarismo contractual y la teoría de los contratos relacionales.

ABSTRACT. The effects of the pandemic have rendered obvious that legal instruments such as force majeure and unforeseeability are insufficient when facing difficulties caused by extraordinary circumstances after the moment of contract formation beyond impossibility of compliance or excessive onerous benefits. This article intends to analyze two different approaches which could offer a solution for the issue presented, while aiming to achieve greater contractual justice - namely the doctrine of contractual solidarism and relational contract theory.

RESUMEN. Para determinar si una persona es civilmente responsable con frecuencia es necesario seleccionar la causa jurídicamente relevante entre dos o más causas del daño. Este trabajo analiza las sentencias proferidas entre 2015 y 2018 en las que la Sala Civil de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Colombia se enfrentó a esta cuestión, con el propósito de establecer si cuenta con criterios claros para elegir la causa jurídicamente relevante entre las múltiples causas concurrentes de un daño, y si en la jurisprudencia, como sucede en la doctrina, también se entiende la causalidad como un asunto que combina elementos fácticos y elementos normativos.

ABSTRACT. Frequently, to determine if a person is liable, it is necessary to choose the legally relevant cause of the harm among two or more causes. This paper analyzes the court decisions handed down between 2015 and 2018 in which the Civil Chamber of the Colombian Supreme Court faced this issue, to determine if it has set clear criteria to choose between the múltiple concurrent causes of harm, the legally relevant one, and whether causality is being understood by courts as a matter that combines both factual and normative questions.

Abstract This article postulates that the role of the act of God in Tort Law depends on the functional relationship between negligence and causation. Thus, in cases of tort of negligence, the presence of an act of God excludes negligence and, consequently, causation. In the cases of strict liability, since negligence plays no role in the attribution of liability, the ‘act of God’ directly excludes causation.

Resumen En este artículo se postula que el rol del caso fortuito en la estructura de la responsabilidad extracontractual es tributario de la relación funcional entre culpa y causalidad. Así, en casos de responsabilidad subjetiva, la presencia de caso fortuito excluye la culpa y, en consecuencia, la causalidad. Tratándose de hipótesis de responsabilidad objetiva, dado que la culpa no cumple ningún rol en el juicio de atribución de responsabilidad, el caso fortuito excluye directamente la causalidad.

Abstract The Coronavirus health emergency has paralyzed or slowed down an important part of economic activities, including passenger air transport, causing the cancellation of flights, which translates into a case of contractual breach of the carrier against the passenger. In order to address what response is followed by our legislation against a cancellation due to a force majeure –assuming that the pandemic by COVID-19 is one–, this paper pretends, first of all, resolve the issue regarding the regulations applicable to the air transport contract. Later, the general hypotheses of non-performance of the air transport contract by non-execution of the trip in the agreed terms, and what rights does the passenger have against said non-compliance. Next, the options of the passenger facing a flight canceled by force majeure, and the effects that the latter produces in the contract are discussed. Finally, are analyzed the duties and obligations of the air carrier once the activity has been reactivated, and the liability that it bears for an eventual contagion.

Resumen La emergencia sanitaria por Coronavirus ha paralizado o ralentizado gran parte de las actividades económicas, dentro de las cuales se halla el transporte aéreo de pasajeros, provocando la cancelación de vuelos, lo que se traduce en un caso de incumplimiento contractual del porteador frente al pasajero. Para abordar qué respuesta se sigue de nuestra legislación frente a una cancelación por un caso fortuito –asumiendo que la pandemia por COVID-19 es uno–, este trabajo pretende, en primer lugar, resolver la cuestión respecto a la normativa aplicable al contrato de transporte aéreo. Posteriormente, analizar las hipótesis generales de incumplimiento del contrato de transporte aéreo por inejecución del viaje en los términos convenidos, y qué derechos tiene el pasajero frente a dicho incumplimiento. Enseguida, se abordan las opciones del pasajero frente a un vuelo cancelado por un caso fortuito, y los efectos que este último produce en el contrato. Finalmente, se analizan los deberes y obligaciones del transportista aéreo una vez reactivada la actividad, y la responsabilidad que le cabe por un eventual contagio.

Resumen: El estudio tiene como objetivo detectar qué cambios se han dado en la ley de contratos por razón de la pandemia Covid-19 en Ucrania y el mundo. Para ello, utilizamos métodos sistémicos, comparativos-legales y formales-legales. El trabajo consta de una introducción, una sección donde se explica la metodología usada, la revisión de bibliografía, los resultados, la discusión del tema, las conclusiones y las referencias. Como resultado del estudio aparecieron algunas características distintivas de los cambios en la ley de contratos bajo la pandemia de Covid-19 a nivel de la ley nacional de Ucrania y de varios países extranjeros. Los autores llegaron a la conclusión de que los cambios en el derecho contractual son típicos de los países de derecho continental. En cambio, los estados de derecho consuetudinario siguen siendo resistentes a los cambios en el derecho contractual, en particular, a la hora de aplicar la fuerza mayor. La razón de esto radica en la doctrina específica de los países donde impera el derecho consuetudinario, como lo son Inglaterra y Estados Unidos. Los tribunales de estos países siguen siendo inquebrantables en cuanto a la gestión de la ejecución de los contratos. Por el contrario, algunos estados asiáticos y europeos (incluida Ucrania) se caracterizan por cambios dinámicos en la legislación, dada la situación de la pandemia. El estudio también analiza instituciones similares como las dificultades contractuales y la frustración de propósito del contrato, que son aplicables en el derecho continental y el consuetudinario.

Abstract: The study aims to characterize the changes in contract law under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic in Ukraine and the world. For this purpose, we used systemic, comparative-legal, and formal-legal methods. The paper consists of an introduction, methodology section, bibliography review, results, discussion, conclusions, and references. In the result of the study some distinctive features of changes in contract law under Covid-19 pandemic at the level of national law of Ukraine and some foreign countries were characterized and highlighted. The authors came to the conclusion that changes in contract law are typical for the countries of continental law. Instead, common law states remain resistant to changes in contract law, particularly, the force-majeure application. The reason for this lies in the specific doctrine of the common law countries, as England and the United States. These countries’ courts remain unshakable in terms of managing the contracts performance. In contrast, some Asian and European states (including Ukraine) are characterized by dynamic changes in legislation, given the pandemic situation. The paper also discusses similar institutions like hardship and frustration of purpose, which are both applicable in continental and common law countries.

The objective of this paper is to carry out an educational experience report in a first-year subject at FCE-UNLP in the face of Covid-19 pandemic. It is part of the so-called emergency remote teaching (ERM), as an alternative way of teaching for a certain period of time due to a crisis, a force majeure that does not allow the instruction to be imparted in the original way. The challenges faced, main lines of work, the “toolbox� used and some results and opinions that were gathered after the end of the semester are exposed. The results obtained have been encouraging, both for the number of students who were able to continue studying and were able to pass the subject and for their opinions regarding the experience.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo realizar un relato de experiencia de educación en una asignatura de primer año de la FCE-UNLP ante la situación atravesada en pandemia del virus Covid-19. Para ello se enmarca en la denominada enseñanza remota de emergencia (ERM), como forma alternativa de dar clases por un tiempo debido a una crisis, a una fuerza mayor que no permite impartir la instrucción de la manera original. Se exponen los desafÃos enfrentados, principales ejes de trabajo, la “caja de herramientasâ€� utilizada y algunos resultados y opiniones que se recabaron luego de la finalización del cuatrimestre. Los resultados obtenidos han sido alentadores, tanto por la cantidad de estudiantes que pudieron seguir estudiando y lograron aprobar la materia como por sus opiniones respecto al camino recorrido.

Abstract The term termination implies terminating, concluded a contract for the case at hand. And with the contract there is an agreement between two parties to create or transfer rights and obligations.Once all the obligations of the contract have been fulfilled, it will be extinguished for a natural cause of the same, the best thing in a contract is that all the obligations agreed in the same are fulfilled and thus when the contract ceases the contract will be extinguished; However, there may be reasons why there is an untimely break that prevents continuing with the previously agreed agreement and this may occur, due to a novation, a termination, a contract resolution, nullity, fortuitous event or force majeure and death., as we will see later.

Resumen El término terminar implica dar por finalizado, concluido un contrato para el caso que nos ocupa. Y con el contrato se da el acuerdo entre dos partes para crear o transferir derecho y obligaciones. Una vez cumplidas todas las obligaciones del contrato, éste quedará extinguido por un causa natural del mismo, lo mejor en un contrato es que se cumplan con todas las obligaciones pactadas en el mismo y así al cesar las mismas el contrato se extinguirá; sin embargo, pueden suscitarse motivos por los cuales se dé un rompimiento intempestivo que impida continuar con el acuerdo pactado previamente y esto puede acontecer, por una novación, una rescisión, una resolución de contrato, por nulidad, caso fortuito o fuerza mayor y la muerte, como lo veremos más adelante.

Resumen El presente artículo es un estudio sobre la figura del caso fortuito y la fuerza mayor y sobre su posible aplicación como consecuencia de la incidencia del COVID-19. En primer lugar, se realiza una breve introducción histórica sobre el origen y las principales características del concepto de caso fortuito. Posteriormente, analizamos la imprevisibilidad, la irresistibilidad y la falta o ausencia de culpa como los tres requisitos que deben presentarse para poder alegar su existencia. El artículo también examina los efectos jurídicos del caso fortuito en los contratos y, a modo de conclusión, trata de responder si esta institución jurídica es adecuada para resolver las disputas jurídicas que se van a suscitar en el mundo del derecho de los contratos a raíz de la pandemia.

Summary This article is a study on the figure of the fortuitous case and force majeure and their possible application as a consequence of the appearance of COVID-19. First, a brief historical introduction is given on the origin and main characteristics of the concept of fortuitous case. Subsequently, we analyze the unpredictability, irresistibility, and absence of fault as the three requirements that must be presented in order to be able to allege its existence. The article also examines the legal effects of the fortuitous event on contracts and, by way of conclusion, attempts to answer whether this legal institution is suitable for resolving the legal disputes that will arise in the world of contract law as a result of the pandemic.

Resumo A pandemia da COVID-19 impõe sérios desafios ao setor de transporte público por ônibus. A queda da demanda em razão do isolamento social, a intensificação dos procedimentos de higienização, a aquisição de equipamentos de proteção individual e as restrições de lotação dos veículos ameaçam a viabilidade econômico-financeira do transporte coletivo brasileiro. A pandemia da COVID-19 pode ser caracterizada como um evento de força maior, ensejando reequilíbrio econômico-financeiro dos contratos de concessão de transporte público por ônibus. Entretanto, esta solução precisa ser buscada conjuntamente, pelo poder público e pelas empresas de transporte urbano, para garantir os interesses e as necessidades de ambas as partes. Este artigo sugere ações estratégicas para que o transporte coletivo continue operando durante a pandemia e os acordos de reequilíbrio econômico-financeiro estejam alinhados com o interesse público. A superação das incertezas e consequências causadas pela pandemia exige a criação de relações de confiança e apoio mútuo entre inciativa privada (operadores) e governo.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic poses serious challenges for the public bus service. The fall in demand due to social distancing measures, the intensification of hygiene procedures, the acquisition of personal protective equipment, and restrictions on vehicle capacity threaten the financial viability of Brazilian public transportation. The COVID-19 pandemic may be characterized as a force majeure event, giving rise to an economic-financial balancing of public bus service contracts. However, this solution must be built by the public administration and transport companies to guarantee the interests and needs of both parties. Therefore, this article offers strategies to continue operating the service during the pandemic and to achieve economic and financial equilibrium protecting the public interest. Overcoming the uncertainties and consequences caused by the pandemic requires relationships of trust and mutual support between the private sector (operators) and government.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 impone desafíos serios para el sector de transporte público por autobús. La caída de la demanda en función de las medidas de aislamiento social, la intensificación de los procedimientos de higiene, la adquisición del equipo de protección para los trabajadores y las restricciones en cuanto al número de pasajeros por vehículo amenazan la viabilidad económica-financiera del transporte colectivo brasileño. La pandemia de COVID-19 se puede caracterizar como acontecimiento de fuerza mayor que propicie el reequilibrio económico-financiero de contratos de concesión de transporte público por autobús. Sin embargo, esta solución debe buscarse en forma conjunta, por el gobierno y las empresas de transporte, para garantizar los intereses y las necesidades de ambas partes. Este artículo sugiere acciones estratégicas para que el transporte colectivo continúe funcionando durante la pandemia y los acuerdos de reequilibrio económico-financiero se alineen con el interés público. La superación de las incertidumbres y consecuencias de la pandemia requiere la creación de relaciones de confianza y apoyo mutuo entre la iniciativa privada (operadores) y los gobiernos.