ABSTRACT Knowledge of the complicated correlation between meteorological variables and crop yield is crucial for food security and agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to investigate how incident solar radiation has affected crop production in the Gadarif region of Sudan over the last 41 years. Using a predictive framework, trends in annual incident solar radiation and temporal variations during sorghum and sesame growing seasons were examined and machine learning (ML) with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) was used to predict crop yield. Significant relationships between incident solar radiation indicators and crop yields were identified via detrending approaches and correlation analyses. Results indicate a significant inverse correlation between solar radiation and sorghum yield, and a positive correlation between sesame yield and solar radiation. For both sorghum and sesame yield, K-NN was the most accurate model, demonstrating the significance of incident solar radiation and temperature in predicting crop yield. These findings highlight the potential of ML to improve agricultural forecasting models and inform adaptive agricultural practices in the region. In general, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between incident solar radiation and crop yield, emphasizing the importance of considering meteorological factors in agricultural planning and management. sustainability 4 years framework (ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF, BRF (BRF) KNearest K Nearest KNN NN (K-NN analyses model general management (XGBoost (BRF

RESUMO O conhecimento da complicada correlação entre as variáveis meteorológicas e o rendimento das culturas é crucial para a segurança alimentar e a sustentabilidade agrícola. Este estudo está centrado na investigação de como a radiação solar incidente afetou a produção agrícola na região de Gadarif, no Sudão, nos últimos quarenta anos. Usando uma estrutura preditiva, a pesquisa avalia tendências recentes na radiação solar incidente anual, examina variações temporais durante as estações de cultivo de sorgo e gergelim e utiliza técnicas de aprendizado de máquina para prever o rendimento das culturas. Além disso, ML, incluindo Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF) e K-Nearest Neighbours (K-NN), foram empregados para previsão de rendimento. Através de abordagens de redução de tendências e análises de correlação, foram identificadas relações significativas entre os indicadores de radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas. Os resultados indicam uma correlação inversa substancial entre a radiação solar e a produção de sorgo, enquanto a produção de gergelim demonstra uma correlação positiva com a radiação solar. Tanto para o rendimento do sorgo como do gergelim, o K-NN surge como o modelo mais preciso, mostrando a importância da radiação solar incidente e da temperatura na previsão do rendimento das culturas. Estas descobertas destacam o potencial da aprendizagem de máquina para melhorar os modelos de previsão agrícola e informar as práticas agrícolas adaptativas na região. Em geral, este estudo fornece informações valiosas sobre a relação dinâmica entre a radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas, enfatizando a importância de considerar fatores meteorológicos no planeamento e gestão agrícola. Gadarif Sudão anos preditiva anual disso ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF (BRF KNearest K Nearest KNN, KNN NN (K-NN) preciso geral (XGBoost (K-NN

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to understand the subject regarding the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals and food production through literature reviews covering the timespan from 2001 to 2021. Methodologically, this paper is framed as a literature review and uses the Scopus platform to get to the database, selecting 243 papers. The results pointed out that the United States presented the highest number of published documents (126). When it comes to the origin of affiliation, the universities located in the Netherlands (University of Wageningen) and Canada (University of Guelph) present together the highest number of published documents (24). Among the keywords, the most frequent are food safety, followed by the food supply, sustainability, and climate change. Finally, regarding the main subjects tackled during the analyzed time period, it was verified that the issues concerning public policies, land use, and food safety were discussed throughout the entire timespan. In turn, the most recent period, mainly covering the articles published from the year 2021 on, inserts into the discussion agenda the aspects of Covid-19, the pandemic, and its impacts, especially influenced by the setting experienced worldwide. At the same time, other subjects less discussed took the spotlight, also emerging from the Covid-19 pandemic, such as digital agriculture and digital technology, which began to have major relevance. At last, it is possible to infer that reaching sustainable development goals is even more challenging under a pandemic context experienced by all the countries from 2020 to the present day. ABSTRACT 203 200 Methodologically database 24 papers 126. 126 . (126) affiliation University Wageningen Guelph 24. (24) keywords supply sustainability change Finally period policies use turn 202 on Covid19, Covid19 Covid 19, 19 impacts worldwide spotlight Covid-1 technology relevance last day 20 2 12 (126 (24 Covid1 1 Covid- (12 (2 (1 (

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender a temática em torno dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável Agenda 2030 e a produção de alimentos através de uma análise bibliográfica compreendendo o período de 2001 a 2021. Metodologicamente o estudo se enquadra como uma revisão bibliográfica e se utilizou a plataforma Scopus para obtenção da base de dados, sendo selecionados 243 artigos. Os resultados apontaram que os Estados Unidos apresentaram o maior número de documentos publicados (126). Em relação a afiliação de origem, universidades localizadas na Holanda (Universidy de Wageningen) e Canadá (Universidy de Guelph) são as que apresentam juntas o maior número de documentos publicados (24). Entre as palavras-chaves a que mais aparece é segurança alimentar, seguida de fornecimento de alimentos, sustentabilidade e mudanças climáticas. Finalmente, no que diz respeito às principais temáticas abordadas durante o período analisado, constatou-se que questões relacionadas a políticas públicas, uso da terra e segurança alimentar foram discutidas ao longo de todo período analisado. Já no período mais recente, que compreende sobretudo os artigos publicados a partir do ano de 2021, insere-se na agenda de discussão, influenciada pelo cenário vivenciado no mundo todo, aspectos relacionados à pandemia, Covid 19 e seus impactos. Ao mesmo tempo, ganharam relevância temas ainda pouco discutidos, os quais emergem também a partir da pandemia do Covid 19, dentre eles a agricultura digital e tecnologias digitais, que passaram a ter grande relevância. Finalmente, é possível inferir que alcançar os objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável se tornou ainda mais desafiador em um contexto de Pandemia, vivenciado em todos os países do mundo no período de 2020 aos dias atuais. RESUMO 203 200 2021 dados 24 126. 126 . (126) origem Universidy Wageningen Guelph 24. (24) palavraschaves palavras chaves climáticas Finalmente analisado constatouse constatou públicas recente inserese insere discussão 1 impactos tempo discutidos digitais Pandemia 202 atuais 20 2 12 (126 (24 (12 (2 (1 (

Abstract Purpose: To identify the main links between the Localized Agri-Food Systems (SYAL = Systemes Agroalimentaires Localisés) approach and agroecology and determine the elements of agroecology that could strengthen SYAL to promote territorial patrimonialization. Methodological design: Through the qualitative approach and based on the systematic review of documentary and multimedia sources in the period 2010-2023, a content analysis was carried out to propose a critical path for territorial patrimonialization. Results: Both approaches seek the reconnection of food with the territory and recognize a quality that results from processes and products according to bioregions; distinguishing the territory as an element of identity; valuating traditional know-how and promoting local, collective action. Research limitations: There is a gap of studies from the SYAL approach that delves into the application of agroecological practices as a strategy to strengthen the quality linked to the territory, address the environmental dimension, and promote territorial patrimonialization. Findings: The agroecological principles emphasize the quality linked to the territory, and the SYAL approach the bioregional patrimonialization.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los principales vínculos entre el enfoque de Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados (SIAL) y el agroecológico y determinar los elementos de la agroecología que podrían fortalecer al SIAL para promover la patrimonialización territorial. Diseño metodológico: A través del enfoque cualitativo y partiendo de la revisión sistemática de fuentes documentales y multimedia en el periodo 2010-2023, se llevó a cabo un análisis de contenido a fin de proponer una ruta crítica para la patrimonialización territorial. Resultados: Ambas aproximaciones buscan la reconexión de los alimentos con el territorio y reconocen una calidad que resulta de procesos y productos anclados a biorregiones; distinguen al territorio como elemento identitario; valorizan los saber-hacer tradicionales e impulsan la acción colectiva local. Limitaciones de la investigación: Existe un vacío de estudios desde el enfoque SIAL que profundicen en la aplicación de prácticas agroecológicas como estrategia para fortalecer la calidad ligada al territorio, atender la dimensión ambiental y promover la patrimonialización territorial. Hallazgos: Los principios agroecológicos enfatizan la calidad ligada al territorio y el enfoque SIAL la patrimonialización biorregional.

Abstract Purpose: To identify the main links between the Localized Agri-Food Systems (SYAL = Systemes Agroalimentaires Localisés) approach and agroecology and determine the elements of agroecology that could strengthen SYAL to promote territorial patrimonialization. Methodological design: Through the qualitative approach and based on the systematic review of documentary and multimedia sources in the period 2010-2023, a content analysis was carried out to propose a critical path for territorial patrimonialization. Results: Both approaches seek the reconnection of food with the territory and recognize a quality that results from processes and products according to bioregions; distinguishing the territory as an element of identity; valuating traditional know-how and promoting local, collective action. Research limitations: There is a gap of studies from the SYAL approach that delves into the application of agroecological practices as a strategy to strengthen the quality linked to the territory, address the environmental dimension, and promote territorial patrimonialization. Findings: The agroecological principles emphasize the quality linked to the territory, and the SYAL approach the bioregional patrimonialization.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los principales vínculos entre el enfoque de Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados (SIAL) y el agroecológico y determinar los elementos de la agroecología que podrían fortalecer al SIAL para promover la patrimonialización territorial. Diseño metodológico: A través del enfoque cualitativo y partiendo de la revisión sistemática de fuentes documentales y multimedia en el periodo 2010-2023, se llevó a cabo un análisis de contenido a fin de proponer una ruta crítica para la patrimonialización territorial. Resultados: Ambas aproximaciones buscan la reconexión de los alimentos con el territorio y reconocen una calidad que resulta de procesos y productos anclados a biorregiones; distinguen al territorio como elemento identitario; valorizan los saber-hacer tradicionales e impulsan la acción colectiva local. Limitaciones de la investigación: Existe un vacío de estudios desde el enfoque SIAL que profundicen en la aplicación de prácticas agroecológicas como estrategia para fortalecer la calidad ligada al territorio, atender la dimensión ambiental y promover la patrimonialización territorial. Hallazgos: Los principios agroecológicos enfatizan la calidad ligada al territorio y el enfoque SIAL la patrimonialización biorregional.

Summary: The state of Chiapas presents degradation processes of dif ferent kinds, as a consequence of the current established agricultural model. It is estimated that, in the near future, the surface of the state of Chiapas will present more than 55% degradation, generating changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, af fecting the quality of life of human beings, mainly due to scarcity of food. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the soils in three municipalities of the central depression of Chiapas, Mexico. The analysis were interpreted taking NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 as a reference and were classified according to the world reference base (WRB), version 2014. For the evaluation of soil quality, the sustainable use of land subindex (SUSS). 144 soil samples corresponding to 21 profiles were analyzed. Of the 21 profiles studied, 17 present poor soil qualities, two a sensitive quality, one acceptable quality and one with good quality. Only two soil groups presented good fertility and are classified as Vertisols and Phaeozems, which present good quality and capacity to maintain sustainable agricultural production in this region.

Resumen: El estado de Chiapas presenta procesos de degradación de diferente índole, como consecuencia del actual modelo agrícola establecido. Se estima que, en el futuro cercano, la superficie del estado de Chiapas presente más de 55% de degradación, generando modificaciones en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo; afectando la calidad de vida de los seres humanos, principalmente por escasez de alimentos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad de los suelos en tres municipios de la depresión central de Chiapas, México. Los análisis se interpretaron tomando como referencia la NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 y se clasificaron de acuerdo con la world reference base (WRB), versión 2014, para la evaluación de calidad del suelo se utilizó el subíndice de uso sustentable del suelo (SUSS). Se analizaron 144 muestras de suelo correspondientes a 21 perfiles. De los 21 perfiles estudiados, 17 presentan calidad de suelo pobre, dos calidades sensibles, uno calidad aceptable y uno con calidad buena. Solo dos Grupos de suelo presentaron buena fertilidad y son clasificados como Vertisols y Phaeozems, los cuales presentan buena calidad y capacidad para mantener producción agrícola sostenible en esta región.

ABSTRACT Unhealthy diets, preventable risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), pose a growing challenge that coexists with pre-existing and persistent malnutrition problems. These also coexist and interact synergistically with climate change dynamics, which threaten the sustainability of food systems, and are silently intersected by gender dynamics. States have adopted measures to address these issues, including regulations to promote healthy diets and prevent food loss and waste. However, state responses to problems with frequently common causes are often adopted in a fragmented manner, with elements that are contradictory to each other and the human rights framework. This paper presents the aforementioned discussions by comparing regulatory initiatives from three countries, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina, analyzing their internal compatibility and alignment with the international human rights framework. Finally, it proposes ideas to reconcile the diverse agendas from a comprehensive perspective.

RESUMEN Las dietas malsanas, factores de riesgo prevenibles de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), constituyen un reto creciente, que coexiste con problemas preexistentes y persistentes de desnutrición. Éstos, además, conviven e interactúan sinérgicamente con dinámicas de cambio climático, que amenazan la sostenibilidad de los sistemas alimentarios, y son atravesadas silenciosamente por dinámicas de géneros. Los Estados han adoptado medidas para abordar estas problemáticas, entre ellas, normas para promover la alimentación saludable y prevenir la pérdida y desperdicios de alimentos. No obstante, las respuestas estatales a problemas cuyas causas son frecuentemente comunes se adoptan de manera fragmentada, con elementos contradictorios entre sí y con el marco de derechos humanos. El presente trabajo presenta las anteriores discusiones comparando las iniciativas regulatorias de tres países, Colombia, Chile y Argentina, analizando su compatibilidad hacia el interior y el marco internacional de derechos humanos. Finalmente, plantea ideas disparadoras para reconciliar las diversas agendas desde una mirada integral.

Abstract Introduction: Semaprochilodus laticeps is a freshwater fish species native to the Orinoco Basin that is exploited in Colombia at two different stages of its life cycle: fry (for the ornamental trade) and adults (for the consumer market). This double exploitation of juveniles and adults raises concerns about the population stability of the species. Objective: To evaluate the sustainability of the exploitation of the species in these two life stages. Methods: 1 277 specimens of S. laticeps were sampled between June and December 2017. Population parameters were estimated from length-frequency data using ELEFAN 1 routine of the FISAT II package. Length at first maturity (Lm) and length at maximum yield (Lopt) were determined using the Froese and Binohlan equations. Virtual population analysis was performed based on Jones length cohort analysis. Results: Population parameters were as follows: K = 0.75, L∞ = 53.1 cm LE, Z = 2.92 yr-1, M = 1.24 yr-1 and F = 1.68. Lm was estimated to be 29.6 cm SL and Lopt at 33.4 cm SL. Of note, 96.3 % of the fish caught in the consumer fishery exceeded Lm and 80 % exceeded Lopt. The results of the virtual population analysis suggested that a very low proportion (0.85 %) of the population was caught as fry, possibly due to natural mortality. Conclusions: Based on the results, as no indicators of overexploitation were identified, it is recommended to continue with the dual use of S. laticeps. It is recommended to maintain the existing conservation measures, such as the closed season during the reproductive period, to ensure sustainable fishery exploitation. The results obtained can serve as a reference to analyze the situation of other species currently fished for both the ornamental (fry) and food (adult) markets.

Resumen Introducción: Semaprochilodus laticeps es una especie de pez de agua dulce originaria de la cuenca del Orinoco, explotada en Colombia en dos etapas distintas de su ciclo de vida: alevín (para el comercio ornamental) y adulto (para el mercado de consumo). Esta doble explotación de alevines y adultos genera preocupación sobre la estabilidad poblacional de la especie. Objetivo: Evaluar la sostenibilidad de la explotación de la especie en estas dos etapas de vida. Método: Entre junio y diciembre de 2017 se muestrearon 1 277 ejemplares de S. laticeps. Los parámetros poblacionales se estimaron utilizando datos de frecuencia de tallas con la rutina ELEFAN 1 del paquete FISAT II. La longitud de primera madurez (Lm) y la de máximo rendimiento (Lopt) se determinaron mediante ecuaciones de Froese y Binohlan. El análisis de la población virtual se realizó basándose en el análisis de cohorte de longitud de Jones. Resultados: Los parámetros poblacionales fueron los siguientes: K = 0.75, L∞ = 53.1 cm LE, Z = 2.92 año-1, M = 1.24 año-1 y F = 1.68. Lm se estimó en 29.6 cm SL y Lopt en 33.4 cm SL. En particular, el 96.3 % del pescado capturado en la pesquería de consumo superó Lm y el 80 % superó Lopt. El análisis de la población virtual sugirió que una fracción muy baja (0.85 %) de la población fue capturada como alevines, posiblemente atribuible a la mortalidad natural. Conclusiones: Con base en los hallazgos, al no identificarse indicadores de sobreexplotación, se recomienda continuar con el doble uso de S. laticeps. Se recomienda mantener las medidas de protección existentes, así como una veda durante el período reproductivo, para garantizar una explotación pesquera sostenible. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir como referencia para analizar la situación de otras especies actualmente capturadas para el mercado tanto ornamental como de consumo.

RESUMEN Este documento analiza la cartografa social en el sector pesquero de Oaxaca, México. El objetivo principal es representar el sistema pesquero a través de la identificación de los actores clave, sus relaciones y el territorio. La metodología incluyó tres fases: 1) documental, para establecer el marco teórico; 2) de campo, con la aplicación de 110 encuestas a pescadores utilizando la técnica de bola de nieve; y 3) de resultados, con el análisis y presentación de los datos. Los principales resultados muestran que el sector agroalimentario, al cual pertenece el sector pesquero, enfrenta retos como potencializar las capacidades de producción, abastecimiento, transformación, comercialización y distribución. Se identificaron los principales actores gubernamentales, empresariales y de educación superior involucrados. En cuanto al sistema pesquero en Oaxaca, se mapearon los contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidad y sanidad, financiero y comercial, de capital humano, productivo e infraestructural, así como el contexto regional de las zonas Costa e Istmo. Se destaca la importancia de reconocer las relaciones históricas que han marcado la pesca en México, especialmente en Oaxaca, uno de los estados con mayores índices de pobreza y rezago. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o mapeamento social no setor de pesca em Oaxaca, México. O principal objetivo é representar o sistema de pesca por meio da identificação dos principais atores, suas relações e o território. A metodologia incluiu três fases: l) documental, para estabelecer a estrutura teórica; 2) campo, com a aplicação de 110 pesquisas a pescadores usando a técnica de bola de neve; e 3) resultados, com a análise e apresentação dos dados. Os principais resultados mostram que o setor agroalimentar, ao qual pertence o setor pesqueiro, enfrenta desafios como o fortalecimento das capacidades de produção, fornecimento, processamento, comercialização e distribuição. Foram identificados os principais atores governamentais, empresariais e de ensino superior envolvidos. Com relação ao sistema de pesca em Oaxaca, foram mapeados os contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidade e saúde, financeiro e comercial, de capital humano, produtivo e de infraestrutura, bem como o contexto regional das zonas da Costa e do Istmo. O estudo destaca a importância de reconhecer as relações históricas que marcaram a pesca no México, especialmente em Oaxaca, um dos estados com os mais altos índices de pobreza e atraso. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

ABSTRACT This document analyzes social cartography in the fishing sector of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main objective is to represent the fishing system through the identification of the key actors, their relationships and the territory The methodology included three phases: 1) documentary to establish the theoretical framework; 2) field, with the application of 110 surveys to fishermen using the snowball technique; and 3) results, with the analysis and presentation of the data. The main results show that the agri-food sector; to which the fishing sector belongs, faces challenges such as enhancing production, supply, transformation, marketing and distribution capacities. The main government, business and higher education actors involved were identified. Regarding the fishing system in Oaxaca, the political-legislative, geographical, sustainability and health, financial and commercial, human capital, productive and infrastructural contexts were mapped, as well as the regional context of the Coast and Isthmus areas. The importance of recognizing the historical relationships that have marked fishing in Mexico is highlighted, especially in Oaxaca, one of the states with the highest rates of poverty and backwardness. JEL CLASSIFICATION: P42, J01, J54, Y90

RESUMEN Quizás uno de los objetivos más importantes del desarrollo sostenible para los países en desarrollo es mejorar la utilización de fuentes de energía renovables en todos los sectores en general y en el sector agrícola en particular. El proceso de pre-enfriamiento ayuda a mantener la calidad y prolongar la vida útil de las frutas y verduras. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo fabricar un preenfriador solar evaporativo indirecto (IESP) para reducir las pérdidas posteriores a la cosecha de productos agrícolas. El cultivo de tomate fue elegido para ser preenfriado como ejemplo de cadenas de valor agrícolas. Las variables experimentales incluyeron tres temperaturas del agua de enfriamiento (15, 10 y 5 °C) y dos velocidades del aire que pasó por el gabinete de enfriamiento (1,5 y 2,5 m s-1). Los resultados mostraron que a una velocidad del aire de 1,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 19,4, 25,5 y 34,7% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. A una velocidad del aire de 2,5 m s-1, el coeficiente de rendimiento real fue de 23,1, 28,8 y 37,2% a temperaturas del agua de refrigeración de 15, 10 y 5 oC, respectivamente. El desempeño del IESP bajo estas condiciones fue de 15,4 oC, 91,5% HR, 0,338 TR carga frigorífica y 37,2% COPcyc. El consumo total de energía fue de 6,4 kWh día-1. El rendimiento del preenfriador solar resultó ser una solución muy viable para las demandas de las pequeñas y medianas explotaciones hortícolas, especialmente en ciudades con un clima muy cálido, para evitar que las verduras y frutas se deterioren después de la cosecha.

ABSTRACT Perhaps one of the most important goals of sustainable development for developing countries is to enhance the utilization of renewable energy sources in all sectors in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The pre-cooling process helps to maintain quality and extend the shelf life of the fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to fabricate an indirect evaporative solar precooler (IESP) to reduce post-harvest loss for agricultural products. Tomato crop was chosen to be pre-cooled as an example of agricultural value chains. Experimental variables included three temperatures of cooling water (15, 10 and 5 °C) and two air velocities that passed through the cooling cabinet (1.5 and 2.5 m s-1). The results showed that at 1.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 19.4, 25.5 and 34.7% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 °C, respectively. At 2.5 m s-1 air velocity, the actual coefficient of performance was 23.1, 28.8 and 37.2% at cooling water temperatures 15, 10 and 5 oC, respectively. The performance of the IESP under these conditions was 15.4 oC, 91.5% RH, 0.338 TR refrigeration load and 37.2% COPcyc. Total energy consumption was 6.4 kWh day-1. The solar pre-cooler performance proved a very feasible solution to the demands of small and medium horticultural holdings, especially in cities with a very hot climate to keep vegetables and fruits from deteriorating after harvest.

The objective of this article is to discuss the main challenges in implementing integrated and systemic policies aimed at the sustainable transition of food systems. For this purpose, the Farm to Fork strategy, developed by the European Union to promote a fair and sustainable transition in the continent's food systems, was used as the subject of analysis. Through the examination of documents, plans, reports, and articles, four main challenges for the implementation of the strategy were identified: i) the prevalence of sectoral bias in investments focused on niche markets; ii) the concentration of investments in conventional sectors and the weakness of instruments to regulate corporate actions; iii) the limited impact of institutional and economic incentives on the diversity of production models; and iv) the insufficient investment in territorial policies.

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os principais desafios para a implementação de políticas integradas e sistêmicas, com vistas à transição sustentável dos sistemas alimentares. Para tanto, foi utilizada como objeto a estratégia Farm to Fork, elaborada pela União Europeia para promover uma transição justa e sustentável nos sistemas alimentares do continente. Com base na análise de documentos, planos, relatórios e artigos, foi possível identificar quatro desafios principais para a implementação da estratégia: i) prevalência do viés setorial dos investimentos no fomento a nichos; ii) concentração dos investimentos nos setores convencionais e fragilidade dos instrumentos para condicionar as ações das corporações; iii) baixa incidência dos incentivos institucionais e econômicos sobre a diversidade dos modelos produtivos; e iv) pouco investimento nas ações de caráter territorial.

Abstract Agroecological and artisanal produce markets have multiplied as part of a broader process that promotes food citizenship oriented towards justice and sustainability. However, this phenomenon is immersed in the complexity of food systems and entails great heterogeneity. This article analyzes the relationship between these types of initiatives and the gentrification processes in some of the areas where they are established. The topic is approached from ethnographic material collected in the framework of a research project on agroecological production initiatives and artisanal transformation in Mexico City and on the citizens’ collectives that facilitate the commercialization of this production. The findings show that in certain areas of the city these markets shape a broader set of “alternative” food supply networks linked to gentrification processes and the findings identify some of the factors that affect the reproduction of social inequalities within the framework of these initiatives. At the same time, the study underscores the agency of the actors involved and documents their abilities to use these spaces through the growing demand for fresh, healthy, and locally-sourced food to advance their own ends in areas subject to gentrification.

Resumen Los mercados de producción agroecológica y artesanal se han multiplicado como parte de un proceso más amplio que busca impulsar ciudadanías alimentarias orientadas a la justicia y la sustentabilidad. No obstante, este fenómeno se encuentra inmerso en la complejidad de los sistemas alimentarios y alberga gran heterogeneidad. En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones entre este tipo de iniciativas y los procesos de gentrificación de algunas de las áreas donde se establecen. El tema es abordado a partir del material etnográfico recolectado en el marco de un proyecto de investigación enfocado en la documentación de iniciativas de producción agroecológica y la transformación artesanal que operan en la Ciudad de México y en los colectivos ciudadanos que facilitan la comercialización de sus productos. Los hallazgos muestran que en ciertas zonas de la ciudad estos mercados intervienen en un conjunto más amplio de oferta alimentaria “alternativa” vinculada a los procesos de gentrificación e identifica algunos de los factores que inciden en la reproducción de las desigualdades sociales en el marco de estas iniciativas. Al mismo tiempo, se visibiliza la agencia de los actores y se documenta su capacidad de utilizar el espacio de oportunidad creado por la creciente demanda de alimentos frescos, saludables y de origen local en las zonas sujetas a procesos de gentrificación para avanzar hacia sus propios fines.

Resumen La comida popular al alcance de las personas tiene relevancia social, nutricional e impacta en la salud de forma importante. Este trabajo aborda el uso tanto de la metodología del Design Thinking y de la teoría de la pirámide de la sostenibilidad para mejorar el valor nutritivo y saludable de un alimento popular, buscando al mismo tiempo conservar e incrementar el valor de ese alimento y beneficiar al consumidor. El análisis de la pirámide de sostenibilidad en el diseño de un alimento funcional utilizando la metodología Design Thinking enfatiza el valor nutricional para promover la participación en el diseño de alimentos nutritivos y saludables para la población. Al aplicar este método para el diseño y mejora de alimentos se cubren las expectativas básicas del usuario final de forma empática, permitiendo obtener una mayor certidumbre respecto al emprendimiento en nuevos productos alimentarios con un enfoque sustentable.

Abstract Popular food available to people has social and nutritional relevance and impacts health in an important way. This work addresses the use of both the Design Thinking methodology and the sustainability pyramid theory to improve the nutritional and healthy value of a popular food, seeking at the same time to preserve and increase the value of that food and benefit the consumer. The analysis of the sustainability pyramid in the design of a functional food using the Design Thinking methodology emphasizes nutritional value to promote participation in the design of nutritious and healthy foods for the population. By applying this method to the design and improvement of food, the basic expectations of the end user are met in an empathetic way, allowing greater certainty to be obtained regarding entrepreneurship in new food products with a sustainable approach.

RESUMO As hortas comunitárias inspiradas em modelos agroecológicos já são tendências nas cidades que buscam estimular ambientes positivos. Entre as possíveis estratégias, permitem integrar políticas que visam à erradicação da fome, a garantia de qualidade alimentar e o aumento da economia familiar. O presente estudo objetiva analisar os significados simbólicos e afetivos dos usuários diante de suas atividades nas hortas comunitárias urbanas. Foram 40 entrevistados com idade média entre 45 e 80 anos, por meio do Instrumento Gerador de Mapas Afetivos. A pesquisa foi realizada in loco e os participantes foram convidados a desenhar a horta e responder à entrevista. As imagens produzidas foram analisadas a partir de suas estruturas, sentimentos e sentidos. Constatou-se que as vivências nesses ambientes foram mediadas por sentimentos de agradabilidade, pertencimento e restauração. Entre os sentidos atribuídos, destacaram-se a conexão com a natureza e a interação social. Conclui-se que tais dimensões presentes nas hortas estudadas podem contribuir para a promoção da saúde, da sustentabilidade e a preservação ambiental.

ABSTRACT Community gardens inspired by agroecological models are trends in cities that seek to stimulate positive environments. Among the possible strategies, they allow us to integrate policies that aim to eradicate eradicate hunger, guarantee food quality and increase the family economy. This study aims to analyze the symbolic and emotional meanings of users during their activities in urban community gardens. There were 40 interviewees with average age between 45 and 80 years old, through the Affective Map Generator Instrument. The research was carried out on site and the participants were invited to develop the information and respond to the interview. The images produced are analyzed from their structures, feelings and senses. It is confirmed that experiences in these environments are mediated by feelings of pleasantness, belonging and restoration. Among the senses attributed, the connection with nature and social interaction stand out. It is concluded that these dimensions present in the studied gardens can contribute to the promotion of health, sustainability and environmental preservation.

ABSTRACT Community gardens inspired by agroecological models are trends in cities that seek to stimulate positive environments. Among the possible strategies, they allow us to integrate policies that aim to eradicate eradicate hunger, guarantee food quality and increase the family economy. This study aims to analyze the symbolic and emotional meanings of users during their activities in urban community gardens. There were 40 interviewees with average age between 45 and 80 years old, through the Affective Map Generator Instrument. The research was carried out on site and the participants were invited to develop the information and respond to the interview. The images produced are analyzed from their structures, feelings and senses. It is confirmed that experiences in these environments are mediated by feelings of pleasantness, belonging and restoration. Among the senses attributed, the connection with nature and social interaction stand out. It is concluded that these dimensions present in the studied gardens can contribute to the promotion of health, sustainability and environmental preservation. strategies hunger economy 4 8 old Instrument interview structures pleasantness restoration attributed health preservation

RESUMO As hortas comunitárias inspiradas em modelos agroecológicos já são tendências nas cidades que buscam estimular ambientes positivos. Entre as possíveis estratégias, permitem integrar políticas que visam à erradicação da fome, a garantia de qualidade alimentar e o aumento da economia familiar. O presente estudo objetiva analisar os significados simbólicos e afetivos dos usuários diante de suas atividades nas hortas comunitárias urbanas. Foram 40 entrevistados com idade média entre 45 e 80 anos, por meio do Instrumento Gerador de Mapas Afetivos. A pesquisa foi realizada in loco e os participantes foram convidados a desenhar a horta e responder à entrevista. As imagens produzidas foram analisadas a partir de suas estruturas, sentimentos e sentidos. Constatou-se que as vivências nesses ambientes foram mediadas por sentimentos de agradabilidade, pertencimento e restauração. Entre os sentidos atribuídos, destacaram-se a conexão com a natureza e a interação social. Conclui-se que tais dimensões presentes nas hortas estudadas podem contribuir para a promoção da saúde, da sustentabilidade e a preservação ambiental. positivos estratégias fome familiar urbanas 4 8 anos Afetivos entrevista estruturas Constatouse Constatou se agradabilidade restauração atribuídos destacaramse destacaram social Concluise Conclui saúde ambiental

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.