ABSTRACT E-commerce has become a global activity practiced by an increasing number of people who interact in the market for goods and services. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the customs and shopping habits of consumers in Asunción and the Central Department of Paraguay in relation to online shopping. A quantitative approach was used and a survey in electronic format was applied to a total of 400 participants residing in the areas of influence of the study. It was observed that a large part of the population analyzed uses this shopping method and that they do so frequently, although with a clear preference for certain types of products such as food, which are mostly purchased via delivery services from local stores; and also clothing orders, which are generally purchased from international stores, although they also come in a significant number from local stores that offer their products mainly through social networks. The most relevant results indicate that most of the participants already make purchases online and that they would be willing to repeat purchases in this modality, since the experiences have generally been positive. As a recommendation, it is expressed that local companies should invest more resources to provide their businesses with an e-commerce system that allows them to carry out online transactions, including the collection process with different means of payment.

RESUMEN El comercio electrónico se ha convertido en una actividad global practicada por un número cada vez más creciente de personas que interactúan en el mercado de bienes y servicios. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y analizar las costumbres y hábitos de compras de los consumidores de Asunción y del Departamento Central de Paraguay en relación a las compras en línea. Se utilizó un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y se aplicó una encuesta en formato electrónico a un total de 400 participantes residentes en las zonas de influencia del estudio. Se observo que gran parte de la población analizada utiliza este método de compras y qué lo hacen de manera frecuente, aunque con una clara preferencia por ciertos tipos de productos como es el caso de los alimentos, que mayormente son adquiridos vía servicios de delivery desde tiendas locales; y también los pedidos de ropas, que generalmente son adquiridos desde tiendas internacionales, aunque también provienen en un número importante de tiendas locales que ofrecen sus productos principalmente a través de redes sociales. Los resultados más relevantes señalan que la mayoría de los participantes ya realizan compras en línea y que estarían dispuestos a repetir las compras en esa modalidad, debido a que las experiencias en general han sido positivas. Como recomendación, se expresa que las empresas locales deberían invertir mayores recursos para dotar a sus negocios de un sistema de comercio electrónico que les permita concretar transacciones en línea incluyendo el proceso de cobros con distintos medios de pago.

ABSTRACT This work determined the ecological footprint of the National Center for Applied Electromagnetism, a science institution attached at the Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. The categories analyzed to carry out the calculations of CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint were: Water, Built surface, Electricity Consumption, Mobility, Paper, Non-hazardous solid waste, Hazardous waste, Food, Services and Production of Magnetic Conditioners. The methodology of Doménech (2009) and the methodology for calculating the ecological footprint in universities of López Álvarez et al. (2009) of the Sustainable Development Office, University of Santiago de Compostela were used as a basis. The results obtained for the year 2022 reflect that the National Center for Applied Electromagnetism needs an area of 52,984 ha/year of forest to regenerate the natural resources that the center uses for the satisfaction of it social demand. Similarly, it requires 89,096 hag standard forest to assimilate CO2 emissions.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo desarrolló el cálculo de la huella ecológica del Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, entidad de ciencia adscrita a la Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. Las categorías analizadas para realizar los cálculos de las emisiones de CO2 y de la huella ecológica fueron: Agua, Superficie construida, Consumo de Electricidad, Movilidad, Papel, Residuos sólidos no peligrosos, Residuos peligrosos, Alimentos, Servicios y Producción de Acondicionadores Magnéticos. Se utilizó como base la metodología de Doménech (2009) y la metodología para el cálculo de la huella ecológica en universidades de López Álvarez y colaboradores (2009) de la Oficina de Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Los resultados obtenidos para el año 2022 reflejan que el Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado necesita un área de bosques de 52,984 ha/año para regenerar los recursos naturales que se demandan por el centro para satisfacer su objeto social. Asimismo, requiere de 89,096 hag de bosque estándar mundial para asimilar las emisiones de CO2 generadas.

ABSTRACT Lemon verbena, Aloysia citriodora (Palau) has been widely used in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. In Colombia the foliage is marketed fresh but there is no information regarding the plant phenology, nor on the insects associated, therefore the management practices are still empirical, and sometimes does not comply with the national regulations for the commercialization of medicinal plants. In this study it was determined that it takes 32 weeks from planting to flower senescence completing its phenological cycle; likewise, an associated arthropofauna of 50 families with different feeding habits were found, suggesting that the species offers different ecosystem services. The information obtained could contribute to establish more effective management plans for arthropods, and to improve quality of materials with medicinal purposes.

RESUMEN El cidrón, Aloysia citriodora (Palau) ha sido ampliamente utilizada en la medicina tradicional, la cosmética y la industria alimentaria. En Colombia el follaje se comercializa fresco, pero no se cuenta con información sobre la fenología de la planta, ni sobre los insectos asociados, por lo que las prácticas de manejo son aún empíricas, y en ocasiones no cumplen con las normas nacionales para la comercialización de plantas medicinales. En este estudio se determinó que la planta tarda 32 semanas desde la siembra hasta la senescencia de la flor completando su ciclo fenológico; así mismo, se encontró una artrofauna asociada de 50 familias con diferentes hábitos alimentarios, lo que sugiere que la especie ofrece diferentes servicios ecosistémicos. La información obtenida podría contribuir a establecer planes de manejo más efectivos para los artrópodos y a mejorar la calidad de los materiales con fines medicinales.

Abstract: The digitalisation processes have substantially modified the modes of production and consumption of goods and services in society as well as the different interactions of which we are part. States and their interventions have not been left out of these processes. The covid-19 health pandemic situation -although it had been brewing previouslyhas accelerated the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the management and implementation of public policies in general and social policies in particular. Within this framework, the aim of this paper is to identify -in an exploratory mannerdoubts, expressions about the registration process and view on three income transfer or income guarantee policies that have emerged in the context of the covid-19 health pandemic in Argentina and Spain. Based on virtual ethnographies in groups of recipients in the social network Facebook, the cases of analysis are taken as cases of Emergency Family Income and Food Reinforcement in the Argentinean case and Minimum Living Income in Spain. We have sought to explore some dimensions of the process of programme implementation -which was managed virtuallyin order to understand the difficulties faced by the potential beneficiaries of these policies. The results obtained aim to demonstrate -without claiming to be exhaustivepossible potentialities and limitations offered by digitisation processes in policies to combat poverty and social exclusion.

Resumen: Los procesos de digitalización han modificado sustancialmente los modos de producción y consumo de bienes y servicios en la sociedad, así como las diferentes interacciones de las que somos parte. Los estados y sus intervenciones no han quedado por fuera de estos procesos. La situación de pandemia sanitaria por covid-19 -aunque ya se venía gestando previamente-, ha acelerado el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC’s) en la gestión e implementación de políticas públicas en general y sociales en particular. En este marco, el objetivo de este escrito es identificar -de modo exploratoriodudas, expresiones en torno al proceso de inscripción y miradas sobre tres políticas de transferencias de ingresos o garantía de ingresos, emergentes en el contexto de pandemia sanitaria por covid-19 en el estado argentino y español. A partir de etnografías virtuales en grupos de personas receptoras de la red social Facebook, se toman como casos de análisis el Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia y el Refuerzo Alimentario en el caso argentino y del Ingreso Mínimo Vital en España. Se ha buscado explorar algunas dimensiones del proceso de implementación de programas -cuya gestión se realizó de manera virtualen pos de comprender las dificultades a las que se enfrenta la población potencialmente receptora de estas políticas. Los resultados obtenidos pretenden demostrar -sin pretensión de exhaustividadposibles potencialidades y limitaciones que ofrecen los procesos de digitalización en las políticas de lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social.

SUMMARY Introduction: The food sector includes a reasonable number of workers involved. Empirically, there is no doubt that this sector has work areas that by their nature involve a series of risk factors that can affect the health. Knowing and cataloguing these, in order to be able to draw up a preventive plan, is essential for the health of the worker (and the entity that employs him). This article aims to gather the main occupational risk factors/occupational risks, occupational diseases and recommended protective measures at kitchen workers. Methodology: This is a Scoping Review, initiated through a search carried out in the Medline database (via Pubmed), carried out during the month of November 2023, encompassing articles (in Portuguese and English), with the keywords "kitchen worker" and "occupational" in the title, with no time limit. The risk analysis tool "Online interactive risk assessment" of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work was used as a complement. Content: The main risk factors found are exposure to chemical agents (products used to clean facilities and/or fruit and vegetables, or by-products from cooking); ergonomic risks (maintained/forced postures; repetitive movements, manual handling of loads); accidents (falls at the same level or at different levels; handling of equipment/utensils that increase the risk of burns, cuts and/or amputations); contact with electrical equipment, noise, heat stress and psychosocial risks. The main occupational diseases refer to musculoskeletal, psychosocial or dermatological conditions. Each unit should, however, be evaluated individually, according to its intrinsic characteristics. Conclusions: The safety and health of kitchen workers are issues that deserve constant attention from employers, regulators and society at large. This article explored some of the main occupational hazards and listed the need for effective preventive measures. Reducing these risks is not only an ethical and legal responsibility, but a smart strategy to improve operational efficiency and quality of services, avoiding accidents, minimizing absenteeism, but also improving the productivity of companies. It would be pertinent to develop investigations that assess the national reality

RESUMO Introdução: O setor da alimentação coletiva inclui um número razoável de trabalhadores envolvidos. Empiricamente, não existem dúvidas de que este setor possui áreas de trabalho que pela sua natureza envolvem uma série de fatores de risco que podem afetar a saúde dos trabalhadores. Conhecer e catalogar os mesmos, de modo a poder elaborar um plano preventivo, é essencial para a saúde do trabalhador (e da entidade que o emprega). Este artigo objetiva reunir os principais fatores de risco/riscos ocupacionais, doenças profissionais associadas e medidas de proteção recomendadas. Metodologia: Trata-se de umaScoping Review, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada nas base de dados Medline (via Pubmed), realizada durante o mês de novembro de 2023, englobando artigos (em português e inglês), com as palavras-chave “kitchen worker” e “occupational” no título, sem limite temporal. Utilizou-se como complemento a ferramenta de análise de riscos “Online interactive risk assessment”, da Agência Europeia para a Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho. Conteúdo: Os principais fatores de risco encontrados são exposição a agentes químicos (produtos na higienização das instalações e/ou hortofrutícolas, ou subprodutos derivados da confeção); riscos ergonómicos (posturas mantidas/ forçadas; movimentos repetitivos, manuseamento manual de cargas); riscos de acidentes (quedas ao mesmo nível ou a níveis diferentes; manuseamento de equipamentos/utensílios que aumentem o risco de queimaduras, cortes e/ou amputações); contato com equipamentos elétricos, ruído, stress térmico e riscos psicossociais. As principais doenças profissionais referem-se a condições musculoesqueléticas, psicossociais ou dermatológicas. Cada unidade deverá, no entanto, ser avaliada individualmente, mediante as suas caraterísticas intrínsecas. Conclusões: A segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores das unidades de alimentação coletiva são questões que merecem atenção constante dos Empregadores, reguladores e da sociedade em geral. Este artigo explorou alguns dos principais riscos ocupacionais e listou a necessidade de medidas preventivas eficazes. A redução destes riscos não é apenas uma responsabilidade ética e legal, mas uma estratégia inteligente para melhorar a eficiência operacional e a qualidade dos serviços, evitando acidentes, minimizando o absentismo, mas também melhorando a produtividade das empresas. Seria pertinente desenvolver investigações que avaliassem a realidade nacional.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the impact of Dual Diagnosis on patient’s work capacity and verify if the professional activity sector matters. Dual Diagnosis is defined by the coexistence of an Addiction and another psychiatric disorder. Methodology All patients admitted for inpatient treatment at Alcohol and New Addiction’s Treatment Unit from Lisbon’s Psychiatric Hospital Center, for six months, between 1st November 2021 and 30th April 2022, were selected and screened for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (age, gender, education level, professional situation, and activity sector at admission as well as main admission diagnosis and other psychiatric comorbidities). Retrospective observative analysis focused on patient’s work capacity was conducted between patients who had been diagnosed with an Addiction Disorder and patients with Dual Diagnosis. Results Our sample had 78 patients and an average age of 51 years. From those, 31 had diagnosis of Addiction Disorder and 47 had Dual Diagnosis. Only 27% patients were still active at admission, with 15% being with temporary incapacity certificate, 41% being unemployed and 17% retired. A significant part of our sample worked in accommodation, transportation, and food services activities (29%), construction sector (19%) and in healthcare, education, and social work activities (17%). The unemployment rates between patients with an Addiction Disorder and Dual Diagnosis were similar. However, 39% of patients with an Addiction Disorder were active while only 19% with Dual Diagnosis were in the same state. Also of interest was that 34% of those with Dual Diagnosis worked in accommodation, transportation, and food services activities. Conclusions These results show that Dual Diagnosis may have a significant impact in the working capacity and suggest that there are important differences between professional activity sectors in patients with or without dual diagnosis.

RESUMO Objetivos Analisar o impacto da Patologia Dual na capacidade de trabalho e verificar se existe relevância com o setor de atividade profissional. A Patologia Dual define-se pela coexistência de uma Adição e de outra patologia psiquiátrica. Metodologia Todos os pacientes internados para tratamento na Unidade de Tratamento para Álcool e Novas Dependências do Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, durante seis meses, entre 1 de novembro de 2021 e 30 de abril de 2022, foram selecionados e avaliados quanto a características sociodemográficas e clínicas (idade, género, nível de educação, situação profissional e setor de atividade aquando da admissão, bem como diagnóstico principal à admissão e outras comorbilidades psiquiátricas). Realizada uma análise observacional retrospetiva focada na capacidade de trabalho dos doentes entre aqueles diagnosticados apenas com uma Adição (com ou sem uso de substância) e doentes com o diagnóstico de Patologia Dual. Resultados A amostra incluiu 78 pacientes com uma idade média de 51 anos. Destes, 31 foram diagnosticados com uma Adição e 47 com Patologia Dual. Apenas 27% dos pacientes estavam com uma situação profissional ativa aquando da admissão hospitalar, com 15% em situação de incapacidade temporária para o trabalho, 41% em situação de desemprego e 17% na reforma. As principais áreas de atividades presentes na amostra pertenciam a três setores, sendo que 29% dos pacientes trabalhava no setor da restauração, hotelaria, transportes e outros serviços de lazer, 19% no setor da construção e 17% no setor da saúde, educação e serviços sociais. As taxas de desemprego presentes entre pacientes diagnosticados com Adição foram semelhantes à dos pacientes diagnosticados com Patologia Dual. No entanto, 39% dos pacientes com Adição encontravam-se com uma situação profissional ativa, enquanto que apenas 19% dos diagnosticados com Patologia Dual estavam profissionalmente ativos. Observamos ainda que 34% dos pacientes com patologia dual trabalhavam no setor da restauração, hotelaria, transportes e outros serviços de lazer. Conclusões Os resultados demonstram que a Patologia Dual pode ter um impacto significativo na capacidade de trabalho da população e sugerem que existem diferenças importantes entre os setores de atividade profissional em pacientes com ou sem o diagnóstico de Patologia Dual, contudo, são necessários estudos mais alargados nesta área.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to carry out a survey of the different studies that have been carried out in Cuba in terms of ecosystem services valuation. It is a path little traveled and on rise that requires the detection of its strengths and gaps as a guide to the execution of said investigations with de human capital that the country possesses. A total of 42 papers were compiled, including 14 scientific articles, 8 diploma theses, 15 doctoral theses and 5 master´s theses. The ecosystem services most evaluated were those of fibre and food supply, the regulation of climate, water, natural hazard and air quality and within cultural services, aesthetic values and recreation and ecotourism.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un levantamiento de los diferentes estudios que en materia de valoración de servicios ecosistémicos se han efectuado en Cuba. Es un camino poco transitado y en ascenso que requiere de la detección de sus fortalezas y sus principales vacíos como guía a la ejecución de tales investigaciones, con el capital humano que el país posee. Se compilaron un total de 42, de ellos 14 son artículos científicos, 8 tesis de diploma, 15 tesis de doctorado y 5 de maestría. Los servicios ecosistémicos más evaluados en los documentos fueron: los servicios de aprovisionamiento de fibra y alimentos, la regulación del clima, del agua, del peligro natural y de la calidad del aire, y dentro de los servicios culturales los valores estéticos y recreación y ecoturismo.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

BACKGROUND. Many studies have shown that South African women tend to initiate antenatal care late in their pregnancies. This presents challenges in the provision of quality healthcare to both mother and child. There are several studies on the social and cultural reasons for late booking. However, understanding the factors in a woman's choice to initiate antenatal care is important in informing healthcare strategies and policies. METHODS. This study was an analytical cross-sectional study of household and general health factors associated with attendance of antenatal care by pregnant women in Tshwane in 2015. It was a secondary data analysis from complete data sampling households registered on AitaHealth™. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess which factors are associated with antenatal care attendance. RESULTS. The age of the head of the household was a significant factor in the attendance of antenatal care. The odds of attending antenatal care were 3.3, 2.1 and 1.8 times higher in households where the head of the household was 30 - 39 years of age, 20 - 29 or 40-49 years of age, respectively, than when between 10-19 years of age. Factors that increased the odds of attending antenatal care were living in households that had electricity and piped water, and running a business from home. Residing in a permanent dwelling and being food secure increased the odds of antenatal care attendance. CONCLUSION. The identified health and household factors should inform policies and programmes geared towards improving services around antenatal care provision.

Introduction: Malnutrition is an inpatient complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality, modifiable by improving nutritional intake. For this, it is essential to know the patient's satisfaction regarding intra-hospital feeding. Currently there is no validated and adapted tool for the Chilean population to evaluate this area. Aim: to develop a cross-cultural adaptation of the validated ACHFPSQ questionnaire, which has shown to be capable of identifying aspects to improve in the quality and planning of intrahospital feeding and applying corrective measures based on its observations with a positive impact on the food service. Materials and methods: The methodology of this process, applied in an internal forum between the authors, was based on a series of translations from the original language and reverse into Chilean Spanish that were unified in a consensus instrument with which a pilot test was carried out in 30 patients. After this test, the respondents’ suggestions were collected to apply modifications and a quality control for cross-cultural adaptations to define the final version of the instrument. Results: the authors’ forum evaluated the translations positively, having to apply a single explanatory modification to the instrument. In the pilot test, 93% required assistance to complete the survey. Only two respondents made suggestions, with no impact on the final instrument. Discussion and conclusion: the questionnaire becomes a new tool available to evaluate service quality standards and other nutritional indicators, allowing to objectify the impact of possible changes in food services.

Resumen Introducción: La malnutrición es una complicación hospitalaria asociada a mayor morbimortalidad, modi- ficable al mejorar la ingesta nutricional. Para esto es fundamental conocer la satisfacción del paciente sobre la alimentación intrahospitalaria. Actualmente, no existe una herramienta validada y adaptada a población chilena para evaluar dicha esfera. Objetivo: elaborar una adaptación transcultural del cuestionario validado ACHFPSQ, que ha demostrado ser capaz de identificar aspectos a mejorar en calidad y planificación de la alimentación intrahospitalaria y aplicar medidas correctivas a partir de sus observaciones con un impacto positivo en el servicio de alimentación. Materiales y métodos: La metodología de este proceso, aplicada en un foro interno entre los autores, se basó en una serie de traducciones desde el idioma original e inversas al español de Chile que fueron unificadas en un instrumento consenso con el cual se realizó una prueba piloto en 30 pacientes. Tras dicha prueba, se recogieron las sugerencias de los encuestados para aplicar modificaciones y un control de calidad de adaptaciones transculturales para definir la versión final del instrumento. Resultados: el foro de autores evaluó positivamente las traducciones, debiendo realizar una sola modificación aclarativa al instrumento. En la prueba piloto, un 93% requirió asistencia para completar la encuesta. Solo dos encuestados hicieron sugerencias, sin impacto en el instrumento final. Discusión y conclusión: el cuestionario se convierte en una nueva herramienta disponible para evaluar estándares de calidad de servicio y otros indicadores nutricionales, permitiendo objetivar el impacto de posibles cambios en los servicios de alimentación.

Abstract Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium producing staphylococcal enterotoxins, responsible worldwide for outbreaks of staphylococcal poisoning. Objective: To determine the genotypification and prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus type B, C, D, and E in nasopharyngeal smears of food-handlers. Material and method: Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained of 100 food-handlers from food services of Chillán city, after signing informed consent, the samples were transported to 4 ° C, and then inoculated for 48 hours at 37 ° C in Baird Parker Agar plates. After the confirmatory tests of catalase and coagulase for Staphylococcus aureus, DNA extraction and subsequent molecular identification of enterotoxin type B, C, D, and E were performed by means of conventional PCR amplification. Results: The 38% of the sample was positive by Staphylococcus aureus. Of the total carriers of the bacteria, it was identified that 28.9% produced enterotoxin type B and 7.9% produced type E enterotoxin, of this 2.6% were producers of both enterotoxins. The presence of enterotoxins C and D was not detected by PCR. Conclusions: The 38% of 100 the food-handlers studied carry Staphylococcus aureus, and 36,8% of them produce enterotoxins B and E, representing 14% of the total group of study. Our observation suggests the necessity of strict protocols of food manipulation to prevent contamination of food with S. aureus.

Resumen Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus es una bacteria Gram positiva productora enterotoxinas estafilocócicas, responsables a nivel mundial de brotes por intoxicación estafilocócica. Objetivo: Determinar la genotipificación y prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxigénico tipo B, C, D y E en frotis nasofaríngeos de manipuladores de alimentos de Chile. Material y método: Este estudio se realizó en una muestra de 100 manipuladores de alimentos de servicios de alimentación de Chillán. Realizando en una primera etapa, previa firma de consentimiento informado, muestreo nasofaríngeo en los lugares de trabajo. Las muestras se trasladaron a 4°C, para luego ser inoculadas por 48 horas a 37 °C en placas Agar Baird Parker. Posterior a las pruebas confirmativas de catalasa y coagulasa para Staphylococcus aureus, se realizó extracción de ADN y posterior identificación molecular de enterotoxina tipo B, C, D y E, mediante la amplificación por PCR convencional. Resultados: El 38% de la muestra estaba colonizada por Staphylococcus aureus. Del total de portadores de la bacteria se identificó que el 28,9% producían la enterotoxina tipo B y el 7,9% producían la enterotoxina tipo E, de estos un 2,6% era productor de ambas enterotoxinas. No se detectó presencia de las enterotoxinas C y D. Conclusiones: El 38% de los 100 manipuladores de alimentos de servicios de alimentación estudiados es portador de Staphylococcus aureus, y 36,8% de estos producen enterotoxinas B y E, representando un 14% del grupo total de estudio.

Resumen El artículo expone parte de los resultados del proyecto de investigación «Violencia y endeudamiento: mecanismos que coartan los derechos humanos de personas endeudadas en el sector informal costarricense», desarrollado en la Universidad Estatal a Distancia. Bajo un carácter descriptivo, a partir de la revisión de antecedentes nacionales e internacionales y la participación de seis mujeres, se logra comprender el impacto del endeudamiento informal en la historia de vida de la población participante. Como parte de los hallazgos, las personas participantes evidenciaron una serie de privaciones relacionadas con la educación, empleo formal y conocimientos financieros; a su vez, la figura del crédito informal se destina a gastos regulares requeridos para la reproducción de condiciones de vida (pago de alquiler, alimentación o servicios básicos), con montos catalogados como «micro créditos», sujetos a plazos y condiciones definidos a criterio de la persona prestamista; espacio en el cual, se evidencian mecanismos coercitivos de presión y violación a la integridad de la persona (amenazas, daño físico) para pagar la deuda.

Résumé Cet article expose une partie des résultats du projet de recherche intitulé «Violence et endettement: mécanismes restreignant les droits humains des personnes endettées dans le secteur informel costaricain». Il a été mené à bien à Universidad Estatal a Distancia (l'Université de l’État à Distance), sous un caractère descriptif ainsi qu’à partir de la revue des antécédents nationaux et internationaux et de la participation de six femmes, il est possible de comprendre l'impact de l'endettement informel dans l'histoire de vie de la population participant à l'étude. Parmi les découvertes, les participants ont montré une série de privations liées à l'éducation, à l'emploi formel et aux connaissances financières. Parallèlement, la pratique du crédit informel est destinée à des dépenses régulières nécessaires à la reproduction des conditions de vie (loyer, alimentation ou services de base), avec des montants qualifiés de «microcrédits», soumis à des échéances et des conditions définies selon le critère du prêteur. Dans cet espace, des mécanismes coercitifs de pression et de violation de l'intégrité de la personne (menaces, dommages physiques) pour rembourser la dette sont mis en évidence.

Abstract The article presents part of the results from the research project titled 'Violence and Indebtedness: Mechanisms Restricting the Human Rights of Indebted Individuals in the Costa Rican Informal Sector,' conducted at the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (Distance State University). In a descriptive manner, drawing on a review of national and international precedents and the participation of six women, the impact of informal indebtedness on the life stories of the participating population is understood. Among the findings, participants revealed a series of deprivations related to education, formal employment, and financial knowledge. Simultaneously, informal credit was used for regular expenses necessary for the reproduction of living conditions (rent, food, or basic services), with amounts categorized as 'micro-credits,' subject to terms and conditions defined at the discretion of the lender. Within this context, coercive mechanisms of pressure and violation of personal integrity (threats, physical harm) are evident in the process of debt repayment.

Abstract Talking about habitability involves a series of aspects such as infrastructure, services, housing and, of course, the direct relationship with urban planning. The objective of this research is to identify the relationship that exists between the variables that make up urban habitability (dimensions) and the administration of economic resources in families in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico (ZMVM). The National Household Income and Expenditure Survey [Enigh] (2020) was taken as a reference. For the specific analysis of housing and services, in the dimension of urban habitability of public services, the percentages of housing by urban Basic Geostatistical Areas (AGEB) that do not have services were calculated, with the help of the “Field Calculator” tool. of the ArcGis program and the data obtained from the Population and Housing Census and the Geostatistical Framework provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography [Inegi], (2020). The Enigh results allowed us to conclude that the three entities that make up the ZMVM use the highest percentage of their income on food and beverages. Identifying the variables that allowed the evaluation of urban habitability and are part of the large expenditure items. The highest is Transportation and communications, compared to urban accessibility, in second place, housing and services and in third, education and recreation. Finally, a proposal is made for co-responsibility of the actors who participate in the construction of habitability, based on self-management.

Resumen La habitabilidad es un concepto que implica la consideración de diversos aspectos, como la infraestructura, los servicios, la vivienda y, por supuesto, la relación directa con la planeación urbana. Tomando en consideración esto, el objetivo de esta investigación es identificar la relación entre las variables que componen la habitabilidad urbana (dimensiones) y la administración de recursos económicos en las familias de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (ZMVM), para lo cual se tomó como referencia la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2020. Para analizar específicamente la vivienda y los servicios dentro de la dimensión de habitabilidad urbana de servicios públicos, se calcularon los porcentajes de viviendas por áreas geoestadísticas básicas (AGEB) urbanas que carecen de dichos servicios. Esto se llevó a cabo mediante el uso de la herramienta Field Calculator del programa ArcGIS, así como por los datos recabados en el Censo de Población y Vivienda y en el marco geoestadístico proporcionados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) en 2020. Los resultados de la ENIGH permitieron concluir que las tres entidades que conforman la ZMVM destinan el porcentaje más alto de sus ingresos a alimentos y bebidas, lo que identifica las variables utilizadas para evaluar la habitabilidad urbana y que forman parte de los principales rubros de gasto. El más significativo es el de transporte y comunicaciones, seguido por vivienda y servicios y, en tercer lugar, educación y esparcimiento. Finalmente, se propone una corresponsabilidad de los actores involucrados en la construcción de la habitabilidad sustentada en la autogestión.

Resumo A habitabilidade é um conceito que envolve a consideração de vários aspectos, como infraestruturas, serviços, habitação e, claro, a relação direta com o planeamento urbano. Levando isso em consideração, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar a relação entre as variáveis que compõem a habitabilidade urbana (dimensões) e a administração dos recursos econômicos nas famílias da Zona Metropolitana do Vale do México (ZMVM), para a qual tomou como referência o Inquérito Nacional ao Rendimento e Despesas do Agregado Familiar (ENIGH) de 2020. Para analisar especificamente a habitação e os serviços na dimensão de habitabilidade urbana dos serviços públicos, foram calculadas as percentagens de habitações por áreas geoestatísticas básicas (AGEB) que carecem de áreas urbanas. tais serviços. Isto foi realizado através da utilização da ferramenta Calculadora de Campo do programa ArcGIS, bem como dos dados recolhidos no Censo Demográfico e Habitacional e no quadro geoestatístico disponibilizado pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Geografia (INEGI) em 2020. Os resultados do ENIGH permitiram concluir que as três entidades que compõem a ZMVM destinam a maior percentagem dos seus rendimentos à alimentação e bebidas, o que identifica as variáveis utilizadas para avaliar a habitabilidade urbana e que fazem parte das principais rubricas de despesa. O mais significativo são os transportes e comunicações, seguidos pela habitação e serviços e, em terceiro lugar, pela educação e recreação. Por fim, propõe-se uma corresponsabilidade dos atores envolvidos na construção de habitabilidade apoiada na autogestão.

Abstract Some reports from EsSalud (2020) indicated that certain habits linked to health had a negative impact on children between the ages of 6 and 12 during the covid-19 period. As such, this research aimed to investigate the state of the art and the promotion of healthy habits in primary schools in Peru. Not finding precedents, this inquiry focused on articles published between 2018 and 2022, on healthy habits in schoolchildren from 6 to 12 years of age at the primary level in Peru. Regarding the methodology; the research was descriptive with a qualitative approach; A bibliographic review was made on websites and databases such as; Sciencie, Scielo, Scopus del Perú and Renati, using search equations; with keywords and logical operators. Regarding the results, 54 articles were selected; 8 on physical activity, 32 on healthy eating, 10 on healthy hygiene habits and 4 on sleep quality. Finally, the investigation discovered that schoolchildren present deficiencies in their eating, hygienic, recreational and physical habits, this due to multiple factors such as; false beliefs, bad practices, lack of basic services; drinking water, personal hygiene items; toothpastes, soaps, and abuse of processed foods. The results collect valid proposals to improve the healthy habits of schoolchildren, and range from promoting physical exercise, offering healthy diets to monitoring the regulation of food products and advertisements.

Resumen Algunos informes de EsSalud (2020) indicaron que ciertos hábitos ligados a la salud impactaron negativamente en los niños de 6 a 12 años de edad durante el periodo del covid-19. Por eso, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo indagar sobre el estado de la cuestión y la promoción de hábitos saludables en los colegios de educación primaria en el Perú. Al no encontrarse antecedentes, esta indagación se centró en artículos publicados entre los años 2018 y 2022 sobre los hábitos saludables en los escolares de 6 a 12 años del nivel primario en el Perú. En cuanto a la metodología, la investigación fue descriptiva, con enfoque cualitativo. En concreto, se hizo una revisión bibliográfica en sitios web y bases de datos como Sciencie, Scielo, Scopus del Perú y Renati, para lo cual se usaron ecuaciones de búsqueda con palabras claves y operadores lógicos. En cuanto a los resultados, se seleccionaron 54 artículos: 8 de actividad física, 32 de alimentación saludable, 10 de hábitos de higiene saludable y 4 sobre la calidad del sueño. Finalmente, la investigación descubrió que los escolares presentan deficiencias en sus hábitos alimenticios, higiénicos, de esparcimiento y físicos debido a múltiples factores, como falsas creencias, malas prácticas, carencia de servicios básicos, agua potable, artículos de aseo personal, dentífricos, jabones y abuso de alimentos procesados. Los datos recogen propuestas válidas para mejorar los hábitos saludables de los escolares, los cuales van desde promover el ejercicio físico y ofrecer dietas saludables hasta monitorear la regulación de productos y propagandas alimenticias.

Resumo Alguns relatórios de EsSalud (2020) indicaram que certos hábitos ligados à saúde tiveram um impacto negativo em crianças entre 6 e 12 anos durante o período de covid-19. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o estado da arte e a promoção de hábitos saudáveis nas escolas primárias do Peru. Como não foram encontrados precedentes, esta pesquisa se concentrou em artigos publicados entre 2018 e 2022, sobre hábitos saudáveis em escolares de 6 a 12 anos de idade no nível primário no Peru. Em relação à metodologia; a pesquisa foi descritiva com abordagem qualitativa; Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica em sites e bases de dados como; Sciencie, Scielo, Scopus del Perú e Renati, usando equações de busca; com palavras-chave e operadores lógicos. Quanto aos resultados, foram selecionados 54 artigos; 8 em atividade física, 32 em alimentação saudável, 10 em hábitos saudáveis de higiene e 4 em qualidade do sono. Por fim, a investigação descobriu que os escolares apresentam deficiências em seus hábitos alimentares, higiênicos, recreativos e físicos, devido a múltiplos fatores como; falsas crenças, más práticas, falta de serviços básicos; água potável, artigos de higiene pessoal; cremes dentais, sabonetes e abuso de alimentos processados. Os resultados coletam propostas válidas para melhorar os hábitos saudáveis dos escolares, e vão desde a promoção de exercícios físicos, oferta de alimentação saudável até o monitoramento da regulamentação de produtos alimentícios e propagandas.

Resumen El presente artículo determinó la factibilidad comercial, ambiental de una ruta turística en la zona centro del departamento del Huila. Para ello se determinaron los atractivos turísticos de la zona, se identificó la factibilidad comercial y se analizó la sostenibilidad ambiental del producto. La recolección de la información se realizó por medio de la Cámara de Comercio de Neiva, sede Garzón, tomando como población a los aportantes con Registro Nacional de Turismo, de los ocho municipios que conforman la zona, que ofrecían servicios de alojamiento y alimentación. La caracterización de los sitios se realizó por medio de una encuesta para trazar la ruta con el uso de Google Maps. Finalmente, arrojó como conclusión la riqueza de atractivos naturales y patrimoniales, exaltó la oferta y la demanda del inventario turístico y sumó las políticas de fomento en sostenibilidad ambiental.

Abstract This article determined the commercial and environmental feasibility of a tourist route in the central zone of the department of Huila. For this purpose, the tourist attractions of the area were determined, the commercial feasibility was identified and the environmental sustainability of the product was analyzed. The information was collected through the Chamber of Commerce of Neiva, Garzón headquarters, taking as population the contributors with National Tourism Registration, from the eight municipalities that make up the zone, who offered lodging and food services. The characterization of the sites was carried out by means of a survey to trace the route with the use of Google Maps. Finally, it concluded that there is a wealth of natural and patrimonial attractions, it exalted the supply and demand of the tourist inventory and added the policies for the promotion of environmental sustainability.