Food contamination is a public health problem, and the search for natural additives to increase food stability and safety is challenging. This research aimed to study nanoemulsions produced with coriander essential oil and kefiran, an exopolysaccharide extracted from kefir grains. The composition of coriander essential oil was evaluated, revealing linalool as the main component. An experimental design consisting of six trials was conducted. The NE2 formulation (0.5% kefiran and 1.5% coriander essential oil) exhibited smaller particle size, monodispersity, a lower centrifugal stability coefficient, and higher absolute zeta potential values (> 30 mV), indicating high electrical stability. Morphology, thermal stability, and toxicity tests were performed. The minimum bactericidal concentration was determined and applied to commercial cheese. Thermal stability tests demonstrated an increase in the stability of NE2 compared to its individual components, and it was also proven to be non-toxic. The concentration of 25% m v-1 was identified as the minimum bactericidal concentration and was applied to commercial cheese. problem challenging grains evaluated component conducted NE 0.5% 05 0 5 (0.5 15 1 1.5 size monodispersity coefficient > ( 3 mV, mV , mV) Morphology performed cheese components nontoxic. nontoxic non toxic. toxic non-toxic 25 v1 v v- 0.5 (0. 1. 2 0. (0

ABSTRACT: China is the biggest muskmelon producing country across the world. Extreme application of fertilizer during planting of muskmelon poses a serious threat to the environment and food safety, so how to promote farmers to use organic fertilizer has become an important topic. This study creatively introduced green awareness into the extended framework of theory of planned behavior to explore the decisive factors of muskmelon farmers’ behavior intention to apply green organic fertilizer. The structural equation model is used for investigating behavior intention of 543 muskmelon farmers in Leting County, China. The results suggested that both subjective norm and green awareness can affect muskmelon farmers’ behavior intention positively and significantly. When the subjective norm increases by 1 standard deviation, the farmers’ intention increases by 1.028 standard deviation; for every 1 standard deviation increase in green awareness, the farmers’ intention increased by 0.703 standard deviation. ABSTRACT world safety topic 54 County significantly 1028 028 1.02 0703 0 703 0.70 5 102 02 1.0 070 70 0.7 10 1. 07 7 0.

RESUMO: A China é o maior país produtor de melão em todo o mundo. A aplicação extrema de fertilizantes durante o plantio de melão representa uma séria ameaça ao meio ambiente e à segurança alimentar, portanto, como promover os agricultores a usar fertilizante orgânico verde tornou-se um tópico importante. Este estudo introduziu criativamente a consciência verde no quadro estendido da teoria do comportamento, planejado para explorar os fatores decisivos da intenção dos agricultores de melão de aplicar fertilizante orgânico verde. O modelo de equações estruturais é usado para investigar a intenção de comportamento de 543 agricultores de melão no Condado de Leting, China. Os resultados sugerem que tanto a norma subjetiva quanto a consciência verde podem afetar positiva e significativamente o comportamento dos produtores de melão. Quando a norma subjetiva aumenta em 1, o desvio padrão, a intenção do agricultor aumenta em 1,028 desvio padrão. Para cada aumento de 1 desvio padrão na consciência verde, a intenção dos agricultores aumentou em 0,703 desvio padrão. RESUMO mundo alimentar portanto tornouse tornou se importante 54 Leting 1028 028 1,02 0703 0 703 0,70 5 102 02 1,0 070 70 0,7 10 07 7 0,

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the effectiveness of using disposable masks in mitigating the spread of Staphylococcus aureus during the chicken cutting process in a large poultry abattoir. The identification of carriers of S. aureus and the influence of the time of use of disposable masks was carried out. Contamination of utensils and equipment by S. aureus and products by mesophilic aerobes was determined, with and without the use of masks. The efficiency of different commercial masks was evaluated against S. aureus under simulated conditions. The results revealed that 36% of workers on processing lines at the abattoirs carried S. aureus. An increase in S. aureus counts was observed in masks worn by employees for up to 3 h. The transfer of microbial load to utensils was enhanced in the absence of the mask and over time. The breast fillets evaluated showed no difference in the count of mesophilic bacteria with and without the use of masks by employees, conversely, the cuts of thigh and drumstick, thigh fillet and drumstick and wings showed a significant difference with average counts lower than 2 .96 Log CFU/g. Tests under simulated conditions demonstrated the effectiveness of commercial masks in retaining microorganisms. The test mask used by the abattoirs proved to be inefficient, allowing the passage of sprays containing S. aureus, at 6, 15 and 25 cm, with 2.53, 1.74 and 0.66 Log CFU/plate, respectively. This mask saturated, creating a barrier effect that increased contamination in the employees’ work area. ABSTRACT abattoir S out determined 36 h conversely 96 .9 CFUg CFU g CFU/g microorganisms inefficient 6 1 cm 253 53 2.53 174 74 1.7 066 0 66 0.6 CFUplate plate CFU/plate respectively saturated area 9 . 5 2.5 17 7 1. 06 0. 2.

RESUMO: O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia do uso de máscaras descartáveis na mitigação da propagação de Staphylococcus aureus durante o processo de corte de frango em um grande abatedouro de aves. Foi realizada a identificação de portadores de S. aureus e influência do tempo de uso de máscaras descartáveis. A contaminação em utensílios e equipamentos por S. aureus e produtos por aeróbios mesófilos foi determinada, com e sem uso de máscaras. A eficiência de diferentes máscaras comerciais foi avaliada contra S. aureus em condições simuladas. Os resultados revelaram que 36% dos trabalhadores das linhas de processamento no frigorífico eram portadores de S. aureus. Foi observado aumento na contagem de S. aureus em máscaras usadas pelos funcionários até 3 horas. A transferência de carga microbiana para utensílios foi potencializada na ausência da máscara e com o passar do tempo. Os filés de peito avaliados não apresentaram diferença na contagem de bactérias mesófilas com e sem o uso de máscaras pelos funcionários, por outro lado, os cortes de coxa e sobrecoxa, filé de coxa e sobrecoxa e asas apresentaram diferença significativa com contagens médias inferiores a 2,96 Log de UFC/g. Testes de condições simuladas demonstraram a eficácia das máscaras comerciais na retenção de microrganismos. A máscara teste utilizada pelo frigorífico mostrou-se ineficiente, permitindo a passagem de pulverizações contendo S. aureus, a 6, 15 e 25 cm, com 2,53, 1,74 e 0,66 Log UFC/placa, respectivamente. Essa máscara saturava, criando um efeito barreira que aumentava a contaminação na área de trabalho dos funcionários. RESUMO aves S determinada 36 horas lado 296 2 96 2,9 UFCg UFC g UFC/g microrganismos mostrouse mostrou se ineficiente 6 1 cm 253 53 2,53 174 74 1,7 066 0 66 0,6 UFCplaca placa UFC/placa respectivamente saturava 29 9 2, 5 2,5 17 7 1, 06 0,

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to understand the subject regarding the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals and food production through literature reviews covering the timespan from 2001 to 2021. Methodologically, this paper is framed as a literature review and uses the Scopus platform to get to the database, selecting 243 papers. The results pointed out that the United States presented the highest number of published documents (126). When it comes to the origin of affiliation, the universities located in the Netherlands (University of Wageningen) and Canada (University of Guelph) present together the highest number of published documents (24). Among the keywords, the most frequent are food safety, followed by the food supply, sustainability, and climate change. Finally, regarding the main subjects tackled during the analyzed time period, it was verified that the issues concerning public policies, land use, and food safety were discussed throughout the entire timespan. In turn, the most recent period, mainly covering the articles published from the year 2021 on, inserts into the discussion agenda the aspects of Covid-19, the pandemic, and its impacts, especially influenced by the setting experienced worldwide. At the same time, other subjects less discussed took the spotlight, also emerging from the Covid-19 pandemic, such as digital agriculture and digital technology, which began to have major relevance. At last, it is possible to infer that reaching sustainable development goals is even more challenging under a pandemic context experienced by all the countries from 2020 to the present day. ABSTRACT 203 200 Methodologically database 24 papers 126. 126 . (126) affiliation University Wageningen Guelph 24. (24) keywords supply sustainability change Finally period policies use turn 202 on Covid19, Covid19 Covid 19, 19 impacts worldwide spotlight Covid-1 technology relevance last day 20 2 12 (126 (24 Covid1 1 Covid- (12 (2 (1 (

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender a temática em torno dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável Agenda 2030 e a produção de alimentos através de uma análise bibliográfica compreendendo o período de 2001 a 2021. Metodologicamente o estudo se enquadra como uma revisão bibliográfica e se utilizou a plataforma Scopus para obtenção da base de dados, sendo selecionados 243 artigos. Os resultados apontaram que os Estados Unidos apresentaram o maior número de documentos publicados (126). Em relação a afiliação de origem, universidades localizadas na Holanda (Universidy de Wageningen) e Canadá (Universidy de Guelph) são as que apresentam juntas o maior número de documentos publicados (24). Entre as palavras-chaves a que mais aparece é segurança alimentar, seguida de fornecimento de alimentos, sustentabilidade e mudanças climáticas. Finalmente, no que diz respeito às principais temáticas abordadas durante o período analisado, constatou-se que questões relacionadas a políticas públicas, uso da terra e segurança alimentar foram discutidas ao longo de todo período analisado. Já no período mais recente, que compreende sobretudo os artigos publicados a partir do ano de 2021, insere-se na agenda de discussão, influenciada pelo cenário vivenciado no mundo todo, aspectos relacionados à pandemia, Covid 19 e seus impactos. Ao mesmo tempo, ganharam relevância temas ainda pouco discutidos, os quais emergem também a partir da pandemia do Covid 19, dentre eles a agricultura digital e tecnologias digitais, que passaram a ter grande relevância. Finalmente, é possível inferir que alcançar os objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável se tornou ainda mais desafiador em um contexto de Pandemia, vivenciado em todos os países do mundo no período de 2020 aos dias atuais. RESUMO 203 200 2021 dados 24 126. 126 . (126) origem Universidy Wageningen Guelph 24. (24) palavraschaves palavras chaves climáticas Finalmente analisado constatouse constatou públicas recente inserese insere discussão 1 impactos tempo discutidos digitais Pandemia 202 atuais 20 2 12 (126 (24 (12 (2 (1 (

ABSTRACT Although faba-bean (Vicia faba L.) is not a major crop in China, many farmers like to cultivate faba-bean in autumn as a fresh food or animal feed for next spring. However, no herbicides are available to control weeds in the faba-bean fields. Although prosulfocarb is a candidate herbicide, some farmers have reported that prosulfocarb can often cause harm to faba-bean. Our laboratory experiment results revealed that Tongcanxian No. 6, a faba-bean cultivar with large seeds, showed the lowest level of growth inhibition and Qidou No. 2, a faba-bean cultivar with small seeds, showed the highest level of growth inhibition when treated with 3960 and 7920 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb. The growth inhibition rate of faba-bean was 0% when 3960 and 7920 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb was sprayed within 6 d after sowing, indicating that prosulfocarb treatment should be applied as soon as possible after sowing. When the temperature exceeded 20 °C and soil moisture content exceeded 20%, it might have aggravated the phytotoxicity of ‘Tongcanxian No. 6’ and ‘Qidou No. 2’ caused by prosulfocarb. Two round of field experiments showed visually that the control effect of 3960 g ai ha-1 prosulfocarb on the total weeds exceeded 90% and safe to faba-bean at the same time. This study indicated that prosulfocarb can be safely used in faba-bean fields by improving agronomic methods, which can also provide a reference for weed management in faba-bean fields worldwide.

Summary: Excessive use of chlorpyrifos affects the quality of agricultural soils causing negative effects on the safety of harvested food. The behavior of chlorpyrifos residues depends on soil properties, especially organic matter. Our aim in this research was to determine the effect of the application of vermicompost on the residual and dissipation of chlorpyrifos in an entisol soil of semi-arid climate with variations in its edaphic fertility. Four treatments were studied. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) and 92.5% soil (S); T2: 5% V and 95% S; T3: 2.5% V and 97.5% S; T4: 0% V and 100% S. The treatments were subjected to a seven-day incubation period. Subsequently, a dose of chlorpyrifos of 1.5 mg kg-1 as active ingredient was applied once for each treatment. A completely randomized design was used with three replicates for each treatment, forming 12 experimental units. The analytical determination of chlorpyrifos was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The evaluations were carried out 1.7, 14, 28, 42, 70 and 98 days after the application of chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the incorporation of vermicompost to the soil at increasing levels promoted a decrease in the residual concentration of chlorpyrifos and facilitated its gradual dissipation. The chlorpyrifos dissipation curves correspond to a first order logarithmic equation where the effects of the treatments caused greater dissipation of chlorpyrifos as the evaluation period elapsed. At 98 days of evaluation, T1 registered lower residuality (0.786 m kg-1), higher daily dissipation rate (0.008) and lower half-life of chlorpyrifos (86.64 days). At the end of the research period, edaphic levels of P, K, EC and CEC increased while OM, N and pH decreased after vermicompost application.

Resumen: El uso excesivo de clorpirifos afecta la calidad de los suelos agrícolas provocando efectos negativos en la inocuidad de los alimentos cosechados. El comportamiento de los residuos de clorpirifos depende de las propiedades edáficas especialmente la materia orgánica. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de vermicompost en la residualidad y disipación de clorpirifos en un suelo entisol de clima semiárido con variaciones en su fertilidad edáfica. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) y 92.5% suelo (S); T2: 5% V y 95% S; T3: 2.5% V y 97.5% S; T4: 0% V y 100% S. Los tratamientos fueron sometidos a un periodo de incubación de siete días. Posteriormente, se aplicó una dosis de clorpirifos de 1.5 mg kg-1 como ingrediente activo en una sola oportunidad por cada tratamiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por cada tratamiento conformando 12 unidades experimentales. La determinación analítica de clorpirifos se efectuó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Las evaluaciones se realizaron a 1,7, 14, 28, 42, 70 y 98 días de la aplicación de clorpirifos. Los resultados demostraron que la incorporación de vermicompost al suelo en niveles crecientes promovió la disminución de la concentración residual de clorpirifos y facilitó su disipación de manera gradual. Las curvas de disipación de clorpirifos corresponden a una ecuación logarítmica de primer orden donde los efectos de los tratamientos ocasionaron mayor disipación de clorpirifos conforme transcurrió el periodo de evaluación. A 98 días de evaluación el T1 registró menor residualidad (0.786 m kg-1), mayor tasa de disipación diaria (0.008) y menor vida media de clorpirifos (86.64 días). Al final del periodo de investigación, los niveles edáficos de P, K, CE y CIC se incrementaron mientras que la MO, N y pH descendieron luego de la aplicación de vermicompost.

ABSTRACT In order to describe the incidence rates per 100 000 population of foodborne disease (FBD) cases during the period 2015-2020 in Ecuador, we carried out a secondary analysis of epidemiological surveillance records and population projections from the National Institute of Statistics and Census. A total of 113,695 cases were reported with an incidence of more than 100 cases per 100 000 population (2015-2019). In 2020, the records are considerably lower than those reported in previous years. Most cases were reported as “other food poisoning”. The highest incidence rates of FBD were found in the Amazon region. In general, there is a marked annual variability in the incidence of FBD according to the geographic regions of Ecuador. In conclusion, FBD represent a public health problem in Ecuador. Comprehensive preventive strategies should be designed with special emphasis on the Amazon region.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las tasas de incidencia por cada 100 000 habitantes de los casos de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) durante el periodo 2015-2020 en Ecuador se realizó un análisis secundario de los registros de vigilancia epidemiológica y de las proyecciones poblacionales del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Se reportaron 113 695 casos con una incidencia superior a los 100 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes (2015-2019). En el 2020 los registros son considerablemente inferiores a los reportes de años anteriores. La mayoría de los casos se reportaron como «otras intoxicaciones alimentarias». Las tasas de incidencia de ETA más altas se observaron en la región amazónica. En general existe una marcada variabilidad anual en la incidencia de las ETA según las regiones geográficas del Ecuador. En conclusión, las ETA representan un problema de salud pública en el Ecuador. Se deben diseñar estrategias preventivas integrales con especial énfasis en la región amazónica.

RESUMEN Introducción: la yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) constituye un recurso alimentario autóctono, formando parte de la tradición y cultura alimentaria del Paraguay. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios locales sobre los hábitos de consumo y preferencias por los paraguayos. Objetivo: describir los hábitos de consumo de la yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) en el Departamento Central en el 2022. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con datos primarios, realizado en el Departamento Central de Paraguay. Muestreo no probabilístico en racimos. Instrumento de elaboración propia, diseñado como encuesta digital en la plataforma Google Form® (EE.UU.). Las variables fueron agrupadas en datos demográficos, relacionados al consumo de mate, tereré y cocido, procesados en Microsoft Excel® (EE.UU.) y EPI INFO® 7.0 (EE.UU.). Resultados: participaron 207 personas, la mayoría contaban entre 18 a 40 años, sexo femenino (83,22 %, 119), solteros, universitarios. El consumo más frecuente fue mate+ tereré+ cocido (43,96 %, 91) y tereré + cocido (14,01 %, 29). Todos los encuestados percibían más de dos salarios mínimos, y eran trabajadores de tiempo completo. El 81,64 % (169) consumían tereré, 69,08 % (143) mate, 80,23 % (138) cocido. El tipo de yerba más consumido fue la “compuesta con hierbas medicinales”, con un promedio de 1,5 Litros diarios. Conclusión: las formas más consumidas son tereré, cocido y mate, el tipo de yerba es la compuesta con el agregado de hierbas medicinales. Se sugieren realizar estudios poblacionales más amplios sobre el consumo de bebidas a base de yerba mate en Paraguay, así como ampliar estudios sobre las posibles interacciones e inocuidad entre la yerba mate con hierbas medicinales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) constitutes a native food resource, forming part of the food tradition and culture of Paraguay. However, there are few local studies on the consumption habits and preferences of Paraguayans. Objective: to describe the consumption habits of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in the Departamento Central in 2022. Methodology: descriptive, cross-sectional study, with primary data, carried out in the Departamento Central of Paraguay. Non-probability cluster sampling. Self-developed instrument, designed as a digital survey on the Google Form® platform (USA). The variables were grouped into demographic data, related to the consumption of mate, tereré and cocido, processed in Microsoft Excel® (USA) and EPI INFO® 7.0 (USA). Results: people participated was 207, the majority were between 18 and 40 years old, female (83.22 %, 119), single, university students. The most frequent consumption was mate + tereré + cooked (43.96 %, 91) and tereré + cooked (14.01 %, 29). All respondents received more than two minimum wages, and were full-time workers. 81.64 % (169) consumed tereré, 69.08 % (143) consumed mate, 80.23 % (138) cooked. The most consumed type of herb was “composed with medicinal herbs”, with an average of 1.5 Liters per day. Conclusion: the most consumed forms are tereré, cooked and mate, the type of yerba is the one composed with the addition of medicinal herbs. It is suggested to carry out larger population studies on the consumption of yerba mate-based drinks in Paraguay, as well as expand studies on the possible interactions and safety between yerba mate and medicinal herbs.

SUMMARY Introduction: The food sector includes a reasonable number of workers involved. Empirically, there is no doubt that this sector has work areas that by their nature involve a series of risk factors that can affect the health. Knowing and cataloguing these, in order to be able to draw up a preventive plan, is essential for the health of the worker (and the entity that employs him). This article aims to gather the main occupational risk factors/occupational risks, occupational diseases and recommended protective measures at kitchen workers. Methodology: This is a Scoping Review, initiated through a search carried out in the Medline database (via Pubmed), carried out during the month of November 2023, encompassing articles (in Portuguese and English), with the keywords "kitchen worker" and "occupational" in the title, with no time limit. The risk analysis tool "Online interactive risk assessment" of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work was used as a complement. Content: The main risk factors found are exposure to chemical agents (products used to clean facilities and/or fruit and vegetables, or by-products from cooking); ergonomic risks (maintained/forced postures; repetitive movements, manual handling of loads); accidents (falls at the same level or at different levels; handling of equipment/utensils that increase the risk of burns, cuts and/or amputations); contact with electrical equipment, noise, heat stress and psychosocial risks. The main occupational diseases refer to musculoskeletal, psychosocial or dermatological conditions. Each unit should, however, be evaluated individually, according to its intrinsic characteristics. Conclusions: The safety and health of kitchen workers are issues that deserve constant attention from employers, regulators and society at large. This article explored some of the main occupational hazards and listed the need for effective preventive measures. Reducing these risks is not only an ethical and legal responsibility, but a smart strategy to improve operational efficiency and quality of services, avoiding accidents, minimizing absenteeism, but also improving the productivity of companies. It would be pertinent to develop investigations that assess the national reality

RESUMO Introdução: O setor da alimentação coletiva inclui um número razoável de trabalhadores envolvidos. Empiricamente, não existem dúvidas de que este setor possui áreas de trabalho que pela sua natureza envolvem uma série de fatores de risco que podem afetar a saúde dos trabalhadores. Conhecer e catalogar os mesmos, de modo a poder elaborar um plano preventivo, é essencial para a saúde do trabalhador (e da entidade que o emprega). Este artigo objetiva reunir os principais fatores de risco/riscos ocupacionais, doenças profissionais associadas e medidas de proteção recomendadas. Metodologia: Trata-se de umaScoping Review, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada nas base de dados Medline (via Pubmed), realizada durante o mês de novembro de 2023, englobando artigos (em português e inglês), com as palavras-chave “kitchen worker” e “occupational” no título, sem limite temporal. Utilizou-se como complemento a ferramenta de análise de riscos “Online interactive risk assessment”, da Agência Europeia para a Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho. Conteúdo: Os principais fatores de risco encontrados são exposição a agentes químicos (produtos na higienização das instalações e/ou hortofrutícolas, ou subprodutos derivados da confeção); riscos ergonómicos (posturas mantidas/ forçadas; movimentos repetitivos, manuseamento manual de cargas); riscos de acidentes (quedas ao mesmo nível ou a níveis diferentes; manuseamento de equipamentos/utensílios que aumentem o risco de queimaduras, cortes e/ou amputações); contato com equipamentos elétricos, ruído, stress térmico e riscos psicossociais. As principais doenças profissionais referem-se a condições musculoesqueléticas, psicossociais ou dermatológicas. Cada unidade deverá, no entanto, ser avaliada individualmente, mediante as suas caraterísticas intrínsecas. Conclusões: A segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores das unidades de alimentação coletiva são questões que merecem atenção constante dos Empregadores, reguladores e da sociedade em geral. Este artigo explorou alguns dos principais riscos ocupacionais e listou a necessidade de medidas preventivas eficazes. A redução destes riscos não é apenas uma responsabilidade ética e legal, mas uma estratégia inteligente para melhorar a eficiência operacional e a qualidade dos serviços, evitando acidentes, minimizando o absentismo, mas também melhorando a produtividade das empresas. Seria pertinente desenvolver investigações que avaliassem a realidade nacional.

ABSTRACT In the food industry, hygiene is a key condition to ensure food safety. That is why this work aimed to describe the visual, microbiological and bioluminescence methods used by food industries to verify sanitation procedures. The methodology was based on the review of the literature in the databases of Google Scholar, Scielo, Latindex, Dialnet, Redalyc and in food regulatory entities. The results showed that the food industries use the different cleaning and disinfection verification methods, either separately or jointly, to achieve compliance with the standards established by the reference regulations. In conclusion, the method used to verify the sanitation procedure resulted from the size of the company, the nature of the food, the processes applied and a series of factors that define the very identity of the industry, to guarantee quality. and food safety.

RESUMEN En la industria alimentaria, la higiene es una condición clave para asegurar la inocuidad de los alimentos. Es por ello, que este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir sobre los métodos visual, microbiológico y de bioluminiscencia utilizados por las industrias de alimentos para la verificación de los procedimientos de saneado. La metodología se basó en la revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos de Google Académico, Scielo, Latindex, Dialnet, Redalyc y en entes reguladores de alimentos. Los resultados demostraron que las industrias de alimentos utilizan los diferentes métodos de verificación de limpieza y desinfección, ya sea de manera separada o conjunta para lograr cumplir con los estándares establecidos por las normativas de referencia. En conclusión, el método utilizado para la verificación del procedimiento de saneado dependerá de la envergadura de la empresa, la naturaleza del alimento, los procesos aplicados y de una serie de factores que definen la misma identidad de la industria, a fin de garantizar la calidad e inocuidad de los alimentos.

Resumen Introducción: Este artículo de carácter reflexivo busca formular una matriz teórica de abordaje de los procesos colectivos que permita recuperar el conocimiento, la reflexión, la articulación de las vivencias y saberes esenciales para producir -o conservar- condiciones para la reproducción de la vida. Objetivo: Para dar cuenta de los objetivos, se reflexiona sobre los procesos iniciados en ollas populares y merenderos vecinales, como respuesta a la inseguridad alimentaria acentuada por la pandemia en el Departamento de Maldonado, Uruguay entre 2020 y 2021. Estos procesos deben ser observados en el contexto de políticas públicas implementadas a nivel nacional y departamental, con enfoques y asignaciones presupuestales deficitarias. Método y técnica: Para ello, se optó por un encuadre metodológico de análisis, reflexión y sistematización de información secundaria de diversos artículos e información actualizada al respecto. Resultados: Algunos resultados del artículo refieren a la construcción de un marco referencial que permitió ilustrar vacíos y nodos teóricos que posibilitan mecanismos de reflexividad en relación con las «nuevas necesidades», sentidos y significaciones de las comunidades y organizaciones de la sociedad civil enfocadas a la seguridad alimentaria en el Departamento de Maldonado. Conclusiones: Este abordaje resulta estratégico para el análisis de las prácticas que propendan al fortalecimiento de derechos, la solidaridad, el cuidado comunitario y las potencialidades de construcción de «lo común», sus tensiones, contradicciones y desafíos. En este sentido, resulta una aproximación pertinente para dar cuenta de las contingencias y dinamismo que posee el objeto de estudio desde un punto de vista experiencial.

Abstract Introduction: This reflective article seeks to formulate a theoretical matrix to approach collective processes that allows recovering knowledge, reflection, and the articulation of experiences and essential knowledge to produce -or preserve- conditions for the reproduction of life. Objective: It reflects on the processes initiated in popular pots and merenders as a response to food insecurity, accentuated by the pandemic and the mitigation measures that were initiatives of neighbors or groups of neighbors implemented in the Department of Maldonado, Uruguay, between 2020 and 2021. These processes must be observed in the context of public policies implemented at the national and departmental levels, with deficit apprhes and budgy otros locations. Method and technique: The methodological framework of analysis, reflection and systematization of secondary information was chosen, taking into account various articles and updated information in this regard. Results: Some of the results of the article refer to the construction of a referential framework that made it possible to illustrate gaps and theoretical nodes that enable mechanisms of reflexivity in relation to the «new needs», senses and meanings of communities and civil society organizations focused on food security in the Department of Maldonado. Conclusions: This approach is strategic for the analysis of practices aimed at strengthening rights, solidarity, community care and the potential of building «the common«, its tensions, contradictions and challenges. In this sense, it is a pertinent approach to account for the contingencies and dynamism of the object of study from an experiential point of view.

Abstract: This scientific article focuses on investigating the presence of Norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum anti- biotic, in chicken meat products marketed in Gran Asunción. The use of this antibiotic in human and veterinary medicine can reach the food chain, posing a risk to public health. Therefore, it is important to determine and quantify the levels of this compound in food. To carry out the study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed as the technique. The solid-liquid extraction technique was used to isolate Norfloxacin from the samples. It was demonstrated that the method used is highly sensitive, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.9526 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.8867 µg/mL. This means that the method can detect and quantify Norfloxacin at extremely low concentrations in chicken meat samples. Additionally, the linearity of the method was established with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 99.4%. The results revealed concentrations of Norfloxacin in chicken meat ranging from 888.0512 to 7809.442 µg/Kg. These findings are relevant to the scientific community and can contribute to the generation of policies and measures to ensure food safety regarding the use of antibiotics in poultry farming.

Resumen: Este artículo científico se centra en investigar la presencia de la Norfloxacina, un antibiótico de amplio espectro, en productos de carne de pollo comercializados en la Gran Asunción. El uso de este antibiótico en medicina humana y veterinaria puede llegar a la cadena alimentaria, lo que representa un riesgo para la salud pública. Por lo tanto, es importante determinar y cuantificar los niveles de este compuesto en los alimentos. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se empleó la técnica de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). La técnica de extracción sólido-líquido para aislar la Norfloxacina de las muestras. Se demostró que el método utilizado es altamente sensible, con un límite de detección (LD) de 0,9526 µg/mL y un límite de cuantificación (LC) de 2,8867 µg/mL. Esto significa que el método puede detectar y cuantificar Norfloxacina en concentraciones extremadamente bajas en las muestras de carne de pollo. Además, se estableció la linealidad del método con un coeficiente de correlación (R2) del 99,4%. Los resultados revelaron concentraciones de Norfloxacina en la carne de pollo que oscilaron entre 888,0512 y 7809,442 µg/Kg. Estos hallazgos son relevantes para la comunidad científica y pueden contribuir a la generación de políticas y medidas para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en relación con el uso de antibióticos en la cría de aves de corral.

Abstract Foodborne diseases cause a high burden of morbidity, with a greater occurrence in home environments. The objective of the study is to associate habits related to good hygiene practices with sociodemographic variables in a representative sample of the Chilean population. Secondary analysis study, conducted from the National Health Survey (NHS) 2016-2017, where the questions of good hygiene practices were analyzed. The sample contemplates 6,233 participants, of which 62.8% corresponds to female sex. It was identified that women have better hygiene habits in food handling compared to men. On the other hand, adults aged 45-64 years and over 65 years had better habits related to food safety than other age groups. In conclusion, sociodemographic variables such as sex, age and educational level are determining factors in good hygiene practices. The population should be educated in food handling to ensure food safety.

Resumen Las enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos causan una alta carga de morbilidad, con una mayor ocurrencia en ambientes domiciliarios. El objetivo del estudio es asociar hábitos relacionados con buenas prácticas de higiene con variables sociodemográficas en una muestra representativa de la población chilena. Estudio de análisis secundario, realizado a partir de la Encuesta nacional de Salud (ENS) 2016-2017, donde se analizaron las preguntas de buenas prácticas de higiene. La muestra contempla 6.233 participantes, de los cuales el 62,8% corresponde a sexo femenino. Se identificó que las mujeres tienen mejores hábitos de higiene en la manipulación de alimentos respecto a los hombres. Por otro lado, los adultos entre 45-64 años y mayores a 65 años, presentan mejores hábitos relacionados con inocuidad alimentaria, en relación con otros grupos etarios. En conclusión, las variables sociodemográficas como sexo, edad, nivel educativo son determinantes en las buenas prácticas de higiene. Se debe educar a la población en la manipulación de alimentos, para garantizar la inocuidad alimentaria.

Abstract Poultry production is one of the most important agricultural sectors worldwide due to the high nutritional value of its products, such as meat and eggs, for human consumption. In this regard, veterinary antibiotics are used to treat or prevent disease-causing pathogens in order to ensure and maintain production. The objective of the study was to design and validate two questionnaires for assessing the risk of veterinary antibiotics used in egg-laying hens and their perceived impact in relation to food safety. Its logic and the validity of its content were determined by expert evaluation. Its construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis, and its reliability, with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The survey was applied to 44 establishments or egg producers in the Espaillat province and to 385 consumers in the Santo Domingo province. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.799 was obtained for egg producers and veterinarians, and of 0.771, for consumers. The principal component analysis identified a KMO sample size adequacy measure of 0.558 for egg producers and veterinarians, and 0.797 for consumers. The questionnaire for egg producers and veterinarians consists of 8 factors and 22 items, and the questionnaire for consumers, of 3 factors and 8 items. The results confirm that the scale found is reliable and valid for the construct the risks associated with the potential consumption of food containing veterinary antibiotic residues.

Resumen La producción avícola es uno de los sectores agropecuarios de mayor importancia a nivel mundial por sus grandes aportes nutricionales en productos como la carne y el huevo para fines de la alimentación humana. En este sentido, para asegurar y mantener la producción se utilizan antibióticos veterinarios para tratar o prevenir agentes patógenos que causan enfermedades. El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar y validar dos cuestionarios para evaluar el riesgo de los antibióticos veterinarios de uso en gallinas ponedoras de huevos y su percepción de impacto con relación con la seguridad alimentaria. Se determinaron su lógica y validez de contenido mediante la evaluación por expertos. La validez de constructo se realizó mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y la confiabilidad con el coeficiente de Alpha de Cronbach. Se aplicó a 44 establecimientos o productores de huevos en la provincia Espaillat y 385 consumidores de la provincia Santo Domingo. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach de 0.799 para productores de huevos y veterinarias y 0.771 para los consumidores. El análisis de componente principales permitió identificar la medida de adecuación del tamaño de muestra KMO de 0.558 para los productores de huevos y veterinarias y 0.797 para los consumidores. El cuestionario está conformado por 8 factores y 22 ítems para los productores de huevos y veterinarias y 3 factores y 8 ítems para los consumidores. Los resultados confirman que la escala encontrada es confiable y válida para la construcción de los riesgos asociados al posible consumo de los alimentos con residuos de antibióticos veterinarios.

ABSTRACT In current agriculture it is necessary to control the safety of the food that is produced, for this it is vital to take into account the levels of contamination caused by heavy metals. One aspect to consider is the study of soil quality to preserve or improve its productivity, in order to guarantee environmental protection, human health and food safety. Trace elements in high concentrations in soils are food toxins with negative effects on health that manifest themselves in the long term as a result of the consumption of contaminated food and water. The objective of this work is: to study mathematical models to predict the behavior of cobalt, lead and zinc concentrations in agricultural soil, adjacent to the dumping of industrial waste in the San José de las Lajas municipality. For this, the concentration data of heavy metals cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were taken from the year 2005 to the year 2018 to predict their behavior from the use of statistical-mathematical tools until the year 2034. It was obtained that, according to the mathematical models obtained, these soils should not be used to grow vegetables for consumption, at least until 10 years after this investigation.

RESUMEN En la agricultura actual es necesario controlar la inocuidad de los alimentos que se producen, para ello es vital tener en cuenta los niveles de contaminación que provocan los metales pesados. Un aspecto a considerar es el estudio de calidad del suelo para conservar o mejorar su productividad, de forma que se garantice la protección ambiental, la salud humana y la seguridad alimentaria. Elementos traza en concentraciones elevadas en suelos son tóxicos alimentarios con efectos negativos sobre la salud que se manifiestan a largo plazo como resultado del consumo de aguas y alimentos contaminados. El presente trabajo plantea como objetivo: estudiar modelos matemáticos para predecir el comportamiento de las concentraciones de cobalto, plomo y zinc en un suelo agrícola, aledaño al vertimiento de residuos industriales en el municipio San José de las Lajas. Para ello se tomaron los datos de concentración de metales pesados cobalto (Co), plomo (Pb) y zinc (Zn) desde el año 2005 al año 2018 para predecir su comportamiento a partir del uso de herramientas estadístico-matemáticas hasta el año 2034. Se obtuvo que, según los modelos matemáticos obtenidos, estos suelos no deban emplearse para cultivar hortalizas con objeto de consumo, al menos hasta 10 años después de esta investigación.