ABSTRACT To ensure the sustainability of agriculture and the production of safe food, supplementary irrigation is required for crops that are primarily rainfed, particularly in arid conditions. This study aimed to determine the water stress response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under limited water conditions and to establish the crop water stress index (CWSI) as a basis for crop-based irrigation scheduling. Irrigation applications were conducted using the line-source sprinkler irrigation method to create three constraints (35, 75, and 100 % of the water requirement) and a rainfed condition (control plot) under different crop growth periods. The main plots consisted of three growth periods of safflower and only one supplementary irrigation during the vegetative, flowering, and ripening periods. The highest yield was obtained at 3.06 and 3.42 t ha–1 for 2019 and 2021, respectively, in the plot that was irrigated in each period during the growing season. The irrigation water (I) and water use efficiency (WUE) were 0.42 and 0.51 kg m–3 in the first year, and 0.47 and 0.59 kg m–3 in the second year, respectively, for the subject fully irrigated throughout the season. The upper base value, which can be utilized in calculations of the CWSI, was determined to be approximately 14.50. The lower base equation was obtained as Y = −4.9428 (VPD) + 19.121 at a statistical significance level of 1 % where Y is yield and VPD is vapor pressure deficit. The CWSI values calculated for each treatment ranged between −0.25 and 1.45. The threshold value at which irrigation should commence was determined to be 0.63, and it will serve as a valuable reference data source for irrigation scheduling. food Carthamus L. L (CWSI cropbased based scheduling linesource line 35, 35 (35 75 10 requirement control vegetative flowering 306 3 06 3.0 342 42 3.4 ha1 ha ha– 201 2021 respectively season I (I WUE (WUE 042 0 0.4 051 51 0.5 m3 m m– year 047 47 059 59 1450 14 50 14.50 49428 4 9428 −4.942 (VPD 19121 19 121 19.12 deficit 025 25 −0.2 145 45 1.45 063 63 0.63 (3 7 30 3. 34 20 202 04 0. 05 5 14.5 4942 942 −4.94 1912 12 19.1 02 2 −0. 1.4 6 0.6 ( 14. 494 94 −4.9 191 19. −0 1. 49 9 −4. − −4

ABSTRACT Despite the significant socioeconomic impact of yam cultivation in developing countries, this field needs more scientific studies and incentives. In Brazil, the absence of a developed processing chain has resulted in a considerable production loss due to the predominant form of commercialization (in natura). This study aimed was to examine the physicochemical and technological composition of yams of the species Dioscorea trifida L., including both white and purple varieties. The aim was to contribute to an increase in food utilization and technological potential. The proximate composition of the flours indicated that the yam species investigated have the potential for human consumption and are good sources of energy (1,489 and 1,527 kJ), with considerable levels of total fiber (8.18 and 6.69 g 100 g–1), potassium (1,325 and 981 mg 100 g–1), and phenolic compounds (133 and 110 mg 100 g–1) for white and purple yams, respectively. Additionally, the yams demonstrated distinct properties in water and oil, indicating their potential for use in breading applications. The viscoamylographic profiles of purple yam flour and yam starches were found suitable for use in quick-cooking foods that reach high viscosity when heated, whereas white yam flour was identified as a suitable thickening agent. The yams yielded flours and starches with favorable characteristics as food ingredients, offering greater added value and enhanced stability compared to the original raw materials. They present a sustainable alternative for reducing post-harvest losses and, as they are gluten-free, they cater to the celiac population. countries incentives Brazil natura. natura . natura) L L. varieties 1,489 1489 1 489 (1,48 1527 527 1,52 kJ, kJ , kJ) 8.18 818 8 18 (8.1 669 6 69 6.6 10 g–1, g1 g–1 1,325 1325 325 (1,32 98 133 (13 11 respectively Additionally oil applications quickcooking quick cooking heated agent ingredients materials postharvest post harvest glutenfree, glutenfree gluten free, free gluten-free population 1,48 148 48 (1,4 152 52 1,5 8.1 81 (8. 66 6. g– 1,32 132 32 (1,3 9 13 (1 1,4 14 4 (1, 15 5 1, 8. (8 1,3 3 (

RESUMO O conhecimento da complicada correlação entre as variáveis meteorológicas e o rendimento das culturas é crucial para a segurança alimentar e a sustentabilidade agrícola. Este estudo está centrado na investigação de como a radiação solar incidente afetou a produção agrícola na região de Gadarif, no Sudão, nos últimos quarenta anos. Usando uma estrutura preditiva, a pesquisa avalia tendências recentes na radiação solar incidente anual, examina variações temporais durante as estações de cultivo de sorgo e gergelim e utiliza técnicas de aprendizado de máquina para prever o rendimento das culturas. Além disso, ML, incluindo Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF) e K-Nearest Neighbours (K-NN), foram empregados para previsão de rendimento. Através de abordagens de redução de tendências e análises de correlação, foram identificadas relações significativas entre os indicadores de radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas. Os resultados indicam uma correlação inversa substancial entre a radiação solar e a produção de sorgo, enquanto a produção de gergelim demonstra uma correlação positiva com a radiação solar. Tanto para o rendimento do sorgo como do gergelim, o K-NN surge como o modelo mais preciso, mostrando a importância da radiação solar incidente e da temperatura na previsão do rendimento das culturas. Estas descobertas destacam o potencial da aprendizagem de máquina para melhorar os modelos de previsão agrícola e informar as práticas agrícolas adaptativas na região. Em geral, este estudo fornece informações valiosas sobre a relação dinâmica entre a radiação solar incidente e o rendimento das culturas, enfatizando a importância de considerar fatores meteorológicos no planeamento e gestão agrícola. Gadarif Sudão anos preditiva anual disso ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF (BRF KNearest K Nearest KNN, KNN NN (K-NN) preciso geral (XGBoost (K-NN

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the complicated correlation between meteorological variables and crop yield is crucial for food security and agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to investigate how incident solar radiation has affected crop production in the Gadarif region of Sudan over the last 41 years. Using a predictive framework, trends in annual incident solar radiation and temporal variations during sorghum and sesame growing seasons were examined and machine learning (ML) with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Boosted Regression Forest (BRF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) was used to predict crop yield. Significant relationships between incident solar radiation indicators and crop yields were identified via detrending approaches and correlation analyses. Results indicate a significant inverse correlation between solar radiation and sorghum yield, and a positive correlation between sesame yield and solar radiation. For both sorghum and sesame yield, K-NN was the most accurate model, demonstrating the significance of incident solar radiation and temperature in predicting crop yield. These findings highlight the potential of ML to improve agricultural forecasting models and inform adaptive agricultural practices in the region. In general, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between incident solar radiation and crop yield, emphasizing the importance of considering meteorological factors in agricultural planning and management. sustainability 4 years framework (ML XGBoost, XGBoost , (XGBoost) BRF, BRF (BRF) KNearest K Nearest KNN NN (K-NN analyses model general management (XGBoost (BRF

RESUMO: A batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) é uma fonte cada vez mais importante de alimento, de emprego rural e de aumento de renda, contribuindo para a estabilização social do meio rural, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Entretanto, trata-se de uma cultura bastante sensível às doenças, as quais afetam drasticamente a produtividade, além da necessidade de controle elevar o custo de produção e o risco de contaminação ambiental. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o controle da requeima (Phytophthora infestans) da batata cv. Ágata com base no sistema de previsão de doenças Blitecast e sua produtividade de tubérculos em duas safras. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na primavera de 2022 e no outono de 2023, no município de Passo Fundo. Diferentes valores de severidade (VS) acumulada, calculados pelo modelo Blitecast, constituíram os tratamentos VS 18, VS 24 e VS 30, acrescentando o tratamento semanal e a testemunha, sem aplicação. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela composta de cinco fileiras de plantas com 3 metros de comprimento. Foram avaliadas a severidade da requeima e a produtividade final de tubérculos. A utilização do sistema de previsão Blitecast para o controle da requeima da batata, permite reduzir o número de aplicações de fungicidas sem afetar a produtividade final de tubérculos. O sistema de previsão deve ser utilizado como ferramenta para o manejo integrado de doenças da batata. RESUMO Solanum L. L alimento renda desenvolvimento Entretanto tratase trata se ambiental Phytophthora infestans cv safras 202 2023 Fundo (VS acumulada 18 2 30 testemunha aplicação repetições comprimento 20 1

ABSTRACT: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an increasingly important source of food, rural employment, and financial income, contributing to the social stabilization of rural areas, especially in developing countries. However, this crop is very sensitive to diseases, which drastically affect yield, in addition to increasing production costs for their control and the risk of environmental contamination. This study evaluated the control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in potato cv. Ágata based on the Blitecast disease forecast system and tuber yield in two growing seasons. The experiments were conducted in the spring of 2022 and autumn of 2023 in the municipality of Passo Fundo. Different accumulated severity values (SV) were calculated by the Blitecast model, which constituted the treatments SV 18, SV 24 and SV 30, in addition to a weekly treatment and a control without application. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replications, in which each plot had five rows of plants measuring 3 m in length. Late blight severity and the final tuber yield were evaluated. The use of the Blitecast forecast system to control potato late blight allows for a reduction in the number of fungicide applications without affecting the final tuber yield. The forecast system should be used as a tool for the integrated management of potato diseases. ABSTRACT Solanum L. L food employment income areas countries However diseases contamination Phytophthora infestans cv seasons 202 Fundo (SV model 18 2 30 application replications length 20 1

The acetalization or transacetalization reactions produce acetals or ketals used in cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, and fuel additives. Besides synthesizing several products, the acetalization or transacetalization reactions can protect carbonyl groups, 1,2 and 1,3-diols in multi-step synthesis. This work studies the transacetalization of glycerol with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (2,2-DMP) to yield 2,2-dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (solketal) by catalyzing with USY, HBeta, and HZSM-5 zeolites under cleaner and mild reaction conditions (reaction temperature: 25 °C; 2,2-DMP/glycerol molar ratio: 1; reaction time: 1 h; and catalyst concentration: 0.05-5 wt.%). For catalyst concentration equal to or greater than 2,5 wt.%, glycerol conversion stabilized near 96-97% for the three zeolites tested. The product selectivities also assume a constant value, close to 97% for solketal. For the lowest concentration of catalyst, the influence of the zeolite properties on the glycerol conversion, such as acidity and the strong/weak acid site ratio, was observed. Concerning the selectivity of the products, the results suggested that it can be based on zeolite topology, active sites at the particle surface, and the relative amount of micro and mesoporous HBeta, the most selective catalyst for acetals production, was reused at least once without loss of activity and selectivity. cosmetics food pharmaceuticals additives products groups 12 2 1, 1,3diols 13diols diols 1,3 3 multistep multi step synthesis 2,2dimethoxypropane 22dimethoxypropane dimethoxypropane 2,2 2,2DMP 22DMP DMP (2,2-DMP 2,2dimethyl4hydroxymethyl1,3dioxolane 22dimethyl4hydroxymethyl13dioxolane dimethylhydroxymethyldioxolane dimethyl 4 hydroxymethyl dioxolane solketal (solketal USY HBeta HZSM5 HZSM 5 HZSM- temperature °C C 2,2DMP/glycerol 22DMPglycerol DMPglycerol DMP/glycerol ratio time h 0.055 0055 0.05 0 05 0.05- wt.%. wt wt.% . wt.%) 2, 9697% 9697 96 97 96-97 tested value strongweak strong weak observed topology surface production 3diols 13 2dimethoxypropane 22 2DMP 2dimethyl4hydroxymethyl1 3dioxolane 055 005 0.0 wt. 969 9 96-9 dimethylhydroxymethyl 2dimethyl4hydroxymethyl 00 0. 96-

ABSTRACT The application of sanitary sewage using subsurface drip irrigation contributes to mitigating the current problems of water availability and food production. The aim in this study was to evaluate cowpea receiving sanitary sewage through drippers operating at different flow rates and depths. The drippers operated at flow rates of 1.6 and 3.8 L h-1 and were installed at depths of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. Cowpea was grown in 65 L pots filled with sandy clay soil in a greenhouse. Synthetic sanitary sewage was used and the amount applied to the pots was based on the limiting element, which in this case was nitrogen, for growing cowpea. Irrigation was managed using TDR probes. Germination and the physiological responses and morphology of cowpea roots were assessed. Capillary rise, when water was applied in subsurface, was not sufficient to evenly moisten the soil surface. The germination variables decreased as a result of the increase in drip installation depths. The distribution of water as the depth of the emitters increased was responsible for the damage to the physiological and morphological responses of cowpea roots. The flow rates of the drippers did not affect the germination of cowpea. Using the subsurface drip irrigation system was not appropriate for growing cowpea under the conditions of this study. production 16 1 6 1. 38 3 8 3. h1 h h- 0 5 10 15 20 25 cm greenhouse element nitrogen probes assessed rise surface 2

RESUMO A aplicação de esgoto sanitário utilizando o gotejamento subsuperficial contribui para mitigar os problemas atuais de disponibilidade de água e produção de alimento. Objetivou-se avaliar o feijão-caupi recebendo esgoto sanitário por gotejadores operando com diferentes vazões e profundidades. Os gotejadores operaram com as vazões de 1,6 e 3,8 L h-1 e foram instalados nas profundidades de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 cm. O feijão-caupi foi cultivado em vasos de 65 L preenchidos com solo argiloso em casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se esgoto sanitário sintético e a quantidade aplicada nos vasos foi baseada no elemento limitante, que no caso foi o nitrogênio, para o cultivo do feijão-caupi. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado com sondas de TDR. Avaliou-se a germinação e as respostas fisiológicas e morfologia das raízes do feijão-caupi. A ascensão capilar, quando a água foi aplicada em profundidade, não foi suficiente para umedecer de maneira uniforme a superfície do solo. As variáveis de germinação apresentaram um decréscimo em função do aumento das profundidades de instalação dos gotejadores. A distribuição da água com o aumento da profundidade dos emissores foi responsável pelos prejuízos nas respostas fisiológicas e morfológicas das raízes feijão-caupi. As vazões dos gotejadores não afetaram a germinação do feijão-caupi. Utilizar o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial não foi apropriado para o feijão-caupi nas condições deste estudo. alimento Objetivouse Objetivou se feijãocaupi feijão caupi 16 1 6 1, 38 3 8 3, h1 h h- 0 5 10 15 20 2 cm vegetação Utilizouse Utilizou limitante nitrogênio feijãocaupi. caupi. TDR Avaliouse Avaliou capilar estudo

Citronellyl esters present broad applications in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries due to their organoleptic and biological properties. Lipase-catalyzed acylation of citronellol has been a suitable way to obtain these natural esters on a high scale. This work describes the lipase-catalyzed acylation of citronellol through esterification and transesterification with linear acylating agents (C3-C18) using Novozym®435 as a biocatalyst. The results show that all esters achieved not less than 91% conversion from an esterification model, showing a good reaction profile. Citronellyl propionate and laurate were selected for study in a transesterification reaction model, and it resulted in a lower reaction time for ester conversions. As an example, we highlight citronellyl propionate production, which approximately 10 g L-1 of the product was obtained after 1.5 h of esterification compared to 2 min by transesterification. The final esters were purified with high purity (≥ 90%) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their structures were elucidated by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Enzyme recycling was evaluated and Novozym®435 was able to be applied for at least 20 cycles. Results demonstrated the efficiency of acylation reactions catalyzed by this enzyme and showed the potential of the methodology for the production and purification of flavor esters. cosmetic pharmaceutical properties Lipasecatalyzed Lipase scale lipasecatalyzed lipase C3C18 CC C3 C18 C (C3-C18 Novozym435 Novozym 435 Novozym®43 biocatalyst 91 model profile conversions example 1 L1 L L- 15 5 1. ≥ ( 90% 90 chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS, GCMS GC MS , (GC-MS) H NMR. NMR . (NMR) cycles C3C1 C1 (C3-C1 Novozym43 43 Novozym®4 9 (GC-MS (NMR C3C (C3-C Novozym4 4 Novozym®

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to understand the subject regarding the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals and food production through literature reviews covering the timespan from 2001 to 2021. Methodologically, this paper is framed as a literature review and uses the Scopus platform to get to the database, selecting 243 papers. The results pointed out that the United States presented the highest number of published documents (126). When it comes to the origin of affiliation, the universities located in the Netherlands (University of Wageningen) and Canada (University of Guelph) present together the highest number of published documents (24). Among the keywords, the most frequent are food safety, followed by the food supply, sustainability, and climate change. Finally, regarding the main subjects tackled during the analyzed time period, it was verified that the issues concerning public policies, land use, and food safety were discussed throughout the entire timespan. In turn, the most recent period, mainly covering the articles published from the year 2021 on, inserts into the discussion agenda the aspects of Covid-19, the pandemic, and its impacts, especially influenced by the setting experienced worldwide. At the same time, other subjects less discussed took the spotlight, also emerging from the Covid-19 pandemic, such as digital agriculture and digital technology, which began to have major relevance. At last, it is possible to infer that reaching sustainable development goals is even more challenging under a pandemic context experienced by all the countries from 2020 to the present day. ABSTRACT 203 200 Methodologically database 24 papers 126. 126 . (126) affiliation University Wageningen Guelph 24. (24) keywords supply sustainability change Finally period policies use turn 202 on Covid19, Covid19 Covid 19, 19 impacts worldwide spotlight Covid-1 technology relevance last day 20 2 12 (126 (24 Covid1 1 Covid- (12 (2 (1 (

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender a temática em torno dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável Agenda 2030 e a produção de alimentos através de uma análise bibliográfica compreendendo o período de 2001 a 2021. Metodologicamente o estudo se enquadra como uma revisão bibliográfica e se utilizou a plataforma Scopus para obtenção da base de dados, sendo selecionados 243 artigos. Os resultados apontaram que os Estados Unidos apresentaram o maior número de documentos publicados (126). Em relação a afiliação de origem, universidades localizadas na Holanda (Universidy de Wageningen) e Canadá (Universidy de Guelph) são as que apresentam juntas o maior número de documentos publicados (24). Entre as palavras-chaves a que mais aparece é segurança alimentar, seguida de fornecimento de alimentos, sustentabilidade e mudanças climáticas. Finalmente, no que diz respeito às principais temáticas abordadas durante o período analisado, constatou-se que questões relacionadas a políticas públicas, uso da terra e segurança alimentar foram discutidas ao longo de todo período analisado. Já no período mais recente, que compreende sobretudo os artigos publicados a partir do ano de 2021, insere-se na agenda de discussão, influenciada pelo cenário vivenciado no mundo todo, aspectos relacionados à pandemia, Covid 19 e seus impactos. Ao mesmo tempo, ganharam relevância temas ainda pouco discutidos, os quais emergem também a partir da pandemia do Covid 19, dentre eles a agricultura digital e tecnologias digitais, que passaram a ter grande relevância. Finalmente, é possível inferir que alcançar os objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável se tornou ainda mais desafiador em um contexto de Pandemia, vivenciado em todos os países do mundo no período de 2020 aos dias atuais. RESUMO 203 200 2021 dados 24 126. 126 . (126) origem Universidy Wageningen Guelph 24. (24) palavraschaves palavras chaves climáticas Finalmente analisado constatouse constatou públicas recente inserese insere discussão 1 impactos tempo discutidos digitais Pandemia 202 atuais 20 2 12 (126 (24 (12 (2 (1 (

Abstract Introduction. Evaluating onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.) in different environments to understand their adaptation is important due to the crop’s relevance in food supply across various countries, the reduction in its genetic diversity, the loss of beneficial traits, and resistance to diseases and pests. Objective. To assess the agronomic performance of onion cultivars under different environments to identify the best ones in terms of adaptation, yield, and interaction. Materials and methods. From November 2017 to August 2018, at the La Selva Research Center of the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, twenty-one onion cultivars plus two controls were evaluated: Peruana of the Aggregatum group and Yellow Granex of the Cepa, under open-field and protected conditions with plastic roofing, using multilocation trials in a randomized complete block design and four replications. Evaluations were consucted on categories such as bulb weight, number, length, and diameter, along with the interaction of cultivars and environments. Results. In othe open field, due to lower temperatures compared to those recorded under protected conditions resulted in higher yields of weight and number of bulbs. Under protected environments, Aggregatum group cultivars behaved as if they were from the Cepa group, producing fewer large-size bulbs. The adaptation of cultivars varied by environment: in the open field, L55 and L63 cultivars exhibited the best yields, while under protected conditions, RPT20 and RPT11 showed the best adaptation. Conclusion. Environments significantly influenced the behavior of Aggregatum group cultivars, with higher production of extra-large bulbs. Temperature contrasts in protected enviroments with plastic roofing affected cultivars yields, while open-field conditions were more favorable.

Resumen Introducción. La evaluación de cultivares de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) en diferentes ambientes para conocer su adaptación es importante debido a la relevancia del cultivo en la alimentación en diferentes países, la reducción de su diversidad genética, la perdida de sus rasgos benéficos y la resistencia a enfermedades y plagas. Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de cultivares de cebolla bajo diferentes ambientes, para identificar los mejores en adaptación, rendimiento e interacción. Materiales y métodos. De noviembre 2017 a agosto de 2018, en el Centro de Investigación La Selva de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, se evaluaron veintún cultivares más dos testigos de cebolla: Peruana del grupo Aggregatum y Yellow Granex del Cepa, bajo condiciones de campo abierto y protegido con techo plástico, con ensayos multilocacionales en un diseño de bloques completos al azar y cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó por categorías: peso, número, longitud y diámetro de los bulbos; junto con la interacción de los cultivares y los ambientes. Resultados. En campo abierto, por presentar temperaturas menores a las registradas en las condiciones protegidas, se obtuvieron los mayores rendimientos de peso y número de bulbos. En ambientes protegidos, los cultivares del grupo Aggregatum, se comportaron como si fueran del grupo Cepa, al producir pocos bulbos de gran tamaño. La adaptación de los cultivares fue diferente en los ambientes: en campo abierto los cultivares L55 y L63 presentaron los mejores rendimientos, mientras que bajo condiciones protegidas, RPT20 y RPT11 fueron los que mejor se adaptaron. Conclusión. Los ambientes influyeron significativamente en el comportamiento de los cultivares del grupo Aggregatum con una mayor producción de bulbos extragrandes. Los contrastes de temperaturas que se presentaron en los ambientes protegidos con techo plástico, afectaron los rendimientos de los cultivares, mientras que las condiciones ambientales a campo abierto fueron favorables.

Summary: The state of Chiapas presents degradation processes of dif ferent kinds, as a consequence of the current established agricultural model. It is estimated that, in the near future, the surface of the state of Chiapas will present more than 55% degradation, generating changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, af fecting the quality of life of human beings, mainly due to scarcity of food. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the soils in three municipalities of the central depression of Chiapas, Mexico. The analysis were interpreted taking NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 as a reference and were classified according to the world reference base (WRB), version 2014. For the evaluation of soil quality, the sustainable use of land subindex (SUSS). 144 soil samples corresponding to 21 profiles were analyzed. Of the 21 profiles studied, 17 present poor soil qualities, two a sensitive quality, one acceptable quality and one with good quality. Only two soil groups presented good fertility and are classified as Vertisols and Phaeozems, which present good quality and capacity to maintain sustainable agricultural production in this region.

Resumen: El estado de Chiapas presenta procesos de degradación de diferente índole, como consecuencia del actual modelo agrícola establecido. Se estima que, en el futuro cercano, la superficie del estado de Chiapas presente más de 55% de degradación, generando modificaciones en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo; afectando la calidad de vida de los seres humanos, principalmente por escasez de alimentos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad de los suelos en tres municipios de la depresión central de Chiapas, México. Los análisis se interpretaron tomando como referencia la NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 y se clasificaron de acuerdo con la world reference base (WRB), versión 2014, para la evaluación de calidad del suelo se utilizó el subíndice de uso sustentable del suelo (SUSS). Se analizaron 144 muestras de suelo correspondientes a 21 perfiles. De los 21 perfiles estudiados, 17 presentan calidad de suelo pobre, dos calidades sensibles, uno calidad aceptable y uno con calidad buena. Solo dos Grupos de suelo presentaron buena fertilidad y son clasificados como Vertisols y Phaeozems, los cuales presentan buena calidad y capacidad para mantener producción agrícola sostenible en esta región.

Summary: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), due to its high demand and production, is the most important vegetable in the world, coupled with this, it is a functional food due to its antioxidant content. This crop is produced under a protected system with a synthetic inorganic fertilization source, which increases production costs. It is important to find an alternative source of fertilization and agronomic management that increases yields and improves the commercial and nutraceutical quality of this crop. The aim of the study was to verify the effect on the commercial quality and bioactive compounds of tomato, with doses of solarized bovine manure and the number of stems under a protected system, as well as evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on the soil. The research was carried out during the spring-summer 2021 cycle. Eight treatments (4×2 factorial) were obtained from the combination of four fertilization doses (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 of solarized manure and chemical fertilizer [Urea (46-0-0) and MAP (11-52-0)] with two numbers of stems (one and two stems) per plant. The commercial quality was superior organoleptically with the treatment of 60 Mg ha-1 and with a single stem being higher than 4.8 °Brix. The highest yield was obtained with the dose of 60 Mg ha-1 of bovine manure being statistically similar to chemical fertilization. The content of bioactive compounds (lycopene and antioxidant capacity) increased by 36% with the effect of the interaction of 60 Mg ha-1 of manure and a stem compared to the chemical treatment. The content of MO, NO3 -, NH4 + and PO4 -3 in the soil increased with the doses of manure, which reflects one of the benefits of using this fertilizer organic.

Resumen: El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) por su alta demanda y producción es la hortaliza más importante en el mundo aunado a esto es un alimento funcional por su contenido de antioxidantes. Este cultivo se produce bajo un sistema protegido con una fuente de fertilización inorgánica sintética, lo cual incrementa los costos de producción. Es importante encontrar una fuente alternativa de fertilización y un manejo agronómico que incremente los rendimientos, mejore la calidad comercial y nutraceútica de este cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar el efecto sobre la calidad comercial y los compuestos bioactivos de tomate, con dosis de estiércol bovino solarizado y el número de tallos bajo un sistema protegido, así como evaluar el efecto de la fertilización orgánica en el suelo. La investigación se desarrolló durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2021. Se obtuvieron ocho tratamientos (factorial 4×2) originados de la combinación de cuatro dosis de fertilización (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol solarizado y fertilizante químico [Urea (46-0-0) y MAP (11-52-0)] con dos números de tallos (uno y dos tallos) por planta. La calidad comercial fue superior organolépticamente con el tratamiento de 60 Mg ha-1 y con un solo tallo encontrándose superior a los 4.8 °Brix. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo con la dosis de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol bovino siendo estadísticamente similar a la fertilización química. El contenido de compuestos bioactivos (licopeno y la capacidad antioxidante) se incrementó un 36% con el efecto de la interacción de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol y un tallo en comparación con el tratamiento químico. El contenido de MO, NO3 -, NH4 +y PO4 -3 en el suelo se incrementó con las dosis de estiércol, por lo que se ve reflejado uno de los beneficios del uso de este abono orgánico.

Abstract In Mexico, the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has great sociocultural and economic importance for generating more than a million jobs, being part of cultural traditions and preserving the dietary identity of the population; however, the productive-commercial structure of this legume faces problems that justify identifying whether the price of the grain associated with that of corn tortillas and chicken meat or the income of the population are the factors that affected its competitiveness. during the period 1980-2004. Methodologically, a simultaneous equations model is structured from two supply equations, one for demand and two for price transmission, a total production identity and a foreign trade balance identity. The r2 values produced by the regressions reveal no correlation between the quantity of beans produced under irrigation and the expected price and a low correlation between these two variables over time. The elasticities obtained from the econometric model classify beans as an inferior good on the demand side because they respond to changes in the price of tortillas and because they can be converted into a substitute food for chicken meat, and on the production side supply, it was identified that the price of beans produced in irrigation is more sensitive than that of rainfed, since, when associated with corn, production depends on rainfall. The results provide valuable information that allows us to know the response of bean consumers to changes in price and how it affects competitiveness.

Resumen En México, el frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tiene gran importancia sociocultural y económica al generar más de un millón de empleos, formar parte de tradiciones culturales y preservar la identidad alimentaria de la población; no obstante, la estructura productivo-comercial de esta leguminosa enfrenta problemáticas que justifican identificar si el precio propio del grano asociado con el de la tortilla de maíz y el de la carne de pollo o el ingreso de la población son los factores que afectaron su competitividad durante el período 1980-2004. Metodológicamente se estructura un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas a partir de dos ecuaciones de oferta, una de demanda y dos de transmisión de precios, una identidad de producción total y una de saldo de comercio exterior. La estimación econométrica se realizó por el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios con el procedimiento SYSLIN del paquete SAS. Los valores de r2 arrojados por las regresiones revelan nula correlación entre la cantidad de frijol producida en riego y el precio esperado y, correlación baja entre estas dos variables en temporal. Las elasticidades obtenidas del modelo econométrico clasifican por el lado de la demanda al frijol como un bien inferior, ya que responde a cambios en el precio de la tortilla y porque se puede convertir en un alimento sustituto de la carne de pollo y, por el lado de la oferta se identificó que el precio del frijol producido en riego es más sensible que el de temporal, ya que, al asociarse con el maíz, la producción depende de la precipitación pluvial. Los resultados aportan información valiosa que permite conocer la respuesta de los consumidores del frijol ante cambios en el precio y la forma en cómo afecta la competitividad.

Resumo No México, o feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem grande importância sociocultural e econômica por gerar mais de um milhão de empregos, fazer parte das tradições culturais e preservar a identidade alimentar da população; No entanto, a estrutura produtivo-comercial desta leguminosa enfrenta problemas que justificam identificar se o preço do grão associado ao das tortilhas de milho e da carne de frango ou o rendimento da população são os factores que afectaram a sua competitividade durante o período 1980-2004. . Metodologicamente, um modelo de equações simultâneas é estruturado a partir de duas equações de oferta, uma para demanda e duas para transmissão de preços, uma para produção total e outra para balança comercial exterior. A estimação econométrica foi realizada pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários com o procedimento SYSLIN do pacote SAS. Os valores de r2 produzidos pelas regressões não revelam nenhuma correlação entre a quantidade de feijão produzido sob irrigação e o preço esperado e uma baixa correlação entre estas duas variáveis ao longo do tempo. As elasticidades obtidas no modelo econométrico classificam o feijão como um bem inferior do lado da demanda, pois responde às variações do preço das tortilhas e porque pode ser convertido em alimento substituto da carne de frango e, por outro lado, do abastecimento identificou-se que o preço do feijão produzido na irrigação é mais sensível do que o do sequeiro, uma vez que, quando associado ao milho, a produção depende das chuvas. Os resultados fornecem informações valiosas que nos permitem conhecer a resposta dos consumidores de feijão às mudanças de preço e como isso afeta a competitividade.

Abstract Mexican native maize (Zea mays L.) is an emblematic food for Mexico, as it represents an important factor in terms of local economy, culture and biodiversity. Biotechnological techniques using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical agricultural inputs for corn production; however, it is important to emphasize that the ideal is to use native PGPB into the soil and/or crop where they are to be applied, since this ensures the PGPB adaptation and guarantees the colonization of the rhizosphere, improving crop yields. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to isolate native bacteria from soils cultivated with Mexican native maize and to demonstrate their biotechnological potential as PGPB in corn. Soil samples were taken from the municipality of Jiquilpan, Michoacán, Mexico and 40 isolates were obtained, of which 18 showed more than 90% germination of maize seeds. In addition, four isolates showed increases of 20 to 30 % in total shoot length and increases of 25 to 100 % in total plant dry weight. The mechanisms associated with maize growth promotion were phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid and siderophore production, as well as antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium and Colletotrichum). Therefore, we conclude that the native PGPB isolated in the present study have biotechnological potential for use in Mexican native maize in the region.

Resumen El maíz criollo (Zea mays L.) es un alimento emblemático para México, ya que representa un factor importante en cuanto a economía local, cultura y biodiversidad. Las técnicas biotecnológicas donde se emplean bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV), son una alternativa sostenible al uso de insumos agrícolas químicos para la producción de maíz, sin embargo, es importante destacar que, lo ideal es utilizar BPCV nativas del suelo y/o cultivo donde se pretendan aplicar, ya que esto asegura la adaptación de las BPCV y garantiza la colonización de la rizosfera, mejorando los rendimientos productivos del cultivo. Por lo cual, el objetivo del presente trabajo, fue aislar bacterias nativas de suelos cultivados con maíz criollo mexicano y demostrar su potencial biotecnológico como BPCV en maíz. Se tomaron muestras de suelo cultivado con maíz criollo mexicano, del municipio de Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México y se lograron obtener 40 asilados, de los cuales 18 indujeron la germinación de las semillas de maíz en más del 90 %. Además, cuatro aislados mostraron incrementos del 20 al 30 % en la longitud total del brote y aumentos del 25 hasta el 100 % en el peso seco total de las plantas. Los mecanismos asociados a la promoción del crecimiento del maíz fueron los de, solubilización de fosfatos, producción de ácido indol acético y de sideróforos, así como el antagonismo contra hongos fitopatógenos (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium y Colletotrichum). Por lo cual, concluimos que las BPCV nativas aisladas en el presente estudio, tienen potencial biotecnológico para su uso en maíz criollo mexicano de la región.

Abstract Fermentation in a solid medium is a technique used for the production of chitin, pigments, proteins and lipids. In the present work, changes in the chemical and microbiological composition were evaluated in micro silages of shrimp (Litopeneus vanamei) and grasshopper (Sphenarium purpurascens) exoskeletons, fermented with a commercial inoculum of Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112. The amount of molasses for fermentation, proximal composition and microbiological count of the silages, were determined. The waste was mixed with sugarcane molasses as a carbon source and inoculated using a commercial strain (Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112). After 5 days of fermentation, both silages presented acceptable physical and chemical characteristics. Total coliforms, molds and yeasts were not present and were inhibited by the ensiling process. We concluded that fermentation in a solid medium has suitable characteristics for use as a food supplement for aquatic organisms.

Resumen La fermentación en medio sólido es una técnica utilizada para la producción de quitina, pigmentos, proteínas y lípidos. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los cambios en la composición química y microbiológica en micro ensilados de exoesqueletos de camarón (Litopeneus vanamei) y chapulín (Sphenarium purpurascens) fermentados con un inoculo comercial de Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112. Se determinó la cantidad de melaza para la fermentación, la composición proximal y la cuenta microbiológica de los ensilados. Los desechos se mezclaron con melaza de caña de azúcar como fuente de carbono y se inoculó usando una cepa comercial (Lactobacillus plantarum AVG-112). A los 5 d de fermentación ambos ensilados presentaron características físicas y químicas aceptables. Los coliformes totales, mohos y levaduras no estuvieron presentes siendo inhibidos por el proceso de ensilaje. Concluimos que la fermentación en medio sólido tiene características adecuadas para su utilización como suplemento en alimentos para organismos acuáticos.

RESUMEN Este documento analiza la cartografa social en el sector pesquero de Oaxaca, México. El objetivo principal es representar el sistema pesquero a través de la identificación de los actores clave, sus relaciones y el territorio. La metodología incluyó tres fases: 1) documental, para establecer el marco teórico; 2) de campo, con la aplicación de 110 encuestas a pescadores utilizando la técnica de bola de nieve; y 3) de resultados, con el análisis y presentación de los datos. Los principales resultados muestran que el sector agroalimentario, al cual pertenece el sector pesquero, enfrenta retos como potencializar las capacidades de producción, abastecimiento, transformación, comercialización y distribución. Se identificaron los principales actores gubernamentales, empresariales y de educación superior involucrados. En cuanto al sistema pesquero en Oaxaca, se mapearon los contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidad y sanidad, financiero y comercial, de capital humano, productivo e infraestructural, así como el contexto regional de las zonas Costa e Istmo. Se destaca la importancia de reconocer las relaciones históricas que han marcado la pesca en México, especialmente en Oaxaca, uno de los estados con mayores índices de pobreza y rezago. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o mapeamento social no setor de pesca em Oaxaca, México. O principal objetivo é representar o sistema de pesca por meio da identificação dos principais atores, suas relações e o território. A metodologia incluiu três fases: l) documental, para estabelecer a estrutura teórica; 2) campo, com a aplicação de 110 pesquisas a pescadores usando a técnica de bola de neve; e 3) resultados, com a análise e apresentação dos dados. Os principais resultados mostram que o setor agroalimentar, ao qual pertence o setor pesqueiro, enfrenta desafios como o fortalecimento das capacidades de produção, fornecimento, processamento, comercialização e distribuição. Foram identificados os principais atores governamentais, empresariais e de ensino superior envolvidos. Com relação ao sistema de pesca em Oaxaca, foram mapeados os contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidade e saúde, financeiro e comercial, de capital humano, produtivo e de infraestrutura, bem como o contexto regional das zonas da Costa e do Istmo. O estudo destaca a importância de reconhecer as relações históricas que marcaram a pesca no México, especialmente em Oaxaca, um dos estados com os mais altos índices de pobreza e atraso. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

ABSTRACT This document analyzes social cartography in the fishing sector of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main objective is to represent the fishing system through the identification of the key actors, their relationships and the territory The methodology included three phases: 1) documentary to establish the theoretical framework; 2) field, with the application of 110 surveys to fishermen using the snowball technique; and 3) results, with the analysis and presentation of the data. The main results show that the agri-food sector; to which the fishing sector belongs, faces challenges such as enhancing production, supply, transformation, marketing and distribution capacities. The main government, business and higher education actors involved were identified. Regarding the fishing system in Oaxaca, the political-legislative, geographical, sustainability and health, financial and commercial, human capital, productive and infrastructural contexts were mapped, as well as the regional context of the Coast and Isthmus areas. The importance of recognizing the historical relationships that have marked fishing in Mexico is highlighted, especially in Oaxaca, one of the states with the highest rates of poverty and backwardness. JEL CLASSIFICATION: P42, J01, J54, Y90