Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La fenología del follaje, bioquímica, longevidad foliar y propiedades espectrales del tejido foliar deben variar dentro y entre especies. Sin embargo, la covariación interespecífica entre fenología del follaje y espectroscopía foliar rara vez se ha demostrado en ambientes áridos estacionales. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: Probamos la hipótesis de covariación intra e interespecífica entre tasas de crecimiento y variabilidad en fenología del follaje e índices espectroscópicos. Especies de estudio / Descripción de datos / Modelo matemático: La variación intra e interespecífica en número relativo de hojas, características funcionales y espectroscopía foliar se cuantificó en nueve especies de arbustos perennes de chaparrales. Sitio y años de estudio: Rancho El Mogor, Valle de Guadalupe, Baja California, de 2017 a 2018. Métodos: La fenología del follaje se cuantificó con índices del número relativo de hojas, junto con el crecimiento de tallo y variables funcionales de hojas y la espectroscopía con tres índices de vegetación. Resultados: Las especies deciduas presentaron mayores tasas de crecimiento en tallo. Los tres índices de vegetación variaron interespecíficamente (ca. 20 % varianza explicada), e intraespecíficamente entre estaciones (ca. 55 % varianza explicada). Los tres índices de vegetación estuvieron correlacionados y solamente NDVI se asoció con la variabilidad del follaje y el crecimiento de tallo. Conclusiones: El número relativo de hojas y la espectroscopía foliar de especies de chaparral están asociados con características funcionales en un ambiente árido estacional.

Abstract Background: Canopy phenology, foliar biochemistry, and leaf lifespan vary according to season within and across species. Intrinsically, this variation should also determine changes in the spectral properties of foliar tissue. However, whether canopy phenology and leaf spectroscopy co-vary across species has seldom been tested in seasonal drylands. Questions and / or Hypotheses: We tested the covariation between growth rate, foliage phenology, and leaf spectral indices, expecting that species with high growth rates should have large variability in relative leaf number and foliar spectroscopy. Studied species / data description / Mathematical model: We partition the intra and interspecific variation in relative leaf number and spectroscopy within nine perennial chaparral shrub species. Study site and dates: Rancho El Mogor, Valle de Guadalupe, Baja California, during 2017 and 2018. Methods: Foliage phenology was quantified with an index of relative leaf number, foliar spectroscopy with three standard vegetation indices, and resource-use with stem growth and leaf functional traits. Results: Species with higher variability in foliage phenology (more deciduous species) had higher stem growth rates. The three vegetation indices varied significantly across species (ca. 20 % of explained variance), and across seasons within species (ca. 55 % of explained variance). The values of the three vegetation indices were correlated, and only NDVI was correlated with foliage phenology and stem growth. Conclusions: Our results show that variations in relative leaf number and spectroscopy in chaparral species are coupled with functional traits of species involved in resource exploitation strategies in a seasonally arid environment.

ABSTRACT Lemon verbena, Aloysia citriodora (Palau) has been widely used in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. In Colombia the foliage is marketed fresh but there is no information regarding the plant phenology, nor on the insects associated, therefore the management practices are still empirical, and sometimes does not comply with the national regulations for the commercialization of medicinal plants. In this study it was determined that it takes 32 weeks from planting to flower senescence completing its phenological cycle; likewise, an associated arthropofauna of 50 families with different feeding habits were found, suggesting that the species offers different ecosystem services. The information obtained could contribute to establish more effective management plans for arthropods, and to improve quality of materials with medicinal purposes.

RESUMEN El cidrón, Aloysia citriodora (Palau) ha sido ampliamente utilizada en la medicina tradicional, la cosmética y la industria alimentaria. En Colombia el follaje se comercializa fresco, pero no se cuenta con información sobre la fenología de la planta, ni sobre los insectos asociados, por lo que las prácticas de manejo son aún empíricas, y en ocasiones no cumplen con las normas nacionales para la comercialización de plantas medicinales. En este estudio se determinó que la planta tarda 32 semanas desde la siembra hasta la senescencia de la flor completando su ciclo fenológico; así mismo, se encontró una artrofauna asociada de 50 familias con diferentes hábitos alimentarios, lo que sugiere que la especie ofrece diferentes servicios ecosistémicos. La información obtenida podría contribuir a establecer planes de manejo más efectivos para los artrópodos y a mejorar la calidad de los materiales con fines medicinales.

ABSTRACT: A system of allometric equations was generated and evaluated to estimate the total biomass and its components during the reforestation of Pinus patula in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca State, Mexico. For this purpose, 18 trees were directly sampled, which represented the growth potential of the site. Using this destructive method, the fresh weight in situ, and samples of each component of the tree were obtained to estimate the dry weight. The total tree biomass was related to its normal diameter by adjusting allometric equations using regression techniques. The exponential equation was selected to estimate the total biomass because it presented the best statistical indicators. The exponential model was again fitted to each component by using a system of simultaneous equations. The allometric equations obtained showed good performance in estimating aerial biomass in components and total tree biomass in the reforestation of Pinus patula, with similar diameters and environmental conditions. The distribution of aerial biomass estimated in the field was 69.8 % for stems, 20.5 % for branches, and 9.7 % for foliage.

RESUMEN: Se generó y evaluó un sistema de ecuaciones alométricas para estimar biomasa total y por componentes en reforestaciones de Pinus patula, en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, México. Se realizó un muestreo dirigido de 18 árboles que representaron el potencial de crecimiento del sitio y mediante el método destructivo se obtuvo el peso fresco in situ, así como muestras de cada componente del árbol para estimar el peso seco. Se relacionó la biomasa total del árbol con su diámetro normal a partir del ajuste de ecuaciones alométricas a través de técnicas de regresión. La ecuación exponencial fue seleccionada para estimar la biomasa total por presentar los mejores indicadores estadísticos. El modelo exponencial fue ajustado nuevamente a cada componente mediante un sistema de ecuaciones simultáneas. Las ecuaciones alométricas obtenidas mostraron un buen rendimiento para estimar la biomasa aérea en componentes y árbol total en reforestaciones de Pinus patula, en diámetros y condiciones ambientales semejantes. La distribución de la biomasa aérea estimada en campo fue en promedio de 69,8 % para fuste, de 20,5 % para ramas y de 9,7 % para follaje.

Resumen La diversidad genética es importante para la adaptación de una especie a los cambios ambientales, por lo que el conocimiento del nivel y distribución de la diversidad es útil para elaborar estrategias de conservación y manejo de una especie; sin embargo, la información sobre diversidad genética es escasa para especies arbóreas que habitan en el bosque tropical caducifolio, como es el caso de lináloe [Bursera linanoe (La Llave) Rzed., Calderón & Medina], una especie que crece en dos subprovincias bióticas en el bosque tropical seco de los estados de Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla y Oaxaca en México. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la diversidad y estructura genética de Bursera linanoe en poblaciones naturales en dos subprovincias bióticas. En 2019 se recolectó follaje de 92 árboles de lináloe en cuatro poblaciones en las subprovincias bióticas Balsasana y Cañadiana. Posteriormente, el ADN se extrajo del follaje con el protocolo CTAB. Cinco intermicrosatélites (ISSR) se utilizaron, y los fragmentos fueron separados en geles de agarosa. Los siguientes estimadores de diversidad genética se calcularon: porcentaje de loci polimórficos (P), heterocigosidad esperada (He), número efectivo de alelos por locus (Ne) e índice de Shannon (IS); además, se estimó el FST de Wright y se realizó un análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA). También, la estructura genética se evaluó con el software STRUCTURE. Los valores de los estimadores de la diversidad genética para lináloe fueron: P = 100 %, He = 0.352, Ne = 1.618 e IS = 0.522, el valor de FST fue 0.160. La partición de la diversidad genética fue de 74 % dentro de poblaciones, 21 % entre poblaciones y 5 % entre subprovincias. Cuatro grupos (K) se formaron con los árboles de lináloe de las cuatro poblaciones. El número de migrantes fue 1.3 por generación. Se encontró una diversidad genética alta y una diferenciación alta entre poblaciones de Bursera linanoe.

Summary Genetic diversity is important for the adaptation of a species to environmental changes, thus knowledge of the level and distribution of diversity is useful for developing conservation and management strategies for a species; however, information on genetic diversity is scarce for tree species that habit in the tropical deciduous forest as is case of linaloe [Bursera linanoe (La Llave) Rzed., Calderón & Medina], a species that grows in two biotic subprovinces in the dry tropical forest of the states of Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla and Oaxaca in Mexico. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity and structure of Bursera linanoe in natural populations at two biotic subprovinces. In 2019, foliage was collected from 92 linaloe trees in four populations of the biotic subprovinces Balsasana and Cañadiana. Subsequently, the DNA was extracted from the foliage with the CTAB protocol. Five inter-microsatellites (ISSR) were used, and the fragments were separated on agarose gels. The following estimators of genetic diversity were calculated: percentage of polymorphic loci (P), expected heterozygosity (He), effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) and Shannon index (SI). In addition, the Wright’s FST was estimated, and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed. Also, the genetic structure was evaluated with the STRUCTURE software. The values of the genetic diversity estimators were P = 100 %, He = 0.352, Ne = 1.618 and SI = 0.522, the FST value was 0.160. The partition of genetic diversity was 74 % within populations, 21 % between populations and 5 % between subprovinces. Four groups (K) were formed with the linaloe trees of the four populations. The number of migrants was 1.3 per generation. High genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation between population of Bursera linanoe were found.

Abstract The biological control in sugarcane in Venezuela has been established as a unique measure, having optimal results of the use of parasitoids and entomopathogens for the control of borers of the genus Diatraea, and later of the candelilla Aeneolamia spp., both key pests of the crop. For borers it was achieved after systematic releases of the Amazonian fly Lydella minense from the middle of the last century and then with the establishment of the braconid wasp Cotesia flavipes from 1987. For the biological control of Aenolamia varia, pest that involved the frequent application of insecticides, after the introduction of the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae since 1977, has been established as an efficient measure for the control of its adults, however, the nymphs were less controlled. This aspect was resolved through the introduction of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in 2004, which has been widely used as a biological measure to avoid the application of insecticides. As an example, we have the Azucarera Río Turbio, although in the last harvests it has had a reduction in its areas due to different factors. During the last 58 years, Diatraea infestation shows a reduction of 15 to 3.18 %, which saves 170 552.62 metric tons with a value of US$ 49 196 045 and a cost of biological control of US$ 1 187 189 which translates into a benefit-cost of US$ 41.44. Before the establishment of biological control, Aeneolamia was controlled exclusively with chemical insecticides applied to foliage for adults and soil for nymphs. Simultaneously since then, the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae produced by national companies has been used and this entomopathogen was used on 87 000 hectares between 1986 and 1990. Also since 2004, the methodology of using entomopathogenic nematodes to control Aeneolamia nymphs began.

Resumen El control biológico en caña de azúcar en Venezuela se ha logrado establecer como una medida única, con resultados óptimos del uso de parasitoides y entomopatógenos para el control de los taladradores del género Diatraea, y, posteriormente, de la candelilla Aeneolamia spp., ambas plagas claves del cultivo. Para los taladradores, se logró después de liberaciones sistemáticas de la mosca amazónica Lydella minense desde un inicio, a mediados del siglo XX y luego con el establecimiento de la avispa bracónida Cotesia flavipes, a partir de 1987. Para el control biológico de Aeneolamia varia, plaga que implicaba la aplicación frecuente de insecticidas, después de la introducción del uso del hongo entomopatógeno Metarhizium anisopliae desde 1977, se ha establecido como medida eficiente para el control de sus adultos, aunque las ninfas eran menos controladas. Este aspecto se resolvió mediante la introducción del nematodo entomopatógeno Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en 2004, el cual se viene utilizando en forma general, y prácticamente ya se tienen las medidas biológicas para evitar la aplicación de insecticidas. Como ejemplo se tiene a la Azucarera Río Turbio, aunque en las últimas zafras ha tenido una reducción en sus áreas, por diferentes factores. Durante los últimos 58 años, la infestación de Diatraea muestra una reducción de 15 a 3.18 %, con lo cual se salvan 170 552.62 toneladas métricas (TM), con un valor de US$ 49 196 045 y un costo del control biológico de US$ 1 187 189 lo que se traduce en un beneficio-costo de US$ 41.44. Antes del establecimiento del control biológico, Aeneolamia se controlaba exclusivamente con insecticidas químicos, aplicados al follaje para los adultos y al suelo para las ninfas. Simultáneamente desde entonces, se ha utilizado el hongo M. anisopliae producido por empresas nacionales, hasta cubrir 87 000 ha, entre 1986 y 1990. También, desde 2004 se inició la utilización de nematodos entomopatógenos para el control de ninfas de Aeneolamia.

Summary Background and aims: The demand for native ornamentáis species has increased and the utilization of novel ornamental crops is a way of promoting their use and care by the community. Considering the high richness of the Tandilia hills, the objective of this study was to survey native plants with potential ornamental value and to propose suggestions for their use in landscaping. M&M: From the floristic survey carried out in a hill area of the south of Tandilia, a list of native species with potential ornamental value was made. For each species, it was recorded: growth habit; ornamental morphological attributes; flowering season and, depending on the environment's characteristics where they thrive, at least one suggestion for landscaping use was made. Results: A total of 47 species were proposed as ornamental, with predominance of perennial herbs (34), shrubs (11) and spring flowering. Foliage was the most frequent ornamental attribute. The main suggestion use category was: full-sun beds in shallow soils, followed in decreasing order by full-sun beds in deep soils; rock gardens, green roofs or full-sun vertical gardens; partial shadow beds in deep soils; partial shadow beds in shallow soils; shadow beds or shadow vertical gardens ponds. Conclusions: The southern hill areas of Tandilia have native flora of potential ornamental value that could be used in landscaping integrating different plantations, enhancing their cultural and patrimonial value.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La demanda de especies nativas con fines ornamentales ha aumentado y su uso representa una estrategia de valoración y conservación de las mismas por parte de la comunidad. Considerando la riqueza de las sierras de Tandilia, el objetivo de este trabajo fue relevar nativas de valor ornamental potencial y proponer sugerencias de uso de las mismas en espacios verdes. M&M: Del relevamiento florístico de un área del sur de Tandilia se elaboró un listado de especies nativas de uso ornamental potencial. Para cada especie se registró: hábito de crecimiento; atributos morfológicos ornamentales; época de floración y, según las características de los ambientales donde prosperan, se le adjudicó al menos una sugerencia de uso. Resultados: Se proponen 47 especies ornamentales, predominando las hierbas perennes (34) y los arbustos (11) y las floraciones primaverales. El follaje fue el atributo ornamental más frecuente. La principal sugerencia de uso fue la categoría macizos y/o canteros a pleno sol en suelos poco profundos, seguida de: macizos y/o canteros a pleno sol en suelos profundos; jardines de rocallas, techos verdes y/o jardines verticales a pleno sol; macizos y/o canteros a media sombra con suelos profundos; macizos y/o canteros a media sombra con suelos poco profundos; macizos, canteros y/o jardines verticales a la sombra; estanques. Conclusiones: Las áreas del sur de Tandilia poseen flora nativa de potencial valor ornamental que podrían emplearse en el diseño de espacios verdes integrando distintas plantaciones, realzando su valor cultural y patrimonial.

RESUMEN Son varios los enfoques desde donde podemos abordar la popular festividad eucarística del Corpus Christi. El artículo se inclina por el arte festivo, sin soslayar todo lo que conlleva esta fiesta especial en los poblados tutelados por jesuitas, donde se creaba para la ocasión un escenario de marcada heterogeneidad, que en cierta forma lo diferenciaba de otro tipo de núcleos urbanos. Los tradicionales arcos de follajes, flores y pájaros cortando calles pavimentadas con esteras, son algunos de los elementos comunes en América que se pretenden narrar a través de documentos y relatos de contemporáneos y que reafirman el sincretismo de estas comunidades que dejaron testimonios del tridentino, a pesar de ubicarse en un rincón remoto del mundo. Se enfatiza en esta complejidad, en la participación exclusiva de los guaraníes, significativamente permeables al cristianismo impuesto por los jesuitas con su marcada empatía por la otredad.

ABSTRACT The popular Eucharistic festivity of Corpus Christi can be approached from various angles. We are inclined towards festive art, without ignoring all that this special feast entails in the towns under the tutelage of the Jesuits, where a markedly heterogeneous scenario was created for the occasion, which to some extent differentiated it from other types of urban centers. The traditional arches of foliage, flowers and birds decorating streets with mats are some of the common elements in America that we intend to narrate through documents and contemporary accounts, reaffirming the syncretism of these communities, which have left testimonies of the Tridentine tradition despite being located in a remote corner of the world. We seek to emphasize this complexity on which we focus, highlighting the exclusive participation of the Guarani, significantly permeable to the Christianity imposed by the Jesuits with their marked empathy for otherness.

Abstract The doses of paclobutrazol that reduce the height of the flower stem or modify the visual appearance may be different for each cultivar. In this research, the effect of eight paclobutrazol concentrations on stem height, visual appearance, anthesis period, and biomass distribution of Asiatic Lilium cv. Litouwen was evaluated. Eighteen bulbs were immersed for 24 h in 5 L of the following solutions: 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 100, 200 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol. After some time, three bulbs were planted in pots with 2.5 L of tezontle and randomly distributed inside a greenhouse. During the 2022 crop cycle, the moisture of the substrate was maintained with a Steiner solution. Results were processed with analysis of variance and Tukey’s mean comparison tests (p≤ 0.05). The height of the flower stems was 61.5, 56.6, 43.4, 29.1, 18.4, and 14.1 cm with 0 or 2.5, 5 or 10, 20, 40, 100, and 200 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol, respectively. Leaf number and leaf area decreased, but stem diameter, greenness index, dry root biomass, flower buds, time to flowering and anthesis period increased from 40 mg L-1. In Lilium ‘Litouwen’, doses of 40 or 100 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol are required to obtain compact plants with intense green foliage and striking flower buds, which would help their marketing as pot plants.

Resumen Las dosis de paclobutrazol que reducen la altura del tallo floral o modifican el aspecto visual pueden ser distintas para cada cultivar. En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto de ocho concentraciones de paclobutrazol en la altura del tallo, aspecto visual, periodo de antesis y distribución de biomasa de Lilium asiático cv. Litouwen. Dieciocho bulbos fueron sumergidos por 24 h en 5 L de las siguientes soluciones: 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 100, 200 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol. Transcurrido el tiempo, tres bulbos se plantaron en macetas con 2.5 L de tezontle y se distribuyeron al azar en el interior de un invernadero. Durante el ciclo del cultivo, de 2022, la humedad del sustrato se mantuvo con solución Steiner. Los resultados se procesaron con análisis de varianza y pruebas de comparación de medias (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). La altura de los tallos florales fue de 61.5, 56.6, 43.4, 29.1, 18.4 y 14.1 cm con 0 o 2.5, 5 o 10, 20, 40, 100 y 200 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol respectivamente. El número de hojas y el área foliar disminuyeron, pero el diámetro del tallo, índice de verdor, biomasa seca de raíces, botones florales, tiempo a la floración y periodo de antesis se incrementaron a partir de 40 mg L-1. En Lilium ‘Litouwen’ se requieren dosis de 40 o 100 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol para obtener plantas compactas con follaje verde intenso y botones florales llamativos, lo que ayudaría a su comercialización como plantas de maceta.

ABSTRACT: In the peruvian highlands, the production of alfalfa and the fattening of guinea pigs face issues that impact the breeders' economy. A study in the hamlet of Coñaica (Panao, Pachitea, Huánuco) was conducted to assess the impact of biofertilization on alfalfa biomass and guinea pig fattening. Two experimental designs were implemented: the RCBD to measure alfalfa biomass and a CRD to study the fattening of weaned guinea pigs (both males and females). The three evaluated treatments included the application of Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the foliage (T1), EM to the soil (T2), and a control group without EM, with a dosage of 10% every 15 days. Biofertilized alfalfa was used as feed for male and female guinea pigs for a period of nine weeks. It was distinguished that the EM treatment to the foliage significantly increased the biomass of alfalfa and favorably affected the fattening of guinea pigs, although a significant improvement in the feed conversion rate was only observed in male guinea pigs. These findings suggest that foliar EM applications with a dosage of 10% every 15 days promote higher alfalfa productivity and enhance the guinea pig fattening process.

RESUMEN: En la sierra peruana, la producción de alfalfa y el engorde de cuyes enfrentan problemas que impactan la economía de los criadores. Un estudio en el Caserío de Coñaica (Panao, Pachitea, Huánuco) se llevó a cabo para evaluar el impacto de la biofertilización en la biomasa de alfalfa y el engorde de cuyes. Se implementaron dos diseños experimentales: DBCA para medir la biomasa de alfalfa y DCA para estudiar el engorde de cuyes destetados (machos y hembras). Los tres tratamientos evaluados fueron: aplicación de microorganismos eficaces (EM) al follaje (T1), EM al suelo (T2) y un grupo de control sin EM, con dosis del 10% cada 15 días. La alfalfa biofertilizada se utilizó como alimento para los cuyes machos y hembras durante nueve semanas. Se distinguió que el tratamiento de EM al follaje incrementó significativamente la biomasa de la alfalfa y afectó favorablemente al engorde de los cuyes, aunque solo se evidenció una mejora significativa en la conversión alimenticia de los cuyes machos. Estos resultados indican que las aplicaciones de EM al follaje con una dosis del 10% cada 15 días promueven una mayor productividad en la alfalfa y benefician el proceso de engorde de los cuyes.

Abstract Fish make use of different microhabitats, such as submerged trunks, branches, foliage, crevices and stones, with different purposes, in search of shelter, refuge, food and even as a substrate for reproduction. The present study aimed to increase the knowledge about fish species that make use of the micro-habitat of trunks on the banks of streams in the protected area known as the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve, Lower Negro River region, Amazonas. The data analyzed come from two days of collections, carried out in the falling water periods of 2020 in the Central stream. Six species, Pseudanos trimaculatus, Tatia strigata, Trachelyopterichthys taeniatus, Trachelyopterichthys sp. "negro", Ancistrus dolichopterus and A. hoplogenys were captured inside the submerged trunks. The order Siluriformes was the most abundant and represented (83.33%) of all individuals. The most abundant species were T. strigata (N=46), followed by A. dolichopterus (N=35). Although most species belonged to the order Siluriformes, it is worth mentioning the sampling of one Characiformes, P. trimaculatus (N=1). In addition, an individual of A. hoplogenys was found in association with eggs deposited and fixed within a trunk, displaying protective behavior. The record of these species inside trunks may be associated with their foraging site, refuge and parental care to increase the chances of survival of the offspring. Therefore, the conservation of these microhabitats is important for the maintenance of some fish species. branches foliage stones purposes shelter reproduction microhabitat micro habitat Reserve region Amazonas collections 202 stream taeniatus sp negro, negro , "negro" A 83.33% 8333 83 33 (83.33% individuals T N=46, N46 N N=46 46 (N=46) N=35. N35 N=35 . 35 (N=35) Characiformes P N=1. N1 N=1 1 (N=1) addition trunk behavior site offspring Therefore 20 "negro 83.33 833 8 3 (83.33 N4 N=4 4 (N=46 N3 N=3 (N=35 N= (N=1 2 83.3 (83.3 (N=4 (N=3 (N= 83. (83. (N (83 (8 (

Resumo Os peixes fazem uso de diferentes microhabitats, como troncos submersos, galhos, folhagens, fendas e entre pedras, com diversas finalidades, seja em busca de abrigo, refúgio, alimento e até como substrato para reprodução. O presente estudo teve como objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre as espécies de peixes que fazem uso do micro-habitat de troncos às margens dos riachos da unidade de conservação (UC) conhecida como Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Tupé, região do Baixo Rio Negro, Amazonas. Os dados analisados são provenientes de dois dias de coletas, realizadas nos períodos de vazantes de 2020 no igarapé Central. Seis espécies, Pseudanos trimaculatus, Tatia strigata, Trachelyopterichthys taeniatus, Trachelyopterichthys sp. "negro", Ancistrus dolichopterus e A. hoplogenys foram capturados dentro dos troncos submersos. A ordem Siluriformes foi a mais abundante e representada (83,33%) da amostra. As espécies mais abundantes foram T. strigata (N=46), seguida por A. dolichopterus (N=35). Embora a maioria das espécies seja da ordem Siluriformes, vale ressaltar o encontro de uma espécie de Characiforme, P. trimaculatus (N=1). Além disso, foi encontrado um indivíduo de A. hoplogenys associado a ovos depositados e fixados dentro de um tronco, realizando comportamento de cuidado e proteção. O encontro dessas espécies no interior de troncos pode estar associado ao local de forrageamento, refúgio e cuidado parental, a fim de aumentar as chances de sobrevivência da prole. Portanto, a conservação desses microhabitats é importante para a manutenção dos organismos aquáticos. submersos galhos folhagens pedras finalidades abrigo reprodução microhabitat micro habitat UC (UC Tupé Negro Amazonas coletas 202 Central taeniatus sp negro, negro , "negro" 83,33% 8333 83 33 (83,33% amostra T N=46, N46 N N=46 46 (N=46) N=35. N35 N=35 . 35 (N=35) Characiforme P N=1. N1 N=1 1 (N=1) disso tronco proteção forrageamento parental prole Portanto aquáticos 20 "negro 83,33 833 8 3 (83,33 N4 N=4 4 (N=46 N3 N=3 (N=35 N= (N=1 2 83,3 (83,3 (N=4 (N=3 (N= 83, (83, (N (83 (8 (

Resumo A limitada disponibilidade de água devido ao desenvolvimento agrícola, industrial, tecnológico e urbano exige um maior esforço para tornar seu uso mais eficiente e obter economía substancial nas produções ornamentais, sem afetar o valor comercial, a qualidade e a apresentação final das flores e plantas. O estresse hídrico é um fator ambiental que causa efeitos fisiológicos nas plantas e acelera a senescência de folhas e flores em hastes de corte. Considerando a evapotranspiração das culturas (ETc), uma forma alternativa de reduzir o consumo de água nas culturas intensivas é o uso de irrigação controlada e restrita, somada à aplicação de fitohormônios na pré-colheita para mitigar os efeitos do estresse hídrico, por exemplo, 6-benzilaminopurina (6-BAP). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a qualidade e vida de vaso de hastes de Lilium sob irrigação restrita combinada com aplicação de fitohormônios. Foi delineado um experimento com quatro tratamentos, em irrigação normal (NI, 100% ETc) ou restrita (IR, 35% ETc) e com ou sem aplicação de 6-BAP (300 ppm). Foi utilizado um delineamento ANOVA inteiramente casualizado com 6 repetições por tratamento. A vida de vaso das flores de corte de Lilium não foi afetada significativamente (13,9 vs. 12,5 dias com NI e RI, respectivamente). A aplicação de 6-BAP não influenciou na vida de vaso, mas retardou o amarelecimento da folhagem e, portanto, reduziu a taxa de deterioração da haste floral. A irrigação restrita e a aplicação de fitohormônios podem ser ferramentas úteis para melhorar a eficiência do uso da água nas culturas de lírios. agrícola industrial ornamentais comercial ETc, ETc , (ETc) précolheita pré colheita exemplo 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6BAP. 6BAP BAP . (6-BAP) tratamentos NI, (NI 100 IR, IR (IR 35 300 (30 ppm. ppm ppm) tratamento 13,9 139 13 9 (13, vs 125 12 5 12, RI respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) portanto floral lírios (ETc (6-BAP 10 3 30 (3 13, 1 (13 ( (1

Abstract The limited availability of water due to agricultural, industrial, technological, and urban expansion requires a greater effort to make its use more efficient and achieve substantial savings in ornamental productions without affecting the commercial value quality, and final presentation of flowers and plants. Water stress is an environmental factor that causes physiological effects in plants and accelerates the senescence of leaves and flowers on cut stems. Considering crop evapotranspiration (ETc), an alternative way to reducing water consumption in intensive crops is the use of controlled, restricted irrigation, coupled with the application of phytohormones in pre-harvest to mitigate the effects of water stress, i.e. 6- Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP). The objective of this study was to determine the quality and vase life of Lilium stems under restricted irrigation combined with phytohormones application. An experiment with four treatments was designed, concerning normal (NI, 100% ETc) or restricted irrigation (RI, 35% ETc) and with or without application of 6-BAP (300 ppm). A completely randomized ANOVA design with 6 repetitions per treatment was used. The vase life of cut Lilium flowers was not significantly affected (13.9 vs. 12.5 days under NI and RI respectively). The application of 6-BAP had no influence on vase life, but delayed the foliage yellowing and therefore reduced the rate of deterioration of the floral stem. Restricted irrigation and the application of phytohormones can be useful tools to improve the water use efficiency in lily crops. agricultural industrial technological ETc, ETc , (ETc) controlled preharvest pre harvest ie i e i.e 6BAP. 6BAP BAP . (6-BAP) designed NI, (NI 100 RI, (RI 35 300 (30 ppm. ppm ppm) used 13.9 139 13 9 (13. vs 125 12 5 12. respectively. respectively respectively) stem (ETc (6-BAP 10 3 30 (3 13. 1 (13 ( (1

Abstract The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. is a plant pest highly harmful to horticultural crops worldwide. A sustainable tactic for the management of this pest is the search for plant resistance. Wild tomatoes are a crucial source of genetic diversity and genes for resistance to biotic factors as pest incidence. The objective of this work was to evaluate 15 accessions of creole tomatoes in greenhouse for attraction and oviposition response of B. tabaci. In addition, to estimate the incidence and severity of begomovirus in a field trial. The Rosa pa’ak ez2 accession had the lowest number of adults (0.7 per cm2) and Socato uptl had the lowest preference for oviposition (0.8 eggs per cm2). In the field, the País ac and Rosa pa’ak ez2 accessions had significantly fewer adults on the foliage. For the incidence and severity symptoms, Socato uptl had 76.7% of plants with virus symptoms and severity of 2.2 (60 days after transplant) and 2.9 (75 days after transplant), respectively. The results showed variation in the tomato accessions in the attraction of adults, oviposition preference, and susceptibility to viruses transmitted by B. tabaci.

Resumen La mosquita blanca Bemisia tabaci Genn. es una plaga dañina a cultivos hortícolas a nivel mundial. Una de las tácticas sustentables para su manejo es la búsqueda de fuentes de resistencia a esta plaga. Los tomates silvestres son fuente importante de diversidad genética y en ellos se puede encontrar genes de resistencia a diversos factores bióticos, como la incidencia de plagas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar bajo condiciones de invernadero 15 accesiones de tomates criollos, a la atracción y oviposición de B. tabaci. Además, de estimar la incidencia y severidad de begomovirus en campo. La accesión Rosa pa’ak ez2 tuvo menor atracción de adultos (0.7 adultos por cm2) y Socato uptl tuvo menor preferencia de oviposición (0.8 huevos cm2). En campo, las accesiones País ac y Rosa pa’ak ez2 tuvieron significativamente menor presencia de adultos en el follaje. Para incidencia y severidad de síntomas de virosis, Socato uptl tuvo el 76.7% de plantas con síntomas de virosis y una severidad de 2.2 a los 60 días después del trasplante y 2.9 a los 75 días después del trasplante. Los resultados evidenciaron variación en las accesiones de tomate a la atracción de adultos, preferencia de oviposición y susceptibilidad a virosis transmitida por B. tabaci.

Native to South America, Solanum viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple; Solanaceae) is naturalised in several countries globally. The plant is a major invader in the southern USA, but has minor weed status in South Africa. We investigated whether S. viarum has escaped natural enemy pressure or has recruited insect herbivores from the local Solanum flora, which are exerting some level of biotic resistance. Insect species richness and abundance and the resulting levels of herbivory were compared between plants from sympatric populations of S. viarum and the native Solanum dasyphyllum Schumacher and Thonning in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. Foliage, floral material, and fruits were collected across seasons from 20 plants of each species and assessed in the laboratory. Despite no significant differences between the two species in the size of the sampled plants, S. viarum displayed significantly lower insect herbivore diversity and abundance and suffered significantly lower levels of damage to its photosynthetic and reproductive tissues. Five of the 11 specialist herbivore species recorded on S. dasyphyllum were associated with S. viarum, but in substantially lower numbers and in fewer samples. The flowerbud-galling moth Scrobipalpa sp. (Gelechiidae), which prevents fruiting in S. dasyphyllum, was absent on S. viarum and indicative of the negligible floral damage on S. viarum. Although the fruit of S. viarum were occasionally utilised by specialist herbivores, seed damage was similarly negligible. Due to its release from specialist natural enemies and with no evidence of biotic resistance, S. viarum may increase in weed status in South Africa.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting urea and rice bran with mulberry or a mixture of mulberry and Leucaena in the diet on growth rate, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, rumen fermentation, estimated methane production, and rumen microbial protein synthesis in lambs fed a basal diet of urea-treated rice straw. The experiment consisting of three supplement treatments with six replications was arranged in a randomized block design. Eighteen lambs with an initial body weight of 14.4 ± 3.35 kg were used. The three supplement treatments were (i) urea-rice bran (UR) comprising 38.5% of the diet, (ii) mulberry foliage comprising 30% of the diet as UR substitution (Mb), and (iii) a mixture of mulberry-Leucaena foliage in a 1:1 ratio comprising 30% of the diet as UR substitution (MbL). All lambs were fed a basal diet of urea-treated rice straw, and the diets were formulated with iso-energy and iso-protein content. Substituting urea rice bran with either mulberry foliage or a mixture of mulberry-Leucaena foliage yielded similar effects on urinary and faecal nitrogen excretions, nitrogen retention, rumen fermentation, microbial nitrogen yield, and the average daily gain of lambs (71.4 g/day). Both the mulberry and the mulberry-Leucaena mixture supplements exhibited higher dry matter intake by 15.4% and 9.9% and neutral detergent fibre digestibility by 17.5% and 14.5%, respectively, compared to urea-rice bran supplementation. These findings indicate that mulberry or a mixture of mulberry-Leucaena foliage is a promising alternative to replace urea-rice bran in improving the nutritional values of the rice straw basal diet for sheep.