Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is the most frequent neuro logical emergency in neuropediatrics. It is the result of the failure of the mechanisms responsible for terminat ing an epileptic seizure or its onset, which leads to a prolonged epileptic seizure. The estimated incidence between 3-42 cases per 100,000 people per year. It has a bimodal distribution, affecting children and the elderly at the extremes of life. Mortality estimates are variable depending on age and etiology. Mortality in children could be lower than in adults, but it reaches a high morbidity of up to 66%. The definition has changed over the years in order to specify the start of treatment and to complement it with the scientific data, a time t1 and a t2 have been established. The time (t1) is the moment when treatment should begin, which varies depending on the semiology, at 5 minutes for a generalized tonic-clonic seizure and at 10 minutes for a focal seizure. The second time (t2) refers to neuronal damage. Prompt and effective treatment decreases the risks of cardiac and respiratory complications, admission to intensive care units, and death.

Resumen El estado epiléptico (SE) es la emergencia neurológica más frecuente en neuropediatría. Es el resultado de la falla de los mecanismos responsables en terminar una crisis epiléptica o del inicio, que conduce a una crisis epiléptica prolongada. La incidencia estimada entre 3-42 casos por cada 100.000 personas por año. Tiene una distribución bimodal afectando a los extremos de la vida; niños y ancianos, las estimaciones de mortali dad son variables en función de la edad y la etiología, en los niños la mortalidad podría ser más baja que en adultos pero alcanza una alta morbilidad hasta un 66%. La definición ha cambiado en el transcurso de los años con el fin de especificar inicio de tratamiento y comple mentar con los datos científicos se ha establecido un tiempo t1 y un t2. El tiempo (t1) es el momento cuando el tratamiento debe comenzar, que varía dependiendo de la semiología, a los 5 minutos para una crisis con vulsiva tónico clónica generalizada y a los 10 minutos para una crisis focal. El segundo tiempo (t2) se refiere al daño neuronal. El tratamiento rápido y eficaz disminuye los riesgos de complicaciones cardíacas y respiratorias, ingreso a unidades de cuidados intensivos y muerte.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the process of implementation, the current situation and perspectives of the Homeopathy, Acupuncture and Anthroposophical Medicine Program (PRHOAMA) in public health service in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) considering the guidelines of the National Policy for Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC). The case study was carried out through document analysis of 32 official texts, secondary data (number of professionals and procedures offered) in health information systems and a focus group with professionals of PRHOAMA. The program was implemented in 1994, in Basic Health Units (UBS), configuring itself as a pioneering experience in Brazil. Practices are performed exclusively by physicians, which diverges from the recommendations of the PNPIC, whose recommended the ideal model is multi-professional. PRHOAMA’s institutionalization process is partial, not constituting a consolidated public policy. PRHOAMA complies with the PNPIC guidelines, such as emphasis on Primary Care, dissemination and information about Complementary Therapies. However, it is necessary to advance in the promotion of access to homeopathic medicines, in the definition of financing mechanisms and in the expansion of the management team and professionals. implementation Homeopathy (PRHOAMA Brazil (Brazil PNPIC. . (PNPIC) 3 texts number offered 1994 UBS, UBS , (UBS) physicians multiprofessional. multiprofessional multi professional. professional multi-professional PRHOAMAs s partial policy Care Therapies However medicines (PNPIC 199 (UBS 19 1

RESUMO Objetiva-se analisar o processo de implantação, situação atual e perspectivas do Programa de Homeopatia, Acupuntura e Medicina Antroposófica (PRHOAMA) da rede pública de saúde de Belo Horizonte (Brasil) segundo as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC). Realizou-se estudo de caso por meio de análise documental de 32 textos oficiais; dados secundários obtidos pelo número de profissionais e procedimentos ofertados em sistemas de informação em saúde; e realização de um grupo focal com profissionais do PRHOAMA. O programa foi implantado em 1994 nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS), configurando-se uma experiência pioneira no Brasil. As práticas são realizadas exclusivamente por médicos, o que diverge das recomendações da PNPIC, cujo modelo preconizado é o multiprofissional. O processo de institucionalização do PRHOAMA é parcial, não se configurando uma política pública consolidada. O PRHOAMA atende às diretrizes da PNPIC, tais como ênfase na Atenção Primária, divulgação e informação sobre as Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde (Pics). Entretanto, é necessário avançar na promoção do acesso aos medicamentos homeopáticos, na definição de mecanismos de financiamento e na ampliação da equipe gestora e de profissionais. Objetivase Objetiva implantação Homeopatia (PRHOAMA Brasil (Brasil PNPIC. PNPIC . (PNPIC) Realizouse Realizou 3 oficiais 199 UBS, UBS , (UBS) configurandose médicos multiprofissional parcial consolidada Primária Pics. Pics (Pics) Entretanto homeopáticos (PNPIC 19 (UBS (Pics 1

RESUMO Objetiva-se analisar o processo de implantação, situação atual e perspectivas do Programa de Homeopatia, Acupuntura e Medicina Antroposófica (PRHOAMA) da rede pública de saúde de Belo Horizonte (Brasil) segundo as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC). Realizou-se estudo de caso por meio de análise documental de 32 textos oficiais; dados secundários obtidos pelo número de profissionais e procedimentos ofertados em sistemas de informação em saúde; e realização de um grupo focal com profissionais do PRHOAMA. O programa foi implantado em 1994 nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS), configurando-se uma experiência pioneira no Brasil. As práticas são realizadas exclusivamente por médicos, o que diverge das recomendações da PNPIC, cujo modelo preconizado é o multiprofissional. O processo de institucionalização do PRHOAMA é parcial, não se configurando uma política pública consolidada. O PRHOAMA atende às diretrizes da PNPIC, tais como ênfase na Atenção Primária, divulgação e informação sobre as Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde (Pics). Entretanto, é necessário avançar na promoção do acesso aos medicamentos homeopáticos, na definição de mecanismos de financiamento e na ampliação da equipe gestora e de profissionais.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the process of implementation, the current situation and perspectives of the Homeopathy, Acupuncture and Anthroposophical Medicine Program (PRHOAMA) in public health service in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) considering the guidelines of the National Policy for Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC). The case study was carried out through document analysis of 32 official texts, secondary data (number of professionals and procedures offered) in health information systems and a focus group with professionals of PRHOAMA. The program was implemented in 1994, in Basic Health Units (UBS), configuring itself as a pioneering experience in Brazil. Practices are performed exclusively by physicians, which diverges from the recommendations of the PNPIC, whose recommended the ideal model is multi-professional. PRHOAMA’s institutionalization process is partial, not constituting a consolidated public policy. PRHOAMA complies with the PNPIC guidelines, such as emphasis on Primary Care, dissemination and information about Complementary Therapies. However, it is necessary to advance in the promotion of access to homeopathic medicines, in the definition of financing mechanisms and in the expansion of the management team and professionals.

Abstract Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) protein participates in proliferation, migration, cell survival, and apoptosis process. It has been described as overexpressed in several neoplasms being a promising target for therapy. BCR-ABL negative chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) are clonal disorders characterized by the excess of proliferation and apoptosis resistance. The identification of the acquired JAK2 V617F mutation in MPN patients allowed a better understanding of pathogenesis. However, there is still no pharmacological treatment that leads all patients to molecular remission, justifying new studies. The present study aimed to evaluate FAK involvement in the viability and apoptosis of HEL and SET-2 cells, both JAK2 V617F positive cell lines. The FAK inhibitor PF 562,271 was used. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay and apoptosis verified by cleaved PARP, cleaved Caspase 3 and Annexin-V/PI staining detection. FAK inhibition significantly reduced HEL and SET-2 cells viability and induced apoptosis. Considering the role of JAK/STAT pathway in MPN, further investigation of FAK participation in the MPN cells proliferation and apoptosis resistance, as well as possible crosstalk between JAK and FAK and downstream pathways may contribute to the knowledge of MPN pathophysiology, the discovery of new molecular targets, and JAK inhibitors resistance mechanisms. (FAK migration survival process therapy BCRABL BCR ABL (MPN VF V F pathogenesis However remission studies SET2 SET 2 SET- lines 562271 562 271 562,27 used PARP AnnexinV/PI AnnexinVPI Annexin V/PI PI detection JAKSTAT STAT pathophysiology targets mechanisms 56227 56 27 562,2 AnnexinV VPI 5622 5 562,

SUMMARY: Stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. The great impact on the quality of life of the population and on the health system justifies that we seek relevant alternatives to reduce the incidence and improve the treatment and recovery of patients affected by this disease. Physical exercise appears as an important tool in this scenario, being already pointed out as a possible therapeutic approach for the prevention of non-contagious chronic diseases. In this context, biomarkers such as miRNAs that respond to physical exercise and are directly related to several epigenetic mechanisms appear. Therefore, explaining the molecular mechanisms involved during physical exercise will lead to a better understanding of each stimulus and the dose to be used to better respond to each situation, thus being a promising approach for the evolution of prescription and control of training and processes recovery from various diseases, including stroke. Forty-eight Wistar rats were used, divided into four experimental groups: control group, ischemia group, physical exercise group and exercise + ischemia group. Real-time PCR methodology was used to analyze the expression of miRNAs: miR-126, miR-133b and miR-221. In our study we observed a significant difference in the expression of miR- 221 between the control group and the others groups. However, microRNAs: miR-126 and miR-133b do not show significant differences in expression between groups.

RESUMEN: El ictus es una de las principales causas de muerte y discapacidad en todo el mundo. El gran impacto en la calidad de vida de la población y en el sistema de salud justifica buscar alternativas pertinentes para reducir la incidencia y mejorar el tratamiento y recuperación de los pacientes afectados por esta enfermedad. El ejercicio físico aparece como una herramienta importante en este escenario, siendo ya señalado como un posible abordaje terapéutico para la prevención de enfermedades crónicas no contagiosas. En este contexto, aparecen biomarcadores como los miRNAs que responden al ejercicio físico y están directamente relacionados con varios mecanismos epigenéticos. Por lo tanto, explicar los mecanismos moleculares involucrados durante el ejercicio físico conducirá a una mejor comprensión de cada estímulo y la dosis a utilizar para responder mejor a cada situación, siendo así un enfoque prometedor para la evolución de la prescripción, el control del entrenamiento y los procesos de recuperación de diversas enfermedades, incluido el accidente cerebrovascular. Se utilizaron cuarenta y ocho ratas Wistar, divididas en cuatro grupos experimentales: grupo control, grupo isquemia, grupo ejercicio físico y grupo ejercicio + isquemia. Se utilizó la metodología de PCR en tiempo real para analizar la expresión de miRNAs: miR-126, miR-133b y miR-221. En nuestro estudio observamos una diferencia significativa en la expresión de miR-221 entre el grupo control y los demás grupos. Sin embargo, los microARN: miR-126 y miR-133b no mostraron diferencias significativas en la expresión entre grupos.

RESUMEN Este artículo expone el análisis de la producción informativa de El Extra, La Hora y La Gaceta, tres medios escritos de Ecuador con mayor circulación en lo nacional, regional y local, respectivamente. El objetivo fue determinar en qué medida sus contenidos se generan bajo una perspectiva de derechos humanos y para ello se abordaron dos aspectos: 1) producción informativa en función del índice de vulneración de derechos en los medios, y, 2) valoraciones del discurso periodístico en relación a temáticas, fuentes, imágenes y titulares. Se trabajó con un enfoque mixto mediante el análisis de contenido y un grupo focal en el que participaron periodistas. Entre los resultados más relevantes se destaca el predominio de contenidos que vulneran derechos, en dos de los tres medios, en los indicadores sobrerrepresentación de la realidad y manipulación, aunque en los indicadores ridiculización y mal empleo del lenguaje no hay prevalencia, hay una frecuencia importante de contenidos que usan de manera inadecuada el lenguaje y discriminan a personas o colectivos. Además, las diferencias en las dinámicas organizativas de los medios de comunicación, inciden en las rutinas periodísticas y necesitan promover mecanismos de formación permanente sobre derechos humanos.

ABSTRACT This article presents the analysis of the news production of El Extra, La Hora and La Gaceta, three written media in Ecuador with the highest national, regional and local circulation respectively. The objective was to determine to what extent their contents are generated from a human rights perspective. Thus, two aspects were addressed: 1) informative production based on the index of violation of rights in the media, and 2) evaluations of journalistic discourse in relation to themes, sources, images and headlines. A mixed approach was used through content analysis and a focus group (FG) in which journalists participated. Among the most relevant results, the predominance of content that violates rights in two of the three media stands out in the indicators overrepresentation of reality and manipulation, although in the indicators ridicule and misuse of language there is no prevalence, there is a significant frequency of content who use language inappropriately and discriminate against individuals or groups. In addition, the differences in the organizational dynamics of the media affect journalistic routines and need to promote permanent training mechanisms on human rights.

RESUMO O estado de mal epiléptico (EME) é uma emergência frequente, com alta morbi-mortalidade. Segundo nova definição da ILAE de 2015, EME acontece pela falha dos mecanismos responsáveis pelo término ou início das crises, sendo anormalmente prolongadas. Pela definição existem diferentes tempos entre EME convulsivo, focal e ausência. Tempo é cérebro. Ocorrem alterações nos receptores sinápticos, levando estado mais pró-convulsivante, com aumento risco de lesão cerebral e sequelas. O manejo do EME deve incluir três pilares: parar a crise, estabilizar o paciente para evitar lesão secundária e tratar a etiologia. EME convulsivo é definido quando duração é maior que 5 minutos e trata-se grande emergência. Os benzodiazepínicos são o tratamento inicial, devem ser administrados rapidamente e na dose adequada. Fenitoína/fosfenitoína, levetiracetam e ácido valpróico são opções com evidência para tratamento de segunda linha. Se EME persistir, uso dos anestésicos é provavelmente a melhor opção como terceira linha tratamento, apesar da falta de evidências adequadas. O midazolam costuma ser a melhor escolha inicial e os barbitúricos devem ser considerados para casos refratários. O EME não convulsivo tem abordagem inicial semelhante, com benzodiazepínicos e agentes segunda linha, mas após, a agressividade deve ser equilibrada considerando risco de lesão pelas crises e complicações pelo tratamento agressivo. A abordagem sugerida é uso de fármacos IV sequenciais (via oral/tubo quando opções IV não disponíveis). A monitorização por EEG é fundamental para o diagnóstico do EME não convulsivo, após controle inicial EME convulsivo e para controle do tratamento. Protocolos institucionais são recomendados.

Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is a frequent neurological emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. According to the new ILAE 2015 definition, SE results either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or initiation, leading to abnormally prolonged seizures. The definition has different time points for convulsive, focal and absence SE. Time is brain. There are changes in synaptic receptors leading to a more proconvulsant state and increased risk of brain lesion and sequelae with long duration. Management of SE must include three pillars: stop seizures, stabilize patients to avoid secondary lesions and treat underlying causes. Convulsive SE is defined after 5 minutes and is a major emergency. Benzodiazepines are the initial treatment, and should be given fast and an adequate dose. Phenytoin/fosphenytoin, levetiracetam and valproic acid are evidence choices for second line treatment. If SE persists, anesthetic drugs are probably the best option for third line treatment, despite lack of evidence. Midazolam is usually the best initial choice and barbiturates should be considered for refractory cases. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus has a similar initial approach, with benzodiazepines and second line intravenous (IV) agents, but after that, aggressiveness should be balanced considering risk of lesion due to seizures and medical complications caused by aggressive treatment. Usually, the best approach is the use of sequential IV antiepileptic drugs (oral/tube are options if IV options are not available). EEG monitoring is crucial for diagnosis of nonconvulsive SE, after initial control of convulsive SE and treatment control. Institutional protocols are advised to improve care.

Resumen Al Sistema de Fallas de Algeciras (SFA), se le han asignado cuatro sismos históricos desde finales del siglo XVIII, que en términos de magnitud recalculada desde análisis macrosísmicos tuvieron una magnitud M>6.5. Uno de estos, el del 9 de febrero de 1967, fue registrado instrumentalmente con Mw 7.2. En este trabajo se realizó un estudio del sector norte de este sistema de fallas entre los 3° y 4°N. Entre el 31 de octubre de 2016 y el 18 de julio de 2018, se presentaron cuatro sismos con Mw>4.8, que la Red Sismológica Nacional de Colombia (RSNC) localizó en el municipio de Colombia, departamento del Huila, asignándolos a fallas del SFA. Luego, en diciembre 24 de 2019, se presentó un sismo con Mw 6.0, que se asignó a la Falla Algeciras perteneciente al SFA en el departamento del Meta. En esta investigación se encontró que los sismos de la región de Colombia se produjeron en las fallas Altamira y Nazareth, las cuales son fallas inversas en un contexto tectono - estratigráfico diferente al SFA. El SFA al norte de los 3°N define en esta región el piedemonte llanero. Para las fallas Altamira y Nazareth, los mecanismos focales indicaron fallas inversas, mientras que en la región de Mesetas estos mecanismos obedecieron a fallas transcurrentes concordantes con el SFA. Dada la alta generación de sismos con Mw>5.0 en estas fallas en un lapso inferior a 10 años, se establece que su potencial sismogénico contribuye de manera importante a la amenaza sísmica del centro y el suroccidente de Colombia, sin embargo, en este trabajo se encontró además que la denominada Falla Algeciras, principal componente del SFA por la literatura, está segmentada y no es continua, por lo que se debe revaluar su potencial sismogénico.

Abstract From the late seventeenth century, the Algeciras Fault System (AFS) has been attributed to four historical earthquakes whose magnitude recalculated from macroseismic scale analysis had a magnitude of M>6.5. One of these, that of February 9th, 1967, was instrumentally registered with a magnitude of Mw 7.2. In this work, a study was carried out in the Northern sector of this fault system between 3° and 4°N. Between October 31st, 2016, and July 18th, 2018, four earthquakes with Mw>4.8, were located by the National Seismological Network of Colombia (NSNC) in the municipality of Colombia, department of Huila, were attributed by them to the AFS. Then, on December 24th, 2019, an earthquake with Mw 6.0 was attributed by the NSCS to the Algeciras fault in the department of Meta. This fault is part of the AFS. In accordance with this research, the earthquakes in the region of Colombia occurred in the Altamira and Nazareth Faults, which are reverse faults in a tectono-stratigraphic framework different from the AFS. The AFS toward north of 3°N defines the Llanos Foothills in this region. For the Altamira and Nazareth Faults, the earthquake focal mechanisms indicated inverse faults, while in the Mesetas region its earthquake focal mechanisms indicated right lateral strike - slip faults consistent with the AFS. Because of the high generation of earthquakes with Mw>5.0 for these faults in a period of less than 10 years, here it is established that their seismogenic potential contributes in a very important way to the seismic hazard of central and southwestern Colombia. However, in this work it was also found that the so-called Algeciras Fault, the main component of the SFA in the literature, is segmented and not continuous, so its seismogenic potential should be reassessed.

This article presents the analysis of the news production of El Extra, La Hora and La Gaceta, three written media in Ecuador with the highest national, regional and local circulation respectively. The objective was to determine to what extent their contents are generated from a human rights perspective. Thus, two aspects were addressed: 1) informative production based on the index of violation of rights in the media, and 2) evaluations of journalistic discourse in relation to themes, sources, images and headlines. A mixed approach was used through content analysis and a focus group (FG) in which journalists participated. Among the most relevant results, the predominance of content that violates rights in two of the three media stands out in the indicators overrepresentation of reality and manipulation, although in the indicators ridicule and misuse of language there is no prevalence, there is a significant frequency of content who use language inappropriately and discriminate against individuals or groups. In addition, the differences in the organizational dynamics of the media affect journalistic routines and need to promote permanent training mechanisms on human rights.

Este artículo expone el análisis de la producción informativa de El Extra, La Hora y La Gaceta, tres medios escritos de Ecuador con mayor circulación en lo nacional, regional y local, respectivamente. El objetivo fue determinar en qué medida sus contenidos se generan bajo una perspectiva de derechos humanos y para ello se abordaron dos aspectos: 1) producción informativa en función del índice de vulneración de derechos en los medios, y, 2) valoraciones del discurso periodístico en relación a temáticas, fuentes, imágenes y titulares. Se trabajó con un enfoque mixto mediante el análisis de contenido y un grupo focal en el que participaron periodistas. Entre los resultados más relevantes se destaca el predominio de contenidos que vulneran derechos, en dos de los tres medios, en los indicadores sobrerrepresentación de la realidad y manipulación, aunque en los indicadores ridiculización y mal empleo del lenguaje no hay prevalencia, hay una frecuencia importante de contenidos que usan de manera inadecuada el lenguaje y discriminan a personas o colectivos. Además, las diferencias en las dinámicas organizativas de los medios de comunicación, inciden en las rutinas periodísticas y necesitan promover mecanismos de formación permanente sobre derechos humanos.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. Cerebrolysin (CBL) has been reported to be anti-inflammatory by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the neuroprotection of CBL in TBI and the potential mechanism are unclear. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotection and mechanisms of CBL in TBI. Methods: The TBI model was established in strict accordance with the Feeney weight-drop model of focal injury. The neurological score, brain water content, neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, and neuronal damage were evaluated. The involvement of the early brain injury modulatory pathway was also investigated. Results: Following TBI, the results showed that CBL administration increased neurological scores and decreased brain edema by alleviating blood‑brain barrier (BBB) permeability, upregulating tight junction protein (ZO‑1) levels, and decreasing the levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β), IL‑6, and NF‑κB. The TUNEL assay showed that CBL decreased hippocampal neuronal apoptosis after TBI and decreased the protein expression levels of caspase‑3 and Bax, increasing the levels of Bcl‑2. The levels of Toll‑like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 were significantly decreased after CBL treatment. In TBI patients, CBL can also decrease TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, and NF‑κB levels. This result indicates that CBL‑mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis ameliorated neuronal death after TBI. The neuroprotective capacity of CBL is partly dependent on the TLR signaling pathway. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of this study indicate that CBL can improve neurological outcomes and reduce neuronal death against neuroinflammation and apoptosis via the TLR signaling pathway in mice.

Abstract This study was conducted with the following objectives: a) to characterize the weakest actors in the productive chain in the citrus-growing region of Nuevo León by locating them in a scheme that represents the processes involved; b) to analyze this sector based on real production, information generated by the actors through an analysis of focal groups and the creation of a model designed to present responses on their fragility, and c) to establish mechanisms of incorporation into the agroindustrial sector by resolving the daily problematics that producers face. We began by interviewing 156 citrus producers using the theoretical focus called Localized Agroalimentary System (LAAS), strengthened by integrating qualitative and quantitative methods and considering the historical context. The information gathered through fieldwork allowed us to identify the producers and insert them into typologies created on the basis of similarities and differences, among other factors. The next step consisted in constructing a strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats matrix that represented adverse or problematic situations and potential options for reinforcing the productive chain. This allowed us to generate an alternative model that would transform producers into strategic actors with a greater capacity for self-management and innovation in their orchards. Through a focus on regional analysis and specific resources, we obtained a typology of producers that emphasizes associative strategies, agroindustrial linkages, proposals for transforming intermediaries into system negotiators, the generation of risk management measures in decision-making, and a prospective alliance.

Resumen La presente investigación mantiene los siguientes objetivos: a) caracterizar a los actores más débiles de la cadena productiva de la zona citrícola de Nuevo León, previa ubicación dentro del esquema de representación de procesos; b) analizar el sector, desde la realidad productiva y con la información generada por estos actores a través del análisis de grupos focales, se creará un modelo para generar respuestas acerca de su fragilidad, y c) Establecer mecanismos de incorporación hacia el sector agroindustrial, venciendo aquellas problemáticas cotidianas de los productores. El principio consistió en entrevistar a 156 productores citrícolas bajo el enfoque teórico del Sistema Agroalimentario Localizado (SIAL), dicho enfoque fue fortalecido con la integración de los métodos cualitativo, cuantitativo y el contexto histórico. Con la información de campo los productores fueron identificados los, después fueron insertados en algunas tipologías creadas de acuerdo a sus semejanzas y diferencias, entre otros factores. Posteriormente, se construirá una matriz de fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas que representa las situaciones o problemáticas adversas, así como las alternativas encaminadas a fortalecer la cadena productiva. De esa manera generamos una alternativa para hacer del productor un ente estratégico con autogestión en la innovación para el campo. Del enfoque de análisis regional y recursos específicos se obtuvo una tipología de productores, resultando estrategias de asociatividad, vinculación agroindustrial, propuestas de transformación del intermediario en gestor sistémico, generación de gestión de riesgos en la toma de decisiones y una alianza prospectiva.

Abstract Night-foraging cyclocephaline scarab beetles rely on floral structures of specific plant hosts for food and shelter, as well as mating sites. Although the role of floral fragrances as long-range attractants in these interactions has been elucidated, the mechanisms that mediate close-range mate discrimination in aggregations are still unclear. We recorded the mating-oriented behavior of male Cyclocephala distincta, focusing on the influence of contact signaling and movement over mate selection in a series of controlled bioassays. Roughly half of the males chose a conspecific female over another male, readily engaging in copulation upon initial contact. The remainder males required more experience, acquired through successive mounts on both females and males. Eventually, all focal males invested in copulation with females. When faced with the choice for a live or an inert conspecific female, male C. distincta preferred the former in 76% of cases, although we also recorded sexual investment on inert females (10% of cases). In paired experiments with an inert female or a male, nonetheless, focal males significantly opted for the opposite sex, and that included mating with the inert females. Innate characteristics of the females of C. distincta are evaluated by males synergistically, and not separately, in discriminating potential sexual partners.

Resumen La sismicidad y mecanismos focales en el Cinturón Deformado del Norte de Panamá (CDNP) indican un entorno compresivo asociado al cabalgamiento del Bloque de Panamá (BP) sobre la placa Caribe; mecanismos focales corticales de cizalla en BP se observan en la cordillera de Talamanca y en la Cordillera Volcánica Central. Los hipocentros alcanzan profundidades máximas entre 50-60 km al pie de la cordillera de Talamanca y más superficiales cerca de la costa Caribe. El terremoto del Valle de La Estrella de 1991 (Mw 7,6) disparó réplicas en un área de ~140x70 km; los deslizamientos y licuefacción fueron los eventos secundarios que causaron más daños y pérdidas en infraestructura (vivienda, puentes, red ferroviaria, red vial y acueductos), sus efectos se concentraron en ciudades costeras, como Limón y Bocas del Toro. Las pérdidas económicas de la época en valor presente al 2020 corresponden a $3 433 266 937,41.

Abstract Seismicity and focal mechanisms in the of North Panama Deformed Belt (NPDB) indicate a compressional environment associated with the overthrusting of the Panama Block (PB) on the Caribbean plate; crustal PB strike-slip focal mechanisms are observed in the Talamanca and Central Volcanic Cordillera. The hypocenters reach maximum depths between 50-60 km at the foot of the Talamanca mountain range and are shallow near the Caribbean coast. The 1991, Valle de la Estrella earthquake (Mw 7.6) triggered aftershocks in an area of ~140x70 km; landslides and liquefaction were the secondary events that caused most damage and losses in infrastructure (housing, bridges, railroad network, road network and aqueducts); its effects were concentrated in coastal cities, such as Limón and Bocas del Toro. The economic losses in present 2020 value correspond to $3 433 266 937.41.

Resumen la participación de niños y niñas ha planteado su reconocimiento como sujetos de derecho, proyectándolos, como ciudadanos activos dentro de la sociedad. Para ello, la legislación mexicana establece mecanismos de participación que promueven su involucramiento político. Pero cabe cuestionar cómo se ha desarrollado dicha participación, limitada normalmente a un ámbito simbólico (tokenismo), y cómo se manifiestan sus actitudes políticas hasta construir su ciudadanía. Para dar respuesta a estas cuestiones, se realizaron ocho grupos focales con niños y niñas de 5° y/o 6° grado de educación primaria del estado de Nuevo león, México. Más allá de una actitud pasiva, se observó un nivel elevado de interés por parte de niñas y niños para influir en la toma de decisiones sobre problemáticas de su entorno, aunque con limitaciones para su desarrollo efectivo.

Abstract The participation of children in politics raises the issue of their recognition as subjects of rights, highlighting their potential as active citizens within society. To this end, Mexican legislation has established participation mechanisms that promote political involvement. Yet, we have much to learn about how such participation has evolved in practice, as it is usually limited to symbolic participation (tokenism), and about how political attitudes develop during childhood. To explore these issues, we conducted eight focal groups with 5 th and/or 6 th grade elementary school students from the state of Nuevo León, Mexico. Our results show that, beyond a passive attitude, there was a high level of interest from girls and boys in influencing decision-making about issues in their community, though with limitations as to its realization.

Resumo A participação de meninos e meninas tem elevado seu reconhecimento como sujeitos de direito, projetando-os como cidadãos atuantes na sociedade. Para isso, a legislação mexicana estabelece mecanismos de participação que promovem seu envolvimento político. Entretanto, vale questionar como essa participação tem sido desenvolvida, sendo normalmente limitada a uma esfera simbólica (tokenismo), e como suas atitudes políticas se manifestam até a construção de sua cidadania. Para responder a essas perguntas, foram realizados oito grupos focais com meninos e meninas da 5 a e / ou 6 a séries do ensino fundamental do estado de Nuevo León, México. Além de uma atitude passiva, observou-se um alto nível de interesse por parte de meninas e meninos em influenciar a tomada de decisões sobre problemas em seu entorno, embora com limitações para seu desenvolvimento efetivo.

Abstract Eating epilepsy (EE) is rare reflex epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by mechanisms related to the eating process. In this narrative review, we analyzed case series and case reports found in the literature and describe sociodemographic, semiological, and radiological characteristics of patients with EE in the general population. Our analysis revealed that this epilepsy is more common in male patients and usually presents with focal onset seizures. There is wide variability in clinical presentation and there is not enough evidence to affirm that there is a specific food or diet that triggers the seizures. Temporolimbic and suprasylvian areas of the frontal and temporal lobes, particularly the insular and opercular cortex, play an important role in the pathophysiology of EE as found in neuroradiological and neurosurgical studies. As for the treatment, there is a high prevalence of pharmacoresistance and clobazam was the most used antiepileptic drug, usually as an add-on therapy.

Resumen La epilepsia por alimentación es un tipo de epilepsia refleja poco frecuente, en donde las crisis epilépticas son detonadas por mecanismos relacionados con el proceso de alimentación. En esta revisión narrativa analizamos reportes y series de casos de este tipo de epilepsia en la población general y detallamos características sociodemográficas, semiológicas y radiológicas. Nuestro análisis reveló que la epilepsia por alimentación es más prevalente en el sexo masculino y generalmente se presenta como crisis convulsivas focales. Existe una alta variabilidad en la presentación clínica y no hay evidencia suficiente para afirmar su asociación con algún tipo de alimento o dieta específica. En los estudios complementarios se encontró relación clínico-radiológica y quirúrgica en áreas temporolímbicas y suprasilvianas de los lóbulos frontal y temporal, particularmente la corteza insular y opercular, recalcando su importante papel en la fisiopatología de esta epilepsia. En cuanto al tratamiento, hay una alta prevalencia de farmacorresistencia y el clobazam fue el antiepiléptico más utilizado, generalmente en conjunto con otros fármacos.