ABSTRACT This document analyzes social cartography in the fishing sector of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main objective is to represent the fishing system through the identification of the key actors, their relationships and the territory The methodology included three phases: 1) documentary to establish the theoretical framework; 2) field, with the application of 110 surveys to fishermen using the snowball technique; and 3) results, with the analysis and presentation of the data. The main results show that the agri-food sector; to which the fishing sector belongs, faces challenges such as enhancing production, supply, transformation, marketing and distribution capacities. The main government, business and higher education actors involved were identified. Regarding the fishing system in Oaxaca, the political-legislative, geographical, sustainability and health, financial and commercial, human capital, productive and infrastructural contexts were mapped, as well as the regional context of the Coast and Isthmus areas. The importance of recognizing the historical relationships that have marked fishing in Mexico is highlighted, especially in Oaxaca, one of the states with the highest rates of poverty and backwardness. JEL CLASSIFICATION: P42, J01, J54, Y90

RESUMEN Este documento analiza la cartografa social en el sector pesquero de Oaxaca, México. El objetivo principal es representar el sistema pesquero a través de la identificación de los actores clave, sus relaciones y el territorio. La metodología incluyó tres fases: 1) documental, para establecer el marco teórico; 2) de campo, con la aplicación de 110 encuestas a pescadores utilizando la técnica de bola de nieve; y 3) de resultados, con el análisis y presentación de los datos. Los principales resultados muestran que el sector agroalimentario, al cual pertenece el sector pesquero, enfrenta retos como potencializar las capacidades de producción, abastecimiento, transformación, comercialización y distribución. Se identificaron los principales actores gubernamentales, empresariales y de educación superior involucrados. En cuanto al sistema pesquero en Oaxaca, se mapearon los contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidad y sanidad, financiero y comercial, de capital humano, productivo e infraestructural, así como el contexto regional de las zonas Costa e Istmo. Se destaca la importancia de reconocer las relaciones históricas que han marcado la pesca en México, especialmente en Oaxaca, uno de los estados con mayores índices de pobreza y rezago. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o mapeamento social no setor de pesca em Oaxaca, México. O principal objetivo é representar o sistema de pesca por meio da identificação dos principais atores, suas relações e o território. A metodologia incluiu três fases: l) documental, para estabelecer a estrutura teórica; 2) campo, com a aplicação de 110 pesquisas a pescadores usando a técnica de bola de neve; e 3) resultados, com a análise e apresentação dos dados. Os principais resultados mostram que o setor agroalimentar, ao qual pertence o setor pesqueiro, enfrenta desafios como o fortalecimento das capacidades de produção, fornecimento, processamento, comercialização e distribuição. Foram identificados os principais atores governamentais, empresariais e de ensino superior envolvidos. Com relação ao sistema de pesca em Oaxaca, foram mapeados os contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidade e saúde, financeiro e comercial, de capital humano, produtivo e de infraestrutura, bem como o contexto regional das zonas da Costa e do Istmo. O estudo destaca a importância de reconhecer as relações históricas que marcaram a pesca no México, especialmente em Oaxaca, um dos estados com os mais altos índices de pobreza e atraso. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

ABSTRACT Chile has a relatively long history of monitoring and managing large-scale commercial fish stocks. However, many other small-scale fisheries, particularly those operating in estuaries, usually lack basic fisheries and biological information. International experience indicates that a monitoring system designed for large-scale stocks cannot simply be resized to address the complexity, relatively low total economic value, and the large number of actors and supply chains in small-scale fisheries. This article proposes a strategy to monitor data-poor fisheries operating in estuaries. The striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), locally known as "lisa", in the Rapel River, central Chile, was selected to establish a pilot monitoring program for small-scale fish resources. From May 2022 to May 2023, fisheries information, including fleet description, catch and effort data, and fish biological attributes such as length and weight, were collected and described for the first time in the region. Drawing insights from this case study, we propose developing a generic monitoring system tailored specifically for monitoring fish stocks in estuaries. This conceptualization is based on: i) change agents, who are individuals trained to work with both the social and biological dimensions of each coastal fish stock; ii) experienced fisheries scientists outside government agencies; and iii) local fishers’ knowledge to provide constant feedback for adapting temporal and spatial scales for monitoring. This monitoring scheme is cost-effective and can be efficiently replicated in other estuarine fisheries in Chile.

Resumen Este artículo explora las tensiones sistémicas en los sectores agrícola y pesquero, derivadas de decisiones históricas e influidas por diversos agentes. Los análisis revelan limitaciones que están cambiando las finalidades del trabajo, llevando a quienes trabajan en la tierra y en el mara diversificar sus actividades para mantener la rentabilidad a expensas de su salud. En un contexto de transición ecológica, los trabajadores tienen que adaptarse a diversas exigencias sin el apoyo adecuado. Las tensiones entre la producción artesanal y la industrial ilustran los retos a los que se enfrentan, con normativas que a veces se perciben como injustas. Las actividades agrícolas y pesqueras están dominadas por presiones normativas, tecnológicas, comunitarias y sociales, que exigen una revaluación del equilibrio de poderes. Un análisis de la actividad, centrado en el análisis de los sistemas de actividad y las contradicciones sistémicas, puede ayudar a poner en perspectiva las preocupaciones de las personas y grupos implicados y apoyar el diseño de contextos laborales, normas e instrumentos de trabajo que sean sostenibles y de desarrollo.

Résumé Cet article explore les tensions systémiques dans les secteurs agricole et halieutique, issues de décisions historiques et influencées par divers acteurs. Les analyses révèlent des contraintes qui modifient les finalités du travail, amenant les exploitants de la terre et de la mer à diversifier leurs activités pour maintenir la rentabilité au détriment de leur santé. Dans un contexte de transition écologique, les exploitants doivent s'adapter à des injonctions diverses sans un soutien adéquat. Les tensions entre production artisanale et industrielle illustrent les défis rencontrés, avec des réglementations parfois perçues comme injustes. Les activités agricoles et halieutiques sont dominées par des pressions réglementaires, technologiques, communautaires et sociétales, nécessitant une réévaluation des rapports de force. Une analyse de l’activité, centrée sur l’analyse des systèmes d’activité et des contradictions systémiques, peut venir soutenir la mise en perspective des préoccupations des personnes et des collectifs en activité et accompagner la conception de situations de travail, de règles et d’instruments, développementales et durables.

Resumo Este artigo explora as tensões sistémicas nos sectores agrícola e pesqueiro, derivadas de decisões históricas e influenciadas por diversos agentes. As análises revelam constrangimentos que estão a alterar as finalidades do trabalho, levando a quem trabalha na terra e no mar a diversificarem as suas atividades para manterem a rentabilidade em detrimento da sua saúde. Num contexto de transição ecológica, os trabalhadores têm de se adaptar a diversas exigências sem apoio adequado. As tensões entre a produção artesanal e industrial ilustram os desafios que enfrentam, com regulamentações que por vezes são consideradas injustas. As atividades agrícolas e pesqueiras são dominadas por pressões regulamentares, tecnológicas, comunitárias e sociais, que exigem uma reavaliação do equilíbrio de poder. Uma análise da atividade, centrada na análise dos sistemas de atividade e das contradições sistémicas, pode ajudar a colocar em perspetiva as preocupações das pessoas e grupos envolvidos e apoiar a conceção de contextos, normas e instrumentos de trabalho que sejam sustentáveis e de desenvolvimento.

Abstract This article explores systemic tensions in the agricultural and fishing sectors, derived from historical decisions and influenced by various agents. The analyzes reveal limitations that are changing the purposes of work, leading exploiters of the land and sea to diversify their activities to maintain profitability at the expense of their health. In the context of ecological transition, exploiters must adapt to various demands without adequate support. The tensions between artisanal and industrial production illustrate the challenges they face, with regulations that are sometimes perceived as unfair. Agricultural and fishing activities are dominated by regulatory, technological, community and social pressures which require a re-evaluation of the balance of power. An activity analysis, focused on activity systems and systemic contradictions, can help put into perspective the individual and collective worries of those involved, and support the design of work environments, norms and instruments that are sustainable and developmental.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The fish processing industry generates large volumes of wastewater, which are generally treated in lagoons, generating bad odors and emitting polluting gases into the atmosphere. According to their organic matter content, these can be treated in anaerobic reactors with a microalgae coupling for the bioremediation of the effluent, due to their high N, P and CO2 removal capacity. Objective: To determine the potential of fish processing wastewater from the fishing industry in Sancti Spíritus for biogas and microalgae production. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater are taken as a starting point and mass balances are performed using indexes from the literature to determine the volumes of biogas and the amount of biomass harvested from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Results and Discussion: The analyzed waters represent a potential for obtaining biogas and for the development of microalgae cultures as a promising alternative to improve process performance, which allows obtaining energy and high value-added products. Conclusions: The wastewater from the Pescaspir fishing company produces 21.8 m3 of biogas per day and 0.58 kg/d of dry microalgal biomass, so the proposed treatment system allows the generation of renewable energy, the production of biomass, obtaining a purified effluent and reducing the environmental impact on natural aquatic systems, in addition to other possible technological applications.

RESUMEN Introducción: La industria de procesamiento del pescado genera grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales, que generalmente son tratadas en lagunas, generando malos olores y emitiendo gases contaminantes a la atmósfera. De acuerdo a su contenido de materia orgánica estas pueden ser tratadas en reactores anaerobios con un acople de microalgas para la biorremediación del efluente, debido a su alta capacidad de remoción de N, P y CO2. Objetivo: Determinar el potencial de las aguas residuales del procesamiento de pescado de la industria pesquera en Sancti Spíritus para la producción de biogás y microalgas. Materiales y Métodos: Se toma como punto de partida las características fisicoquímicas de las aguas residuales y se realizan balances de masa empleando índices de la literatura, para determinar los volúmenes de biogás y la cantidad de biomasa cosechada de la microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Resultados y Discusión: Las aguas analizadas, representan un potencial para la obtención de biogás y para el desarrollo de cultivos de microalgas como alternativa prometedora para mejorar el rendimiento de los procesos, lo que permite obtener energía y productos de alto valor añadido. Conclusiones: Las aguas residuales de la empresa pesquera Pescaspir, permiten obtener 21,8 m3 de biogás al día y 0,58 kg/d de biomasa microalgal seca, por lo que el sistema de tratamiento propuesto permite la generación de energía renovable, la producción de biomasa, la obtención de un efluente depurado y la reducción del impacto ambiental que causan en los sistemas acuáticos naturales, además de otras posibles aplicaciones tecnológicas.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi espacializar as operações de pesca esportiva e avaliar a frequência de uso das áreas de pesca no estado do Amazonas, combinando a abordagem do Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) e informações disponíveis nos documentos enviados ao Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas (IPAAM). As informações sobre as operações de turismo de pesca esportiva foram coletadas na base de dados do IPAAM e dos Certificados de Registro de Pesca (CRPs). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise descritiva e a espacialização dos locais foi realizada por meio do software Q-GIS. De 2002 a agosto de 2021, foram feitas 163 solicitações de CRP. Houve uma diminuição na quantidade de primeiras solicitações de CRP, com pico em 2018 e 2019, N=17 e N=18, respectivamente. A atividade é realizada em 24 municípios, sendo Barcelos (31,36%) e Presidente Figueiredo (17,75%) os mais populares. Em nível de sub-bacias, a pesca esportiva está presente principalmente nas bacias dos rios Negro, Amazonas, Aripuanã, Madeira, Purus e Solimões. No geral, 26,38% das operações ocorrem em áreas de conservação, especificamente em Reservas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS). Barcelos registou o maior número de rios utilizados, com 15 rios. Esses resultados podem subsidiar propostas futuras para a gestão sustentável da pesca por meio do zoneamento das áreas de pesca no estado do Amazonas. SIG (SIG IPAAM. . (IPAAM) CRPs. CRPs (CRPs) QGIS. QGIS Q GIS. GIS Q-GIS 200 2021 16 CRP 201 2019 N17 N 17 N=1 N18 18 N=18 respectivamente 2 municípios 31,36% 3136 31 36 (31,36% 17,75% 1775 75 (17,75% populares subbacias, subbacias sub bacias, sub-bacias Negro Aripuanã Madeira Solimões geral 2638 26 38 26,38 conservação RDS. RDS (RDS) utilizados 1 (IPAAM (CRPs 20 202 N1 N= 31,36 313 3 (31,36 17,75 177 7 (17,75 263 26,3 (RDS 31,3 (31,3 17,7 (17,7 26, 31, (31, 17, (17, (31 (17 (3 (1 (

Abstract The objective of this study was to spatialize sport fishing operations and assess the frequency of the use of the fishing areas in the state of Amazonas by combining the Geographic Information System (GIS) approach and information available in the documents sent to the Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas (IPAAM). Information on sport fishing tourism operations was gathered from the IPAAM database and fishing licenses (FLs). Data analysis was conducted utilizing descriptive analysis, and the spatialization of the locations was performed using Q-GIS software. From 2002 to August 2021, 163 requests for FLs were made. There was a decrease in the amount of first time FL requests, with a peak in 2018 and 2019, N=17 and N=18, respectively. The activity is conducted in 24 municipalities, with Barcelos (31.36%) and Presidente Figueiredo (17.75%) being the most popular. At the sub-basin level, sport fishing is notably present in the Negro, Amazonas, Aripuanã, Madeira, Purus and Solimões River basins. Overall, 26.38% of operations take place in conservation areas, specifically in sustainable development reserves (SDRs). Barcelos recorded the largest number of rivers used, with 15 rivers. These results can support future proposals for the sustainable management of fisheries through the zoning of fishing areas in the state of Amazonas. GIS (GIS IPAAM. . (IPAAM) FLs. (FLs) QGIS Q software 200 2021 16 made 201 2019 N17 N 17 N=1 N18 18 N=18 respectively 2 municipalities 31.36% 3136 31 36 (31.36% 17.75% 1775 75 (17.75% popular subbasin sub basin level Negro Aripuanã Madeira basins Overall 2638 26 38 26.38 SDRs. SDRs (SDRs) used 1 (IPAAM (FLs 20 202 N1 N= 31.36 313 3 (31.36 17.75 177 7 (17.75 263 26.3 (SDRs 31.3 (31.3 17.7 (17.7 26. 31. (31. 17. (17. (31 (17 (3 (1 (

Abstract one of the leading causes of global biodiversity loss is the introduction of non-native species with high potential for invasion, and fish farms are largely responsible for introducing these species into continental aquatic ecosystems. To assess the possible impacts caused by the introduction of fish species from fishing grounds in natural areas in the Baixada Santista watershed (São Paulo, State, Brazil), the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK) was used. The study showed that escaped species, primarily caused by the water drainage system of fishing ground tanks and dispersion by birds, can cause significant damage to the conservation of native species. Therefore, it is imperative to establish management practices for cultivated species and frequently monitor the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of water quality in ponds. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Trahira (Hoplias malabaricus) showed a high risk of invasion. Conversely, Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) was classified as medium risk, highlighting the importance of this species for breeding in fish farming systems and recreational fishing activities conducted in fishing grounds. nonnative non invasion ecosystems São Paulo State Brazil, Brazil , Brazil) ASISK AS ISK (AS-ISK used birds Therefore physicalchemical physical chemical ponds Clarias gariepinus, gariepinus gariepinus) Oreochromis niloticus, niloticus niloticus) Cyprinus carpio Hoplias malabaricus Conversely Colossoma macropomum

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os perfis sociodemográfico e socio-ocupacional e efeitos na saúde dos pescadores artesanais de Pernambuco afetados pelo desastre-crime do petróleo no Brasil em 2019. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal, realizado em 16 municípios do litoral pernambucano, com amostra composta por 1.259 pescadores artesanais. Foi utilizado um questionário contendo 14 blocos, incluindo questões socioeconômicas, de exposição ao petróleo, entre outras. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva com cálculo de frequências simples e percentual. Resultados: No total, 95,1% das pessoas consideram a pesca como seu principal trabalho e 97% estavam exercendo essa atividade. Entre os pescadores, o local de pesca mais comum foi o mangue, e o fogo à lenha foi utilizado no processo de trabalho por cerca de 60% da população. Em relação a problemas de saúde, 34,4% relataram dor de cabeça forte ou enxaqueca e 28,2%, ardência nos olhos, no período de 1 a 3 meses após o derramamento de petróleo. Conclusão: As condições de trabalho, de saúde e de estilo de vida foram impactadas pelo desastre-crime do petróleo. Outras pesquisas deverão ser desenvolvidas para melhor compreender os danos da exposição ao petróleo e seus efeitos na saúde dos pescadores. Observar o perfil das pessoas que vivem nos territórios da pesca artesanal em Pernambuco é fundamental para políticas públicas e ações governamentais que promovam territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis. Objetivo socioocupacional socio ocupacional desastrecrime desastre crime 2019 Métodos transversal pernambucano 1259 259 1.25 blocos socioeconômicas outras percentual Resultados total 951 95 95,1 97 atividade mangue 60 população 344 34 4 34,4 282 28 2 28,2% olhos Conclusão sustentáveis 201 125 25 1.2 9 95, 6 34, 28,2 20 12 1. 28,

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the sociodemographic, socio-occupational profile, and effects on the health of artisanal fishers from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, affected by the oil disaster-crime in Brazil in 2019. Methods: This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study, carried out in 16 municipalities on the coast of Pernambuco, with a sample made up of 1,259 artisanal fishers. A questionnaire containing 14 blocks was used, including socioeconomic issues, exposure to oil, among others. A descriptive analysis was carried out with calculation of simple frequencies and percentages. Results: Of those interviewed, 95.1% considered fishing as their main occupation and 97% were carrying out this activity. Among fishers, the most common fishing spot was the mangrove, and wood fire was used in the work process by around 60% of the population. Regarding health issues, 34.4% reported a severe headache or migraine and 28.2% reported burning eyes, within one to three months after the oil spill. Conclusion: According to the results, working, health, and lifestyle conditions were impacted by the oil disaster-crime. Further research should be carried out to better understand the damage caused by exposure to oil and its effects on the health of fishers. Observing the profile of people who live in artisanal fishing territories in Pernambuco is paramount for public policies and government actions that promote safe and sustainable territories. Objective sociodemographic sociooccupational socio occupational disastercrime disaster crime 2019 Methods crosssectional cross sectional study 1 1259 259 1,25 issues others percentages Results interviewed 951 95 95.1 97 activity mangrove 60 population 344 34 4 34.4 282 28 2 28.2 eyes spill Conclusion results working disastercrime. crime. 201 125 25 1,2 9 95. 6 3 34. 28. 20 12 1,

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os perfis sociodemográfico e socio-ocupacional e efeitos na saúde dos pescadores artesanais de Pernambuco afetados pelo desastre-crime do petróleo no Brasil em 2019. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal, realizado em 16 municípios do litoral pernambucano, com amostra composta por 1.259 pescadores artesanais. Foi utilizado um questionário contendo 14 blocos, incluindo questões socioeconômicas, de exposição ao petróleo, entre outras. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva com cálculo de frequências simples e percentual. Resultados: No total, 95,1% das pessoas consideram a pesca como seu principal trabalho e 97% estavam exercendo essa atividade. Entre os pescadores, o local de pesca mais comum foi o mangue, e o fogo à lenha foi utilizado no processo de trabalho por cerca de 60% da população. Em relação a problemas de saúde, 34,4% relataram dor de cabeça forte ou enxaqueca e 28,2%, ardência nos olhos, no período de 1 a 3 meses após o derramamento de petróleo. Conclusão: As condições de trabalho, de saúde e de estilo de vida foram impactadas pelo desastre-crime do petróleo. Outras pesquisas deverão ser desenvolvidas para melhor compreender os danos da exposição ao petróleo e seus efeitos na saúde dos pescadores. Observar o perfil das pessoas que vivem nos territórios da pesca artesanal em Pernambuco é fundamental para políticas públicas e ações governamentais que promovam territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the sociodemographic, socio-occupational profile, and effects on the health of artisanal fishers from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, affected by the oil disaster-crime in Brazil in 2019. Methods: This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study, carried out in 16 municipalities on the coast of Pernambuco, with a sample made up of 1,259 artisanal fishers. A questionnaire containing 14 blocks was used, including socioeconomic issues, exposure to oil, among others. A descriptive analysis was carried out with calculation of simple frequencies and percentages. Results: Of those interviewed, 95.1% considered fishing as their main occupation and 97% were carrying out this activity. Among fishers, the most common fishing spot was the mangrove, and wood fire was used in the work process by around 60% of the population. Regarding health issues, 34.4% reported a severe headache or migraine and 28.2% reported burning eyes, within one to three months after the oil spill. Conclusion: According to the results, working, health, and lifestyle conditions were impacted by the oil disaster-crime. Further research should be carried out to better understand the damage caused by exposure to oil and its effects on the health of fishers. Observing the profile of people who live in artisanal fishing territories in Pernambuco is paramount for public policies and government actions that promote safe and sustainable territories.

The 2019 oil spill in Brazil caused widespread contamination in the Brazilian coast, posing risks to both animal and human health through seafood consumption. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate seafood samples from different locations impacted by the oil spill. For this purpose, 44 samples underwent extraction processes for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). The BTEX compounds were undetected above the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 µg g−1 of wet mass. The LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the PAH were 2 and 5 ng g−1, respectively. The range of recovery of PAH obtained from spiking was 39 ± 15.8 to 84 ± 5%. The concentration of PAH in the samples ranged from < LOQ to 17.5 ng g−1. Results suggested higher contamination levels in samples collected in Rio de Janeiro, with quantifications for 11 of the evaluated PAH. Benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, both potentially carcinogenic, were found in 32 and 14% of samples, respectively. Therefore, additional coastal monitoring is advised to ensure seafood safety, given the potential PAH carcinogenicity, which could strain the Brazilian public health system. 201 coast consumption Therefore purpose 4 (PAH benzene toluene ethylbenzene BTEX. . (BTEX) (LOD 002 0 02 0.0 g1 g 1 g− mass (LOQ respectively 3 158 15 8 15. 5% 175 17 17. Janeiro Benzoapyrene Benzo a pyrene dibenzoa,hanthracene, dibenzoahanthracene dibenzo a,h anthracene, h anthracene dibenzo[a,h]anthracene carcinogenic 14 safety carcinogenicity system 20 (BTEX 00 0. dibenzoa hanthracene dibenzoa,hanthracene ah

Abstract The study of reproductive biology is an important tool in identifying protective measures to preserve fish stocks, providing essential data for a reliable management system that ensures a balance between the environment and the economy. This study aims to analyze the first sexual maturity and type of spawning of the fish Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Amazon coast, specifically in the Gulf Maranhense region. 360 specimens were obtained from commercial fishing activity in the community of Raposa-MA during the period from January to December 2021. Biometric data were recorded, and the gonadal maturation stages were determined through macro (maturation scale) and microscopic (histology) analyzes. Sex ratio, mean length of first sexual maturation and type of spawning were determined. Negative allometric growth was recorded for both sexes, indicating a greater increase in length than in weight, and the length varied from 11 to 31.8 cm and the sex ratio was 1 male:1.5 female. Individuals in all stages of maturation were observed throughout the year, with a predominance of individuals in spawning capacity and reproductive peaks in January, April and May, indicating that the species presents multiple spawning. The length at first sexual maturity (L50) for females was 18.41 cm and for males was 18.91 cm. Knowledge of the mean size at sexual maturity can help define appropriate regulations for fishing, ensuring that individuals have the opportunity to reproduce at least once before being captured. stocks economy Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758 coast region 36 RaposaMA Raposa MA 2021 scale histology (histology analyzes sexes weight 318 31 8 31. male1.5 male15 male 1.5 5 male:1. female year May L50 L (L50 1841 18 41 18.4 1891 91 18.9 captured 175 3 202 male1 male1. 15 1. male:1 L5 (L5 184 4 18. 189 9 17 20 male: (L 2

Resumo O estudo da biologia reprodutiva é uma abordagem importante na identificação de medidas de proteção para preservar os estoques pesqueiros, fornecendo dados essenciais para um sistema de gestão confiável que garanta o equilíbrio entre o meio ambiente e a economia. Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar a primeira maturidade sexual e o tipo de desova do peixe Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) na costa amazônica, especificamente na região do Golfão Maranhense. Foram obtidos 360 exemplares provenientes da atividade de pesca comercial na comunidade pesqueira de Raposa-MA durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2021. Foram registrados dados biométricos e determinados os estágios de maturação gonadal por meio de análises macroscópicas (escala de maturação) e microscópicas (histologia). Foram determinados a razão sexual, a duração média da primeira maturação sexual e o tipo de desova. Foi registrado crescimento alométrico negativo para ambos os sexos, indicando maior aumento no comprimento do que no peso, sendo que o comprimento variou de 11 a 31.8 cm e a proporção sexual foi de 1 macho:1.5 fêmea. Foram observados indivíduos em todos os estágios de maturação durante todo o ano, com predomínio de indivíduos em capacidade reprodutiva e picos reprodutivos em janeiro, abril e maio, indicando que a espécie apresenta desovas múltiplas. O comprimento na primeira maturidade sexual (L50) para as fêmeas foi de 18.41 cm e para os machos foi de 18.91 cm. O conhecimento do tamanho médio na maturidade sexual pode ajudar a definir regulamentos apropriados para a pesca, garantindo que os indivíduos tenham a oportunidade de se reproduzir pelo menos uma vez antes de serem capturados. pesqueiros economia objetivouse objetivou Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758 amazônica Maranhense 36 RaposaMA Raposa MA 2021 escala histologia. histologia . (histologia) sexos peso 318 31 8 31. macho1.5 macho15 macho 1.5 5 macho:1. fêmea ano maio múltiplas L50 L (L50 1841 18 41 18.4 1891 91 18.9 capturados 175 3 202 (histologia macho1 macho1. 15 1. macho:1 L5 (L5 184 4 18. 189 9 17 20 macho: (L 2

ABSTRACT Background. The Sontecomapan Lagoon is a protected natural area and is part of the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve on the south coast of the State of Veracruz, with significant fishing productivity and little ecological knowledge about its fish community. Objectives. Analyze space-time variations in diversity, richness, abundance, dominant species, community inhabitants, fish assemblages, and trophic groups. Methods. The fish collections were made between 2014 and 2020, in 10 stations with a trawl net. The sampling effort was validated using non-parametric estimators. Analysis of variance was used to indicate statistically significant differences in community ecological parameters between sites and months. Canonical correspondence analysis (ACC) was performed to determine species-habitat relationships. Results. Fifty species, 35 genera and 23 families were identified, with 2 new records, Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) and Pomadasys ramosus (Poey, 1860) and 2 dominant species, Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier, 1829) and Cathorops aguadulce (Meek, 1904). The diversity values (H´ = 0.84 to 2.07, D = 2.36 to 3.83, J´= 0.26 to 0.64) and abundance (density = 0.009 to 0.035 ind./m2, biomass = 0.105 to 0.044 g/m2, average weight = 5.91 to 16.72 g/ind), are considered low compared to other similar coastal systems. The spatial and temporal fluctuations of these parameters are related to the life cycles of the species present and with the environmental dynamics of the system. The ACC analysis indicated that fish assemblages are determined by changes in salinity, transparency, and depth. Conclusion. The ecological information analyzed represents a broad frame of reference for a little-studied coastal area that requires management and conservation strategies for its biotic resources.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. La Laguna de Sontecomapan es un Área Natural Protegida y forma parte de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas en la costa sur del Estado de Veracruz, con productividad pesquera y escaso conocimiento ecológico sobre su comunidad de peces. Objetivos. Analizar las variaciones espacio temporales de diversidad, riqueza, abundancia, especies dominantes, componentes comunitarios, conjuntos de peces y grupos tróficos. Métodos. Las recolectas de los peces se realizaron entre 2014 y 2020, en 10 estaciones con una red de arrastre. El esfuerzo de muestreo se validó utilizando estimadores no-paramétricos. Se utilizó análisis de varianza para indicar diferencias estadísticas significativas de los parámetros ecológicos de la comunidad entre sitios y meses. Se realizó análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC) para determinar las relaciones especie-hábitat. Resultados. Se identificaron 50 especies, 35 géneros y 23 familias, con 2 nuevos registros, Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) y Pomadasys ramosus (Poey, 1860) y 2 especies dominantes, Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier, 1829) y Cathorops aguadulce (Meek, 1904). Los valores de diversidad (H´ = 0.84 a 2.07, D = 2.36 a 3.83, J´= 0.26 a 0.64) y abundancia (densidad = 0.009 a 0.035 ind./m2, biomasa = 0.105 a 0.044 g/m2, peso promedio = 5.91 a 16.72 g/ind), se consideran bajos comparados con otros sistemas similares. Las fluctuaciones espaciales y temporales de estos parámetros tienen relación con los ciclos de vida de las especies presentes y con la dinámica ambiental del sistema. El análisis ACC indicó que los conjuntos de peces están determinados por los cambios de salinidad, transparencia y profundidad. Conclusión. La información ecológica analizada representa un amplio marco de referencia para un área costera poco estudiada que requiere estrategias de manejo y conservación para sus recursos bióticos.

Abstract Introduction: The diversity of fish species in the Amazonian foothills of Ecuador includes moderate-sized species adapted to living in fast flowing, well-oxygenated, stony-bed rivers. These species are still important for subsistence fishing. However, current studies of the ethnoichthyology of indigenous communities settled in the upper watersheds of the main Amazonian tributaries of Ecuador are still incipient. Objective: To characterize the ichthyological richness and the family fishing system of the Kichwa CEPLOA community, in the upper Ecuadorian Amazon. Methods: In 2020 we did a fish an inventory of in the Oglán river, mainly with cast net, and interviewed 18 community members about the family fishing system. Results: We recorded seventeen fish species, with a predominance of Characidae, Loricariidae and Cichlidae, all of them characteristic of well-conserved Amazonian foothill rivers. Local fishermen practice subsistence fishing with cast nets and hooks (mean 1,5kg of fish per catch). The anglers perceive a reduction in the diversity and abundance of fish fauna as well as in their sizes compared to the last decade, possible from the increase in fishing operations and the use of unsustainable catching techniques. Conclusion: The local 17 fish species are typical of well-preserved Amazonian foothill rivers. Local subsistence fishermen reported reduced diversity, abundance, and size of fish, attributed to increased fishing activities and unsustainable catching methods. Internal regulation may reduce the problem.

Resumen Introducción: La diversidad de especies de peces en las estribaciones amazónicas de Ecuador incluye especies de tamaño moderado adaptadas a vivir en ríos de lecho pedregoso, de rápido flujo y bien oxigenados. Estas especies siguen siendo importantes para la pesca de subsistencia. Sin embargo, los estudios actuales sobre la etnoictiología de las comunidades indígenas asentadas en las cuencas altas de los principales afluentes amazónicos de Ecuador aún son incipientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar la riqueza ictiológica y el sistema de pesca familiar de la comunidad Kichwa CEPLOA, en la Amazonia ecuatoriana alta. Métodos: En 2020 elaboramos un inventario de peces en el río Oglán, principalmente con redes de lanzamiento, y entrevistamos a 18 miembros de la comunidad sobre el sistema de pesca familiar. Resultados: Registramos 17 especies de peces, con predominio de las familias Characidae, Loricariidae y Cichlidae, todas características de ríos bien conservados en las estribaciones amazónicas. Los pescadores locales practican la pesca de subsistencia con redes de lanzamiento y anzuelos (promedio 1,5kg de pescado por captura). Los pescadores perciben una disminución en la diversidad y abundancia de la fauna de peces, así como en sus tamaños, en comparación con la última década, posiblemente debido al aumento de las operaciones de pesca y al uso de técnicas de captura insostenibles. Conclusión: Las 17 especies de peces locales son típicas de ríos bien conservados en las estribaciones amazónicas. Los pescadores locales de subsistencia informaron una reducción en la diversidad, abundancia y tamaño de los peces, atribuida al aumento de las actividades de pesca y a métodos de captura insostenibles. Una regulación interna podría reducir el problema.

Resumen: El propósito general de esta investigación cualitativa con diseño etnográfico es mostrar los desafíos que enfrenta la comunidad zapoteca de pescadores de Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). De manera específica, se pretende explicar el estado que presentan los ODS y sus metas más significativas, además de conocer la percepción de la población respecto a sus fortalezas y problemáticas relevantes. Se encontró que, si a pesar de las limitaciones presentes, el estimable capital humano, social y natural disponible se emplea acertadamente, el futuro puede ser promisorio.

Abstract: The general purpose of this qualitative research with ethnographic design is to show the challenges faced by the Zapotec fishing community of Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, in the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Specifically, it is intended to explain the status of the SDGs and their most significant aims, in addition to knowing the perception of the population regarding their strengths and relevant problems. It was found that if, despite the present limitations, the considerable human, social and natural capital available is used wisely, the future could be promising.

RESUMEN Las invasiones biológicas han demostrado de forma inequívoca ser una de las primordiales causas mundiales del detrimento de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de la investigación consistió en proponer un sistema de actividades socioculturales en los poblados pesqueros de Isabela de Sagua y Caibarién, en la provincia de Villa Clara Cuba, para contribuir al conocimiento de las Especies Exóticas Invasoras, y sus efectos indeseables a los ecosistemas marinos cubanos y a la salud humana y en particular de la especie Pterois volitans, conocida como Pez León. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación, se emplearon métodos de recopilación de información y procesamiento de estas. La investigación representó una manera novedosa de apropiarse de nuevos conocimientos sobre la especie P. volitans por parte de los habitantes de dichos poblados pesqueros. En las entrevistas realizadas, se pudo constatar que algunos pobladores poseían ciertos conocimientos sobre el Pez León, no así de los efectos nocivos que puede provocar este animal a los ecosistemas marinos cubanos y a la salud humana. Se concluye que la invasión del Pez León es un recordatorio de cómo una especie foránea puede establecerse y provocar efectos nocivos.

ABSTRACT Biological invasions have unequivocally demonstrated to be one of the main global causes of biodiversity detriment. The objective of the research consisted in proposing a system of socio-cultural activities in the fishing villages of Isabela de Sagua and Caibarién, in the province of Villa Clara Cuba, to contribute to the knowledge of Invasive Alien Species, and their undesirable effects on Cuban marine ecosystems and on human health and in particular on the species Pterois volitans, known as lionfish. For the effective development of this research, information gathering and processing methods were used to approach the multilateral study of the research object. The research represented a novel way of appropriating new knowledge about the species P. volitans on the part of the inhabitants of these fishing villages. In the interviews conducted, it was found that some villagers had some knowledge about the lionfish, but not about the harmful effects that this animal can cause to Cuban marine ecosystems and human health. It is concluded that the lionfish invasion is a reminder of how a foreign species can become established and cause harmful effects.

ABSTRACT Background. Coastal environments such as the intertidal zone and rocky and coral reefs are exposed to natural disturbances such as tides, storms, hurricanes, and cyclones and human activities such as fishing, tourism, and pollution. The deep reef refuge hypothesis posits that organisms that can inhabit greater depths would be less vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, greenhouse warming of the sea surface, and ocean acidification caused by the increased partial pressure of CO2. Consequently, deep rocky or coral reefs can function as “insurance” against the effects of climate change. Objective. To analyse biotic and abiotic variables of the mesophotic ecosystem of Archipelago Espíritu Santo to assess it as a refuge against climate change-related disturbances. Methods. Bathymetry, profiles of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen; determination of the euphotic zone, sampling in shallow and deep waters collecting water for analysis of carbonate system, video transects with remotely operated vehicles for the identification of benthic species and estimation of their abundance including those of commercial importance or conservation. Calculation of ecological indices and the reef-functional index. Results. Deepest recorded point was 78m, shallowest mesophotic zone was 11m. Temperature does not show a stratification either in April or in October 2021, but the salinity registers a peak near 30 m depth, and the dissolved oxygen decreases at 20 m. Ω Aragonite is below 3.0; there is spatial variation in the structural indices of the benthic community, and the reef-functional index is between 0.16 and 0.65. Conclusions. There are sharp spatial variations within the same locality, limiting the assertion that mesophotic ecosystems can serve as a refuge from climate change.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los ambientes costeros como la zona entremareal y los arrecifes rocosos y coralinos están expuestos a perturbaciones naturales como las mareas, tormentas, huracanes y ciclones y actividades humanas como la pesca, turismo y contaminación. La hipótesis del refugio profundo postula que los organismos que pueden habitar a mayores profundidades serían menos vulnerables a los impactos antropogénicos, el calentamiento superficial del mar derivado del efecto invernadero y a la acidificación del océano provocada por el incremento en la presión parcial de CO2. En consecuencia, los arrecifes rocosos o coralinos profundos podrían funcionar como un “seguro” contra los efectos del cambio climático. Objetivos. Analizar variables abióticas y bióticas del ecosistema mesofótico del archipiélago Espíritu Santo, BCS para considerarlo como refugio ante perturbaciones relacionadas con el cambio climático. Métodos. Batimetría, determinación de la zona euofótica, perfiles de temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto, muestreos en aguas someras y profundas, recolección de agua para análisis del sistema de carbonatos, videotransectos con vehículos de operación remota para la identificación de especies bénticas y estimación de su abundancia, incluyendo las de importancia comercial o de conservación. Cálculo de índices ecológicos y del índice de función arrecifal. Resultados. La profundidad máxima registrada fue de 78 m y el inicio de la zona mesofótica (10% de penetración luminosa) más somero fue de 11 m; la temperatura no muestra una estratificación ni en abril ni en octubre de 2021, pero la salinidad registra un pico cerca de los 30 m de profundidad y el oxígeno disuelto disminuye a los 20 m. La Ω aragonita está por debajo de 3.0; hay variación espacial en los índices estructurales de la comunidad béntica y el índice de función arrecifal se encuentra entre 0.16 y 0.65. Conclusiones. Hay variaciones espaciales que limitan afirmar que el ecosistema mesofótico pueda servir de refugio ante el cambio climático en esta localidad.