Abstract The exploited mangrove crab Ucides cordatus, an important ecosystem engineer in South American mangroves, has a biphasic lifecycle with pelagic larvae developing offshore. Megalopae return to the mangrove forest to settle, i.e., metamorphose into benthic juveniles but its environmental drivers remain poorly understood. We postulate that conspecific crabs facilitate recruitment. In the field, we investigated whether the number of recruits is higher near conspecific burrows than in areas without conspecific bioturbation. Recruit sampling was conducted monthly from April 2008 to May 2009 along an environmental gradient. First, U. cordatus recruits of that year emerged from March to July. Intraspecific facilitation was indicated by significantly higher recruit numbers in bioturbated than in non-bioturbated substrates. Recruits were most abundant in zones with intermediate conditions of inundation, leaf litter standing stock, sediment consistency, luminosity, temperature, salinity, and pH. Avoidance of more inundated zones likely reduces predation by fishes and of less inundated zones helps individuals escape more stressful, drier environmental conditions. The observed habitat-specific recruitment pattern must be considered when designing field assessments of the population structure of U. cordatus (which should include sampling recruits) and enhancing stocks by releasing laboratory-cultivated larvae and first juveniles into the wild. mangroves offshore settle ie i e i.e. understood bioturbation 200 gradient First U July nonbioturbated non substrates inundation stock consistency luminosity temperature salinity pH stressful habitatspecific habitat specific which laboratorycultivated laboratory cultivated wild i.e 20 2

Abstract A recent examination of Philometra nematodes from mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal, 1775) from the Karachi coast, Kemari was done in the years 2021–2022. The present study reported three new species of genus Philometra (Costa, 1845) (Nematoda: Philometridae) Philometra kolachii, Philometra lutjani and Philometra kemarii. A total of 140 fish samples were examined, and 76 were infected. The intensity of infected fish was 54.28%. In Pakistan, literature on Philometrid nematodes is limited, therefore, this research would be helpful for the documentation and enhancement of nematods in Pakistan. Forsskal, Forsskal (Forsskal 1775 coast 20212022 2021 2022 2021–2022 Costa, Costa (Costa 1845 Nematoda (Nematoda Philometridae kolachii kemarii 14 examined 7 5428 54 28 54.28% Pakistan limited therefore 177 2021202 202 2021–202 184 1 542 5 2 54.28 17 202120 20 2021–20 18 54.2 20212 2021–2 54. 2021–

Resumo Um exame recente dos nematóides Philometra do pargo vermelho de mangue Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal, 1775) da costa de Karachi, Kemari, foi feito nos anos 2021 e 2022. O presente estudo relatou três novas espécies do gênero Philometra (Costa, 1845) (Nematoda: Philometridae): Philometra kolachii, Philometra lutjani e Philometra kemarii. O total de 140 amostras de peixes foram examinadas e 76 estavam infectadas. A intensidade de peixes infectados foi de 54,28%. No Paquistão, a literatura sobre os nematóides Philometrid é limitada, portanto, esta pesquisa seria útil para a documentação e aprimoramento dos nematóides no Paquistão. Forsskal, Forsskal (Forsskal 1775 Karachi Kemari 202 2022 Costa, Costa (Costa 1845 Nematoda (Nematoda Philometridae Philometridae) kolachii kemarii 14 7 infectadas 5428 54 28 54,28% Paquistão limitada portanto 177 20 184 1 542 5 2 54,28 17 18 54,2 54,

Abstract: Aim We investigate the length-weight relationship estimates of seventeen species caught using an artisanal purse seine in the Abrolhos Bank, a tropical estuarine complex in eastern Brazil. Methods From February 2012 to November 2013, fish were collected monthly using an artisanal small purse seine with a total of 84 fish landings. The fish were captured in mangrove margins during high tide and retrieved after six hours at depths ranging from 1.2 to 3 meters. Results A total of 4433 fish specimens from 17 species and nine families were sampled. The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.904 for Centropomus parallelus to 0.987 for Lutjanus cyanopterus. Species presented allometric growing, with Caranx latus, Lutjanus cyanopterus and M. curema exhibing negative allometric while all the other species presented positive allometric growing. We present first data in Brazil to L. cyanopterus and first data in the literature to Lutjanus alexandrei. Conclusions Our results provide novel data of biological attributes for 17 species. By understanding the length-weight relationships and growth patterns of these species, data at stock level may subside proper management initiatives such as fishing restrictions in fishing sites or seasons and mesh size limits. Abstract lengthweight length weight Bank 201 2013 8 landings 12 1 2 1. meters 443 sampled 0904 0 904 0.90 0987 987 0.98 growing latus M L alexandrei limits 20 44 090 90 0.9 098 98 4 09 9 0.

Resumo: Objetivo Investigamos as estimativas da relação peso-comprimento de dezessete espécies capturadas utilizando uma rede de cerco artesanal no Banco dos Abrolhos, um complexo estuarino tropical no leste do Brasil. Métodos De fevereiro de 2012 a novembro de 2013, peixes foram coletados mensalmente utilizando uma rede de cerco artesanal de pequeno porte, totalizando 84 desembarques de peixes. Os peixes foram capturados nas margens de manguezais durante a maré alta e despescados após seis horas a profundidades variando de 1,2 a 3 metros. Resultados Um total de 4433 espécimes de peixes de 17 espécies e nove famílias foram amostrados. O coeficiente de determinação variou de 0,904 para Centropomus parallelus a 0,987 para Lutjanus cyanopterus. As espécies apresentaram crescimento alométrico, com Caranx latus, Lutjanus cyanopterus e M. curema exibindo crescimento alométrico negativo, enquanto todas as outras espécies apresentaram crescimento alométrico positivo. Apresentamos os primeiros dados no Brasil para L. cyanopterus e os primeiros dados na literatura para Lutjanus alexandrei. Conclusões Nossos resultados fornecem novos dados sobre atributos biológicos de 17 espécies. Ao compreender as relações peso-comprimento e padrões de crescimento dessas espécies, os dados em nível de estoque podem subsidiar iniciativas adequadas de manejo, como restrições de pesca em áreas ou épocas específicas e limites de tamanho de malha. Resumo pesocomprimento peso comprimento Abrolhos 201 2013 porte 8 12 1 2 1, metros 443 amostrados 0904 0 904 0,90 0987 987 0,98 latus M negativo positivo L alexandrei manejo malha 20 44 090 90 0,9 098 98 4 09 9 0,

Abstract Introduction: The specialized root systems of mangroves provide protection and food resources for young and small fish, and it is known that they are reflected on some health condition and growth characteristics of the fish, but much remains to be learned about this subject in the tropics. Objective: To estimate length-weight relationships for ten bony fish species in two tropical mangroves and to compare the allometry and health condition for three species shared among those mangroves. Methods: Between May and November 2019, we collected 1 500 fish specimens from the roots of two mangroves in Chiapas, Mexico (1 322 fishes in stilt-roots and 188 in pneumatophores). We estimated Length- Weight relations with W=aSLb, and the regression parameters (a and b) were calculated by least-squares; as well as univariate analyses to compare standard length, regression slopes, and relative condition among individuals of Poecilia nelsoni, Poeciliopsis fasciata and Dormitator latifrons. Results: The standard length for all species ranged between 0,7 and 21,5 cm and weight between 0,01 and 209,34 g; the regression b-values varied from 2,844 for P. fasciata and 3,847 for Poeciliopsis pleurospilus. TDetermination coefficients were >0,9 for eight species in stilt-roots and for three species in pneumatophores. Specimens of three species collected in both microhabitats were smaller in pneumatophores than in stilt-roots and also differed in b-values; however, the relative health condition was higher only in P. fasciata. Conclusion: The intrinsic conditions of stilt-roots and pneumatophores influence the average size and allometry of fishes at this site. The relative condition does not vary between microhabitats for most species, but may reflect development strategies associated with the environment.

Resumen Introducción: Los sistemas radiculares de los manglares brindan protección y recursos alimenticios para peces jóvenes y pequeños, y se sabe que se ven reflejados en algunas condiciones de salud y características de crecimiento de los peces, pero queda mucho por aprender sobre este tema en los trópicos. Objetivo: Estimar las relaciones talla-peso de diez especies de peces óseos en dos manglares tropicales y comparar la alometría y el estado de salud de tres especies compartidas entre esos manglares. Métodos: Entre mayo y noviembre de 2019 recolectamos 1 500 ejemplares de peces de las raíces de dos manglares en Chiapas, México (1 322 peces en raíces aéreas y 188 en neumatóforos). Estimamos relaciones Longitud-Peso con W=a SLb, y los parámetros de regresión (ayb) por mínimos cuadrados; y usamos análisis univariados para comparar la longitud estándar, las pendientes de regresión y la condición relativa entre individuos de Poecilia nelsoni, Poeciliopsis fasciata y Dormitator latifrons. Resultados: La longitud estándar para todas las especies osciló entre 0,7 y 21,5cm y el peso entre 0,01 y 209,34g; los valores b de la regresión variaron de 2 844 para P. fasciata hasta 3 847 para Poeciliopsis pleurospilus. Los coeficientes de determinación fueron >0,9 para ocho especies en raíces aéreas y para tres especies en neumatóforos. Los especímenes de tres especies recolectados en ambos microhábitats fueron más pequeños en neumatóforos que en raíces aéreas y también difirieron en los valores de b; sin embargo, el estado relativo de salud fue mejor solo en P. fasciata. Conclusión: Las condiciones intrínsecas de las raíces aéreas y los neumatóforos influyen en el tamaño promedio y la alometría de los peces en este sitio. La condición relativa no varía entre microhábitats para la mayoría de las especies, pero puede reflejar estrategias de desarrollo asociadas con el ambiente.

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the ecological response of fish fauna to hydrological restoration in a mangrove area in Terminos Lagoon in the Gulf of Mexico. In two years, environmental parameters and ichthyofauna were obtained in a channel under restoration and a conserved channel. The fish fauna was composed of 12 species. As a result of the restoration process, changes in composition and abundance of some species were detected. The presence of visiting marine species Bathygobius soporator and Eucinostomus melanopterus, and an increase in the abundance of resident fish, livebearers species, were recorded. Richness, diversity, and evenness vary significantly between channels. Generalized linear mixed models indicated that the abundances of resident and overall fishes were significantly related to water depth, temperature, and salinity. The results suggest that fish are an ecological indicator of the mangrove reconnection with the Terminos Lagoon and the restoration of natural tidal flow in the short term. Long-term systematic monitoring of fish fauna will promote a better understanding of the restoration of mangroves and corresponding changes in the function of this ecosystem.

Resumo: A estrutura populacional do cavalo-marinho Hippocampus reidi (Ginsburg 1933) foi avaliada em um sistema estuarino no nordeste do Brasil. Um total de 425 capturas foram realizadas no estuário de Vaza-Barris e 232 indivíduos foram marcados com Elastômeros Fluorescentes de Implante Visível. A população foi estimada em 428 peixes. A curva de crescimento de von Bertalanffy mostra um crescimento mais acentuado durante os primeiros meses de vida, até cerca de 17 meses, e estabilização após os 16 cm e 27 meses de idade. O presente estudo indica que o estuário Vaza-Barris é o lar de populações residentes de cavalos-marinhos de focinho comprido. Além disso, essas populações utilizam raízes de mangue como principal substrato de fixação e apresentam características ecológicas bem definidas, como fidelidade de habitat e organização social altamente estruturada.

Abstract: The population structure of the longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Ginsburg 1933) was evaluated in an estuarine system in northeastern Brazil. A total of 425 captures were performed in the Vaza-Barris estuary and 232 individuals were marked with Visible Implant Fluorescent Elastomers. The population was estimated to be composed of 428 fish. The von Bertalanffy growth curve shows a steeper growth during the first months of life, up to about 17 months, and stabilization after 16 cm and 27 months of age. The hereby study indicates that the Vaza-Barris estuary is home to resident populations of longsnout seahorses. Moreover, these populations use mangrove roots as the main substrate for attachment and present well-defined ecological characteristics, such as habitat fidelity and highly structured social organization.

ABSTRACT The Panama Bight ecoregion (PBE) in the eastern Pacific contains probably the best developed mangrove forests in the American continent. Fishes inhabiting the mangrove-estuary mosaic play fundamental ecological roles and sustain the artisanal fishery operating there. Here, using data collected along ~300 km between 2012 and 2017, we examine the spatial dynamics of mangrove fish assemblages that undertake intertidal migrations in the southern part of the PBE (southern Colombian Pacific coast), where the largest and least disturbed mangroves of Colombia are located. Sixty-one fish species used intertidal mangrove habitats in these areas, constituting ~30% of all fishes inhabiting the whole mosaic of mangrove habitats in this ecoregion. Species within Clupeidae, Ariidae, Centropomidae and Tetraodontidae, all common in mangroves of the eastern Pacific, were the most dominant. Half of the fish species found are commercially important to the artisanal fishery. Differences in fish community structure could be related to salinity differences, but other environmental and ecological factors could also play a role in explaining these differences. A better understanding of the ecological role of mangrove fishes in the region could be gained by examining the ichthyofauna of other habitats within the mosaic and their trophic relationships.

RESUMEN La ecorregión del Panama Bight (EPB) en el océano Pacifico oriental contiene probablemente los bosques de manglar más desarrollados de America. Los peces que habitan el mosaico estuario-manglar juegan papeles ecológicos fundamentales y sostienen las pesquerías artesanales que operan allí. Usando datos colectados a lo largo de ~300 km entre 2012 y 2017, examinamos la dinámica espacial de ensamblajes de peces de manglar que realizan migraciones intermareales en el EPB sur (costa sur del Pacífico colombiano), donde se encuentran los manglares más grandes y menos intervenidos de Colombia. Sesenta y un especies de peces ingresaron en zonas intermareales de manglar, constituyendo ~30% de todos los peces que pueden ser encontrados en el mosaico de hábitats de manglar de esta ecoregión. Especies de Clupeidae, Ariidae, Centropomidae y Tetraodontidae, todas comunes en manglares del Pacífico oriental, fueron las más dominantes. La mitad de los peces encontrados son importantes comercialmente para la pesquería artesanal. Las diferencias en la estructura de la comunidad pueden estar relacionadas con diferencias en salinidad, pero otros factores ambientales y ecológicos podrían también jugar un rol explicando las diferencias encontradas. Un mejor entendimiento del rol ecológico de los peces de manglar de la región podría alcanzarse examinando la ictiofauna de otros hábitats de este mosaico y sus relaciones tróficas.

Resumen Se estudiaron los hábitos alimenticios del pez comercial Trichiurus lepturus, un mesodepredador con un papel importante en el flujo de energía en las redes tróficas costeras, con el objeto de contribuir al conocimiento de su ecología, herramienta para su conservación e insumo para el ordenamiento pesquero del Golfo de Urabá, en el noroeste de Colombia. Usando redes de enmalle se capturaron 320 individuos, de los que se obtuvieron 208 estómagos con contenido. El espectro alimenticio de la especie está integrado por 26 ítems, pertenecientes a tres grandes grupos taxonómicos: peces, crustáceos y moluscos. Entre estos, los engráulidos (Engraulidae) son el principal componente en todos los sitios de muestreo, sobresaliendo Centengraulis edentulus y varias especies del género Anchoa. Se encontró un traslape de presas entre los sitios, siendo evidente la importancia de las áreas de manglar para alimentación. Sin embargo, no hubo variación estacional ni diferencias entre sexos en la composición de la dieta, dado que los engráulidos, su principal presa, son uno de los recursos pesqueros más abundantes en el Caribe colombiano.

Abstract We studied the feeding habits of the commercial fish Trichiurus lepturus, a mesopredator with an important role in the energy flow in the coastal trophic webs, in order to contribute to the knowledge of its ecology, tool for its conservation, and an input for the management of fisheries in the Gulf of Urabá, northwestern Colombia. Using gillnets, 320 fish were captured, from which 208 stomachs containing food were extracted, and their contents separated and identified. The food spectrum of the species is integrated by 26 elements, belonging to three great taxonomic groups: fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Engraulid fishes are the main food component at all sampling sites, mosly Centengraulis edentulus and several Anchoa species. There was a trophic overlap among sites, and the importance of mangrove areas for feeding was evident. However, no seasonal or sex variation in diet composition was found, since Engraulids are one of the most abundant fish resources throughout the year in the Colombian Caribbean.

Resumen Las bahías de manglar son ecosistemas muy variables que proveen hábitats críticos para especies de peces. En este estudio se evaluó los ensamblajes de peces de tres bahías de manglar (Punta Rocafuerte, Saca Calzón y Garrapatero) ubicadas en el sureste de la isla Santa Cruz, Reserva Marina de Galápagos. Usando redes de trasmallos iguales a los usados por la pesca artesanal, se llevaron a cabo un total de 108 salidas de campo entre enero 2010 y diciembre 2011. Un total 1 773 peces óseos y 740 peces cartilaginosos correspondiendo a 26 especies y 15 familias fueron capturados, identificados y liberados con vida. La riqueza de especies fue mayor en Garrapatero (sitio protegido) que en Punta Rocafuerte y Saca Cazón (sitios abiertos a la pesca). Las mayores capturas estuvieron representadas por el tiburón punta negra (Carcharhinus limbatus; n= 729), seguido la lisa rabo negro (Mugil thoburni; n= 492), la mojarra peruana (Diapterus peruvianus; n= 440), la diabla (Chanos chanos; n= 206) y la mojarra rayada (Gerres cinereus; n= 197). A pesar que éstas especies fueron consistentemente las más importantes a través de los sitios y temporadas (caliente y fría), se observó una mayor abundancia de C. limbatus y C. chanos durante la temporada caliente (enero a abril), y de M. thoburni, C. limbatus y G. cinereus durante la temporada fría (junio a octubre). La temperatura fue determinada como el factor más importante que influye en la abundancia de C. limbatus y C. Chanos, mientras la salinidad lo fue para Umbrina galapagorum. Este estudio representa una importante contribución para el entendimiento de la composición de los ensamblajes de peces en las bahías de manglar de la Reserva Marina de Galápagos.

Abstract Mangrove-fringed bays are highly variable ecosystems that provide critical habitats for fish species. In this study we assessed the fish assemblage in three mangrove-fringed bays (Punta Rocafuerte, Saca Calzón and Garrapatero) in the Southeast side of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Marine Reserve. Using gillnets, we carried out a total of 108 fieldtrips from January 2010 to December 2011. A total of 1 773 bony and 740 cartilaginous fishes belonging to 26 species and 15 families were identified at the same sampling sites. Species richness was higher in the protected bay (Garrapatero) than in those open to fishing (Punta Rocafuerte, Saca Calzón). Blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus, n= 729), Thoburn’s mullets (Mugil thoburni, n= 492), Peruvian mojarras (Diapterus peruvianus, n= 440), milkfish (Chanos chanos, n= 206) and the yellow fin mojarras (Gerres cinereus, n= 197) were the most common species across sites and season (cold and warm). The abundance of the most common species varied seasonally, with C. limbatus and C. chanos being more abundant in the warm season (December to April), and M. thoburni, C. limbatus and G. cinereus in the cold season (June to October). Temperature was the most important driver of abundance in C. limbatus and C. chanos, while salinity influenced Umbrina galapagorum. This study represents the first evaluation of the fish assemblage composition and dynamics in mangrove-fringed bays in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 674-687. Epub 2018 June 01.

Abstact: We present the study of the fish fauna from La Paz Bay (LPB), based on an updated checklist with notes on zoogeography, conservation and commercial value. The checklist includes 533 species, 314 genera, 123 families, 34 orders and 2 classes: Actinopterygii (467 species) and Chondrichthyes (66 species). The order Perciformes represents 56% of the total ichthyofauna, with 10 families comprising 34% of the species richness. The Cortés (82.4%) and Mexican (68.3%) provinces showed the highest fish affinity as result of the existence of a transitional zone for fishes from temperate and tropical derivation. The ichthyofauna of LPB inhabits mostly over sand-mud (38%), rocky bottoms (30%) and mangrove biotopes (29%). Based on the IUCN Red List, 84% are fish species of least concern and not evaluated, 16% corresponds to another category of risk. The NOM-059-Semarnat-2010 includes 6 teleosts under special protection and 2 threatened chondrichthians. In accordance to the IUCN, 188 species are of commercial value, but at least the artisanal fisheries in LPB catch other 82 species. This study could provide a basis for the formulation of management programs, catch rates or aquaculture projects, excluding those species no distributed in LPB, as well as along the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP).

Resumen: Se presenta el estudio de la ictiofauna de bahía de La Paz (BLP), sustentado en una lista taxonómica actualizada con notas zoogeográficas, de conservación e importancia económica. La lista consta de 533 especies, 314 géneros, 123 familias, 34 órdenes y 2 clases: Actinopterygii (467 especies) y Chondrichthyes (66 especies). El orden Perciformes representó 56% de la ictiofauna total, con 10 familias que corresponden al 34% de la riqueza específica. La mayor afinidad íctica con las provincias de Cortés (82.4%) y Mexicana (68.3%), sugiere la existencia de una zona de transición para especies templadas y tropicales. Los hábitats preferenciales son fango arenosos (38%), rocosos (30%) y biotopos de manglar (29%). Según la UICN, 84% son especies de preocupación menor y no evaluadas, el 16% corresponde a otras categorías de riesgo. La NOM-059-Semarnat-2010, incluye 6 teleósteos bajo protección especial y 2 especies amenazadas de condrictios. De acuerdo con la UICN, 188 especies son de interés comercial; adicionalmente, 82 se capturan artesanalmente en la BLP. Los resultados de este estudio servirán de base para la formulación de propuestas de manejo, tasas de captura o planes de maricultivo de especies locales, excluyendo a aquellas cuya distribución no corresponde a la BLP y, en general, al Pacífico oriental tropical (POT).

Abstract: Mangroves are well recognized for the ecological services that they provide to many fish species. Previous studies on ecological restoration have overlooked these ecological functions, as they are generally focused on the restoration of vegetation cover. The objective of this study is to determine the function of mangroves as nursery and feeding grounds for fishes, by assessing the species composition and abundance in sites with different restoration time. Two samplings were performed in 4 sites where mangrove is recovering along the Yucatán coast —Celestún 1, Celestún 2, Yucalpetén, Progreso—. A total of 22 fish species were recorded, the higher richness and diversity were recorded in Celestún 2 (Gambusia yucatana, Poecilia velifera, Mugil cephalus and Anchoa mitchilli were the most abundant). In Progreso, the diversity was lower due to the dominance of G. yucatana (> 90%). The site with the longest restoration time presented juveniles of detritophagous and zoobentophagous species, which show the nursery and feeding functions of the area. These marine species are involved in the transfer of energy and nutrients to adjacent systems, also a great dominance of G. yucatana was found, which is an endemic and characteristic fish species from the mangrove ecosystem in Yucatán.

Resumen: Los manglares son reconocidos por los servicios ecológicos que proveen a muchas especies de peces. Estudios previos sobre restauración ecológica han pasado por alto estas funciones, generalmente enfocándose a la restauración de cobertura vegetal. El objetivo fue determinar las funciones de los manglares como zonas de refugio y alimentación para peces, evaluando la composición y abundancia en sitios con diferente tiempo de restauración. Se realizaron 2 muestreos en 4 sitios de manglar en restauración en Yucatán —Celestún 1, Celestún 2, Yucalpetén, Progreso—, en donde se registraron 22 especies de peces. Celestún 2 fue el sitio con mayor riqueza y diversidad (Gambusia yucatana, Poecilia velifera, Mugil cephalus y Anchoa mitchilli las más abundantes). Progreso registró la diversidad más baja y alta dominancia de G. yucatana (> 90%). El sitio con mayor tiempo de restauración presentó organismos juveniles detritófagos y zoobentófagos. Los resultados demuestran la función del manglar como zona de crianza y alimentación para especies marinas que intervienen en la transferencia de energía y nutrientes con sistemas adyacentes, también demuestran gran dominancia de G. yucatana, una especie endémica y característica del ecosistema de manglar en Yucatán.

Abstract: Six silvofishery systems were constructed to estimate the potential use of mangrove seedlings for nutrient removal. Two systems did not contain seedlings (i.e., control treatment), while the remaining systems were divided into separate treatments using two mangrove species (Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle). Each system consisted of two water tanks linked by two hoses. The first tank contained 150 poeciliid fishes, while the second contained a biological filter of gravel and sand on the bottom, as well as a hydroponic arrangement of 34 seedlings. Water exchange between both tanks was performed over a 24-h period, every ten days for seven months, and the concentration of nutrients (NH4 +, NO2 -, NO3 -, and PO4 -3) was measured every 8 h. Laguncularia racemosa showed a higher growth rate compared to R. mangle, but there were no differences regarding the growth of fishes among the six systems. Final dissolved inorganic nitrogen removal was 42% in the control treatment and 90% in both treatments using mangroves. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus removal was 45% in the control treatment, 44% in the L. racemosa treatment, and 35% in the R. mangle treatment. Our results indicate that both mangrove species are capable of removing a considerable amount of nitrogen, but phosphorus removal was unsatisfactory.

Resumen: Seis sistemas de cultivo fueron construidos para evaluar el uso potencial de plántulas de mangle en la remoción de nutrientes. Dos de los sistemas no contenían plántulas (i.e., control), mientras que los sistemas restantes fueron divididos en tratamientos por separado con dos especies de mangle (Laguncularia racemosa y Rhizophora mangle). Cada sistema consistió en dos tanques de almacenamiento unidos por dos tubos. El primer tanque contenía 150 peces poecílidos, mientras que el segundo tanque contenía 34 plántulas en forma hidropónica y un filtro biológico de grava y arena en el fondo. Se hicieron recirculaciones de agua entre ambos tanques cada diez días por un periodo de siete meses. Durante cada recirculación, se midió la concentración de nutrientes (NH4 +, NO2 -, NO3 - y PO4 -3) cada 8 h. Laguncularia racemosa presentó una tasa de crecimiento mayor comparada con R. mangle; sin embargo, el crecimiento de los peces fue igual entre los seis sistemas. El porcentaje final de nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto fue 42% en el tratamiento de control y 90% en los tratamientos con L. racemosa y R. mangle. El porcentaje de remoción de fósforo inorgánico disuelto fue 45% en el control, 44% en el tratamiento con L. racemosa y 35% en el tratamiento con R. mangle. Los resultados indican que ambas especies de mangle son capaces de remover una cantidad considerable de nitrógeno, pero la remoción de fósforo fue insatisfactoria.

Abstract: Mangroves and seagrass beds represent suitable fish habitats as nurseries or feeding areas. This study was conducted in a Caribbean lagoon to assess the foraging habits of juvenile transient reef fishes in these two habitats. Twelve fish species were sampled in coastal mangroves, an offshore mangrove islet, and a seagrass bed site, and stable isotope analyses were performed on fishes and their prey items. The SIAR mixing model indicated that transient fishes from both mangroves and seagrass beds derived most of their food from seagrass beds and their associated epiphytic community. Only a few species including planktivores (Harengula clupeola, Anchoa lyolepis) and carnivores (Centropomus undecimalis and small specimens of Ocyurus chrysurus) presented depleted carbon values, showing reliance on mangrove prey in their diets. Mangrove-derived organic matter contributed marginally to the diet of transient fishes, which relied more on seagrass food sources. Thus, mangroves seem to function more as refuge than feeding habitats for juvenile transient fishes.

Resumen: Los manglares y las praderas de pastos marinos son hábitats adecuados para la reproducción y alimentación de peces. En este estudio se evaluaron los hábitos alimentarios de peces arrecifales juveniles que transitan por estos dos tipos de hábitat en una laguna del Caribe. Se recolectaron 12 especies de peces en los manglares costeros, un islote de manglares y un sitio de praderas de pastos marinos, y se realizaron análisis de isótopos estables en los peces y sus presas. El modelo SIAR indicó que los peces transeúntes se alimentaron principalmente de los pastos marinos y su comunidad epifita asociada. Sólo unas cuantas especies incluyendo peces planctívoros (Harengula clupeola, Anchoa lyolepis) y carnívoros (Centropomus undecimalis y pequeños ejemplares de Ocyurus chrysurus) presentaron valores de carbono empobrecidos, lo que indica una dependencia de las presas de manglares para sus dietas. La materia orgánica producida en el manglar contribuyó poco a la dieta de los peces transeúntes, los cuales dependieron más de fuentes provenientes de los pastos marinos. Por lo tanto, los peces juveniles transeúntes usan los manglares más como refugio que como hábitat de alimentación.

El movimiento e intercambio de individuos entre hábitats son aspectos críticos para la dinámica y el éxito de las poblaciones de peces arrecifales. La segregación de tallas entre hábitats puede ser considerada como evidencia para la conectividad de hábitats y esta podría ser el primer paso para la formulación de hipótesis sobre migraciones ontogenéticas entre hábitats. El objetivo principal de nuestra investigación fue encontrar evidencia de diferencias entre hábitats en la distribución de tallas y densidad de especies de peces de arrecifes, las cuales pueden ser clasificadas, a priori, como especies con cambios ontogénicos en el hábitat, en una área extensa (~600 km²) de plataforma en el Caribe. Se realizaron censos visuales (métodos estacionario y de recorrido) de especies de peces seleccionadas en 20 sitios localizados en raíces de mangle, arrecifes de parche, la zona interna de la cresta arrecifal y el arrecife frontal (12-16m de profundidad). Se hicieron diez censos en cada sitio de los cuatro tipos de hábitat y se repitió este esquema en junio y septiembre 2009. Fueron contados un total de 11 507 individuos de 34 especies en un total de 400 censos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad y composición por tallas entre los hábitats de arrecife y manglar. Estas diferencias, indicaron un uso variable de los hábitats costeros dependiendo de la especie. Los adultos fueron encontrados en todos los hábitats. Los hábitats de arrecifes, principalmente los arrecifes de parche, parecen ser muy importantes para los juveniles de peces de la mayoría de las especies en nuestra área de estudio. Los manglares fueron especialmente importantes para dos especies (L. apodus y L. griseus), que a lo largo de la plataforma fueron las únicas que mostraron gradientes bien definidos en las tallas.

Movement and exchange of individuals among habitats is critical for the dynamics and success of reef fish populations. Size segregation among habitats could be taken as evidence for habitat connectivity, and this would be a first step to formulate hypotheses about ontogenetic inter-habitat migrations. The primary goal of our research was to find evidence of inter-habitat differences in size distributions and density of reef fish species that can be classified a priori as habitat-shifters in an extensive (~600km²) Caribbean shelf area in NW Cuba. We sampled the fish assemblage of selected species using visual census (stationary and transect methods) in 20 stations (sites) located in mangrove roots, patch reefs, inner zone of the crest and fore reef (12-16m depth). In each site, we performed ten censuses for every habitat type in June and September 2009. A total of 11 507 individuals of 34 species were counted in a total of 400 censuses. We found significant differences in densities and size compositions among reef and mangrove habitats, supporting the species-specific use of coastal habitats. Adults were found in all habitats. Reef habitats, mainly patch reefs, seem to be most important for juvenile fish of most species. Mangroves were especially important for two species of snappers (Lutjanus apodus and L. griseus), providing habitat for juveniles. These species also displayed well defined gradients in length composition across the shelf. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 589-602. Epub 2014 June 01.

A região tropical do Atlântico Sul ocidental, que inclui uma porção substancial da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira, é uma região de endemismo amplamente reconhecida como sendo de importância primária para a conservação da biodiversidade marinha. A costa norte do Brasil, que inclui os Estados do Amapá, Pará, e Maranhão, desde a foz do rio Oiapoque até a foz do rio Parnaíba, abriga o maior manguezal contínuo do mundo, com aproximadamente 8.900 km2. A alta descarga de água doce e sedimentos continentais no delta do Amazonas afeta o regime das marés, correntes oceânicas, e uma série de processos oceanográficos da costa norte, com impactos diretos na composição da biota encontrada na região. Apesar de seu valor econômico e relevância biológica intrínseca, diversos aspectos da diversidade de peixes marinhos e estuarinos da região são pouco conhecidos. Esta situação resulta principalmente de um desequilíbrio histórico em termos do número de estudos voltados ao conhecimento da biota marinha ao longo da costa brasileira, como aqueles que tratam do inventariamento de espécies e revisões taxonômicas, que são tipicamente concentrados nas porções sul e sudeste do país. A produção científica focalizada nos organismos marinhos da costa norte também é desequilibrada e reflete o número relativamente baixo de taxonomistas e grupos de pesquisa trabalhando com o tema. O conhecimento insuficiente da biodiversidade dos peixes marinhos e estuarinos da costa norte é um impedimento à implantação de políticas públicas adequadas voltadas para o manejo dos recursos naturais na região. À longo prazo, essa situação é potencialmente prejudicial em termos da conservação de uma biota ainda pouco conhecida. Um melhor conhecimento da fauna de peixes marinhos da costa norte do Brasil será atingido apenas através do investimento em pesquisas científicas e formação de pessoal em sistemática e biogeografia, acoplado à modernização da infra-estrutura e expansão das coleções científicas da região.

The tropical western South Atlantic, which includes a substantial portion of the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone, is a region of endemism broadly recognized as being of prime importance for the conservation of the marine biodiversity. The north coast of Brazil, which comprises the states of Amapá, Pará and Maranhão from the mouth of the rio Oiapoque to the mouth of the rio Parnaíba, harbors the largest continuous mangrove in the world, with approximately 8,900 km2. The high discharge of freshwater and continental sediments in the delta of the Amazonas affects the regime of tides, ocean currents, and several oceanographic processes of the north coast, with direct impact on the composition of the biota found in the region. Despite its economic value and intrinsic biological relevance, several aspects of the diversity of the marine and estuarine fishes of the region are poorly known. This situation results mainly from a historical imbalance in terms of the number of studies devoted to increasing the knowledge of the marine biota along the Brazilian coast, such as those dealing with species inventory and taxonomic revisions, which are typically concentrated in the south and southwestern portions of the country. The scientific production focused on marine organisms of the north coast is also imbalanced, and reflects the relatively small number of taxonomists and research groups working on that subject. The insufficient knowledge of the biodiversity of the marine and estuarine fishes of the north coast is an impediment to the implementation of adequate public policies aimed at the management of natural resources in the region. In the long term, that situation is potentially harmful in terms of conservation of a still poorly known biota. A better understanding of the marine fish fauna of the north coast of Brazil will be achieved only through the investment in scientific research and personnel training in systematics and biogeography, coupled with the modernization of the current infrastructure and expansion of scientific collections of the region.