ABSTRACT Food availability is defined as the sufficient quantity of food of adequate quality and culturally acceptable for the population of a country in a given period. In the case of the cities of the North Coast of the Uruguay River, there is little availability in terms of local fishing. The objectives of this research were to analyze the causes of this scarce availability through the opinion of the artisanal fishermen of the region, and the referring institutions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with artisanal fishermen and institutional references in the region, as well as a representative of the private sector. The inability of fishermen to dedicate themselves exclusively to the activity; the export destination that has the majority of the region's catches; the low consumption at national level and the scarce demand of the cities for river fish, were some of the enunciated causes.

RESUMEN La disponibilidad de alimentos se define como la cantidad suficiente de alimentos de calidad adecuada y culturalmente aceptables para la población de un país en un período determinado. En el caso de las ciudades del Litoral Norte del Río Uruguay, se observa una escasa disponibilidad en materia de pesca local. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron analizar las causas de esta escasa disponibilidad a través de la opinión de los y las pescadores artesanales de la región, y las instituciones referentes. Se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas a pescadores artesanales y referentes institucionales de la región, así como a un representante del sector privado. La imposibilidad de los pescadores para dedicarse exclusivamente a la actividad; el destino exportador que tiene la mayoría de las capturas de la región; el bajo consumo a nivel nacional y la escasa demanda de las ciudades por pescado de río, fueron algunas de las causas enunciadas.

Abstract The objective was to determine the incidence of fighting cattle farms in the Spanish dehesa, defining those that are in this territory, and quantifying the hectares they occupy and some productive aspects in order to verify the importance of the breeding of the fighting bull in the maintenance and conservation of its biodiversity. To this end, different documentary sources of livestock associations and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food were consulted; and 304 surveys were carried out among fighting bull farmers in the Spanish provinces with dehesa. The area of the dehesa is 3’515,846 ha distributed in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Extremadura, Castile and Leon, Castilla-La Mancha and Madrid, where there are 726 registered fighting cattle farms, although only 631 of them are active in the Stud Book of the Fighting Bovine Breed (2022), with a downward trend in recent years, and with an average census of 144 dams and 9 bulls, a low stocking rate. The estimated number of farms in the dehesa engaged exclusively in fighting bull farming is 581, with an average area of 534 ha and occupying 315,301 ha, representing 8.97 % of the total Spanish dehesa, although it would amount to 347,744 ha (9.89 %) considering the entire farm with the presence of other complementary activities. These farms are located in 358 municipalities, in which 72.61 % of the census is less than 5,000 inhabitants, which could help to fix the rural population.

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar la incidencia de las ganaderías de lidia en la dehesa española, precisando aquellas que se encuentran en este territorio, y cuantificando las hectáreas que ocupan, y algunos aspectos productivos, a fin de constatar la importancia que supone la crianza del toro de lidia en el mantenimiento y conservación de su biodiversidad. Para ello se consultaron diferentes fuentes documentales de asociaciones ganaderas y el Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación; y se realizaron 304 encuestas a los ganaderos de bovino de lidia de las provincias españolas con dehesa. La superficie de la dehesa es de 3’515,846 ha repartidas en las Comunidades Autónomas de Andalucía, Extremadura, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha y Madrid, donde existen registradas 726 ganaderías de lidia, aunque solo 631 de ellas están activas en el Libro Genealógico de la Raza Bovina de Lidia (2022), siendo su tendencia descendente en los últimos años, y con un censo medio de 144 reproductoras y 9 sementales, una baja carga animal. El número estimado de fincas en la dehesa dedicadas exclusivamente a la ganadería de lidia es 581, presentan una superficie media de 534 ha y ocupan 315,301 ha, suponiendo el 8.97 % del total de la dehesa española, aunque ascendería a 347,744 ha (9.89 %) considerando la totalidad de finca con la presencia de otras actividades complementarias. Estas fincas están localizadas en 358 términos municipales, en los que el 72.61 % del censo es menor de 5,000 habitantes, lo que podría ayudar a la fijación de población rural.

Resumo O Paquistão é um país agrícola, onde a pesca desempenha um papel muito importante para o desenvolvimento econômico. Diferentes doenças são prevalentes em peixes do Paquistão, mas as informações relacionadas aos agentes causadores não são bem conhecidas. Tendo em vista a importância dos patógenos bacterianos como agentes causadores de múltiplas doenças em peixes, o presente estudo foi conduzido para identificação, caracterização e análise de genes de virulência de isolados de Aeromonas spp. de peixes doentes. Foram coletadas 50 amostras de peixes com múltiplas indicações clínicas em diferentes fazendas do distrito de Kasur, Punjab, Paquistão. Para isolar Aeromonas spp., as amostras foram enriquecidas e inoculadas em meio de isolamento. Os isolados foram identificados e caracterizados por diferentes testes bioquímicos, kit Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E, e ensaios de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Todos os isolados foram selecionados para três genes de virulência putativos, incluindo aerolisina (aer), hemolisina (hyl) e enterotoxina citotônica termolábil (alt). Sete isolados de Aeromonas hydrophila foram recuperados e identificados com base no API 20E. Esses isolados foram posteriormente confirmados como A. hydrophila de acordo com ensaios de PCR. Três isolados indicaram a presença de genes de virulência (alt e hyl), enquanto o gene aerolisina (aer) não esteve presente em nenhum dos isolados de A. hydrophila. O presente estudo confirmou A. hydrophila como o agente causador da síndrome ulcerativa epizoótica e septicemia móvel por Aeromonas em fazendas de peixes, no distrito de Kasur, Punjab, Paquistão. Além disso, a detecção de dois genes de virulência (alt e hyl) em isolados de A. hydrophila é uma ameaça para os consumidores de peixes da área de estudo.

Abstract Pakistan is an agricultural country and fisheries play a very important role in the economic development of the country. Different diseases are prevalent in Pakistani fish but information related to the causative agents is not well-known. Keeping in view the significance of bacterial pathogens as the causative agents of multiple fish diseases, the present study was conducted for identification, characterization and analysis of virulence genes of Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseased fishes. A total of fifty fish samples having multiple clinical indications were collected from different fish farms of district Kasur, Punjab Pakistan. For isolation of Aeromonas spp. samples were enriched and inoculated on Aeromonas isolation medium. Isolates were identified and characterized by different biochemical tests, Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E kit and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. All isolates were screened for three putative virulence genes including aerolysin (aer), haemolysin (hyl) and heat labile cytotonic enterotoxin (alt). Seven isolates of Aeromonas (A.) hydrophila were retrieved and identified based on API 20E. These isolates were further confirmed as A. hydrophila on the basis of PCR assays. Three isolates were detected positive for the presence of virulence genes (alt and hyl). Whereas aerolysin (aer) gene was not present in any of A. hydrophila isolates. The present study confirmed A. hydrophila as the causative agent of epizootic ulcerative syndrome and motile Aeromonas septicemia in fish farms of district Kasur, Punjab Pakistan. Moreover, detection of two virulence genes (alt and hyl) in A. hydrophila isolates is a threat for fish consumers of study area.

Resumo Muitos países enfrentaram crises na pandemia de coronavírus em todo o mundo. Por meio do surto dessa doença no Irã, planos preventivos foram implementados para quebrar a cadeia de infecção da doença. Essas medidas no setor econômico afetaram a oferta, a produção e a demanda e, em certa medida, levaram ao fechamento parcial ou total de alguns negócios e serviços. Nesse contexto, parece que medidas de infraestrutura inovadoras e com “capacidade de inovação” podem ser uma estratégia para moderar e otimizar a situação nesta crise. Este estudo tenta desenhar conceitos do modelo de capacidade de inovação das empresas de pesca no contexto da crise da pandemia de COVID-19. Após a coleta dos dados, eles foram analisados por meio dos softwares SPSS e PLS SMART e realizados em duas partes: estatística descritiva e estatística analítica ou inferencial. Um novo modelo de pesquisa é apresentado para examinar o impacto de fatores como gestão da inovação, capital social, cultural, humano e organizacional, estratégias de crise, ações governamentais em situações de crise e estratégias de marketing em situações de crise, bem como reconhecimento e aplicação de vantagens de marketing em situações de crise, que oferece uma reanálise da capacidade de inovação. De acordo com os resultados, entre as variáveis que desempenharam um papel significativo no nível de capacidade de inovação em condições epidêmicas, a gestão da inovação (p > 0,000; β = 0,593) e o reconhecimento e aplicação de vantagens de marketing (p > 0,049; β = 0,209) foram as variáveis independentes mais significativas que afetaram a capacidade de inovação, o que explicou suas variações.

Abstract Many countries have encountered coronavirus pandemic crisis around the world. Through the outbreak of this disease in Iran, preventive plans have been implemented to break the chain of the disease infection. These measures in the economic sector have affected supply, production and demand, and to some extent have led to the partial or complete closure of some businesses and occupations. In the context, it seems that innovative an “innovation capacity” infrastructure measures and turning to innovation in this crisis can be a strategy to moderate and optimize the situation. This study tries to design concepts of the fisheries firms’ innovation capacity model in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. After collecting data, they were analyzed using SPSS and PLS SMART software, which were performed in two parts: descriptive statistics and analytical or inferential statistics. A novel research model is presented to examine the impact of factors such as innovation management, social, cultural, human and organizational capital, crisis strategies, government actions in crisis situations, and marketing strategies in crisis situations, as well as, recognition and application of marketing advantages in crisis situations, which offers a re-analysis of innovation capacity. According to the results, among the variables played a significant role on the level of innovation capacity in epidemic conditions, innovation management (p> 0.000; β = 0.593), and recognition and application of marketing advantages (p> 0.049; β = 0.209) were the most significant, independent variables affecting the innovation capacity, which explained its variations.

ABSTRACT Since prehistoric times, indigenous communities have relied on fish as a staple source of protein for their subsistence. In most cases, fish is the sole source of income and of animal protein for the communities. Nevertheless, the documentation of fish from an ethnological perspective is rare, and biological research alone might not provide sufficient information required to manage fisheries resources. We discuss the traditional ichthyological knowledge of the Piapoco, Piaroa, Puinave, and Sikuani ethnic groups inhabiting the Matavén Forest (Vichada, Colombia). Each group has its perception regarding knowledge, at times detailed, of fish groups, their distribution, and uses. To obtain information regarding traditional ichthyological knowledge, fish were collected over one month at 31 sampling sites in different habitats along the lower Matavén River basin. The fish were identified by formal taxonomy and the informal classification by experienced fishermen of the four ethnic groups. There was consistency among the names given by the ethnic groups and formal taxonomy. The indigenous collaborators used binomial classification systems in which the organisms are grouped at family and genus levels and, to some extent, categorization depends on distribution within the aquatic habitats (i.e., rivers, streams and lagoons). The indigenous collaborators did not provide sociocultural or mythological information related to the fishes. Our findings contribute to the development of conservation and rural development projects in the Colombian Amazon.

RESUMEN Desde la prehistoria, las comunidades indígenas han dependido del pescado como fuente primaria de proteína para su subsistencia. En la mayoría de los casos, el pescado es la única fuente de ingresos y proteína animal para la comunidad. Sin embargo, el estudio de los peces desde una perspectiva etnológica no es común y la investigación científica por sí sola puede no proporcionar información suficiente para gestionar los recursos pesqueros. Se discute aquí el conocimiento ictiológico tradicional de las etnias Piapoco, Piaroa, Puinave y Sikuani que habitan la Selva de Matavén (Vichada, Colombia). Cada etnia tiene una percepción propia, a veces detallada, de los grupos de peces, su distribución y usos. Para obtener información sobre el conocimiento ictiológico tradicional, se colectaron peces durante un mes en 31 sitios de muestreo en diferentes hábitats en la cuenca baja del Río Matavén. Los peces fueron identificados usando taxonomía formal y clasificación informal por pescadores expertos de las cuatro etnias. Hubo coherencia entre los nombres dados por los grupos étnicos y el sistema de taxonomía formal. Los colaboradores indígenas usaron sistemas de clasificación binomial en los que los organismos se agrupan a nivel de familia y género y la categorización depende, hasta cierto punto, de la distribución dentro de los hábitats acuáticos (ríos, arroyos y lagunas). Los colaboradores indígenas no proporcionaron información sociocultural o mitológica relacionada con los peces. Nuestros hallazgos contribuyen al desarrollo de proyectos de conservación y desarrollo rural en la Amazonía colombiana.

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

Resumo Actualmente, o pescado fresco marítimo assume um papel muito particular como marcador identitário no contexto dos sistemas alimentares dos núcleos piscatórios. Dada a relação, continuamente reiterada pelo discurso público, entre os benefícios do seu consumo e o paradigma da frescura, encontramos aqui uma paradoxal intersecção com o renovado movimento de redescoberta de Portugal como nação oceânica. Numa perspetiva holística, ecológica e cultural propomos aqui revelar alguns momentos da transfiguração do tão publicitado “melhor peixe do mundo” ao longo de um intrincado percurso, desde que é capturado no mar até à sua apresentação como produto artesanal de origem local. Esse amplamente reproduzido passe de magia: “do mar, diretamente para a sua mesa!”

Abstract Nowadays fresh sea fish plays a very particular role as an identity marker in the context of the food systems of fishing communities. Given the relationship, continually reiterated by public discourse, between the benefits of its consumption and the paradigm of freshness, we find here a paradoxical intersection with the renewed movement to rediscover Portugal as an oceanic nation. From a holistic, ecological and cultural perspective, we propose here to reveal some moments of the transfiguration of the much-publicized “best fish in the world” along an intricate pathway, from its capture at sea to its presentation as an artisanal product of local origin. That widely reproduced magic motto: “From the sea, straight to your table!”

Resumen La producción y consumo de tilapias (Cichlidae) es muy popular en el mundo, por lo que debe asegurarse la inocuidad de la carne producida ante el riesgo potencial de la transmisión zoonótica de parásitos; por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la prevalencia, distribución y hospederos que intervienen en el ciclo de vida de los helmintos trematodos que pueden transmitirse de manera zoonótica en el consumo de la tilapia. La revisión bibliográfica se llevó a cabo con seis motores de búsqueda especializada. Se analizaron 1,044 artículos, de los cuales 113 incluían datos epidemiológicos. La tilapia fue reportada como el hospedero intermediario de 15 especies de trematodos que afectan al humano, 6 parásitos se reportaron a nivel de género y 2 parásitos a nivel de familia. Los trematodos descritos pertenecen a las familias Heterophyidae y Opisthorchiidae. Las prevalencias reportadas oscilan de 1% en infecciones por Haplorchis pumilio y Centrocestus formosanus hasta 93.64% en infecciones multiparasitarias de Haplorchis yokogawi, Pygidiopsis genata y Phagicola ascolonga. Aunque la biodiversidad de helmintos documentados en la tilapia es abundante, aún es insuficiente la información disponible, situando a la tilapia como un transmisor potencial de estos helmintos en el humano.

Abstract The production and consumption of tilapia (Cichlidae) is very popular in the world, so the safety of the meat produced must be ensured given the potential risk of zoonotic transmission of parasites; For this reason, the objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographic review on the prevalence, distribution and hosts that intervene in the life cycle of trematode helminths that can be transmitted zoonotically in the consumption of tilapia. The bibliographic review was carried out with six specialized search engines. 1,044 articles were analyzed, of which 113 included epidemiological data. Tilapia was reported as the intermediate host of 15 species of trematodes that affect humans, 6 parasites were reported at the genus level and 2 parasites at the family level. The described flukes belong to the families Heterophyidae and Opisthorchiidae. Reported prevalences range from 1% in infections by Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus to 93.64% in multiparasitic infections by Haplorchis yokogawi, Pygidiopsis genata and Phagicola ascolonga. Although the biodiversity of documented helminths in tilapia is abundant, the available information is still insufficient, situating tilapia as a potential transmitter of these helminths in humans.

Abstract. Pleuroncodes monodon is 1 of the 3 species sustaining the demersal crustacean fisheries in Chile, with landings that have had strong variations and a very slow recovery in the past decade. The southern fishing unit has been in the recovery status since 2017, following several years of intense overfishing, which affected the reproductive potential and the geographical distribution of the stock. In this study, fishing haul information from 14 direct evaluation surveys of P. monodon were used to estimate, by using geostatistics, the density of the reproductive potential of the female stock in central and southern Chile (32.0° S to 37.0° S) from 2005 to 2018. The annual mean potential eggs was estimated at 78,055.0 million potential eggs, with a mean density of 74.0 million eggs per square kilometer. Two areas of aggregation of the reproductive potential are recognized, one between 33.5° S and 34.5° S (northern zone) and the other between 35.5° S and 36.5° S (southern zone). The mean density of potential eggs was higher in the northern zone than in the southern zone, although in the southern zone there were foci with values close to 100 million eggs per square kilometer, which was not the case for the northern zone. The P. monodon population comes from a single breeding area located in the southern zone. In the 2008-2012 period, the female stock showed a net migration of 226.4 km northward (from 36°20ʹ52.5ʺ S to 34°18ʹ39.1ʺ S), although it was later reduced southward by the fishing pressure.

Resumen. Pleuroncodes monodon es 1 de las 3 especies que sustentan las pesquerías demersales de crustáceos en Chile, con niveles de desembarque que han mostrado amplias variaciones y una muy lenta recuperación en la última década. La unidad de pesquería sur se encuentra en estado de recuperación desde 2017, después de una intensa sobrepesca, la que afectó tanto al potencial reproductivo como a la distribución geográfica del stock. En el presente estudio, se usó información de lances de pesca de 14 campañas de evaluación directa de P. monodon para estimar la densidad del potencial reproductivo del stock de hembras en el periodo 2005-2018 en la zona centro-sur (32.0° S a 37.0° S) de Chile mediante un análisis geoestadístico. El promedio anual de huevos potenciales se estimó en 78,055.0 millones de huevos potenciales, con una densidad promedio de 74.0 millones de huevos por kilómetro cuadrado. Se reconocieron 2 zonas de agregación del potencial reproductivo, una entre 33.5° S y 34.5° S (zona norte) y otra entre 35.5° S y 36.5° S (zona sur). La densidad promedio de huevos potenciales fue mayor en la zona norte que en la zona sur, aunque en la zona sur se localizaron focos con máximos cercanos a 100 millones de huevos por kilómetro cuadrado, lo que no ocurrió en la zona norte. La población de P. monodon proviene de una sola área de cría, ubicada en la zona sur. En el periodo de 2008 a 2012, el stock de hembras presentó una migración neta con rumbo norte de casi 226.4 km (desde 36°20ʹ52.5ʺ S hasta 34°18ʹ39.1ʺ S), aunque posteriormente se redujo con rumbo norte-sur por la presión pesquera.

Abstract. The Peruvian moonfish (Selene peruviana) is an important fisheries resource that is landed in the main fishing harbors of Ecuador. At the local level, little information is available regarding the biology of this species, which hinders the development of management plans. The present study evaluates the reproductive characteristics of S. peruviana such as the size at sexual maturity and reproductive cycle. Specimens were obtained from artisanal and industrial catches from January 2017 to December 2018. The morphometric characteristics, sex, and maturity stage of 886 specimens were determined, and the gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and relative condition factor (Kn) were estimated. The length-weight relationship and length at sexual maturity (L50) were evaluated with an allometry equation and multi-model analyses, respectively. The mean capture size (total length, TL) was 23.62 cm for males and 22.97 cm for females. A sex ratio (M:F) of 0.70:1.00 (χ 2 = 26.28, P < 0.05) was obtained. The allometric factor of the length-weight relationship for both sexes (b) was 2.63 (t = 12.16, P < 0.05), and the coefficient of determination (r 2) was 0.89, which suggests that negative allometric growth was present. The L50 (TL) was estimated to be 22.61, 23.86, and 23.27 cm for males, females, and sexes combined, respectively. The monthly GSI, HSI, and Kn values were significantly different (K-W, P < 0.05) among study months. The maximum GSI values were observed in February and March, which constituted the period of highest reproductive activity. The HSI and Kn values exhibited similar trends. The size at sexual maturity was similar to the average catch size, which could indicate that S. peruviana is currently at the limit of its optimal catch size.

Resumen. El pez luna peruano, Selene peruviana, es un importante recurso desembarcado en las principales caletas pesqueras del Ecuador. A nivel local, existe poca información sobre la biología de esta especie, lo cual dificulta el desarrollo de planes de manejo. El presente estudio evalúa aspectos reproductivos de S. peruviana como la talla de madurez sexual y el ciclo reproductivo. Se obtuvieron muestras de capturas artesanales e industriales desde enero de 2017 hasta diciembre de 2018. Las características morfométricas, el sexo y la etapa de madurez de 886 especímenes fueron registrados y se estimó el índice gonadosomático (IGS), el índice hepatosomático (IHS) y el factor de condición relativo (Kn). La relación talla-peso y la talla de madurez sexual (L50) se evaluaron mediante la ecuación de alometría y análisis multimodelos, respectivamente. La talla media de captura (longitud total, LT) fue de 23.62 cm para los machos y 22.97 cm para las hembras. Se obtuvo una proporción de sexos (M:H) de 0.70:1.00 (χ2 = 26.28, P < 0.05). El factor alométrico de la relación longitud-peso para sexos combinados (b) fue 2.63 (t = 12.16, P < 0.05) y el coeficiente de determinación (r 2) fue 0.89, lo que sugiere una relación alométrica negativa. La L50 (LT) se estimó en 22.61, 23.86 y 23.27 cm para machos, hembras y sexos combinados, respectivamente. Los valores mensuales de IGS, IHS y Kn mostraron diferencias significativas (K-W, P < 0.05) entre los meses de estudio. Los valores máximos de IGS se observaron durante febrero y marzo, siendo el periodo de mayor actividad reproductiva. Los índices de IHS y Kn mostraron tendencias similares. La talla de madurez sexual fue similar a la talla media de captura, lo que podría indicar que S. peruviana se encuentra en el límite de su talla óptima de captura.

Abstract Introduction: The spotted snapper is a high-consumption and commercially important marine fish in Costa Rica, subjected to heavy fishing pressures, which can affect genetic diversity and generate problems due to inbreeding depression. Objective: To evaluate the genetic status of the population of Lutjanus guttatus using microsatellites. Methods: Samples were collected between 2018 and 2019, and 44 individuals from each of the localities of the Gulf of Nicoya and the Gulf of Dulce were studied. DNA extraction and amplification of ten loci with microsatellites using PCR were performed, followed by genotyping, analysis of genetic diversity, and population structure. Results: Diversity parameters indicate a high polymorphism associated with a high number of alleles obtained per locus, but with low levels of observed heterozygosity compared to expected (Ho= 0.774 and 0.800, and He= 0.948 and 0.954 for the Gulf of Nicoya and Gulf of Dulce, respectively). There is not enough evidence to say that the two populations are distinct (FST= 0.00264, P > 0.05). Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was recorded, indicating possible mixing of organisms of different origin from the wild environment. Conclusions: L. guttatus presents high levels of genetic diversity, without evidence of differentiation in genetic subpopulations. For fisheries management purposes, they would be considered a single panmictic population. The possible mixing with wild individuals suggests the presence of organisms derived from a restocking or commercial cultivation program carried out in the region. The use of genetic markers is recommended to maintain monitoring, follow up on restocking programs and evaluate their effect.

Resumen Introducción: El pargo mancha es un pez marino de alto consumo e interés comercial en Costa Rica que está sometido a una fuerte presión pesquera, la cual puede afectar la diversidad genética y generar problemas por depresión endogámica. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado genético de la población de Lutjanus guttatus mediante el uso microsatélites. Métodos: Se recolectaron muestras entre el 2018 y 2019 y se estudiaron 44 individuos de cada una de las localidades del Golfo de Nicoya y Golfo Dulce. Se realizó la extracción de ADN y la amplificación de diez loci con microsatélites mediante PCR, para la determinación del genotipo, análisis de diversidad genética y estructura poblacional. Resultados: Los parámetros de diversidad indican un elevado polimorfismo asociado con un alto número de alelos obtenidos por locus, pero con bajos niveles de heterocigosidad observada en comparación con la esperada (Ho= 0.774 y 0.800 y He= 0.948 y 0.954 para Golfo de Nicoya y Golfo Dulce, respectivamente). No hay evidencia suficiente para decir que las dos poblaciones son distintas (FST= 0.00264, P > 0.05). La desviación del Equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg indica la posible mezcla de organismos de origen distinto a los del medio silvestre. Conclusiones: L. guttatus tiene niveles altos de diversidad genética, no hay evidencia de diferenciación en subpoblaciones genéticas, lo que en manejo pesquerías se considera una sola población panmíctica. La posible mezcla de individuos de origen distinto al silvestre sugiere la presencia de organismos de un programa de repoblación o de cultivos comerciales en la región. El uso de marcadores genéticos se recomienda para el monitoreo, además, en programas de repoblación y evaluar su efecto.

Abstract Introduction: Until today, the fishing effort by foreign fleets in the Costa Rican Pacific has not been analyzed. Objective: To determine the spatial distribution of the fishing effort of those fleets, variables that shape that distribution, and if they interact with management figures and highly fragile ecosystems. Methods: Using fishing effort data from 2012 to 2020, obtained from Global Fishing Watch, an Index of Fishing Effort (IEP) was calculated to apply geospatial and multivariate statistics, as well as multiple regression models. A grid with 55 905 cells of 0.10 degrees was used to apply Hot Spot Analysis, and another grid with 24 176 cell-year-month analysis units of 0.25 degrees was used to apply a Linear Regression Model. Results: The data reveals the fishing activity of international fleets associated with four types of fishing gear, and a wide coverage of a high IEP by two fleets throughout the nine years analyzed. The IEP is primarily associated with location and varies by month and year. There is also relative evidence that its influenced by the concentration of oxygen and nitrates. Conclusions: International fleets come into direct conflict with officially defined zones for national fleets and disrespect protected oceanic areas and a declared non-fishing zone to protect marine resources in the Costa Rican Pacific. Their activities in the Dome may affect a national yellowfin tuna fishery.

Resumen Introducción. Las actividades pesqueras generan un volumen de desechos relacionados con el procesamiento de especies (vísceras, cabezas y espinas), los descartes de la fauna acompañante, especies de bajo valor comercial y pérdidas relacionadas con problemas de manejo. La producción de harina de pescado es el proceso más común para recuperar los nutrientes de los subproductos del procesamiento del pescado. Sin embargo, aquellos lugares con infraestructura reducida o donde el volumen de residuos producidos no justifique la ecuación económica para la conversión en harina o aceite de pescado, el ensilaje biológico podría ser la tecnología de elección para promover una gestión sostenible de los residuos. Objetivo. Recopilar, organizar y resumir la literatura relacionada con la fermentación biológica de residuos de pescado y sus aplicaciones. Desarrollo. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica (enero 1994 – diciembre 2020) referida al aprovechamiento integral de los residuos de la pesca, principalmente focalizada a la utilización de las bacterias ácidos lácticas en la biofermentación de los mismos. La información se organizó en diferentes secciones: ensilado de pescado, bacterias acido lácticas, fuentes de hidratos de carbono referidas a la elaboración de ensilados biológicos de pescado. Conclusiones. Los estudios analizados destacan la posibilidad de utilizar una amplia variedad de fuentes de hidratos de carbono, iniciadores biológicos y condiciones de fermentación de desechos de pescado. Los resultados satisfactorios muestran el potencial uso de los desechos de pescado en diferentes aplicaciones. Este trabajo podría aportar a las pesquerías que quieran adoptar esta tecnología para el tratamiento adecuado de los residuos con la finalidad de contribuir a la bioeconomía de reciclaje.

Abstract Introduction. Different fishing activities generate a waste volume related to the processing species (viscera, heads and bones), the discards of the companion fauna, species of low commercial value and the losses related to handling problems. Fish meal production is the most common process for recovery nutrients from these fish processing byproducts. However, those places with reduced infrastructure or where the volume of wastes produced do not justified the economic equation for conversion into fish meal or oil, the biological silage could be the technology of choice to promote a sustainable waste management. Objective. To compilate, organize and summarize literature related to biological fermentation of fish waste and its applications. Development. A bibliographic review was carried out (January 1994 - December 2020) referring to the comprehensive use of fishing residues mainly focused on the use of lactic acid bacteria in fish waste fermentation. The information was organized in different sections: fish silage, lactic acid bacteria and carbohydrate sources for biological silage. Conclusions. The studies analyzed in this review highlight the possibility of using a wide variety of carbohydrate sources, biological starters and fish waste fermentation conditions. The satisfactory results show the potential use of fish waste in different applications. This work could contribute to the fisheries that decide to adopt this kind technology in order to provide an innovative and viable recycling bioeconomy.

RESUMO Este artigo explora as transformações sofridas pela produção de algodão e soja, inseridas nos mercados nacionais e internacionais, respectivamente, como protagonistas do modelo do agronegócio na província do Chaco. Entre os diferentes temas de investigação, são reconhecidos os conflitos, sobreposições e padrões de coexistência entre as duas produções. Para tal, a análise está estruturada em quatro eixos: o primeiro refere-se à utilização e incorporação da terra, o segundo à inserção no mercado, o terceiro à incorporação de tecnologias e agroquímicos, e o quarto à relação estabelecida entre estes circuitos e o Estado. A estratégia metodológica segue a tradição de integrar métodos baseados na combinação de fontes e procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos. As principais fontes secundárias consultadas são os censos agrícolas nacionais de 1988, 2002 e 2018 (INDEC), estatísticas do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Pescas (MAGYP), imagens de satélite do Google Earth e relatórios da OCDE/FAO e do Banco Mundial. O trabalho de campo foi realizado por uma equipe de investigação com a qual realizamos 22 entrevistas entre 20 e 25 de setembro de 2022 com líderes políticos, produtores e trabalhadores agrícolas.

RESUMEN En este artículo se indaga acerca de las transformaciones que atravesaron las producciones del algodón y de la soja, insertas en los mercados nacionales e internacionales respectivamente, en tanto protagonistas del modelo del agronegocio en la provincia de Chaco. Entre los distintos tópicos de indagación se reconocen los conflictos, los solapamientos y las pautas de convivencia entre ambas producciones. Para ello, el análisis se estructura a partir de cuatro ejes: el primero se refiere al uso e incorporación de tierras, el segundo a la inserción en los mercados, el tercero a la incorporación de tecnologías y de agroquímicos, y el cuarto a la relación que establecen desde esos circuitos con el Estado. La estrategia metodológica llevada adelante se inscribe en la tradición de la integración de métodos basada en la combinación de fuentes y procedimientos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Las principales fuentes secundarias consultadas son los censos nacionales agropecuarios 1988, 2002 y 2018 (INDEC), las estadísticas del Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca (MAGYP), las imágenes satelitales de Google earth e informes de OCDE/FAO y del Banco Mundial. El trabajo de campo fue llevado a cabo por un equipo de investigación con quienes efectuamos 22 entrevistas entre el 20 y el 25 de septiembre de 2022 a referentes políticos, productores y trabajadores agrarios.

ABSTRACT This article deals with the transformations undergone by cotton and soybean production, inserted in the national and international markets respectively, as protagonists of the agribusiness model at the province of Chaco. Among the different research topics, the conflicts, overlaps and coexistence patterns between both products are considered. For this purpose, the analysis is structured around four axes: the first refers to the use and incorporation of land, the second to cotton and soybean market linkages, the third to the incorporation of technologies and agrochemicals, and the fourth to the relationship established between these economic circuits and the State. The methodological strategy follows the tradition of mixed methods based on the combination of quantitative and qualitative sources and procedures. The main secondary sources consulted are the national agricultural censuses 1988, 2002 and 2018 (INDEC), statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MAGYP), satellite images from Google earth and reports from OECD/FAO and the World Bank. The field work was carried out by a research team with whom we conducted 22 interviews between September 20 and 25, 2022 with political referents, farmers and agricultural workers.

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the judgment in a case in which the owner and the crew of an artisanal fishing vessel entered what the General Act of Fisheries and Aquaculture calls a “contract or partnership at parts”. The plaintiff crew brought an action for enforcement of this contract, requesting that the shipowner be ordered to pay the difference of a final liquidation of the fishing for several seasons, as well as its share in the sale of the catch quota to a third party. The commentary highlights the difficulties raised by the distinction between contracts which distributes a percentage of the profit of the business between parties, and partnerships, as well as the (contingent) place of legal entity in the latter.

RESUMEN El trabajo analiza la sentencia recaída en un caso en que el armador y la tripulación de una embarcación de pesca artesanal celebraron lo que la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura llama un “contrato o sociedad a la parte”. La tripulación demandante ejerció la acción de cumplimiento de este contrato y solicita que el armador sea condenado a pagar el producto de una reliquidación de la pesca de varias temporadas, así como la parte que le correspondía en una venta de la cuota de captura a un tercero. El comentario pone de relieve las dificultades que plantea la distinción entre negocios parciarios y contrato de sociedad, así como el lugar (contingente) de la personalidad jurídica en este último.