Resumen. La mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) es un recurso importante de subsistencia en mercados locales de Ecuador. Sin embargo, poco es sabido sobre la historia de vida temprana y la biología reproductiva de esta especie. En 2016 y 2017, se recolectaron larvas de E. currani en 3 playas arenosas en el Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador, y se identificaron usando códigos de barras de ADN. La longitud estándar de las larvas osciló entre 4.00 y 15.78 mm. También recolectamos otolitos para comprender mejor la historia de vida temprana de E. currani. Los otolitos se usaron para estimar la edad, la tasa de crecimiento de la población (±EE), las fechas de eclosión y la época reproductiva. En promedio, la edad de los peces fue de 16.5 ± 4.5 días, mientras que la tasa de crecimiento promedio fue de 0.70 ± 0.05 y 0.22 ± 0.16 mm por día en marzo y mayo, respectivamente. En el Golfo de Guayaquil, la mayoría de las fechas de eclosión y la actividad reproductiva presunta de E. currani ocurrió durante la época húmeda (diciembre-abril) cuando aguas más calidas prevalecieron. Hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que estima las fechas de eclosión y la tasa de crecimiento larval para una especie de la familia Gerreidae en el Océano Pacífico.

Abstract. The flagfin mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) is an important subsistence fishery resource in local Ecuadorian markets; however, very little is known about the early life history and reproductive biology of this species. In 2016 and 2017, E. currani larvae were collected at 3 sandy beaches in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, and identified using DNA barcoding. Standard lengths ranged from 4.00-15.78 mm. We also collected otoliths to better understand the early life history of E. currani. Otoliths were used to estimate the age, population growth rate (±SE), hatch dates, and reproductive period. On average, the fish were 16.5 ± 4.5 days old, while the average growth rate was 0.70 ± 0.05 and 0.22 ± 0.16 mm per day in March and May, respectively. In the Gulf of Guayaquil, most hatch dates and the presumed reproductive activity of E. currani occurred during the wet season (December-April) when warmer water prevailed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the hatch dates and larval growth rate for a species of the family Gerreidae in the Pacific Ocean.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

Abstract Common duckweeds are flowering plants of the family Araceae, comprising the smallest angiosperms of the plant kingdom, a species of aquatic algae of universal distribution, found on the surface of freshwater bodies, mainly in puddles, swamps, lakes, and calm rivers. Recently, different research has been carried out on its potential and usefulness. Due to its nutritional composition, protein contribution, high fiber content and low fat and carbohydrate content, it would be an adequate input to generate products of high nutritional value, characteristics that make it interesting compared to other species. It is used as a complement to commercial diets in a wide variety of animals such as birds, ruminants, non-ruminants, crustaceans, and fish, reducing feed costs by up to 50 %. Likewise, used in remediation processes of a wide range of chemical contaminants with a high elimination rate, they can absorb some dissolved substances and provide oxygen through photosynthesis. It has been indicated that they are low cost of construction, maintenance, easy to operate, have a wide tolerance to growing conditions, are generally easy to harvest, and do not compete with farmland. In the environmental field, it is important to find alternative and innovative raw materials, even without the need to use growth media or fertilizers, however, their acceptance as a food source needs extensive research regarding their nutritional value, large-scale yield, economic market supply and analysis of antinutritive components for human food.

Resumen Las lentejas de agua son plantas con flores de la familia Aráceas, comprenden las angiospermas más pequeñas del reino vegetal, una especie de algas acuáticas de distribución universal, se encuentran en la superficie de los cuerpos de agua dulce principalmente en charcos, ciénagas, lagos y ríos calmados. Recientemente, se han llevado a cabo diferentes investigaciones sobre su potencial y utilidad. Por su composición nutricional, aporte de proteína, alto contenido de fibra y bajo contenido de grasas y carbohidratos, resultaría ser un insumo adecuado para generar productos de alto valor nutricional, características que la hacen interesante frente a otras especies. Se emplea como complemento a dietas comerciales en una gran variedad animales como aves, rumiantes, no rumiantes, crustáceos y peces, reduciendo hasta un 50 % los costos por alimentación. Así mismo, usada en procesos de remediación de una amplia gama de contaminantes químicos con alta tasa de eliminación, pueden absorber algunas sustancias disueltas y brindar oxígeno mediante la fotosíntesis. Se ha indicado bajo costo de construcción, mantenimiento, fáciles de operar, poseen amplia tolerancia a condiciones de crecimiento, facilidad general de cosecha y no compiten con las tierras de cultivo. En el ámbito ambiental es importante encontrar materias primas alternativas e innovadoras, incluso sin la necesidad de utilizar medios de crecimiento o fertilizantes, sin embargo, su aceptación como fuente de alimento necesita investigaciones exhaustivas con respecto a su valor nutritivo, rendimiento a gran escala, suministro de mercado económico y análisis de componentes antinutritivos para la alimentación humana.

ABSTRACT This paper reports the presence of the common dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus, in Argentinian waters for the first time, with a specimen collected by experienced sport fishermen near Mar del Plata (38°S). This finding also represents the first record of a species from the Coryphaenidae family in Argentinian waters. The collection of these specimens coincided with sightings of other rarely-seen pelagic and oceanic fish species during the same period, providing further evidence supporting the influx of subtropical fish species from warmer Brazilian waters. These observations highlight the need for continued monitoring of fish populations and their distribution and the ecological dynamics within the region.

Abstract Nototheniidae is the most numerous family of notothenioids and, although they are mainly Antarctic, they are also well represented in Patagonian waters. In both Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters, they adopt a wide variety of reproductive strategies. In Antarctic waters they usually have a biennial reproductive cycle, whereas in sub-Antarctic ones, they reproduce annually or biannually. In the intertidal zone of central Patagonia the most abundant nototheniid fish is Patagonotothen cornucola and, despite this, there is little information about their biology. The aim of this work was to study its reproductive cycle in a rocky intertidal coast of Argentine Patagonia by means of histological and morphological analyses. Samples were collected monthly at two intertidal sites in the San Jorge Gulf. Condition factor, gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes were calculated and thin sections of gonads were stained with one-step trichrome to determine gonadal stages. Relative and potential fecundity were also estimated. Males and females mature synchronously and reach maximum gonadosomatic index between July and August. In females the hepatosomatic index increases synchronously with gonadosomatic index, while in males it remains constant throughout the cycle. It is concluded that P. cornucola has an annual reproductive cycle and that spawning occurs in winter. Maximum potential fecundity is approximately 27,095 oocytes in a 11.7 cm female and it increases with size.

Resumen La familia Nototheniidae es la más numerosa entre los nototénidos y, a pesar de ser principalmente Antárticos, están muy bien representados en aguas patagónicas. Desde la Antártida hasta las aguas de Sudamérica, han adoptado una gran variedad de estrategias reproductivas. Los peces antárticos suelen tener un ciclo reproductivo bienal mientras que en aguas sub-antárticas los nototénidos pueden reproducirse anualmente o bianualmente. En la zona intermareal de la Patagonia central, el pez más abundante es Patagonotothen cornucola y, a pesar de esto, hay poca información sobre su biología. Por esto, el objetivo principal de este trabajo fue estudiar su ciclo reproductivo en la zona intermareal rocosa usando métodos histológicos y morfológicos. Las muestras fueron recolectadas mensualmente en dos sitios intermareales en el Golfo San Jorge, y se calculó el factor de condición, índices hepatosomáticos y gonadosomáticos y se realizaron cortes histológicos de las gónadas que fueron teñidas con tricrómico de un tiempo para determinar los estadios gonadales, además se estimó la fecundidad potencial y relativa. Se determinó que machos y hembras maduran sincrónicamente alcanzando los valores máximos de índices gonadosomáticos entre julio y agosto. En las hembras el índice hepatosomático aumenta simultáneamente con el gonadosomático mientras que en machos se mantiene constante durante todo el ciclo. Se concluye que P. cornucola tiene un ciclo reproductivo anual y que el desove ocurre en el invierno. La fecundidad potencial máxima fue de 27.095 oocitos en una hembra de 11,7 cm y se incrementa con la talla.

Abstract The study explores the Ichthyofaunal diversity of freshwater Cyprinidae fish in the Panjkora River of Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 911 fish samples were collected from 5 different sites along the river and identified using standard identification keys. Out of the 911 fish samples, 204 were related to family Cyprinidae, having 4 sub families, i.e Cyprininae representing 3 species i.e Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus watsoni, Danioninae representing 6 species i.e Barilius modestus, Barilius vagra, Barilius pakistanicus, Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Rasbora daniconius, Labeoninae representing 5 species i.e Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Gara gotyla, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, and Barbinae representing 6 species i.e Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius chonchonius, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus and Schizothorax plagiostomus. This study adds 6 new species i.e Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Puntius chonchonius and Rasbora daniconius for the 1st time which are not reported earlier. EXCEL 2019 and XLSTAT were used for principal components analysis to study richness and correlation of fish diversity. Eigenvalues obtained from Sheringal to Zulam are 3.72, 0.511, 0.37, 0.29 and 0.09 respectively. The higher eigenvalue of Sheringal site shows higher diversity. Water quality study shows that the mean values of water temperature was 16.8°C, pH 7.08, total hardness134.6 mg/L, alkalinity 89.3 mg/L, Nitrate 5.93 mg/L, Chlorine 0.87 mg/L, Nitrite0.02 mg/L and Copper 0.04 mg/L, Iron 0.07 mg/L, Lead 0.002 mg/L. The physicochemical parameters of river Panjkora during the study time remained within the permissible limits as prescribed by the WHO (2005). Gut analysis revealed the presence of algae, nymphs insect’s larvae, macroinvertebrates and protozoans. Dir Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 91 keys 20 families ie i e auratus carpio watsoni modestus vagra pakistanicus mola punjabensis putitora diplocheilus gotyla rohita ticto sophore esocinus plagiostomus st earlier 201 372 72 3.72 0511 0 511 0.511 037 37 0.37 029 29 0.2 009 09 0.0 respectively 168C C 16 8 16.8°C 708 7 08 7.08 hardness1346 hardness hardness134 hardness134. mgL mg L 893 89 89. 593 93 5.9 087 87 0.8 Nitrite002 Nitrite Nitrite0 02 Nitrite0.0 004 04 007 07 0002 002 0.00 2005. 2005 . (2005) algae insects insect s larvae protozoans 9 2 3.7 051 51 0.51 03 0.3 0. 00 1 70 7.0 hardness13 59 5. Nitrite00 Nitrite0. 000 200 (2005 3. 05 0.5 7. hardness1 (200 (20 (2 (

Resumo O presente estudo explora a diversidade ictiofaunística de peixes Cyprinidae de água doce no rio Panjkora de Dir, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 911 amostras de peixes foram coletadas em 5 locais diferentes ao longo do rio e identificadas usando chaves de identificação padrão. Das 911 amostras de peixes, 204 eram relacionadas à família Cyprinidae, com 4 subfamílias, ou seja, Cyprininae representando 3 espécies, isto é, Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus watsoni, Danioninae, representando 6 espécies, ou seja, Barilius modestus, Barilius vagra, Barilius pakistanicus, Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Rasbora daniconius, Labeoninae representando 5 espécies, ou seja, Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Gara gotyla, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus e Barbinae, representando 6 espécies, ou seja, Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius chonchonius, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus e Schizothorax plagio estoma. Este estudo adiciona 6 novas espécies, como Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Puntius chonchonius e Rasbora daniconius pela primeira vez, que não foram relatadas anteriormente. EXCEL 2019 e XLSTAT foram usados para análise de componentes principais para estudar a riqueza e correlação da diversidade de peixes. Os autovalores obtidos de Sheringal a Zulam são 3,72, 0,511, 0,37, 0,29 e 0,09, respectivamente. O autovalor mais alto do site Sheringal mostra maior diversidade. O estudo da qualidade da água mostra que os valores médios da temperatura da água foram 16,8 °C, pH 7,08, dureza total 134,6 mg/L, alcalinidade 89,3 mg/L, Nitrato 5,93 mg/L, Cloro 0,87 mg/L, Nitrito 0,02 mg/ L e Cobre 0,04 mg/L, Ferro 0,07 mg/L, Chumbo 0,002 mg/L. Os parâmetros físico-químicos do rio Panjkora durante o tempo de estudo permaneceram nos limites permitidos conforme prescrito pela OMS (2005). A análise intestinal revelou a presença de algas, ninfas, larvas de insetos, macroinvertebrados e protozoários. Dir Pakhtoonkhwa Paquistão 91 padrão 20 subfamílias seja espécies é auratus carpio watsoni Danioninae modestus vagra pakistanicus mola punjabensis putitora gotyla rohita Barbinae ticto sophore esocinus estoma vez anteriormente 201 372 72 3,72 0511 0 511 0,511 037 37 0,37 029 29 0,2 009 09 0,09 respectivamente 168 16 8 16, C °C 708 7 08 7,08 1346 134 134, mgL mg mg/L 893 89 89, 593 93 5,9 087 87 0,8 002 02 0,0 004 04 007 07 0002 0,00 físicoquímicos físico químicos 2005. 2005 . (2005) algas ninfas insetos protozoários 9 2 3,7 051 51 0,51 03 0,3 0, 00 1 70 7,0 13 59 5, 000 200 (2005 3, 05 0,5 7, (200 (20 (2 (

Abstract This study was designed to assess the ichthyofaunal diversity of River Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 1189 fish from six different sites were collected along the river and identified using standard keys. The fish collected and identified were representing 38 species, belonging to 7 families. The investigation spanned a year, from July 2021 to May 2022. The most dominant family was Cyprinidae 76% (n=906/1189), followed by Nemacheilidae 5.8% (n=69/1189), Channidae 5.2% (n=62/1189), Sisoridae 5.1% (n=61/1189), Mastacembelidae 4.9% (n=58/1189), Salmonidae 2.6% (n=31/1189) and least was Bagridae 0.17 (n=2/1189). The most abundant speices was Schizothorax plagiostomus with relative density of 16.8. Family Cyprinidae was represented by 21 species, Sisoridae by 7 species, Nemacheilidae by 5 species, Channidae by 2 species, while Bagridae, Salmonidae and Mastacembelidae, were each represented by a single species. PAST 3, XLSTAT and EXCEL 2019 were used for principal component analysis to study correlation of fish diversity and richness. Eigenvalue obtained from Kumrat to Busaq were 3.32, 1.01, 0.80, 0.44, 0.31 and 0.10 respectively. The higher value at Kumrat shows higher diversity. The water quality assessment showed average value of water temperature 10.4 ͦC, pH 7.0, electrical conductivity 184 mg/L, dissolved oxygen 7.9 mg/L, turbidity 43.73 mg/L, total dissolved solids 101 mg/L, total suspended solids 34.72 mg/L, total solids 135.53 mg/L, total alkalinity 75.77 mg/L, total hardness 58.37 mg/L, ammonia 0.46 mg/L, sulphate 26.03 mg/L, chloride 14.67 mg/L, calcium 69.11 mg/L, chromium 0.18 mg/L, copper 0.03, cobalt mg/L 0.04, nickel 0.039 mg/L, lead 0.02 mg/L and Zinc 0.35 mg/L. The findings of this study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters remained within the acceptable limits throughout the study period. Analysis of fish gut contents included; nymphs, insect larvae, the presence of algae, protozoans and macroinvertebrates in the river ecosystem. Panjkora Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan purpose 118 keys 3 species families year 202 2022 76 n=906/1189, n9061189 n n=906/1189 , 906 (n=906/1189) 58 8 5.8 n=69/1189, n691189 n=69/1189 69 (n=69/1189) 52 5.2 n=62/1189, n621189 n=62/1189 62 (n=62/1189) 51 1 5.1 n=61/1189, n611189 n=61/1189 61 (n=61/1189) 49 4 9 4.9 n=58/1189, n581189 n=58/1189 (n=58/1189) 26 6 2.6 n=31/1189 n311189 31 (n=31/1189 017 0 17 0.1 n=2/1189. n21189 n=2/1189 . (n=2/1189) 168 16 16.8 201 richness 332 32 3.32 01 1.01 080 80 0.80 044 44 0.44 031 0.3 010 10 respectively 104 10. C ͦC 70 7.0 18 mgL mg L 79 7. 4373 43 73 43.7 3472 34 72 34.7 13553 135 53 135.5 7577 75 77 75.7 5837 37 58.3 046 46 0.4 2603 03 26.0 1467 14 67 14.6 6911 11 69.1 018 003 0.03 004 04 0.04 0039 039 002 02 0.0 035 35 period included nymphs larvae algae ecosystem 20 n906118 n=906/118 90 (n=906/1189 5. n69118 n=69/118 (n=69/1189 n62118 n=62/118 (n=62/1189 n61118 n=61/118 (n=61/1189 4. n58118 n=58/118 (n=58/1189 2. n=31/118 n31118 (n=31/118 0. n2118 n=2/118 (n=2/1189 16. 33 3.3 1.0 08 0.8 437 43. 347 34. 1355 13 135. 757 75. 583 58. 260 26. 146 14. 691 69. 00 n90611 n=906/11 (n=906/118 n6911 n=69/11 (n=69/118 n6211 n=62/11 (n=62/118 n6111 n=61/11 (n=61/118 n5811 n=58/11 (n=58/118 n=31/11 n3111 (n=31/11 n211 n=2/11 (n=2/118 3. 1. n9061 n=906/1 (n=906/11 n691 n=69/1 (n=69/11 n621 n=62/1 (n=62/11 n611 n=61/1 (n=61/11 n581 n=58/1 (n=58/11 n=31/1 n311 (n=31/1 n21 n=2/1 (n=2/11 n906 n=906/ (n=906/1 n69 n=69/ (n=69/1 n62 n=62/ (n=62/1 n61 n=61/ (n=61/1 n58 n=58/ (n=58/1 n=31/ n31 (n=31/ n2 n=2/ (n=2/1 n90 n=906 (n=906/ n6 n=69 (n=69/ n=62 (n=62/ n=61 (n=61/ n5 n=58 (n=58/ n=31 n3 (n=31 n=2 (n=2/ n9 n=90 (n=906 n=6 (n=69 (n=62 (n=61 n=5 (n=58 n=3 (n=3 n= (n=2 n=9 (n=90 (n=6 (n=5 (n= (n=9 (n

Resumo Este estudo foi projetado para avaliar a diversidade da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Para isso, foram coletados um total de .1189 peixes de seis locais diferentes ao longo do rio e identificados através de chaves-padrão. Os peixes coletados e identificados representavam 38 espécies, pertencentes a 7 famílias. A investigação durou um ano, de julho de 2021 a maio de 2022. A família mais dominante foi Cyprinidae 76% (n=906/1189), seguida por Nemacheilidae 5,8% (n=69/1189), Channidae 5,2% (n=62/ 1189), Sisoridae 5,1% (n=61/1189), Mastacembelidae 4,9% (n=58/1189), Salmonidae 2,6% (n=31/1189), e o mínimo foi Bagridae 0,17 (n=2/1189). A espécie mais abundante foi Schizothorax plagiostomus com densidade relativa de 16,8. A família Cyprinidae foi representada por 21 espécies, Sisoridae por 7 espécies, Nemacheilidae por 5 espécies, Channidae por 2 espécies, enquanto Bagridae, Salmonidae e Mastacembelidae foram representados cada um por uma única espécie. PAST 3, XLSTAT e EXCEL 2019 foram utilizados para análise de componentes principais para estudar a correlação entre diversidade e riqueza de peixes. Os autovalores obtidos de Kumrat para Busaq foram 3,32, 1,01, 0,80, 0,44, 0,31 e 0,10, respectivamente. O valor mais alto em Kumrat mostra maior diversidade. A avaliação da qualidade da água apresentou valor médio de temperatura da água 10,4 ͦC, pH 7,0, condutividade elétrica 184 mg/L, oxigênio dissolvido 7,9 mg/L, turbidez 43,73 mg/L, sólidos totais dissolvidos 101 mg/L, sólidos suspensos totais 34,72 mg/L, sólidos totais 135,53 mg/L, alcalinidade total 75,77 mg/L, dureza total 58,37 mg/L, amônia 0,46 mg/L, sulfato 26,03 mg/L, cloreto 14,67 mg/L, cálcio 69,11 mg/L, cromo 0,18 mg /L, cobre 0,03, cobalto mg/L 0,04, níquel 0,039 mg/L, chumbo 0,02 mg/L e zinco 0,35 mg/L. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos permaneceu dentro dos limites aceitáveis durante todo o período de estudo. Análise do conteúdo intestinal dos peixes incluiu ninfas, larvas de insetos, presença de algas, protozoários e macroinvertebrados no ecossistema fluvial. Panjkora Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão isso 1189 .118 chavespadrão. chavespadrão chaves padrão. padrão chaves-padrão 3 espécies famílias ano 202 2022 76 n=906/1189, n9061189 n n=906/1189 , 906 (n=906/1189) 58 8 5,8 n=69/1189, n691189 n=69/1189 69 (n=69/1189) 52 5,2 n=62/ n62 62 (n=62 1189, 1189) 51 1 5,1 n=61/1189, n611189 n=61/1189 61 (n=61/1189) 49 4 9 4,9 n=58/1189, n581189 n=58/1189 (n=58/1189) 26 6 2,6 n=31/1189, n311189 n=31/1189 31 (n=31/1189) 017 0 17 0,1 n=2/1189. n21189 n=2/1189 . (n=2/1189) 168 16 16,8 201 332 32 3,32 01 1,01 080 80 0,80 044 44 0,44 031 0,3 010 10 0,10 respectivamente 104 10, C ͦC 70 7,0 18 mgL L 79 7, 4373 43 73 43,7 3472 34 72 34,7 13553 135 53 135,5 7577 75 77 75,7 5837 37 58,3 046 46 0,4 2603 03 26,0 1467 14 67 14,6 6911 11 69,1 018 /L 003 0,03 004 04 0,04 0039 039 002 02 0,0 035 35 físicoquímicos físico químicos ninfas insetos algas fluvial 118 .11 20 n906118 n=906/118 90 (n=906/1189 5, n69118 n=69/118 (n=69/1189 n=62 n6 (n=6 n61118 n=61/118 (n=61/1189 4, n58118 n=58/118 (n=58/1189 2, n31118 n=31/118 (n=31/1189 0, n2118 n=2/118 (n=2/1189 16, 33 3,3 1,0 08 0,8 437 43, 347 34, 1355 13 135, 757 75, 583 58, 260 26, 146 14, 691 69, 00 .1 n90611 n=906/11 (n=906/118 n6911 n=69/11 (n=69/118 n=6 (n= n6111 n=61/11 (n=61/118 n5811 n=58/11 (n=58/118 n3111 n=31/11 (n=31/118 n211 n=2/11 (n=2/118 1, n9061 n=906/1 (n=906/11 n691 n=69/1 (n=69/11 n= (n n611 n=61/1 (n=61/11 n581 n=58/1 (n=58/11 n311 n=31/1 (n=31/11 n21 n=2/1 (n=2/11 n906 n=906/ (n=906/1 n69 n=69/ (n=69/1 n61 n=61/ (n=61/1 n58 n=58/ (n=58/1 n31 n=31/ (n=31/1 n2 n=2/ (n=2/1 n90 n=906 (n=906/ n=69 (n=69/ n=61 (n=61/ n5 n=58 (n=58/ n3 n=31 (n=31/ n=2 (n=2/ n9 n=90 (n=906 (n=69 (n=61 n=5 (n=58 n=3 (n=31 (n=2 n=9 (n=90 (n=5 (n=3 (n=9

Abstract Diseases in fish due to helminth parasites, especially Philometra species, are the primary worry in aquaculture. Philometra are responsible for health problem in fishes they directly affect fish growth and population parameters. A comprehensive survey was conducted involving the examination of the marine fish species Terapon jarbua, gathered from the coastal waters of Sindh, Pakistan In this research different Philometra species from marine fish Terapon jarbua during 2021 and 2022. Philometra nematodes, belonging to the family Philometridae, are common parasitic organisms inhabiting both marine and freshwater environments. Their prevalence, particularly when existing in high numbers within host organisms, can lead to severe and potentially lethal consequences. Employing light microscopy techniques, diverse species of Philometra were identified, including Philometra teraponi, P. jarbuai, P. arabiai, P. karachii, and P. awarii, localized primarily within the ovaries of the host fish. A total of 140 fish samples were examined and 76 were infected. The intensity of infected fish was 54.28%. The identification process encompassed meticulous analysis of crucial parameters, such as body size, esophagus length, positioning of the nerve ring, dimensions of the ventriculus, and ligament size. Intriguingly, the parasites were found in varying contexts; while some were free within the ovaries, others were embedded within tissues, inducing severe muscular dystrophy. This research presents novel findings of Philometra nematodes in the marine waters of Pakistan, extending their host and geographical distribution records. Future studies are needed to better evaluate and describe the dynamics and the epidemiology of Philometra infection in wild and cultured fish species aquaculture parameters Sindh 202 2022 Philometridae environments prevalence consequences techniques identified teraponi P jarbuai arabiai karachii awarii 14 7 5428 54 28 54.28% size length ring ventriculus Intriguingly contexts tissues dystrophy records 20 1 542 5 2 54.28 54.2 54.

Resumo Doenças em peixes causadas por parasitas helmintos, especialmente espécies de Philometra, são a principal preocupação na aquicultura. Philometra é responsável por problemas de saúde em peixes, pois afeta diretamente o crescimento destes e os parâmetros populacionais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa abrangente envolvendo o exame das espécies de peixes marinhos Terapon jarbua, coletadas nas águas costeiras de Sindh, Paquistão. Nesta pesquisa, foram identificadas diferentes espécies de Philometra em peixes marinhos Terapon jarbua durante 2021 e 2022. Nematoides Philometra, pertencentes à família Philometridae, são organismos parasitas comuns que habitam ambientes marinhos e de água doce. A sua prevalência, especialmente quando existe em grande número nos organismos hospedeiros, pode levar a consequências graves e potencialmente letais. Empregando técnicas de microscopia óptica, diversas espécies de Philometra foram identificadas, incluindo Philometra teraponi, P. jarbuai, P. arabiai, P. karachii e P. awarii, localizadas principalmente nos ovários do peixe hospedeiro. Um total de 140 amostras de peixes foram examinadas e 76 foram infectadas. A intensidade de peixes infectados foi de 54,28%. O processo de identificação envolveu análise meticulosa de parâmetros cruciais, como tamanho corporal, comprimento do esôfago, posicionamento do anel nervoso, dimensões do ventrículo e tamanho do ligamento. Curiosamente, os parasitas foram encontrados em contextos variados; enquanto alguns estavam livres nos ovários, outros estavam incorporados nos tecidos, induzindo distrofia muscular grave. Esta pesquisa apresenta novas descobertas de nematoides Philometra nas águas marinhas do Paquistão, ampliando seus registros de hospedeiros e distribuição geográfica. Estudos futuros são necessários para melhor avaliar e descrever a dinâmica e a epidemiologia da infecção por Philometra em espécies de peixes selvagens e cultivadas helmintos aquicultura populacionais Sindh Paquistão 202 2022 Philometridae doce prevalência letais óptica teraponi P jarbuai arabiai awarii hospedeiro 14 7 infectadas 5428 54 28 54,28% cruciais corporal esôfago nervoso ligamento Curiosamente variados tecidos grave geográfica 20 1 542 5 2 54,28 54,2 54,

Resumo O objetivo básico deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade ictiofaunística do rio Panjkora nos distritos de Lower e Upper de Dir, na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Amostras de peixes foram coletadas com redes de arrasto de março a setembro de 2020. Foram coletados 724 espécimes, classificados em 5 famílias, 14 gêneros e 18 espécies. Os resultados gerais revelaram que a maioria da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora contém 8 espécies da família Cyprinidae (56,49%), seguidas por 4 espécies de Nemacheilidae (24,44%), 2 espécies de Channidae (10,63%) e Sisoridae (7,04%) e 1 espécie de Mastacembelidae (1,38%). Entre todas as espécies de peixes, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16,57%) foi altamente predominante, seguida por Carassius auratus (11,87%) e Racoma labiata (9,66%), e elas foram relatadas como altamente abundantes, especialmente nos meses de abril, maio e junho. As espécies menos abundantes foram Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii e Mastacembelus armatus, que constituíram 2,48%, 2,20% e 1,38%, respectivamente, do total de peixes amostrados. O índice de diversidade de Simpson (1-D = 0,919), o índice recíproco de Simpson (1/D = 12,3876) e o índice de Shannon (H = 2,68) indicaram que o rio Panjkora contém um grupo bastante rico e diversificado de espécies de peixes. Os microplásticos mais altos foram observados no local 7 em comparação com outra área de estudo. Medidas de conservação devem ser tomadas como prioridade máxima para proteger e conservar o ambiente marinho e o patrimônio natural de novas perdas e extinção e para parar ou minimizar as perdas ocorridas por práticas de pesca irresponsáveis.

Abstract The basic aim of this study was aimed to determine the ichthyofaunal diversity of River Panjkora in both upper and lower Dir districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.Fish samples were collected by using fishnets from March to September 2020. A total of 724 specimens were collected and classified into 5 families, 14 genera, and 18 species. The overall results revealed that most fish fauna of river Panjkora contains 8 species of family Cyprinidae (56.49%) followed by 4 species of Nemacheilidae (24.44%), 2 species of Channidae (10.63%), and Sisoridae (7.04%), and 1 species of Mastacembelidae (1.38%), respectively. Among all kinds of fish species, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16.57%) was highly dominated and followed by Carassius auratus (11.87%) and Racoma labiata (9.66%) and were reported as highly abundant, especially during April, May, and June. The least abundant species were Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii, and Mastacembelus armatus, that constituting 2.48%, 2.20%, and 1.38% of the total fish samples. The Overall Simpson’s diversity (1-D= 0.919) and Simpson’s Reciprocal index values (1/D= 12.3876), and Shannon’s index (H= 2.68) were indicating that river Panjkora contains a quite rich and diverse group of fish species. The highest microplastics observed in site 7 compared to other study area. Conservation steps should be taken as a top priority to protect and conserve the marine environment and natural heritage from further loss, extinction and stop or minimize losses incurred through irresponsible fishery practices

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para medir metais pesados em peixes ciprinídeos em rios do Distrito Khuzdar Balochistan, Paquistão. No presente estudo, foram coletadas 25 amostras de peixes pertencentes a 8 ordens de 13 famílias. A família Cyprinidae apresentou o maior número de oito espécies de peixes. O presente estudo está focado em metais pesados em peixes ciprinídeos. O acúmulo de metais pesados como zinco, manganês, cobre e níquel foi avaliado na água e em vários órgãos dos peixes. A Espectroscopia de Absorção Atômica foi utilizada para a identificação desses metais pesados em espécies de peixes e corpos d’água. A concentração em água ((mg/L),) Zn Conc. 0,383-.028 Mn Conc. .073- .030 Cu Conc. 080-.017 NI Conc. 0,79-.14. A concentração de metais pesados foi considerada semelhante e variou simultaneamente em toda a área de pesquisa. A concentração de zinco foi relatada mais alta, enquanto o cobre estava na concentração mais baixa em todas as espécies de peixes. A concentração de metais pesados, em todas as espécies de peixes neste estudo, estava acima do limite dos limites da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS).

Abstract The present study was conducted to measured heavy metals in cyprinid fishes in rivers of District Khuzdar Balochistan, Pakistan. In the present study, 25 fish samples were collected that belonged to 8 order of 13 families, The Cyprinidae family had the largest number of eight fish species. Present study is focused on Heavy metals in cyprinid fishes. Heavy metals accumulation like Zinc, Manganese, Copper, and Nickel was evaluated in water and various organs of fishes. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used for the identification of these heavy metals in fish species and water bodies. The average concentration (mg/L) of Zn 0.26-0.41, Mn 0.030- 0.073, Cu 0.017—0.080 and NI 0.14-0.79 were observed in water. The Concentration (mg/L), of Zn Conc 0.383-.028 Mn Conc .073- .030 Cu Conc 080-.017 NI Conc .79-.14. The concentration of heavy metals was found both similar and varied simultaneously across the whole research area. Zinc concentration was reported highest, whereas Copper was at the lowest concentration in all fish species .The concentration of heavy metals, in all the fish species under this study, was above the threshold of WHO limits.

Abstract Over the decades, riverine ecosystems is suffering from intense human intervention resulting in degradation and habitat loss as a consequence, many fish species become endangered, particularly in rivers where heavy demand is placed on freshwater. Wallago attu is fast growing catfish belongs to the family siluridae has good market demand having high protein content and nutritional value in it’s flesh. The data was obtained for metal concentration in wet and dry body weight in wild Wallago attu. All metal was found under permissible limit as recommended by different international organizations. Calcium was found highest, while cadmium in lowest concentration. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, K, Na, Ca and Mg showed highly significant (P<0.001) positive correlation with wet body weight except Co and Cd showed non-significant (P>0.05) correlation. Metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, K, Ca, Mg and Co shown negative allometric pattern with increasing body weight concentration of Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Pb, Mn, Na, Ca and K showed positive relationship (P<0.001) with total length (cm), except for Co and Cd, which indicated non significant correlation (P>0.05). Present Study will helpful to assess toxicity due to presence of heavy metals for researchers and different organizations from River Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan. decades consequence endangered freshwater its it s flesh highest Fe Zn Cu Ni Mn Na P<0.001 P0001 P 0 001 (P<0.001 nonsignificant P>0.05 P005 05 (P>0.05 Pb cm, cm , (cm) P>0.05. . Chenab Punjab Pakistan P<0.00 P000 00 (P<0.00 P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 (cm P<0.0 (P<0.0 P>0. P0 (P>0. P<0. (P<0. P>0 (P>0 P<0 (P<0 P> (P> P< (P< (P

Resumo Ao longo das décadas, os ecossistemas ribeirinhos sofreram intensa intervenção humana, resultando em degradação e perda de habitat. Como consequência, muitas espécies de peixes tornaram-se ameaçadas, principalmente em rios onde há grande demanda de água doce. Wallago attu é um bagre de crescimento rápido pertencente à família Siluridae tem boa demanda de mercado com alto teor de proteína e valor nutricional em sua carne. Os dados foram obtidos para concentração de metal no peso corporal úmido e seco em Wallago attu selvagem. Todo o metal foi encontrado no limite permitido, conforme recomendado por diferentes organizações internacionais. O cálcio foi encontrado em maior concentração, enquanto o cádmio em menor concentração. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, K, Na, Ca e Mg apresentaram correlação positiva altamente significativa (P < 0,001) com o peso corporal úmido, exceto Co e Cd que apresentaram correlação não significativa (P > 0,05). Metais como Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, K, Ca, Mg e Co apresentaram padrão alométrico negativo com o aumento do peso corporal(P < 0,001) e do comprimento total (em centímetros), exceto para Co e Cd, que indica correlação não significativa (P > 0,05). O presente estudo será útil para avaliar a toxicidade devido à presença de metais pesados para pesquisadores e diferentes organizações de River Chenab, Punjab, Paquistão. décadas humana habitat consequência tornaramse tornaram se ameaçadas doce carne selvagem permitido internacionais Fe Zn Cu Ni Mn K Na P 0,001 0001 0 001 0,05. 005 0,05 . 05 0,05) Pb corporalP centímetros, centímetros , centímetros) Chenab Punjab Paquistão 0,00 000 00 0,0 0,

Abstract Over recent years, fish parasites of the genus Cymothoa Fabricius, 1793, have received increased attention due to both their ecological and their economic importance to aquaculture and fishery. As the studies about Cymothoa have increased this improve our understanding on the host specificity and distribution of these parasites. The aim of this paper was to review the current global geographic distribution, distribution patterns and parasite-host interactions patterns of Cymothoa spp. associated with fish from marine and brackish water bodies around the world. A total of 144 samples were analyzed, from which 23 species of Cymothoa were found parasitizing 84 teleost fish species of 35 families and 20 orders. Most of these parasites were found in the mouth of the host fish, including in wild fish. The highest occurrence of parasites was found in host species belonging to the families Carangidae and Lutjanidae. Host specificity was an important factor in the geographic distribution of Cymothoa species as also environmental temperature. Cymothoa indica, Cymothoa exigua and Cymothoa excisa were the species with lowest specificity for host family and widest geographic distribution. years Fabricius 1793 fishery parasitehost parasite spp world 14 analyzed 2 8 3 orders Lutjanidae temperature indica 179 1 17

Abstract Groupers (Epinephelidae and Serranidae) have attracted special attention to fish farming, and their species offer good opportunities for successful hybridizations. Cytogenetic data allow a better understanding of the role of karyotypic diversification in the acquisition of post-zygotic reproductive isolation (RI). Thus, chromosomal analyses were performed on E. striatus (Caribbean Sea), E. coioides and E. tauvina (Indo-Pacific Region), using standard procedures and mapping of six repetitive DNA classes by the in situ hybridization. The three species have 2n=48 chromosomes. The karyotypes of E. coioides and E. striatus are composed only of acrocentric chromosomes (FN=48), while E. tauvina has 8 submetacentric chromosomes (FN=56). Heterochromatin has a preferential centromeric distribution, and the microsatellite repeats are dispersed throughout the chromosomes of all species. The 18S and 5S rDNA sites are unique but show a colocalization arrangement in E. tauvina and E. striatus. The chromosomal organization suggests that the three species still maintain a significant amount of syntenic regions. The range of the karyotype divergence and the RI levels showed low, but goes turn proportionally greater in relation to the divergence time between the parental species. The slow acquisition of postzygotic RI is consistent with the high karyotype homogeneity presented by Epinephelidae family. Serranidae farming hybridizations post zygotic RI. . (RI) Thus E Caribbean Sea, Sea , Sea) IndoPacific Indo Pacific Region, Region Region) hybridization 2n48 n 2n 48 2n=4 FN=48, FN48 FN FN=48 (FN=48) FN=56. FN56 FN=56 56 (FN=56) distribution S regions low family (RI 2n4 4 2n= FN4 FN=4 (FN=48 FN5 FN=5 5 (FN=56 FN= (FN=4 (FN=5 (FN= (FN

Abstract Several fishes of the family Poeciliidae are commonly produced in ornamental aquaculture and also used for pest control, leading to their introduction in numerous countries. Many of these species exhibit tolerance and invasiveness, as exemplified by Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866). This report documents the presence of X. maculatus in a Caribbean coastal stream in Venezuela. Quizandal Creek has experienced significant human intervention in its lower drainage and channel area. In the final segment of the creek the fish were captured using hand nets and beach seines. The specimens were transported alive to the laboratory for evaluation and subsequently preserved according to standard methods and later were cataloged in the fish collection. 16 males ♂ and 8 females ♀ (16.6-29.4 mm SL. CPUCLA-3630) from the Quizandal Creek, part of the coastal drainage of the Borburata River, were analyzed. This is the first report on the occurrence of Xiphophorus maculatus in natural environments of Venezuela. These coastal streams are situated in a zoogeographic transition zone between regional freshwater ichthyofaunas that have a limited number of species, primarily secondary and amphidromous, which could be susceptible to the presence of introduced species. Xiphophorus fish demonstrate the ability to thrive in highly degraded environments, promoting their dispersion and amplifying the impact on the habitat and local fish, particularly small endemic fish, such as the Rivulidae and Poeciliidae. control countries invasiveness Günther, Günther (Günther 1866. 1866 . 1866) X Venezuela area seines collection 1 16.629.4 166294 16.6 29.4 6 29 4 (16.6-29. SL CPUCLA3630 CPUCLA 3630 CPUCLA-3630 River analyzed amphidromous 186 629 16.629. 16629 166 16. 294 29. 2 (16.6-29 CPUCLA363 363 CPUCLA-363 18 62 16.629 1662 (16.6-2 CPUCLA36 36 CPUCLA-36 16.62 (16.6- CPUCLA3 3 CPUCLA-3 (16.6 CPUCLA- (16. (16 (1 (

Resumo Vários peixes Poeciliidae são comumente empregados na aquicultura ornamental e no controle de pragas, levando à sua introdução em vários países. Muitas dessas espécies exibem tolerância e invasividade, exemplificadas por Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866). Esta nota documenta a presença de X. maculatus em um riacho costeiro na encosta do Caribe, Venezuela. O riacho Quizandal sofreu intervenção humana significativa na drenagem inferior e na área do canal. No trecho final do riacho os peixes foram capturados com redes de mão e arrastos. Os espécimes foram transportados vivos ao laboratório para avaliação e posteriormente preservados segundos métodos padronizados para posterior catalogação na coleção de peixes. Foram analisados 16 machos ♂ e 8 fêmeas ♀ (16,6-29,4 mm SL. CPUCLA-3630) provenientes do Córrego Quizandal, associado à drenagem costeira do Rio Borburata. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de Xiphophorus maculatus em ambientes naturais da Venezuela. Estes riachos costeiros estão situados numa zona de transição zoogeográfica entre ictiofaunas regionais de água doce e apresentam um número limitado de espécies, principalmente secundárias e anfidromas, que podem ser suscetíveis à presença de espécies introduzidas. Os peixes Xiphophorus demonstram a capacidade de prosperar em ambientes altamente degradados, promovendo a sua dispersão e amplificando o impacto no habitat e nos peixes locais, particularmente pequenos peixes endêmicos, como os Rivulidae e Poeciliidae. pragas países invasividade Günther, Günther (Günther 1866. 1866 . 1866) X Caribe Venezuela canal arrastos 1 16,629,4 166294 16,6 29,4 6 29 4 (16,6-29, SL CPUCLA3630 CPUCLA 3630 CPUCLA-3630 Borburata anfidromas introduzidas degradados locais endêmicos 186 629 16,629, 16629 166 16, 294 29, 2 (16,6-29 CPUCLA363 363 CPUCLA-363 18 62 16,629 1662 (16,6-2 CPUCLA36 36 CPUCLA-36 16,62 (16,6- CPUCLA3 3 CPUCLA-3 (16,6 CPUCLA- (16, (16 (1 (

ABSTRACT Since prehistoric times, indigenous communities have relied on fish as a staple source of protein for their subsistence. In most cases, fish is the sole source of income and of animal protein for the communities. Nevertheless, the documentation of fish from an ethnological perspective is rare, and biological research alone might not provide sufficient information required to manage fisheries resources. We discuss the traditional ichthyological knowledge of the Piapoco, Piaroa, Puinave, and Sikuani ethnic groups inhabiting the Matavén Forest (Vichada, Colombia). Each group has its perception regarding knowledge, at times detailed, of fish groups, their distribution, and uses. To obtain information regarding traditional ichthyological knowledge, fish were collected over one month at 31 sampling sites in different habitats along the lower Matavén River basin. The fish were identified by formal taxonomy and the informal classification by experienced fishermen of the four ethnic groups. There was consistency among the names given by the ethnic groups and formal taxonomy. The indigenous collaborators used binomial classification systems in which the organisms are grouped at family and genus levels and, to some extent, categorization depends on distribution within the aquatic habitats (i.e., rivers, streams and lagoons). The indigenous collaborators did not provide sociocultural or mythological information related to the fishes. Our findings contribute to the development of conservation and rural development projects in the Colombian Amazon. subsistence cases Nevertheless rare resources Piapoco Piaroa Puinave Vichada, Vichada (Vichada Colombia. Colombia . Colombia) detailed uses 3 basin extent i.e., ie i e (i.e. rivers lagoons. lagoons lagoons) fishes Amazon i.e. (i.e i.e

RESUMEN Desde la prehistoria, las comunidades indígenas han dependido del pescado como fuente primaria de proteína para su subsistencia. En la mayoría de los casos, el pescado es la única fuente de ingresos y proteína animal para la comunidad. Sin embargo, el estudio de los peces desde una perspectiva etnológica no es común y la investigación científica por sí sola puede no proporcionar información suficiente para gestionar los recursos pesqueros. Se discute aquí el conocimiento ictiológico tradicional de las etnias Piapoco, Piaroa, Puinave y Sikuani que habitan la Selva de Matavén (Vichada, Colombia). Cada etnia tiene una percepción propia, a veces detallada, de los grupos de peces, su distribución y usos. Para obtener información sobre el conocimiento ictiológico tradicional, se colectaron peces durante un mes en 31 sitios de muestreo en diferentes hábitats en la cuenca baja del Río Matavén. Los peces fueron identificados usando taxonomía formal y clasificación informal por pescadores expertos de las cuatro etnias. Hubo coherencia entre los nombres dados por los grupos étnicos y el sistema de taxonomía formal. Los colaboradores indígenas usaron sistemas de clasificación binomial en los que los organismos se agrupan a nivel de familia y género y la categorización depende, hasta cierto punto, de la distribución dentro de los hábitats acuáticos (ríos, arroyos y lagunas). Los colaboradores indígenas no proporcionaron información sociocultural o mitológica relacionada con los peces. Nuestros hallazgos contribuyen al desarrollo de proyectos de conservación y desarrollo rural en la Amazonía colombiana. prehistoria subsistencia casos comunidad embargo pesqueros Piapoco Piaroa Vichada, Vichada (Vichada Colombia. Colombia . Colombia) propia detallada usos 3 depende punto ríos, ríos (ríos lagunas. lagunas lagunas) colombiana