Abstract In the context of climate change and forest fires, the lack of an intercultural approach in fire management policies, which incorporates the cultural knowledge of communities, has had negative consequences, posing a threat to the preservation of these practices within the communities. The objective of this article is to understand the relationship between culture and fire as a possibility for the integrated management of this element, addressing the challenges of community work in the key of Heideggerian dwelling, building, and caring. Phenomenology from Heidegger serves as our methodological guide. The comprehensive journey leads us to the conclusion that the term 'culture' is related to the experience of Heideggerian building and dwelling, as long as it is seen from the perspective of care and protection, akin to communal construction. Thus, we question the colonial oversight paradigm of prohibitive policies regarding fire use in communities. This article aims to promote governmental practices that integrate culture from its conceptual depth into participatory institutional programs for the design of fire management policies, adopting an intercultural approach. In this way, we will recognize pyrobiocultural territories as cores of knowledge through which people live and dwell with care from people's memory lens.

Resumen En el contexto del cambio climático e incendios forestales, la falta del enfoque intercultural en las políticas de manejo del fuego, que integre los conocimientos culturales de los pueblos, ha tenido consecuencias negativas, y representa una amenaza para la preservación de estos saberes dentro de las comunidades. El objetivo del artículo es comprender la relación entre la cultura y el fuego como una posibilidad para el manejo integral de este elemento. Para ello, se abordan los desafíos del trabajo comunitario en clave de un habitar, construir y cuidar heideggeriano. La fenomenología desde Heidegger es nuestra guía metodológica. El trasegar comprensivo nos conduce a la conclusión que el término cultura tiene que ver con la experiencia de construir y habitar heideggeriano, en la medida que sea vista desde el cuidado y protección, tal como construcción comunal. Así, cuestionamos el paradigma colonial fiscalizador de las políticas prohibicionistas sobre el uso del fuego en las comunidades. Este artículo busca fomentar prácticas gubernamentales que integren la cultura desde su profundidad conceptual en programas institucionales participativos para el diseño de políticas de manejo del fuego, adoptando un enfoque intercultural. Así, lograremos reconocer territorios pirobioculturales como centros de conocimiento en los que se habita y mora desde el cuidado bajo los lentes de la memoria de los pueblos.

Resumo O comércio internacional é capaz de afetar negativamente a fruticultura brasileira, em razão do risco à sanidade vegetal, que é a combinação da probabilidade de ocorrência da praga e seu perigo potencial. O modelo de rede socioeconômica possui potencial de representar esse risco e ser usado pelo órgão fiscalizador. Os objetivos são analisar a aplicabilidade do modelo para a avaliação de risco de entrada de pragas via importação, e converter os resultados em propostas de estratégias de inspeção para determinadas frutas. A probabilidade foi representada pela frequência de importação caracterizada pelo tamanho do nó e a espessura do arco, enquanto o perigo potencial foi expresso pela cor do nó, de acordo com as pragas interceptadas de 2018 a 2020. O método se mostrou útil como meio visual para analisar as regiões de risco, mas não como método preditivo. Como resultado, as maçãs e peras importadas da Argentina, Uruguai, Chile e Espanha, principalmente pela região Sul; frutas do gênero Prunnus do Chile, especialmente pelo Rio Grande do Sul; frutas da Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul 0810, do Chile, México e EUA; citros do Uruguai e Argentina, em particular, por São Paulo; uva da Argentina, em especial, importadas via região Sul, Pernambuco e São Paulo precisam de inspeção mais rigorosa. brasileira vegetal fiscalizador arco 201 2020 preditivo resultado Argentina Espanha Sul 0810 EUA particular especial rigorosa 20 202 081 2 08 0

Abstract International trade can negatively affect Brazilian fruit growing due to the risk to plant health, which is the combination of the probability of occurrence of the pest and its potential danger. The socio-economic network model has the potential to represent this risk and be used by the supervisory agency. The aims are to analyze the applicability of the model for assessing the risk of pests entering via imports and to convert the results into proposals for inspection strategies for certain fruits. The probability was represented by the import frequency characterized by the size of the node and the thickness of the arc, while the potential danger was represented by the color of the node according to the pests intercepted between 2018 and 2020. The method proved useful as a visual tool for analyzing risk regions, but not as a predictive method. Apples and pears imported from Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Spain, mainly through the southern region; Prunnus genus from Chile, especially in Rio Grande do Sul; Mercosur Common Nomenclature 0810 fruits from Chile, Mexico and the USA; citrus from Uruguay and Argentina, mainly in São Paulo; grapes from Argentina, mainly in the southern region, in Pernambuco and São Paulo need stricter inspection. health socioeconomic socio economic agency arc 201 2020 regions Argentina Spain region Sul 081 USA 20 202 08 2 0

Resumen Este artículo examina la configuración y evolución del derecho a la seguridad social en Chile, en el contexto de los procesos constituyentes recientes. Se analiza el papel del Estado como garante y fiscalizador de las prestaciones básicas y uniformes de seguridad social, así como la participación de instituciones públicas y privadas en su implementación. Además, se discute la definición y alcance del derecho a la seguridad social, considerando fuentes internacionales y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional Chileno. Finalmente, se plantean los desafíos constitucionales y legislativos en la consagración de este derecho fundamental, considerando aspectos jurídicos y políticos.

Abstract This article examines the configuration and evolution of Chile's right to social security within the context of the Political Constitution of the Republic and recent constitutional processes. The role of the State as guarantor and overseer of basic and uniform social security benefits is analyzed, as well as the participation of public and private institutions in their implementation. Furthermore, the definition and scope of the right to social security are discussed, taking into account international sources and the jurisprudence of the Chilean Constitutional Court. Finally, the constitutional and legislative challenges in establishing and regulating this fundamental right are presented, considering legal and political aspects.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the technological impact of videosurveillance cameras at the workplace on the fundamental right to the privacy of the workers and the right to the protection of personal data, as well as the scope or limits of the supervisory power of the employer in their use, according to the doctrinal and jurisprudential contributions in its regulation.

RESUMEN El presente artículo versa sobre el análisis de la incidencia tecnológica de las cámaras de videovigilancia laboral en los derechos fundamentales a la intimidad de los trabajadores y el derecho a la protección de los datos personales, y los alcances o límites del poder fiscalizador del empleador en su uso, según los aportes doctrina rios y jurisprudenciales en su debida regulación.

RESUMO O presente artigo trata da análise do impacto tecnológico das câmeras de vídeovigilância sobre os direitos fundamentais à privacidade dos trabalhadores e do direito à proteção de dados pessoais, e o alcance ou limites do poder de supervisão do empregador em seu uso, de acordo com as contribuições doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais em sua devida regulamentação.

ABSTRACT: Since the first decade of the 21st century, there have been regulatory and conceptually scattered attempts to regulate “labor subcontracting” in Mexico in view of the abusive or fraudulent practices undermining the rights of workers. However, the regulatory framework of the comprehensive reform of April 23, 2021, which is based on the Federal Labor Law, is so general that it is not devoid of ambiguities and legal uncertainty in the various provisions. In the sphere of social security laws, however well-intentioned the aims of the reform may be presented, the fiscal nature of the amendments to said laws is evident since they revolve around institutes’ direct and effective control by relieving employers from exhausting certain means in the event of employer noncompliance, thereby avoiding the jurisdictional route and thus reinforcing the collection and auditing role of the corresponding authorities.

RÉSUMÉ Au Mexique, au cours des dix premières années du XXIe siècle, on a tenté plusieurs fois d’encadrer juridiquement et conceptuellement (en 2009, 2012 et 2015) la « sous-traitance (ou externalisation) du travail » pour corriger les nombreux abus dont étaient victimes les salariés. Pourtant, le cadre juridique caractérisant la réforme complète du 23 avril 2021, qui constitue l’axe principal de la Loi Fédérale sur le Travail (Ley Federal del Trabajo), est si général que l’on peut aisément relever les ambigüités et le flou juridique dans les différentes ordonnances qui en émanent. Ainsi, alors que les intentions déclarées de la réforme peuvent susciter de l’admiration en ce qui concerne les lois relatives à la Sécurité sociale, il est évident que les modifications desdites lois n’ont été adoptées que pour des raisons fiscales car elles favorisent le contrôle efficace et direct des organismes publics et leur permet de ne plus s’attaquer directement aux employeurs qui ne respectent pas les droits sociaux. Les poursuites légales sont ainsi évitées et il est clair que la réforme est surtout un moyen de fiscaliser les entreprises et de collecter des impôts.

RESUMEN: En México, desde la primera década del siglo XXI, se había intentado regular (bajo una dispersión normativa y conceptual) la “subcontratación laboral” (2009, 2012 y 2015) ante las prácticas abusivas o simuladas en perjuicio de los derechos de los trabajadores. Sin embargo, el marco normativo de la reforma integral del 23 abril de 2021, que tiene como eje rector a la Ley Federal del Trabajo, es tan general que no está exento de ambigüedades e incertidumbre jurídica en los diferentes ordenamientos. En el ámbito de las leyes de seguridad social, por muy bien intencionados que se presenten los objetivos de la reforma, salta a la vista la naturaleza fiscal de las modificaciones realizadas a dichas leyes, pues giran en torno al control directo y efectivo por parte de los institutos, además de que los releva de agotar ciertos medios ante los incumplimientos patronales para, de esta forma, evitar la vía jurisdiccional, con lo que se refuerza el carácter recaudador y fiscalizador de éstos.

Abstract This article aims to contribute to better understand the general anti-avoidance rules in Chile. It holds that both, the abuse of law and simulation are objective legal institutions, like in Spain, so no special subjective intent is needed to be demonstrated for tax avoidance behaviour. Instead, based on scholars’ reviews, jurisprudence and normative analyses, this article posits that both institutions obey to control measures to re-establish the rule of law through the request for a tribunal’s anti-avoidance injunction.

Resumen El presente trabajo pretende contribuir a una mejor comprensión de las normas generales antielusivas en Chile, y sostiene que tanto el abuso de las formas jurídicas como la simulación -al igual que en España- son figuras objetivas, esto es, que dentro de sus presupuestos de aplicación no es necesario determinar un especial ánimo que habría guiado al contribuyente a eludir. Tal afirmación tiene su fundamento en un análisis normativo, jurisprudencial y doctrinal, tras el cual se concluye que ambas instituciones corresponden a figuras vinculadas al restablecimiento de la legalidad, las que se concretan en el requerimiento que efectúa el ente fiscalizador a un tribunal para que este declare que en un caso concreto existe elusión.

O artigo investiga se, e de que forma, a Controladoria-Geral da União (CGU) aborda a ideia de transparência em seus perfis de redes sociais. Três questões orientam a análise: Como o tema da transparência pública é mobilizado pela CGU no Facebook e no Twitter? Uma vez que Facebook e Twitter dispõem de estruturas e usuários distintos, que estratégias de comunicação são privilegiadas em cada rede? Em que medida as rotinas de comunicação digital da CGU foram transformadas na transição entre os governos Rousseff e Temer? A análise de conteúdo de 4.212 publicações no Facebook e no Twitter em 2015 e 2016 revelou que a instituição privilegia dois temas: transparência e corrupção. Ademais, autoridades públicas são pouco mencionadas, afastando-se uma perspectiva personalista de instrumentalização da comunicação. Descobriu-se, ainda, que a transição governamental efetivamente interferiu nas rotinas de publicação da entidade.

Abstract The article investigates whether and how the Office of the Comptroller General (CGU) addresses the idea of transparency in its social network profiles. Three questions guide our analysis: How is the idea of public transparency mobilized by the CGU on Facebook and Twitter? Since Facebook and Twitter have different structures and users, which communication strategies are privileged in each network? To what extent have CGU’s digital communication routines been transformed in the transition between the Rousseff and Temer governments? The Content Analysis of 4,212 publications on Facebook and Twitter in 2015 and 2016 revealed that the institution favors two issues: transparency and corruption. Furthermore, public authorities are rarely mentioned, moving away from a personalist perspective of instrumentalizing communication. We also found out that government transition influenced the CGU’s publishing routines.

Resumen El artículo investiga si la Contraloría General de la Federación (CGU) aborda la idea de transparencia en sus perfiles de redes sociales y de qué manera. Tres preguntas guían el análisis: ¿Cómo moviliza CGU el tema de la transparencia pública en Facebook y Twitter? Dado que Facebook y Twitter tienen estructuras y usuarios diferentes, ¿qué estrategias de comunicación son privilegiadas en cada red? ¿En qué medida se han transformado las rutinas de comunicación digital de CGU en la transición entre los gobiernos de Rousseff y Temer? El Análisis de Contenido de 4.212 publicaciones en Facebook y Twitter en 2015 y 2016 reveló que la institución favorece dos temas: transparencia y corrupción. Además, las autoridades públicas rara vez se mencionan, alejándose de una perspectiva personalista de instrumentalización de la comunicación. También se descubrió que la transición del gobierno interfirió efectivamente con las rutinas de publicación de la entidad.

Résumé L’article examine si, et de quelle manière, le Contrôleur Général Fédéral (CGU) aborde l’idée de transparence dans ses profils de réseaux sociaux. Trois questions guident l’analyse: comment le thème de la transparence publique est-il mobilisé par CGU sur Facebook et Twitter? Puisque Facebook et Twitter ont des structures et des utilisateurs différents, quelles stratégies de communication sont privilégiées dans chaque réseau? Dans quelle mesure les routines de communication numérique de CGU ont-elles été transformées lors de la transition entre les gouvernements Rousseff et Temer? L’analyse de contenu de 4212 publications sur Facebook et Twitter en 2015 et 2016 a révélé que l’institution privilégie deux thèmes: la transparence et la corruption. De plus, les pouvoirs publics sont rarement mentionnés, s’éloignant d’une perspective personnaliste d’instrumentalisation de la communication. Il a également été découvert que la transition gouvernementale interférait effectivement avec les routines de publication de l’entité.

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to observe whether the discourses which present the journalist as a strategic communicator, in the contemporary context, involve overcoming other discourses which have supported and explained the work of journalists in our society in a traditional way. We refer to the narrative based on values such as objectivity, independence, the supervisory role of power -among others-, which could well be considered a myth following the authors studied in the theoretical construction of this research. Is strategic communication an overcoming of this liberal myth of journalism? For this purpose, the discourses of academics who teach subjects on strategic communication in journalism schools of Santiago de Chile were analyzed. The main results indicate that there is indeed a partial displacement of this liberal myth of journalism to make way for discourses that are more in tune with a contemporary context. This new myth, linked to strategic communication, gives journalists a new way of explaining their role in society, while allowing them to migrate to more and better jobs, requiring of these professionals an adaptation to new forms of exercise of the profession.

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene por objetivo observar si los discursos que plantean al periodista como un comunicador estratégico, en el contexto contemporáneo, involucran una superación de aquellos discursos que han sustentado y explicado la labor de los periodistas en nuestra sociedad de manera tradicional. Nos referimos a aquel relato basado en valores como la objetividad, la independencia, el rol fiscalizador del poder -entre otros-, que bien podríamos considerar un mito siguiendo a los autores estudiados en la construcción teórica de esta investigación. ¿Supone la comunicación estratégica una superación de este mito liberal del periodismo? Para esto se analizaron los discursos de académicos que imparten asignaturas sobre comunicación estratégica en escuelas de periodismo de Santiago de Chile. Los principales resultados señalan que efectivamente se observa un desplazamiento parcial de este mito liberal del periodismo para dar paso a discursos que se encuentran en mayor sintonía con un contexto contemporáneo. Este “nuevo mito”, vinculado a la comunicación estratégica, les entrega a los periodistas una nueva forma de explicar su rol en la sociedad, a la vez que les permite migrar a mejores y más puestos laborales, exigiendo de estos profesionales una adecuación a nuevas formas de ejercicio de la profesión.

Abstract The article aims to elucidate the representation that have owners and customers, regarding the notion of food and traditional restaurant in the Maule region. Methodology. Qualitative study, exploratory and oriented theoretically and methodologically from the social representations. A structural sample composed of 14 restaurant owners considered as traditional, and 29 of its clients in the Maule region (Chile). A structured interview is applied. Results. These express that the notion of traditional restaurant, is composed by a historical valuation for both structural positions. Customers are represented as commensals, from the emergence of feelings associated to the familiarity, and the owners represent their condition, for pride and responsibility. Customers would recommend the premises for its gastronomic quality and tradition associate to the history of place. The owners would recommend their local for quality and public recognition. Limitations. It highlights as difficulty, the perception in the participants of the study, to consider the research as an evaluating aspect, therefore negative and fiscalizador of the place. Conclusions. It would be advisable to carry out a quantitative study to characterize the gastronomic offer and nutritional composition of foods in traditional restaurants in the region.

Resumen El artículo tiene por objeto dilucidar la representación que poseen dueños y clientes, respecto la noción de alimentación y restaurante tradicional en la región del Maule. Metodología. Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y orientado teórica y metodológicamente desde las representaciones sociales. Muestra estructural compuesta por 14 dueños de restaurantes considerados como tradicionales, y 29 de sus clientes en la región del Maule (Chile). Se aplicó una entrevista estructurada. Los resultados expresan que la noción de restaurante tradicional se compone por una valoración histórica para ambas posiciones estructurales. Los clientes representan la condición de comensal desde la emergencia de sentimientos asociados a la familiaridad y los dueños representan su condición, por orgullo y responsabilidad. Los clientes recomendarían los locales por su calidad gastronómica y la tradición asociada a la historia del lugar. Los dueños recomendarían su local por la calidad de los productos y el reconocimiento público. Limitaciones. Destaca como dificultad, la percepción en los participantes del estudio, a considerar la investigación como un aspecto evaluador, por tanto, negativo y fiscalizador del lugar. Conclusiones. Sería recomendable realizar un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, que permita caracterizar la oferta gastronómica y composición nutricional de los alimentos en restaurantes tradicionales de la región.

Resumo Introdução: o rompimento da barragem de rejeitos de Fundão, da empresa Samarco, ocorrido em 2015, em Minas Gerais, é considerado uma das grandes e graves tragédias socioambientais do Brasil. Objetivo: discutir o episódio do rompimento da barragem, seus danos e repercussões sobre os trabalhadores e a população atingida, assim como o papel do Estado na defesa dos interesses dessas populações. Método: ensaio baseado em relatórios elaborados por órgãos oficiais, grupos acadêmicos e movimentos sociais e em notícias veiculadas pela imprensa. Discussão: os documentos indicam incapacidade do Estado para exercer seu papel como agente controlador e fiscalizador de maneira efetiva e revelam a vulnerabilidade da população atingida, esmagada por um modelo de desenvolvimento que fragiliza a organização coletiva, a representatividade social e a capacidade política de fazer valer seus direitos. As apurações sobre as responsabilidades, as ações de indenização e as medidas de recuperação dos danos socioambientais, ocupacionais e sanitários poderão não atender de forma justa e satisfatória os interesses coletivos dos trabalhadores e seus familiares, assim como de toda a população atingida, apontando para a necessidade de um amplo processo de mobilização social para recuperar a dignidade e os direitos violados por essa grave tragédia.

Abstract Introduction: the Fundão/Samarco tailings dam collapse, which took place in Minas Gerais in 2015, is considered one of the worst Brazilian socio-environmental tragedies. Objective: to discuss the dam collapse, its damage and repercussions on the affected workers and population, as well as the role of the State in defending the interests of these populations. Method: this article is based on reports by official organizations, academic groups and social movements, in addition to media news. Discussion: the documents indicate the State’s inability in effectively exercising its role as controller and inspector. They reveal the vulnerability of the affected population that is crushed by a development model that weakens their collective organization, social representation, and political capacity to claim for rights. The investigation on the responsibilities, indemnity actions, and measures for recovering environmental, occupational, and sanitary damages may not fairly and satisfactorily meet the collective interests of workers and their families, as well as those of the entire affected population. This situation points out to the need for a broad social mobilization process aimed at recovering the dignity and rights which were violated by this severe tragedy.

ABSTRACT In Latin America, national superintendents are charged with the supervision and enforcement of health-related matters, and accordingly the regulatory systems used by these individuals are aimed at protecting health rights and detecting solving infringements. Here, we discuss the approach undertaken by Peru with regard to health rights as programmatic rather than fundamental rights, as well as the determination of penalties. Since 2015, the National Health Authority (SUSALUD), through the Control and Penalty Intendance, has maintained both the regulatory and supervisory roles deemed essential to public health in our country. Accordingly, we present the experiences of SUSALUD with regard to the implementation of the punitive administrative process (PAP) from January 2014 to April 2016. During this period, 38 PAP responsibilities were determined and of these, 78.3% correspond to institutions that provide health services. In conclusion, the penalties applied by SUSALUD are derived from programmatic-level health rights.

RESUMEN En Latinoamérica, la fiscalización y sanción en materia de salud es responsabilidad de las superintendencias nacionales. Por ello, sus sistemas normativos tienen la finalidad de proteger los derechos en salud, detectar sus vulneraciones y resolverlas. Este artículo discute el enfoque que el Perú ha asumido en derecho a la salud, entendida como un derecho programático y no fundamental, y respecto a la determinación de sanciones que determina. La función reguladora y fiscalizadora, esencial en salud pública, en nuestro país desde el 2015 está a cargo de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (SUSALUD) a través de la Intendencia de Fiscalización y Sanción. Se presenta la experiencia de SUSALUD, en la implementación del proceso administrativo sancionador (PAS), desde enero de 2014 a abril de 2016. En este período se determinó 38 PAS con responsabilidad. De éstas, 78,3% corresponde a instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud. Se concluye que las sanciones aplicadas por SUSALUD se derivan del derecho a la salud a nivel programático.

In Latin America, national superintendents are charged with the supervision and enforcement of health-related matters, and accordingly the regulatory systems used by these individuals are aimed at protecting health rights and detecting solving infringements. Here, we discuss the approach undertaken by Peru with regard to health rights as programmatic rather than fundamental rights, as well as the determination of penalties. Since 2015, the National Health Authority (SUSALUD), through the Control and Penalty Intendance, has maintained both the regulatory and supervisory roles deemed essential to public health in our country. Accordingly, we present the experiences of SUSALUD with regard to the implementation of the punitive administrative process (PAP) from January 2014 to April 2016. During this period, 38 PAP responsibilities were determined and of these, 78.3% correspond to institutions that provide health services. In conclusion, the penalties applied by SUSALUD are derived from programmatic-level health rights.

En Latinoamérica, la fiscalización y sanción en materia de salud es responsabilidad de las superintendencias nacionales. Por ello, sus sistemas normativos tienen la finalidad de proteger los derechos en salud, detectar sus vulneraciones y resolverlas. Este artículo discute el enfoque que el Perú ha asumido en derecho a la salud, entendida como un derecho programático y no fundamental, y respecto a la determinación de sanciones que determina. La función reguladora y fiscalizadora, esencial en salud pública, en nuestro país desde el 2015 está a cargo de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (SUSALUD) a través de la Intendencia de Fiscalización y Sanción. Se presenta la experiencia de SUSALUD, en la implementación del proceso administrativo sancionador (PAS), desde enero de 2014 a abril de 2016. En este período se determinó 38 PAS con responsabilidad. De éstas, 78,3% corresponde a instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud. Se concluye que las sanciones aplicadas por SUSALUD se derivan del derecho a la salud a nivel programático.

Objetivou-se analisar a gestão do trabalho em 12 hospitais da 9ª Região de Saúde do Paraná. Estudo exploratório, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com 116 profissionais: 52,59% de nível superior; 56,43% ingressaram por processo seletivo; 19,82% possuem mais de um vínculo; 21,43% com vínculos desprotegidos; 19,29% participam de atividades de educação permanente; nenhum hospital possui Plano de Carreira, Cargos e Salários. Conclui-se ser fundamental o Estado exercer seu papel de regulador, fiscalizador e controlador dos serviços de saúde, independentemente da titularidade de quem os execute, necessidades que podem interferir em melhores condições de trabalho, com impacto na qualidade da assistência.

We aimed to analyze work management in 12 hospitals of Paraná's 9th Health Region. Exploratory study, conducted through semi-structured interview with 116 professionals: 52,59% of higher education; 56,43% enrolled through a selective process; 19,82% have more than one bond; 21,43% precarious bonds; 19,29% participate in ongoing activities of continuing education; no institution has a career plan formally instituted. We conclude that it is essential that the State to exercise its role as regulator, supervising and controlling health services, regardless of the ownership of those who perform them, needs that may interfere with better working conditions, impacting the quality of care.

Objetivou-se analisar a gestão do trabalho em 12 hospitais da 9ª Região de Saúde do Paraná. Estudo exploratório, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com 116 profissionais: 52,59% de nível superior; 56,43% ingressaram por processo seletivo; 19,82% possuem mais de um vínculo; 21,43% com vínculos desprotegidos; 19,29% participam de atividades de educação permanente; nenhum hospital possui Plano de Carreira, Cargos e Salários. Conclui-se ser fundamental o Estado exercer seu papel de regulador, fiscalizador e controlador dos serviços de saúde, independentemente da titularidade de quem os execute, necessidades que podem interferir em melhores condições de trabalho, com impacto na qualidade da assistência.

We aimed to analyze work management in 12 hospitals of Paraná's 9th Health Region. Exploratory study, conducted through semi-structured interview with 116 professionals: 52,59% of higher education; 56,43% enrolled through a selective process; 19,82% have more than one bond; 21,43% precarious bonds; 19,29% participate in ongoing activities of continuing education; no institution has a career plan formally instituted. We conclude that it is essential that the State to exercise its role as regulator, supervising and controlling health services, regardless of the ownership of those who perform them, needs that may interfere with better working conditions, impacting the quality of care.

In 2008, Brazil's Federal Council of Medicine [Conselho Federal de Medicina] (CFM) - regulatory and supervisory agency on the ethical practice of medicine - banned the participation of Brazilian doctors in studies using placebos for diseases with efficient and effective treatment. This position differs with the Helsinki Declaration, which allows the use of placebos in methodologically justified conditions. To ascertain whether the CMF's ethical regulation modified the use of placebos in phase III clinical trials in Brazil, characteristics of the records in ClinicalTrials.gov were researched in the periods from 2003 to 2007 and from 2009 to 2013. The conclusions reached were: a) the regulations issued by the CFM in 2008 were ineffective and the position adopted by the Helsinki Declaration prevails; b) there was significant sponsorship by the multinational pharmaceutical industry of trials with placebos; c) the research was predominantly on new drugs for chronic diseases, with little study done of the neglected diseases which are of great importance to Brazil.

El Consejo Federal de Medicina de Brasil (CFM) -órgano normativo y fiscalizador del ejercicio ético de la medicina- prohibió, en 2008, la participación de médicos brasileños en investigaciones que utilizaran placebo para enfermedades con tratamiento eficaz y efectivo, en contraposición a la Declaración de Helsinki, que permite su uso en condiciones metodológicamente justificadas. Con el objetivo de verificar si la normativa ética del CFM modificó el uso de placebo en ensayos clínicos de fase III en Brasil, se analizaron varias características de sus registros en el ClinicalTrials.gov, en los períodos de 2003 a 2007 y de 2009 a 2013. Se concluye que: a) la normativa promulgada por el CFM en 2008 fue ineficaz y prevaleció la posición adoptada por la Declaración de Helsinki; b) el patrocinio de ensayos con placebo por parte de la industria farmacéutica multinacional fue significativo; c) predominaron las investigaciones de fármacos para enfermedades crónicas, y fueron poco significativas para las enfermedades postergadas, de importancia para Brasil.