The history of the discovery, use, and development of dyes is closely linked to the history of humanity itself. Among the first records of human civilization are cave paintings made from, e.g., fruits, plants, minerals, and insects. Over the centuries, using different techniques, colors have been given to all types of materials and products, from clothing to food. The chemicals responsible for colors are dyes - a vast collection of molecules of the most varied compositions, but which have in common the absorption of light within the visible window of the electromagnetic spectrum. This article aims not only to review the properties of some classes of natural dyes, their origins, and their applications but also to describe the various computational chemistry methods involved in designing new bio-inspired molecules. discovery use itself eg e g e.g. fruits plants minerals insects centuries techniques products food compositions spectrum origins bioinspired bio inspired e.g

Resumen El playero blanco (Calidris alba) es el ave playera de más amplia distribución que inverna en ambas costas de América, con registros de individuos vagabundos en el interior del continente. El 14 de septiembre de 2022, observamos y fotografiamos dos juveniles del playero blanco en una charca pequeña adyacente al Río Mezquites en el Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna de Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, México. Este avistamiento representa el primer registro de esta especie en este sitio RAMSAR e incrementa su distribución continental conocida en el noreste de México, siendo además el primero documentado para el estado de Coahuila.

Abstract The Sanderling (Calidris alba) is the most widely distributed shorebird that winters on both coasts of America, with records of vagrant individuals in the interior of the continent. On 14 September 2022, we observed and photographed two juvenile Sanderlings at a small pool adjacent to the Río Mezquites in the Cuatro Ciénegas protected area, Coahuila, Mexico. This sighting represents the first record of this species in this RAMSAR site, and increases the known inland distribution in northeastern Mexico, as well as the first documented for the state of Coahuila.

Resumen Presentamos dos nuevos registros de leucismo en dos especies de aves de dos localidades de México. En primer lugar, reportamos un individuo de Golondrina Tijereta (Hirundo rustica); el individuo fue un polluelo observado entre el 15 de julio y el 6 de agosto del 2010 en un área suburbana del centro de Jalisco, el cual presentó coloración gris blanquizca y ojos oscuros. También reportamos un Zopilote Aura (Cathartes aura) con leucismo observado el 4 de noviembre del 2014 sobrevolando la ciudad de José Cardel, Veracruz mientras migraba; el individuo presentó plumas primarias blancas mezcladas con secundarias obscuras, coberteras primarias blancas, cuello y pecho blancos. Nuestros reportes representan el primer registro en México de leucismo de la Golondrina Tijereta, y el primer reporte publicado de un zopilote con leucismo migrando a través del centro de Veracruz, respectivamente. Nuestras observaciones también muestran que ambos individuos leucísticos realizaban actividades regulares de su ciclo de vida, enriqueciendo el conocimiento disponible sobre las anormalidades cromáticas en las aves mexicanas.

Abstract We present two new records of leucism in two bird species from two locations in Mexico. First, we report one leucistic Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica); the individual was a nestling observed between 15 July and 6 August 2010, in a suburban area of central Jalisco, showing gray-whitish coloration and dark eyes. We also report of one leucistic Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) spotted during the afternoon of 4 November 2014, flying overhead while migrating in the city of José Cardel, Veracruz; the individual showed white primary feathers interspersed with dark secondaries, white primary coverts, white neck, and chest feathers. Our records represent the first Mexican report of leucism in the Barn Swallow, and the first published report of a leucistic vulture migrating across central Veracruz, respectively. Our observations also show that both leucistic individuals were accomplishing regular life-cycle activities, enriching the available knowledge of chromatic abnormalities in Mexican birds.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the provisions and practices associated with funerals in New Spain during the last decades of the colonial era and to compare the parish fees of the archbishopric of Mexico and the bishopric of Guadalajara. Funeral services were of enormous consequence for the people of New Spain, both because of their significance in the community and because of the participation of the parish priest and his ministers. Two sources intersect here, the first being the taxes approved by the Church authorities of Mexico and Guadalajara, which established the amounts the faithful had to pay on the death of their relatives according to their status and the area where the bodies would be laid to rest. The second is the data from the records kept in the burial books of the parish of Jalostotitlán in the bishopric of Guadalajara to highlight the differences between the parochial rights in two bishoprics, and some of the changes that ocurred during the last years of the colonial period.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las disposiciones y las prácticas relativas a los funerales en Nueva España durante las últimas décadas coloniales y comparar los aranceles parroquiales del arzobispado de México y el obispado de Guadalajara. Las honras fúnebres revestían especial importancia para los novohispanos, tanto por su significado en la comunidad, como por la participación del párroco y sus ministros. Aquí se cruzan dos fuentes: los aranceles aprobados por las autoridades eclesiásticas de México y Guadalajara, que establecían los montos que los fieles debían cubrir a la muerte de sus familiares según su calidad y el espacio donde reposarían los cuerpos, y los datos procedentes de las actas anotadas en los libros de entierros de la parroquia de Jalostotitlán del obispado de Guadalajara para mostrar las diferencias entre los derechos parroquiales de los dos obispados y algunos de los cambios que experimentaron las exequias a finales del periodo virreinal.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta los resultados de una experiencia de formación docente enfocada en la lectura, la escritura y la oralidad, realizada por docentes de lengua de la Facultad de Información y Comunicación de la Universidad de la República con otros docentes de la institución. Se fundamenta en dos conceptos: primero, que los docentes de las disciplinas son actores fundamentales en la enseñanza de las prácticas académicas letradas y, segundo, que las prácticas de lectura, escritura y oralidad universitarias, aunque tienen características comunes, son manifestaciones de saberes disciplinarios específicos de cada área. Nuestro objetivo es observar en qué aspectos las inquietudes sobre la enseñanza de la lectura, la escritura y la oralidad de docentes de diferentes asignaturas son comunes y en qué aspectos difieren, así como observar cómo esa preocupación, al ser explicitada, se refleja en la creación de recursos didácticos para la enseñanza en las disciplinas. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante notas de campo durante el intercambio individual con once docentes de diez asignaturas usando cuestionarios de autorreflexión, descriptores de niveles de lectura y escritura, intercambios orales y elaboración de propuestas didácticas. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo de esos registros considerando las variaciones entre asignaturas en cuanto a las inquietudes manifestadas. Los resultados muestran un cuerpo común de preocupaciones relacionadas principalmente con la escritura, en menor proporción con la lectura y, solo en algunos casos, con la oralidad. Muestran, asimismo, que hay inquietudes relacionadas con los saberes de lenguaje específicos de las áreas disciplinarias en algunos docentes. institución conceptos primero segundo universitarias área difieren preocupación explicitada autorreflexión didácticas manifestadas casos Muestran asimismo

ABSTRACT This article presents the results of a teacher training experience focused on reading, writing and orality, carried out by language teachers from the Facultad de Información y Comunicación of Universidad de la República with other teachers from the institution. It is based on two concepts: first, that teachers of the disciplines are fundamental actors in the teaching of literate academic practices and, second, that university reading, writing and oral practices, although they have common characteristics, are manifestations of disciplinary knowledge specific to each area. Our objective is to observe in what aspects the concerns about the teaching of reading, writing and orality of teachers of different subjects are common and in what aspects they differ, as well as to observe how this concern, when made explicit, is reflected in the creation of didactic resources for teaching in the disciplines. The data were collected through field notes during the individual exchange with eleven teachers of ten subjects using self-reflection questionnaires, reading and writing level descriptors, oral exchanges and the development of didactic resources. These records were qualitatively analysed, considering the variations between subjects regarding the concerns expressed. The results show a common body of concerns related mainly to writing, to a lesser extent to reading and, only in some cases, to orality. They also show concerns about specific language knowledge of the disciplinary areas in some teachers. institution concepts first second characteristics area differ concern explicit selfreflection self reflection questionnaires descriptors analysed expressed cases

Resumo: A encefalopatia hepática consiste na disfunção ou deterioração cerebral, consequente a condições como a insuficiência hepática e a hipertensão portal, e é classificada no domínio médico como uma complicação clínica grave associada a lesões hepáticas graves. Foi efectuado um estudo de revisão sistemática qualitativa aplicando a declaração PRISMA 2020, utilizando os documentos disponíveis nas diferentes bases de dados e operadores booleanos para a pesquisa. A partir dos documentos selecionados, foi possível obter 840 referências de informação numa primeira pesquisa nas bases de dados e 8 registros de dados. Por fim, obteve-se um total de 16 fontes bibliográficas para a investigação. A encefalopatia hepática é uma síndrome neuropsiquiátrica que inclui comprometimento psicomotor e/ou sensorial, desorientação, incoordenação, comprometimento da memória, confusão, sonolência, estupor e coma, e existem várias ferramentas para o diagnóstico no primeiro nível de cuidados, Um dos principais instrumentos é a anamnese e o exame físico do doente, onde se esperam encontrar achados cognitivos e neuromusculares relacionados com a doença hepática grave. Os estudos complementares incluem testes laboratoriais, os critérios de West Haven, testes psicométricos, testes neurofisiológicos e estudos de neuroimagem, como a ressonância magnética.

Resumen: La encefalopatía hepática consiste en la disfunción o deterioro cerebral, consecuente a afecciones como insuficiencia hepática e hipertensión portal, en el ámbito médico es catalogada como una grave complicación clínica asociada al daño hepático severo. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo de revisión sistemática aplicando la declaración PRISMA 2020, en donde se utilizó los documentos disponibles en las diferentes bases de datos y con la aplicación de los operadores booleanos para su búsqueda. De los documentos seleccionados se pudieron obtener 840 referencias de información en una primera búsqueda en las bases de datos y 8 registros de datos. Finalmente, para la investigación se consiguió un total de 16 fuentes bibliográficas. La encefalopatía hepática se compone de un síndrome neuro-psiquiátrico que incluye deterioro psicomotor y/o sensitivo, desorientación, incoordinación, alteración de la memoria, confusión, somnolencia, estupor y coma, existen diversas herramientas para el diagnóstico desde el primer nivel de atención, una de las principales es la anamnesis y la exploración física del paciente donde se espera encontrar hallazgos cognitivos y neuromusculares relacionados a la enfermedad hepática grave, entre los estudios complementarios se emplea principalmente exámenes de laboratorio, Criterios de West Haven, prueba psicométrica, prueba neurofisiológica y estudios de neuroimagen como resonancia magnética.

Abstract: Hepatic encephalopathy consists of brain dysfunction or deterioration, consequent to conditions such as hepatic insufficiency and portal hypertension, and in the medical field it is cataloged as a serious clinical complication associated with severe liver damage. A qualitative study of systematic review was carried out applying the PRISMA 2020 statement, using the documents available in the different databases and Boolean operators for the search. From the selected documents it was possible to obtain 840 references of information in a first search in the databases and 8 data records. Finally, a total of 16 bibliographic sources were obtained for the research. Hepatic encephalopathy is composed of a neuropsychiatric syndrome that includes psychomotor and/or sensory impairment, disorientation, incoordination, memory alteration, confusion, somnolence, stupor and coma, there are several tools for diagnosis from the first level of care, One of the main ones is the anamnesis and physical examination of the patient where it is expected to find cognitive and neuromuscular findings related to severe liver disease, among the complementary studies are mainly used laboratory tests, West Haven Criteria, psychometric test, neurophysiological test and neuroimaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging.

Resumo Através da análise de jornais, cartas, textos e ilustrações que não fazem parte dos registos oficiais, este artigo propõe-se reconstruir uma história até agora não contada: a primeira participação chilena numa exposição universal, a Grande Exposição das Obras de Indústria de todas as Nações, em 1851. Durante esta exposição, o Chile expôs peças tangíveis do seu território atrás de uma montra e, pela primeira vez, perante o mundo. Uma análise desta presença permite-nos repensar o entendimento do seu território, identificado nos seus primórdios como pobre, para um território mais tarde produtivo e altamente cobiçado. Os achados desses documentos, aparentemente perdidos nos arquivos do tempo por 171 anos, apareceram orbitando a exposição, mas não fazem parte dela. Por sua vez, preenchem uma lacuna de conhecimento e podem abrir novos discursos na história cultural e política do período.

Resumen A través de la revisión de periódicos, cartas, textos e ilustraciones que no son parte de los registros oficiales, este articulo propone reconstruir un relato hasta ahora no contado: la primera participación chilena en una exposición universal, The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations de 1851. Durante esta, Chile exhibió trozos tangibles de su territorio tras una vitrina, y por primera vez, frente al mundo. La revisión de esta asistencia permite repensar el entendimiento de su territorio, identificado en sus inicios como pobre, a uno posteriormente productivo y altamente codiciado. Los hallazgos de estos documentos que, al parecer perdidos en los archivos del tiempo por 171 años, comparecieron orbitando la exposición, mas no son parte de esta. A su vez, permiten completar un vacío en el conocimiento y potencialmente abrir nuevos discursos en la historia cultural y política de esa época.

Abstract Through the review of newspapers, letters, texts and illustrations that are not part of the official records, this article proposes to reconstruct a hitherto untold story: the first Chilean participation in a universal exhibition, The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations in 1851. During this exhibition, Chile exhibited tangible pieces of its territory behind a showcase, and for the first time, in front of the world. A review of this attendance allows us to rethink the understanding of its territory, identified in its beginnings as poor, to one that was later productive and highly coveted. The findings of these documents, apparently lost in the archives of time for 171 years, appeared orbiting the exhibition, but are not part of it. In turn, they fill a gap in knowledge and potentially open up new discourses in the cultural and political history of the period.

Abstract Introduction: Sticholecitha serpentis is a poorly studied parasite of the snakes’ esophagus, with an unclear taxonomy. Currently, there are few records of S. serpentis in snakes in Brazil. Although it has been recorded in snakes of the family Viperidae, it has not yet been reported in Bothrops atrox. Objectives: To present new morphological characters, as well as ecological and parasitic relationships of S. serpentis with B. atrox. Methods: The samples were obtained in a dryland area in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará State, Brazil. Ten specimens of B. atrox were examined manually with the aid of tweezers, and three were positive for trematodes identified as S. serpentis in the oral cavity. Results: We provide scanning electron microscopy images, with detailed images of the S. serpentis tegument and its spines, as well as details of the dorsal keel using light microscopy methods. Moreover, we report the first record of S. serpentis parasitizing an Amazonian viperid, with infection frequency data of 30 %. Conclusion: We emphasize that the new morphological data presented in this manuscript provide additional information to facilitate the identification of this trematode in future studies.

Resumen Introducción: Sticholecitha serpentis es un parásito del esófago de serpientes poco estudiado y su sistemática no está clara. Actualmente, existen pocos registros del parásito en serpientes en Brasil. Aunque ha sido registrada en serpientes de la familia Viperidae, aún no ha sido reportada en Bothrops atrox. Objetivos: Presentar novedades en aspectos morfológicos, relaciones ecológicas y parasitarias de S. serpentis, parásito encontrado por primera vez en la cavidad bucal de B. atrox. Métodos: Las muestras provienen de un área seca en la Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Diez especímenes de B. atrox fueron examinados manualmente con la ayuda de pinzas. De estos individuos tres fueron positivos para trematodos compatibles con S. serpentis en la cavidad oral. Resultados: Se proporcionan imágenes de microscopía electrónica de barrido, con imágenes del tegumento de S. serpentis y sus espinas, y detalles de la quilla dorsal mediante métodos de microscopía óptica. Además, se reporta el primer registro de parasitismo por S. serpentis en un vipérido amazónico, con datos de frecuencia de infección del 30 %. Conclusión: Los nuevos datos morfológicos presentados en este manuscrito proporcionan información adicional para facilitar la identificación de este tremátodo en futuros estudios.

Abstract Introduction: The Aedes vittatus mosquito is an important vector of yellow fever in Africa, with vectorial competence for dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Its presence has been reported in some places in Africa, Asia, Europe, and -recently- America. However, information on its distribution is fragmented, with limited descriptions of the specific characteristics of its habitats. Objective: To compile records of its occurrence, describe the ecological characteristics of its habitat and estimate its current and future global potential invasion. Methods: We employed both first-record data and global occurrence records to describe its habitat. Additionally, we used an ecological niche model, specifically the MaxEnt algorithm, with bioclimatic variable layers to estimate potential invasion areas. Since the native range of A. vittatus is unknown, we calibrated accessible areas using two hypotheses, Africa and Asia, based on available genetic information. Results: Regardless of its native area, A. vittatus appears to be distributed in tropical and subtropical areas in all continents with potential to reach even currently colder climates as global climate change. It is found mainly in tropical and urban areas, likely through transcontinental and terrestrial passive transport. Conclusions: The mosquito can be found on all continents, ranging from sea level to 2 500 m.a.s.l., at temperatures between 15 and 30 °C, and has the potential for further expansion.

Resumen Introducción: El mosquito Aedes vittatus es un importante vector de la fiebre amarilla en África, con competencia vectorial para el dengue, la chikungunya y el Zika. Se ha informado de su presencia en algunas áreas de África, Asia, Europa y, recientemente, América. Sin embargo, la información sobre su distribución es fragmentada, con descripciones limitadas de las características específicas de sus hábitats. Objetivo: Recopilar registros de su presencia, describir las características ecológicas de su hábitat y estimar su potencial de invasión actual y futuro a nivel mundial. Métodos: Utilizamos datos de primeros registros y registros de presencia a nivel global para describir su hábitat. Además, empleamos un modelo de nicho ecológico, específicamente el algoritmo MaxEnt, con capas de variables bioclimáticas para estimar las áreas de potencial invasión. Dado que se desconoce el área nativa de A. vittatus, calibramos áreas accesibles bajo dos hipótesis, África y Asia, basadas en la información genética disponible. Resultados: Independientemente de su área nativa, A. vittatus parece distribuirse en regiones tropicales y subtropicales en todos los continentes, con el potencial de expandirse incluso hacia climas actualmente más fríos debido al cambio climático global. Se encuentra principalmente en áreas tropicales y urbanas, posiblemente a través del transporte pasivo transcontinental y terrestre. Conclusiones: El mosquito se puede encontrar en todos los continentes, desde el nivel del mar hasta altitudes de 2 500 m.s.n.m., a temperaturas que oscilan entre 15 y 30 °C, y presenta el potencial para una mayor expansión geográfica.

Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that ~ 32 million children worldwide are affected by hearing loss (HL). Cochlear implant is the first-line treatment for severe to profound sensorineural HL. It is considered one of the most successful prostheses developed to date. Objective To evaluate the oral language development of pediatric patients with prelingual deafness implanted in a reference hospital for the treatment of HL in southern Brazil. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study with a review of medical records of patients undergoing cochlear implant surgery between January 2009 and December 2018. Language development was assessed by reviewing consultations with speech therapy professionals from the cochlear implant group. Results A total of 152 children were included in the study. The mean age at cochlear implant surgery was of 41 months (standard deviation [SD]: ± 15). The patients were divided into six groups considering the type of language most used in their daily lives. We found that 36% of children use oral language as their primary form of communication. In a subanalysis, we observed that patients with developed or developing oral language had undergone cochlear implant surgery earlier than patients using Brazilian Sign Language (Língua Brasileira de Sinais, LIBRAS, in Portuguese) or those without developed language. Conclusion The cochlear implant is a state-of-the-art technology that enables the re-establishment of the sense of hearing and the development of oral language. However, language development is a complex process known to present a critical period to properly occur. We still see many patients receiving late diagnosis and treatment, which implies a delay and, often, the impossibility of developing oral communication. Level of Evidence Level 3 (cohort study). WHO (WHO . (HL) firstline first line date Brazil 200 2018 group 15 4 standard SD [SD] 15. 15) lives 36 communication subanalysis Língua Sinais LIBRAS Portuguese stateoftheart state art reestablishment re establishment However occur often study) (HL 20 201 1 [SD 2

Abstract Every year, thousands of students enter higher education, often facing personal and academic This study consists of the first national mapping of hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations against sexual and gender diversity in Portugal. The objective of this article focuses on analyzing the process of monitoring and stratifying hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations by the Portuguese State, verifying their specificities as a result of the current legal framework and the phenomena of underreporting, revictimization and impunity for these crimes. cases. This investigation carried out the mapping and identification of 33 Criminal Investigations, belonging to 20 districts of the Public Ministry between 2015 and 2020. After the identification of the Unique Crime Process Identifier Number - NUIPC by the Judiciary Police and authorization to consult the procedural documents to the Departments of Investigation and Criminal Action - DIAPs of the MP, the data collection process was carried out in 29 Criminal Inquiries. The present investigation consists of a descriptive study of mixed methods, carried out through document analysis through content analysis, with regard to data processing. The data collection instrument was supported by case reporting documents, notably: reporting records, news records and emails with records of criminal complaints. The complaints analyzed highlight the need to review the Brazilian legal framework in relation to hate crimes with homophobic and transphobic motivations, considering the “invisibility” of these records for official statistics and the absence of specific fields that collaborate in the process of identifying the motivation of these cases, as well as the difficulty in recognizing this violence by the competent authorities as hate crimes against Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Gender Expressions and Sexual Characteristics - OIEC of its victims, contexts that strengthen the process of invisibility of this data in Portugal, supporting the false statement that: “Everything is fine here!” when we consider the reality of this violence perpetrated daily in the country.

Resumo Este estudo consiste no primeiro mapeamento nacional de crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas contra a diversidade sexual e de género em Portugal. O Objetivo deste artigo centra-se na análise do processo de monitorização e estratificação dos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas pelo Estado português, verificando suas especificidades em decorrência do enquadramento jurídico atual e dos fenómenos da subnotificação, revitimização e da impunidade destes casos. A referida investigação realizou o mapeamento e identificação de 33 Inquéritos Criminais, pertencentes à 20 comarcas do Ministério Público entre 2015 e 2020. Após a identificação do Número Único de Identificador de Processo Crime - NUIPC pela Polícia Judiciária e autorização para consulta das peças processuais aos Departamentos de Investigação e Ação Penal - DIAPs do MP, o processo de levantamento de dados foi realizado em 29 Inquéritos Criminais. A presente investigação, consiste em um estudo discritivo de métodos mistos, realizado através de análise documental por meio da análise de conteúdo, no que concerne ao tratamento de dados. O instrumento de levantamento de dados foi sustentado por documentos de denúncias de casos, designadamente: autos de denúncias, autos de notícias e e-mails com registos de queixas-crimes. As denúncias analisadas destacam a necessidade da revisão do enquadramento jurídico português em relação aos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e transfóbicas considerando a “invisibilidade” destes registos para estatísticas oficiais e a ausência de campos específicos que colaborem no processo de identificação da motivação destes casos, bem como a dificuldade do reconhecimento desta violência pelas autoridades competentes enquanto crimes de ódio contra a Orientação Sexual Identidade de género Expressões de género e Características Sexuais - OIEC de suas vítimas, contextos estes que fortalecem o processo de invisibilidade destes dados em Portugal sustentando a falsa afirmação de que: “Por aqui está tudo bem!” ao considerarmos a realidade desta violência perpetrada cotidianamente no país.

RESUMEN: A lo largo de la historia, el conocimiento sobre las meninges ha evolucionado desde los primeros registros en el papiro de Edwin Smith hasta la actualidad, donde se ha descrito SLYM, una cuarta meninge que separa el espacio subaracnoideo en un compartimiento superficial y otro profundo, a la que se le atribuyen funciones de barrera semipermeable y de nicho de células inmunes para la vigilancia y protección del sistema nerviosos central. La FIPAT contiene un grupo de terminologías que son mundialmente aceptadas para la descripción de las estructuras del cuerpo humano, sin embargo, en Terminologia Anatomica, Ter- minologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, aún no se encuentra incluido el término SLYM para representar una cuarta meninge, quizás porque sea un reciente descubrimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue sugerir un nuevo término que concuerde con los lineamientos de la FIPAT y con las reglas de Terminología Anatómica Regular (RAT) en reemplazo de SLYM, además de proponer su inclusión en Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, previa revisión y aprobación por parte del comité respectivo de la FIPAT. Se revisó el acrónimo SLYM y los elementos que lo conforman (membrana subaracnoidea de tipo linfática), desde un enfoque etimológico, este análisis estuvo acompañado de una revisión a las reglas RAT aceptadas por la FIPAT, que fueron consideradas para examinar su cumplimiento por parte del acrónimo SLYM. Se encontró que SLYM, al igual que los términos que lo componen no cumplen totalmente con las reglas RAT. El acrónimo SLYM no proporciona una descripción adecuada de la estructura que representa, lo que contradice las reglas RAT. Se propone el término Suprapiamater como alternativa, para su inclusión en Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica, basado en elementos latinos que describen su ubicación y función, mejorando la precisión y claridad en la comunicación científica.

SUMMARY: Throughout history, knowledge about the meninges has evolved from the first records in the Edwin Smith papyrus to the present, where SLYM, a fourth meninge that separates the subarachnoid space into a superficial compartment and another, has been described deep, to which semipermeable barrier and immune cell niche functions are attributed for the surveillance and protection of the central nervous system. The FIPAT contains a group of terminologies that are globally accepted for the description of the structures of the human body, however, in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, the term SLYM to represent a fourth meninge is not yet included, perhaps because be a recent discovery. The objective of this study was to suggest a new term that agrees with the FIPAT guidelines and with the Regular Anatomical Terminology (RAT) rules to replace SLYM, in addition to proposing its inclusion in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, previously review and approval by the respective FIPAT committee. The acronym SLYM and the elements that make it up (Subarachnoid Lymphatic-like Membrane) were reviewed from an etymological approach. This analysis was accompanied by a review of the RAT rules accepted by FIPAT, which were considered to examine their compliance by the acronym SLYM. It was found that SLYM, like the terms that compose it, do not fully comply with the RAT rules. The SLYM acronym does not provide an adequate description of the structure it represents, which contradicts the RAT rules. The term suprapiamater is proposed as an alternative, for inclusion in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, based on Latin elements that describe its location and function, improving precision and clarity in scientific communication.

Resumen El objetivo del studio fue determinar los índices de reprobación de los cursos de la malla curricular de la Licenciatura en Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica de las cohortes del 2007 al 2014. Se utilizaron los datos de 736 expedientes. Las variables consideradas fueron: sexo, edad de ingreso, nacionalidad, estado civil, hijos, lugar y colegio de procedencia, nota de examen de admisión y cursos aprobados. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Aplicaciones Estudiantiles, los expedientes físicos y del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, análisis bivariado y multivariado. El 98% de los estudiantes fueron costarricenses, el 68% mujeres, el 79% ingresó según la nota de admisión, el 43% ingresó con una edad de 18 años o menos, el 50% provenía de un colegio público, el 77% residía en la Gran Área Metropolitana y el 95% eran solteros y permanecieron sin hijos. El abandono de los estudios se presentó mayoritariamente en los primeros 4 ciclos de la carrera de odontología. Los cursos de la malla curricular que menor tasa de éxito total obtuvieron fueron cursos de servicio: Química General, Química Orgánica y Matemática Elemental. De los cursos propios la Clínica de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia y la Clínica de Endodoncia fueron los cursos con más reprobación. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la aprobación del curso de física y el colegio de procedencia. En la Licenciatura de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica la reprobación es alta en los primeros cuatro ciclos de la Carrera, que es cuando más se imparten cursos de servicio. Respecto a los cursos propios, la Clínica de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia y la Clínica de Endodoncia fueron los que obtuvieron la menor tasa de éxito.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine the failure rates of the courses in the curriculum of the Dentistry degree program at the University of Costa Rica for the cohorts from 2007 to 2014. Data from 736 records were used. The variables considered were the following: gender, age at admission, nationality, marital status, children, domicile, previous high school attended, admission exam scores, and approved courses. The data were obtained from the Student Application System, physical records, and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Costa Rica. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Among the students, 98% were Costa Rican, 68% were female, 79% were admitted based on their admission exam scores, 43% were admitted at the age of 18 or younger, 50% came from public schools, 77% resided in the Greater Metropolitan Area, and 95% were single and childless. The majority of study dropouts occurred in the first four cycles of the dentistry degree. The courses with the lowest overall success rate in the curriculum were service courses: General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Elemental Mathematics. Among the core courses, the Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Clinic and the Endodontics Clinic had the highest failure rates. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between the approval rates of the physics course and the school of origin. In the Dentistry degree program at University of Costa Rica, the failure rate is high in the first four cycles of the program, which is when service courses are mainly offered. As fo the core courses, the Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Clinic and the Endodontics Clinic had the lowest success rates.

Resumen Reflexiono sobre la oportunidad que una investigación etnográfica significó para el desarrollo de una serie de prácticas de intervención y sobre sus posibles vínculos con la extensión. Busco responder —de forma situada— cómo se procesan sus lógicas y horizontes diferentes y cómo la primera puede significar un aporte a la segunda. Parto del análisis de registros de dos trabajos de campo con jóvenes de la periferia de Paraná en el marco de planes de trabajo como investigadora del Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos y del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y revisito un recorrido como extensionista en el Área de Comunicación Comunitaria de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de dicha Universidad. Propongo la perspectiva etnográfica como oportunidad y escenario para una práctica de intervención que, realizada por una trabajadora del sistema científico–universitario, puede ingresar al ámbito de la extensión.

Abstract Reflection on the opportunity that ethnographic research meant for the development: a series of intervention practices as well as on its possible links with extension. Busco answers —situatedly— how their different logics and horizons are processed and how the first can mean a contribution to the second. I start from the analysis of records of two field works with young people from the periphery of Paraná within the framework of work plans as a researcher at the Institute of Social Studies of UNER and CONICET and revisit a previous journey as an extensionist in the Community Communication Area of the Faculty of Educational Sciences of said University. I propose the ethnographic perspective as an opportunity and favorable scenario for the beginning of an intervention practice that, carried out by a worker from the scientific–university system, can enter the scope of extension.

Resumo Reflito sobre a oportunidade que uma pesquisa etnográfica significou para o desenvolvimento de uma série de práticas de intervenção e os seus vínculos com a extensão. Procuro responder —de forma situada— como se processam suas diferentes lógicas e horizontes e como a primeira pode significar uma contribuição para o segundo. Parto da análise de registros de dois trabalhos de campo com jovens da periferia de Paraná no âmbito de planos de trabalho como pesquisadora do Instituto de Estudos Sociais da Universidade Nacional de Entre Rios (UNER) e do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas e Técnicas (CONICET) e revisito uma trajetória anterior como extensionista na Área de Comunicação Comunitária Área na Faculdade de Ciências da Educação da referida Universidade. Proponho a perspectiva etnográfica como oportunidade e cenário favorável para uma prática de intervenção que, realizada por uma trabalhadora do sistema científico–universitário, pode ingressar ao âmbito da extensão.

Abstract Objective: Suicide attempt (SA) is the strongest predictive variable for completed suicide. The Department of Cauca in Colombia has an SA rate higher than the national average, but the factors are unknown. The objective was to identify the profiles of SA in children and adolescents of Cauca. Methods: Cross-sectional study, which included all SA (Event-356) records from the SIVIGILA platform in children under 18 years of age between 2016 and 2019. The authors described the variables and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) with the Burt method, according to the completeness of the data to establish the possible SA profiles using STATA 15.1, and R. The Ethics Committee at Universidad del Cauca approved it. Results: The study found 977 SA during this period, 72.4% female, 97.1% adolescent, 74.4% mestizo, 19.3% indigenous, 45.3% resided in municipalities exposed to the armed conflict, 32.3% expressed ideation and previous attempts, and 15.5% prior attempts. The MCA included 810 SA and identified three profiles: “Classic”, which had mestizo adolescents with a history of prior SA, mental illness, or psychoactive substance use problems; “Related to the armed conflict”, which included female adolescents with a first SA and residents in municipalities exposed to the armed conflict; “Ethnic” represented by male indigenous, with housing in a rural area. Conclusion: The SA profiles found in Cauca were “Classic”, “Related to the armed conflict”, and “Ethnic”; these can be considered to implement prevention strategies from a cross-cultural, mental health, and gender perspective, with the presence of the state in the territories. Objective (SA suicide average unknown Methods Crosssectional Cross sectional Event356 Event 356 (Event-356 1 201 2019 (MCA method 151 15 15.1 R it Results 97 period 724 72 4 72.4 971 97.1 adolescent 744 74 74.4 193 19 3 19.3 indigenous 453 45 45.3 conflict 323 32 32.3 attempts 155 5 15.5 81 Classic, Classic , “Classic” illness problems Related conflict” Ethnic “Ethnic area Conclusion crosscultural, crosscultural cross cultural, cultural cross-cultural health perspective territories Event35 35 (Event-35 20 15. 9 7 72. 97. 74. 19. 45. 32. 8 “Classic Event3 (Event-3 2 (Event- (Event