Abstract (Introduction): The search for techniques and methods for managing sludge generated during wastewater treatment is necessary to ensure sustainable sanitation in the medium term in Latin America. An interesting approach involves converting sludge into a biosolid usable in agriculture through alkaline sanitization. (Objective): We evaluated this technique’s efficacy and economic and environmental viability for obtaining an agriculturally usable type A biosolid from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. (Methodology): To this end, the efficacy in reducing microbiological parameters was experimentally tested at the laboratory scale using quicklime, for anaerobic and aerobic WWTP sludge. The experimental results fed a benefit/cost analysis model and a life cycle assessment. (Results): It was confirmed that applying a 40 % lime dose allowed the obtention of a type A biosolid with non-detectable concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms, which remained in that condition for more than 30 days. Additionally, the benefit/cost and life cycle analyses concluded that this option would be more attractive than sludge disposal in a landfill, due to the corresponding savings in chemical compounds (fertilizers, agricultural lime). (Conclusions): Therefore, alkaline sanitization can be considered suitable for WWTP sludge management. Its application on a larger scale should be further investigated in the country and the Latin-American region, considering the risk associated to the presence of heavy metals too.

Resumen (Introducción): La búsqueda de técnicas y modelos de gestión del lodo generado durante el tratamiento de las aguas residuales es necesaria para garantizar un saneamiento sostenible a mediano plazo en América Latina. Una vía interesante consiste en convertir el lodo en un biosólido aprovechable en la agricultura por medio de la higienización alcalina. (Objetivo): Se evaluó la eficacia y la viabilidad económica y ambiental de esta técnica para la obtención de un biosólido tipo A aprovechable en la agricultura a partir de lodo de planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) ordinaria. (Metodología): Para ello se probó experimentalmente en escala de laboratorio la eficacia en el decaimiento de parámetros microbiológicos higienizados con cal viva, usando lodo anaeróbico y aeróbico de PTAR. Los resultados experimentales alimentaron un modelo de análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida. (Resultados): Pudo corroborarse que la aplicación de dosis de cal de 40 % permitió obtener un biosólido tipo A con concentraciones de microorganismos patógenos no detectables, lo cual se mantuvo en esa condición por más de 30 días. Además, el análisis de beneficio/costo y de ciclo de vida permitieron concluir que esta opción sería más atractiva que la disposición del lodo en un relleno sanitario, debido al ahorro correspondiente en compuestos químicos (fertilizantes o cal agrícola) derivado de su aprovechamiento. (Conclusiones): Por lo tanto, la técnica de higienización alcalina puede considerarse como adecuada para la gestión del lodo de PTAR y su aplicación a mayor escala debe investigarse en mayor detalle en el país y la región latinoamericana, considerando también el riesgo de presencia de metales pesados en este subproducto.

ABSTRACT The global COVID-19 pandemic caused significant economic and financial losses in the Ecuadorian banking sector. This study aims to determine the extent to which credit risk and liquidity affect the profitability of mutual savings banks in Ecuador between 2018 and 2021. To this end, the population consisted of the four existing mutual savings banks, and data from a panel of 192 observations were used, applying a PLS-SEM model to demonstrate the relationships. The results showed that credit risk has a negative impact on the liquidity and profitability of these financial institutions; in the case of liquidity, it was found that it does not affect profitability. Consequently, it is essential to control credit risk through delinquency indices, which makes it necessary to consider the structure of the loan portfolio.

RESUMEN La pandemia mundial producto del COVID-19 ocasionó importantes pérdidas económicas y financieras en el sector bancario ecuatoriano. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar en qué medida el riesgo crediticio y la liquidez afectan la rentabilidad de las mutualistas en Ecuador, entre el 2018 y 2021. Para tal efecto, la población estuvo constituida por las cuatro mutualistas existentes, con cuyos datos se trabajó con datos de panel de 192 observaciones, aplicando un modelo PLS-SEM para evidenciar las relaciones. De esta manera, los resultados mostraron que el riesgo crediticio incide negativamente sobre la liquidez y la rentabilidad de estas instituciones financieras; en el caso de la liquidez, se ha podido percibir que esta no afecta a la rentabilidad. En consecuencia, es sumamente importante controlar el riesgo crediticio, a través de los índices de morosidad, por lo que es necesario considerar la estructura de cartera.

Resumo: Este artigo examina o direito penal econômico brasileiro no contexto da sociedade de risco e à luz das teorias da Escola de Frankfurt. Analisa-se como a globalização e a interdependência econômica aumentam a complexidade dos crimes econômicos e como os conceitos críticos da Escola de Frankfurt, como racionalidade instrumental, alienação e dominação, podem ser aplicados para uma compreensão mais profunda desses crimes. O estudo inclui uma revisão bibliográfica, análise crítica e estudos de caso, com o objetivo de explorar as estruturas de poder que influenciam a regulação e a prática do direito penal econômico. Além disso, discute-se as perspectivas futuras e os desafios enfrentados pela legislação penal econômica em um mundo globalizado e interconectado.

Resumen: Este artículo examina el derecho penal económico brasileño en el contexto de la sociedad del riesgo y a la luz de las teorías de la Escuela de Frankfurt. Analiza cómo la globalización y la interdependencia económica aumentan la complejidad de los delitos económicos y cómo los conceptos críticos de la Escuela de Frankfurt, como la racionalidad instrumental, la alienación y la dominación, pueden aplicarse a una comprensión más profunda de estos delitos. El estudio incluye una revisión bibliográfica, un análisis crítico y estudios de casos con el objetivo de explorar las estructuras de poder que influyen en la regulación y la práctica del derecho penal económico. También analiza las perspectivas de futuro y los retos a los que se enfrenta el derecho penal económico en un mundo globalizado e interconectado.

Abstract: This article examines Brazilian economic criminal law within the context of the risk society, viewed through the theoretical framework of the Frankfurt School. It explores how globalization and economic interdependence increase the complexity of economic crimes, and how key Frankfurt School concepts -such as instrumental rationality, alienation, and domination- can be applied to gain a deeper understanding of these crimes. The study includes a literature review, critical analysis, and case studies to explore the power structures influencing the regulation and practice of economic criminal law. It also considers future perspectives and the challenges facing economic criminal law in an increasingly globalized and interconnected world.

La financiación de la salud materna es uno de los aspectos críticos de la financiación de la salud en los que el gobierno de Kenia se ha centrado desde 1965. A lo largo de los años, a través de varias iniciativas políticas, el gobierno ha demostrado su compromiso de brindar acceso gratuito a los servicios de atención de salud materna, especialmente para los pobres, aunque con un éxito limitado. Como muchos otros proyectos gubernamentales, la implementación de iniciativas de atención de maternidad gratuita ha estado llena de desafíos políticos, técnicos y financieros que, a partir de 2024, han empeorado con el presupuesto nacional del gobierno para 2024/25 recortando la asignación presupuestaria para la atención de salud materna gratuita a la mitad. El actual modelo de financiación de la atención de salud materna impide que las mujeres accedan a los servicios de atención de maternidad debido al alto costo de la atención o las pone en riesgo de detención posparto y abuso en los hospitales. Por lo tanto, este artículo, a través de un enfoque metodológico cualitativo que involucra el análisis de datos secundarios recopilados de diversas fuentes disponibles a través de investigación documental, demostrará que el reconocimiento legal de derechos sin planes de financiamiento de salud equitativos y voluntad política no aborda los desafíos asociados con Acceso desigual a una atención maternal respetuosa.

Maternal health financing is one of the critical aspects of health financing that the Kenyan government has focused on from as early as 1965. Over the years, through several policy initiatives, the government has demonstrated its commitment to providing free access to maternal healthcare services, especially for the poor, although with limited success. Like many other government projects, the implementation of free maternity care initiatives has been full of political, technical and financial challenges, which, as of 2024, have taken a turn for the worst with the government’s 2024/25 national budget slashing the budgetary allocation for free maternal health care by half.  Presently, the maternal healthcare financing model either prevents women from accessing maternity care services due to the high cost of care or places them at risk of postpartum detention and abuse in hospitals. This article, through a qualitative methodological approach involving the analysis of secondary data collected from various sources available via desktop research, therefore demonstrates that legal recognition of rights without equitable health financing plans and political will does not address the challenges associated with inequitable access to respectful maternity care.

O financiamento da saúde materna é um dos aspectos críticos do financiamento da saúde em que o governo queniano se tem concentrado desde 1965. Ao longo dos anos, através de várias iniciativas políticas, o governo demonstrou o seu compromisso em proporcionar acesso gratuito aos serviços de saúde materna, especialmente para os pobres, embora com sucesso limitado. Tal como muitos outros projetos governamentais, a implementação de iniciativas de cuidados de maternidade gratuitos tem estado repleta de desafios políticos, técnicos e financeiros, cenário que, a partir de 2024, piorou com o orçamento nacional do governo para 2024/25 que reduziu a dotação orçamental para cuidados de saúde materna gratuitos pela metade. O atual modelo de financiamento dos cuidados de saúde materna impede o acesso das mulheres aos serviços de cuidados de maternidade devido ao elevado custo dos cuidados ou as coloca em risco de detenção pós-parto e de abusos nos hospitais. Este artigo, através de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa que envolve a análise de dados secundários recolhidos de diversas fontes disponíveis através de investigação documental, demonstrará, portanto, que o reconhecimento legal de direitos sem planos equitativos de financiamento da saúde e vontade política não endereça os desafios associados ao desigual acesso aos cuidados respeitosos de saúde materna.

ABSTRACT Higher education institutions establish alliances in search of benefits for students by granting them student credit cards; However, this may involve a credit risk, consequently, unexpected financial results. Given this situation, the objective of this research is to analyze the financial risks with the use of this instrument and its impact on the portfolio of a higher education institution located in the city of Guayaquil in the period 2018 - 2020, whose name has been omitted by privacy policies. The methodology implemented has a descriptive-explanatory design, of a longitudinal non-experimental type with a mixed approach. A documentary analysis of the information provided by the institution is carried out and a survey is applied to the population made up of 9 officials from the credit and collections area. The results obtained show a binding relationship between the university and financial institutions in order to benefit students. However, the lack of strategies and policies to apply an adequate collection system has generated an overdue portfolio that negatively influences the budget; ergo, the loss of financial and non-financial resources affecting the fulfillment of institutional objectives.

RESUMEN Las instituciones de educación superior establecen alianzas en búsqueda de beneficios para los estudiantes al otorgarles la tarjeta de crédito estudiantil; no obstante, esto puede contemplar un riesgo crediticio, en consecuencia, resultados financieros no esperados. Ante esta situación, el objetivo de la presente investigación precisa analizar los riesgos financieros con el uso de este instrumento y su impacto en la cartera de una institución de educación superior ubicada en la ciudad de Guayaquil en el periodo 2018 - 2020, cuyo nombre se ha omitido por políticas de privacidad. La metodología implementada tiene un diseño descriptivo-explicativo, de tipo no experimental longitudinal con enfoque mixto. Se realiza un análisis documental de la información proporcionada por la institución y se aplica una encuesta dirigida a la población conformada por 9 funcionarios del área de crédito y cobranzas. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian una relación vinculante entre la universidad y las instituciones financieras en pos de beneficiar a los estudiantes. Sin embargo, la falta de estrategias y políticas para aplicar un sistema de recaudación adecuado ha generado una cartera vencida que influye negativamente en el presupuesto; ergo, la pérdida de recursos financieros y no financieros afectando el cumplimiento de los objetivos institucionales.

Abstract This article analyses the experiences and perceptions of a sample of people over 60 about the most frequent type of violence in old age, the risk factors, the offenders and the reactions to abuse. A mixed study was carried out with the sequential application of 677 questionnaires and 45 interviews. The results show that older people are mainly victims of psychological abuse and financial exploitation; the type of abuse varies according to the type of aggressor; and that machismo, ageism, mental health problems, addictive behaviours and social isolation are risk factors for violence. Health and justice professionals are perceived as those to whom victims should turn and confide.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las experiencias y percepciones de una muestra de personas mayores de 60 años sobre el tipo de violencia más frecuente en la vejez, los factores de riesgo, los agresores y las reacciones ante el maltrato. Se realizó un estudio mixto con la aplicación secuencial de 677 cuestionarios y 45 entrevistas. Los resultados muestran que las personas mayores son principalmente víctimas de maltrato psicológico y explotación económica; que el tipo de maltrato varía según el tipo de agresor; y que el machismo, el edadismo, los problemas de salud mental, las conductas adictivas y el aislamiento social son factores de riesgo para la violencia. Los profesionales de la salud y la justicia son percibidos como aquellos a los que las víctimas deben acudir y confiar.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as vivências e perceções de uma amostra de pessoas com mais de 60 anos sobre o tipo de violência mais frequente na idade avançada, os fatores de risco, os ofensores e as reações aos abusos. Foi realizado um estudo misto, com a aplicação sequencial de 677 questionários e 45 entrevistas. Os resultados mostram que as pessoas mais velhas são vítimas principalmente de abuso psicológico e de exploração financeira; o tipo de abuso varia consoante o tipo de agressor/a; e que o machismo, idadismo, problemas de saúde mental, comportamentos aditivos e o isolamento social são fatores de risco de violência. Os profissionais de saúde e da justiça são percecionados como aqueles a quem as vítimas devem recorrer e confiar.

Résumé Cet article analyse les expériences et les perceptions d’un échantillon de personnes âgées de plus de 60 ans concernant le type de violence le plus fréquent chez les personnes âgées, les facteurs de risque, les auteurs et les réactions à la maltraitance. Une étude mixte a été réalisée avec l’application séquentielle de 677 questionnaires et 45 entretiens. Les résultats montrent que les personnes âgées sont principalement victimes d’abus psychologiques et d’exploitation financière; le type d’abus varie en fonction du type d’agresseur; et que le machisme, l’âgisme, les problèmes de santé mentale, les comportements addictifs et l’isolement social sont des facteurs de risque de la violence. Les professionnels de la santé et de la justice sont perçus comme les personnes vers lesquelles les victimes doivent se tourner et en qui elles doivent avoir confiance.

Abstract The Maria da Penha Law brought to the Brazilian legal system, such as the urgent protection measures (MPUs). Gender subjectivation process influences the usage of this legal instrument. This exploratory research aims to understand sociodemographic variables and motivations that may influence their revocation by women, based on the documental analysis of 60 psychosocial reports and 60 sociodemographic questionnaires. Four categories of motivation to revoke protective orders were listed, created using content analysis and gender devices revocation: care, love, financial dependence, and risk perception. The first two categories were more prominent in the reports analyzed, which favors the analysis of women identity formation by loving and maternal devices and their influence on the revocation of MPUs. It was observed that most revocation requests occurred in the first month after the violent episode occurred. In those requests there was a preponderance of the categories love and financial dependence and of black women and unemployed women. Understanding the variables that affect the maintenance of protective orders as well as the motivation and vulnerabilities arising from the process of subjectivation of women into those devices could better qualify the performance of those who work in the legal system. system MPUs . (MPUs) instrument 6 questionnaires listed care perception analyzed (MPUs

Resumo A Lei Maria da Penha trouxe inovações ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, como as medidas protetivas de urgência (MPUs). Os processos de subjetivação de gênero influenciam a utilização desse instrumento jurídico. Nessa pesquisa exploratória, buscou-se compreender as variáveis sociodemográficas e motivações que podem influenciar a solicitação de revogação das medidas protetivas pelas mulheres, a partir da análise documental de 60 relatórios psicossociais e 60 questionários sociodemográficos. Foram elencadas quatro categorias de motivação para o pedido de revogação, criadas a partir da análise de conteúdo e dos dispositivos de gênero: cuidar, amar, dependência financeira e percepção do risco. As duas primeiras categorias se destacaram, corroborando a análise do favorecimento da formação identitária de mulheres nos dispositivos materno e amoroso e sua influência na solicitação de revogação das MPUs. Observou-se que a maioria das solicitações de revogação ocorreram no primeiro mês após a data do fato. Notou-se que nessas solicitações houve uma preponderância das categorias amar e dependência financeira; e de mulheres negras e de mulheres desempregadas. A compreensão dessas variáveis na manutenção das medidas protetivas e a influência de vulnerabilidades decorrentes do processo de subjetivação de gênero podem qualificar a atuação dos atores do sistema de justiça. brasileiro MPUs . (MPUs) exploratória buscouse buscou 6 sociodemográficos cuidar risco destacaram Observouse Observou fato Notouse Notou desempregadas justiça (MPUs

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this research was to assess how the profitability and liquidity of the company "Central de Cooperativas Mineras Rinconada y Lunar de Oro Limitada" were impacted by COVID-19 between the periods 2018 and 2022. This study is classified as basic and explanatory in nature, and it is non-experimental. For data collection, the documentation technique and observation were used, and the company's Balance Sheet and Income Statement were analyzed. The results indicate that, based on the analysis of profitability through Return on Assets (ROA), in 2019, it showed a negative value (-0.21). In contrast, in 2020, it recorded a value of 78.02. On the other hand, the analysis of Return on Equity (ROE) revealed a value of -0.14 in 2019, while in 2020, a significant value was recorded in the ratios (65.01). Regarding the liquidity of the mining company, the Current Ratio in 2019 was 15.46, and in 2020, it was 0.78. Furthermore, the Quick Ratio values were 15.46 in 2019 and 0.78 in 2020. Conclusions: the mining company experienced a significant decline in liquidity; however, it managed to maintain strong economic and financial profitability. Although a company may be profitable, the lack of liquidity represents a significant risk.

RESUMEN El propósito principal de esta investigación fue evaluar cómo la rentabilidad y la liquidez de la empresa “Central de Cooperativas Mineras Rinconada y Lunar de Oro Limitada” se vieron afectadas por el COVID-19 entre los periodos 2018 y 2022. Este estudio se clasifica de tipo básica y nivel descriptivo, y no experimental. Para el recojo de información se usó la técnica de documentación y la observación, se analizó el Estado de situación financiera y Estado de Resultados de la empresa. Los resultados muestran que, según el análisis de rentabilidad por retorno de activos (ROA) en el 2019 mostró un valor negativo (-0,21). Mientras que en 2020 registró un valor 78,02. Por otro lado, el análisis del retorno sobre el patrimonio (ROE), en el 2019 se halló un valor de -0,14. Mientras que en el 2020 se registró un valor significativo en ls ratios (65,01). Respecto a la liquidez de la empresa minera, según valores de Liquidez Corriente en el 2019 fue de 15,46 y en el 2020 fue de 0,78. Por otro lado, los valores de la Prueba Ácida en el 2019 fueron de 15,46 y en el 2020 de 0,78. Conclusiones: la empresa minera percibió una caída importante en su liquidez, sin embargo, logró mantener una sólida rentabilidad económica y financiera. Aunque una empresa pueda ser rentable, la falta de liquidez representa un riesgo significativo.

Abstract The objective is to analyze the impact of leverage (short- and long-term debt), capital structure, solvency, Returns on Assets (ROA), and firm size on the stock returns of 52 firms quoted in Mexican stock market (BMV) for the period 2011(1Q)-2021(2Q). Methodology includes three panel approaches are implemented: Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS), Fixed-Effect Model (FEM) and Random Effect Model (REM). Findings suggest a statistically significant negative effect of firm size stock returns, whereas there is a statistically significant and positive impact of ROA and solvency on stock returns. We recommend that, investors should pay attention, not only, to company size and profitability-related indicators, but also to indebtedness, to prices reflect the risk associated with the assets. The originality lies in the fact that the issue of capital structure and its impact on the market value of Mexican companies has been scarcely studied, and an extensive sample of companies is used, and various panel data methodologies are also used to compare the results. We conclude that, the size and profitability indicators have a significant effect on the stock returns, but the leverage does not.

Resumen El objetivo es analizar el impacto del apalancamiento (deuda de corto y largo plazo), el Retorno sobre Activos (ROA) y el tamaño de la empresa sobre los rendimientos accionarios de 52 empresas que cotizan en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) para el periodo 2011(1T)-2021(2T). En la metodología, se implementan tres modelos panel: Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios Agrupados (MCO), Modelo de Efectos Fijos (MEF) y Modelo de Efectos Aleatorios (REM). Los resultados sugieren un efecto negativo estadísticamente significativo del tamaño de la empresa sobre el rendimiento de las acciones, mientras que existe un impacto positivo y estadísticamente significativo del ROA y la solvencia sobre el rendimiento de las acciones. La principal recomendación es que, los inversores presten atención, no solo al tamaño y rentabilidad de la empresa, sino también al nivel de endeudamiento, de tal forma que, los precios del mercado reflejen mejor el nivel de riesgo asociado a los diversos activos. La principal limitación es que, dada la disponibilidad de los datos, solamente se abarca empresas cotizadas en la bolsa, por lo que, no se sabe cuál es el efecto en empresas de menor tamaño. La originalidad radica en que la estructura de capital y su impacto en el valor de mercado de las empresas mexicanas ha sido escasamente estudiado. Además, se utiliza una amplia muestra de empresas, así como diversas metodologías de datos de panel para comparar los resultados. Se concluye que sí hay impacto significativo del tamaño y rentabilidad operativa, pero no hay impacto significativo del nivel endeudamiento en los rendimientos accionarios de las empresas de la BMV.

The structure of climate finance flows from donors (multilateral sources) to recipients (sub-Saharan African countries) was studied. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive network structure of the climate finance flows into Africa, based on the global public climate finance governance system. Network theory and decision tree techniques were employed. The results obtained generally fit the multilateral funding units (MFUs) into two categories: central funding units (CFUs), which simultaneously attend to the climate-related projects of many African countries, and the boundary funding units (BFUs), which cater to only a few countries at once. An isolated region with no BFUs was identified. African countries within this group could be more exposed to climate financial risk as they rely on only the CFUs. In general, with the exception of mitigation REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) climate finance, a disproportionate distribution of climate themes, with particular reference to adaptation finance, was observed across sub-Saharan Africa. This has real implications for equitable resource allocation of climate funds. The need for African-bred region-wide MFUs is recommended. SIGNIFICANCE: Insights from this analysis expose the presence of contagion effects within the sub-Saharan African climate finance network structure and, consequently, the flow of climate finance-related risks. This knowledge is critical for future planning as it can provide African governments and interested stakeholders with informed evidence upon which they can make reliable and justifiable decisions, such as shaping of sectoral strategies and improving of climate finance flow coordination.

SIGNIFICANCE: The move away from LIBOR to new risk-free rates is crucial in finance. In this Commentary, I examine South Africa's readiness for transitioning from JIBAR to these new rates, especially regarding interest rate derivatives. I delve into how this shift impacts pricing, unique to South Africa's market. Using a mathematical model based on a 2 x 2 Wishart process, I analyse caplet pricing considering backward- and forward-looking rates. Comparing these caplet types reveals the complexities of pricing in this changing financial landscape. The insights shed light on challenges and opportunities for South Africa and the finance sector as JIBAR nears its end, emphasising the need for robust mathematical strategies in navigating this transition.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las condiciones laborales anormales son circunstancias de trabajo existentes en actividades en cuyo desempeño, se presentan factores de riesgos con cierto grado de influencia que pueden afectar la salud de los trabajadores y provocar enfermedades profesionales o accidentes de trabajo y que no es posible minimizarlas con la aplicación de medidas técnicas y organizativas. Objetivos: Implementar un nuevo diagnóstico de condiciones laborales anormales, certificarlas en una selección de puestos de trabajo y legalizarlas para reconocer el pago económico adicional por ese concepto. Método: Los métodos y técnicas de investigación utilizados fueron las entrevistas, las encuestas, la observación y la consulta bibliográfica, dirigida a los factores de riesgos, enfermedades profesionales y accidentes de trabajo a los que se exponen los trabajadores, evaluando los resultados de las condiciones laborales anormales. Resultados: Se localizaron en las brigadas de trabajo factores de riesgos con cierto nivel de predominio. El 17 % de los operarios refieren primariamente el esfuerzo físico y la postura del trabajador, mientras el 83 % exponen la tensión nerviosa, inadecuados niveles de temperatura y humedad, así como la presencia de impureza y toxicidad del aire en el entorno laboral. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgos de mayor relevancia encontrados son la postura del trabajador y la impureza y toxicidad del aire vinculado estrechamente al desarrollo de las enfermedades profesionales u ocupacionales como el síndrome del túnel carpiano causadas por las posturas extremas del cuerpo y la intoxicación provocada por la exposición a agentes biológicos y el trabajo con sustancias químicas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Abnormal working conditions are working circumstances existing in activities whose performance, risk factors with a certain degree of influence are presented what can affect the health of workers and cause occupational diseases or work accidents and these cannot be minimized with the application of technical and organizational measures. Objectives: Certify abnormal working conditions in a selection of jobs and recognize additional financial payment for this concept. Method: The research methods and techniques used were interviews, surveys, observation and bibliography consultation aimed at factors for occupational diseases and work accidents to which workers are exposed when evaluating the results of abnormal working conditions. Results: Risk factors with a certain level of predominance were located in the work brigades. The 17% of the operators, they primarily refer to the physical effort and posture of the worker, while 83%expose nervous tension, temperature and humidity, impurity and toxicity of the air. Conclusions: The most relevant risk factors are the workers posture and the impurity and toxicity of the air closely linked to the development of occupational diseases how carpal tunnel syndrome caused by extreme body posture anger and intoxication caused by exposure to biological agents and work with chemicals.

A dengue evoluiu de uma doença restrita a alguns países para um grave problema global de saúde pública, atingindo mais de 120 países nos últimos anos. No Brasil, após sua reintrodução em 1981, o país enfrentou diversas epidemias, com mais de 16 milhões de casos registrados até o momento. Em 2023, sob a vigência do fenômeno climático El Niño registrou-se uma das maiores epidemias de dengue no país, com mais de 1,6 milhões de casos notificados. Temperaturas e pluviosidade mais elevadas em conjunto com a circulação simultânea dos quatro sorotipos do vírus da dengue aumentaram ainda mais o risco de disseminação da doença em 2024, especialmente em populações sem imunidade para alguns dos sorotipos. Diante deste quadro, o Ministério da Saúde promoveu várias ações para enfrentar a situação, incluindo a instalação de uma Sala Nacional de Arboviroses e um Comitê de Operações de Emergência, repasses financeiros para apoiar estados e municípios em ações contingenciais de vigilância e prevenção de doenças, com ênfase no enfrentamento das arboviroses e investimentos em inovações para o controle da dengue, como vacinação e o método Wolbachia. Ainda assim, o primeiro trimestre de 2024 registrou um número de casos suspeitos de dengue superior ao de 2023, destacando a necessidade de aprimoramentos no monitoramento da situação epidemiológica para detecção precoce de epidemias e da preparação dos serviços de saúde para o cuidado dos casos com sinais de gravidade. Após mais de 40 anos de epidemias recorrentes, o controle efetivo da dengue no país requer ações sustentadas de prevenção por meio de estratégias inovadoras, envolvendo esforços coordenados de todas as esferas da gestão em saúde, juntamente com a participação ativa da população. Ações estruturais para a melhoria na cobertura de saneamento básico e para mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climá

Dengue has evolved from a disease restricted to a few countries into a serious global public health issue, affecting over 120 countries in recent years. In Brazil, after its reintroduction in 1981, the country has faced several epidemics, with over 16 million cases registered to date. In 2023, under the influence of the El Niño climatic phenomenon, one of the largest epidemics occurred in the country, with over 1.6 million cases reported. High temperatures and precipitation in line with the simultaneous circulation of all four serotypes of the dengue virus increased the risk of disease spread in 2024, especially in populations without immunity to some of the serotypes. In such a scenario, the Ministry of Health undertook various actions to address the situation, including the establishment of a National Arbovirus Situation Room and an Emergency Operations Commitee, financial support to assist states and municipalities in contingency actions for disease surveillance and prevention, with an emphasis on combating arboviruses, and investments in innovations for dengue control, such as vaccination and the Wolbachia method. However, the number of notified dengue cases in the first trimester of 2024 supplanted the whole year of 2023, highlighting the need for a more effective monitoring of the epidemiological situation for early outbreak detection and the preparation of health services for the care of cases with signs of severity. After more than 40 years of recurrent dengue epidemics, the effective control of dengue requires sustained preventive actions using innovative strategies, with coordinated efforts at all levels of health management, along with active participation of the population. Structural actions to improve basic sanitation coverage and to mitigate the effects of climate change are critical conditions for reducing the burden of dengue in the population.

BACKGROUND. The positive deviance approach has been used to identify infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices associated with a reduction in stunting, but this research is limited in South Africa (SA). OBJECTIVE. To identify strategies among positive deviant (PD) caregivers of non-stunted children aged 6 - 18 months that influence infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and raise well-nourished children in two informal settlements in Harrismith. METHODS. This study employed a mixed-method design using a PD approach. Demographic questionnaires were administered to 28 purposefully sampled caregiver-child pairs to determine caregiver, child and household characteristics. Socioeconomic scores were obtained from these interviews and used to select six PD and six non-positive deviant (NPD) caregivers for semi-structured qualitative interviews between March and June 2019. RESULTS. Nutritional PD behaviours included consuming 'flesh foods' (meat) more often and practising responsive feeding and family eating. Non-nutritional PD behaviours included coping strategies involving health-seeking behaviour, financial strategy and social capital of caregivers. All caregivers displayed poor breastfeeding practices and an early introduction of solid foods. Primary healthcare nurses were reported to frequently provide breastfeeding advice from outdated prevention of mother-to-child transmission policy. CONCLUSIONS. Poor IYCF practices highlight the need for continued advocacy and promotion of IYCF in SA. Nutritional PD behaviours are key to health promotional messages relayed within the local community where the research was conducted. The presence of nutritional and non-nutritional PD behaviours highlights the need for a multi-sectoral response to addressing stunting and improving IYCF practices.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the two most important monetary laws that have been implemented in El Salvador, namely the Monetary Integration Law (MIL) and the Bitcoin Law. The most important articles of both laws will be analyzed, as well as the consequences of dollarization, and the possible advantages and risks associated with the adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender. Although this measure may have some positive aspects by encouraging financial innovation and facilitating remittances, the macroeconomic risk is very high due to the volatility of this cryptocurrency. So far no positive results have been achieved as the acceptance has been very low and there has been a depreciation of the asset in recent months. Salvador MIL (MIL analyzed dollarization tender remittances cryptocurrency months

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as duas leis monetárias mais importantes que têm sido implementadas em El Salvador, nomeadamente a Lei de Integração Monetária (MIL) e a Lei Bitcoin. Serão analisados os artigos mais importantes de ambas as leis, bem como as consequências da dolarização, e as possíveis vantagens e riscos associados à adopção da moeda de curso legal Bitcoin. Embora esta medida possa ter alguns aspectos positivos ao encorajar a inovação financeira e facilitar as remessas, o risco macroeconómico é muito elevado devido à volatilidade desta moeda criptográfica. Até agora não foram alcançados resultados positivos, uma vez que a aceitação tem sido muito baixa e tem havido uma depreciação do ativo nos últimos meses. Salvador MIL (MIL Bitcoin dolarização remessas criptográfica meses