Abstract (Introduction): Within the framework of the present capitalist system, human beings have become an important polluting agent. Current production and consumption processes do not consider the existence of finite natural resources and a planet incapable of treating the waste that the prevailing way of life generates. Given these circumstances, the study of non-linear models is of interest, which make a more rational use of the waste that the productive activity generates, favoring recycling mechanisms. The phenomenon of recycling becomes particularly relevant in the case of electrical and electronic devices, whose ability to be degraded and metabolized by planet Earth is extremely difficult. (Objective): Evaluate the feasibility of installing and starting a recycling plant for electrical and electronics items in the town of Bahía Blanca (Argentina), during 2021. (Methodology): The conventional method for evaluating investment projects was used, considering technical, legal and economic aspects. (Results): The project is not acceptable according to the profitability intended by the investor. The possibility of financing was also included, which made the project even less profitable, and the sensitivity of the results was measured, finding that the price should be 1.48 % higher than that used in the analysis. (Conclusions): Other alternatives must be explored to make this proposal profitable from an economic and financial point of view.

Resumen (Introducción): En el marco del sistema capitalista vigente, el ser humano se ha transformado en un agente significativo de contaminación. Las dinámicas productivas y de consumo actuales no contemplan la existencia de recursos naturales finitos y de un planeta incapaz de procesar los desperdicios que el modo de vida habitual genera. Dadas estas circunstancias, cobra interés el estudio de modelos no lineales, que hagan un uso más racional de los residuos derivados de la actividad productiva, los cuales favorezcan mecanismos de reciclaje. El fenómeno del reciclaje se vuelve, en particular, relevante para el caso de los artefactos eléctricos y electrónicos; la capacidad del planeta Tierra para degradarlos y metabolizarlos resulta sumamente difícil. (Objetivo): Evaluar la factibilidad de la instalación y puesta en marcha de una planta recicladora de artículos eléctricos y electrónicos en la localidad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), durante el 2021. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología convencional de evaluación de proyectos de inversión, considerando aspectos técnicos, legales y económicos. (Resultados): El proyecto no es aceptable según la rentabilidad pretendida por el inversor. También se incluyó la posibilidad de un financiamiento, lo que hizo que el plan fuera menos rentable aún, y se midió la sensibilidad de los resultados: se halló que el precio debiera ser 1.48 % superior al utilizado en el análisis. (Conclusiones): Se deben explorar otras alternativas para lograr que el proyecto sea rentable desde el punto de vista económico-financiero.

RESUMO A Teoria da Dependência dos Recursos procura entender como fatores externos influenciam o comportamento da organização, sua dependência e diversificação de recursos. Este estudo analisa a influência dos desempenhos econômico-financeiro e esportivo na diversificação das receitas de 24 clubes de futebol brasileiros. A composição das receitas foi analisada por meio da classificação da APFUT, adicionada da categoria “Receitas Financeiras”, enquanto o indicador Hirschman-Herfindahl adaptado foi utilizado para medir o nível de diversificação. Os resultados indicam que as principais receitas dos clubes são Direitos de Transmissão, Repasse de Direitos Federativos e Patrocínio. Os modelos apontaram efeitos positivos da rentabilidade e Ranking da CBF, e negativo do acesso à primeira divisão no nível de diversificação, indicando a relevância de elementos econômicos e esportivos. Este estudo contribui para a análise dos desempenhos esportivo e econômico-financeiro, os quais afetam a gestão de receitas, bem como endossa a discussão sobre a necessidade de diversificação das receitas como uma das medidas para evitar dificuldades financeiras. organização recursos econômicofinanceiro econômico financeiro 2 brasileiros APFUT Receitas Financeiras, Financeiras , Financeiras” HirschmanHerfindahl Hirschman Herfindahl Transmissão Patrocínio CBF esportivos econômicofinanceiro, financeiro, financeiras

ABSTRACT The Resource Dependence Theory seeks to understand how external factors influence an organization's behavior, dependency, and diversification of resources. This study analyzes the influence of economic-financial and sports performance on the revenue diversification of 24 Brazilian football clubs. The composition of the revenues was analyzed through the APFUT classification, with the addition of the "Financial Revenues" category, while the adapted Hirschman-Herfindahl Index was used to measure the level of diversification. The results indicate that the clubs' main revenues are Broadcasting Rights, Transfer of Federative Rights, and Sponsorship. The models pointed to the positive effects of profitability and Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) Ranking and the negative effect of promotion to the first division on the diversification level, indicating the relevance of economic and sports elements. This study contributes to the analysis of sports and economic-financial performance, which affect revenue management, and endorses the discussion on the need for revenue diversification as one of the measures to avoid financial difficulties. organizations organization s behavior dependency resources economicfinancial 2 clubs classification Financial Revenues category HirschmanHerfindahl Hirschman Herfindahl Rights Sponsorship CBF (CBF elements management difficulties

RESUMEN Para las economías en desarrollo el diseño de políticas con respecto al financiamiento externo es realmente complejo. El estallido y posterior evolución de la crisis derivada de la pandemia de COVID-19 a inicios del 2020 afectó, en primer lugar, a las economías en desarrollo que debieron enfrentarse a una compleja situación interna y restricción al financiamiento internacional. El presente trabajo describe el complejo escenario internacional que dificulta el acceso al financiamiento externo y se detiene en el caso cubano, en el cual un conjunto de factores internos y externos dificultan de manera extrema el acceso a recursos financieros imprescindibles para la recuperación y el desarrollo del país. El análisis se centra en el financiamiento proveniente de fuentes privadas y en particular en dos de sus principales instrumentos, la inversión extranjera directa y las remesas.

ABSTRAC For developing economies, the design of policies regarding external financing is really complex. The outbreak and subsequent evolution of the crisis derived from the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 affected, first of all, developing economies that had to face a complex internal situation and restriction on international financing. This work describes the complex international scenario that makes access to external financing difficult and focuses on the Cuban case in which a set of internal and external factors make it extremely difficult to access essential financial resources for recovery and development from the country. The analysis focuses on financing from private sources and in particular on two of its main instruments, foreign direct investment and remittances.

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the profitability and risks associated with the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus portfolio in the post-pandemic scenario. For this purpose, a quantitative and cross-sectional methodol- ogy was employed, based on the analysis of a variety of commodities representing these sectors, such as California water bonds, Brent crude oil, natural gas, corn, soy, and coffee. The analysis was conducted using a Python-devel- oped algorithm, focused on assessing the portfolio’s profitability, risk, and Markowitz’s Efficient Frontier. The results indicate that, although there are profitability opportunities in the WEF nexus portfolio, significant risks are also present for achieving such profitability. A key finding of the study is that, despite the increasing demand for efficient and sustainable resources, investment in these sectors requires strategic and considered management. The need for careful portfolio selection and diversification is suggested, aligning investments with sustainability principles to ensure their long-term viability. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of developing more robust predictive models and advocates for future research for a more comprehensive analysis of the dynamics between water, energy, and food and their impact on financial markets.

Resumen El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar la rentabilidad y los riesgos asociados al portafolio del nexo agua, energía y alimentos (AEA) en el escenario pospandemia. Para ello, se empleó una metodología cuantitativa y trans- versal, basada en el análisis de una variedad de commodities que representan estos sectores, tales como bonos de agua de California; petróleo crudo Brent, gas natural, maíz, soja y café. El análisis se realizó mediante un algoritmo desarrollado en Python, enfocado en evaluar la rentabilidad, el riesgo del portafolio y la Frontera de Eficiencia de Markowitz. Los resultados mostraron que, aunque existen oportunidades de rentabilidad en el portafolio del nexo AEA, también se presentan riesgos significativos para la obtención de dicha rentabilidad. Un hallazgo clave del es- tudio es que, a pesar de la creciente demanda de recursos eficientes y sostenibles, la inversión en estos sectores requiere una gestión estratégica y considerada. Se sugiere la necesidad de una cuidadosa selección y diversifi- cación del portafolio, alineando las inversiones con principios de sostenibilidad para garantizar su viabilidad a largo plazo. El estudio concluye destacando la importancia de desarrollar modelos predictivos más robustos y aboga por investigaciones futuras para un análisis más integral de las dinámicas entre agua, energía y alimentos y su impacto en los mercados financieros.

SUMMARY Management accounting constitutes an effective control instrument, which contributes with its information to the control of processes and resources and to decision-making, through its costing systems. Although it is traditionally identified with business management, it is applicable to any type of organization, such as the financial sector. This research has identified the need to implement a costing system based on the activities in the institutions that are part of the Central Bank of Cuba (BCC), and aims to show the progress achieved in this regard.

RESUMEN La contabilidad de gestión constituye un eficaz instrumento de control que contribuye con su información a la regulación de procesos y recursos, y a la toma de decisiones, mediante sus sistemas de costeo. Aunque tradicionalmente se identifica con la gestión empresarial es aplicable a cualquier tipo de organización, como es el caso del sector financiero. La presente investigación ha identificado la necesidad de implementar un sistema de costeo basado en las actividades en las instituciones que forman parte del Banco Central de Cuba (BCC), y tiene como objetivo mostrar los avances alcanzados al respecto.

Abstract Formalized mining constitutes a significant portion of Colombia's GDP and unfolds in two phases: exploration and exploitation. Both phases are highly attractive to foreign capital, yet such investment is far from being straightforward or simple. Objective: This study examines the challenges faced by foreign direct investment (FDI) in Colombian mining projects. Methodology: It is an exploratory qualitative study involving 11 key informants, each with a distinguished track record in mining organization management. Key findings: A complex panorama is observed for investors in mining projects given that the permits, licenses, and forms of operation are not clear; the financial part does not have clear capital entry and exit mechanisms, and the relationship with the communities surrounding the mining projects, in some cases, the capacity of investors. Conclusions: Despite the importance for the economy of the regions, FDI in Colombian mining projects encounters numerous obstacles, which limit its attractiveness. Regarding the governance of resources some difficulties are the economic-financial challenges and the considerations about social difficulties with the communities in the mining territories.

Resumo A mineração formalizada é responsável por uma porção significativa do PIB da Colômbia e é realizada em duas fases, exploração e explotação, ambas muito atraentes para o capital estrangeiro, mas esse investimento está longe de ser regularizado, formal e simples. Objetivo: Analisar as dificuldades e os desafios do investimento estrangeiro direto em projetos de mineração na Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo exploratório com 11 informantes-chave, com experiência reconhecida na gestão de organizações de mineração. Principais resultados: Observa-se um panorama complexo para os investidores em projetos de mineração, uma vez que as autorizações, as licenças e as formas de operação não são claras, a parte financeira não tem mecanismos claros para a entrada e saída de capital, e a relação com as comunidades que cercam os projetos de mineração excede, em alguns casos, as capacidades dos investidores. Conclusões: Apesar de sua importância para a economia das regiões, o investimento estrangeiro direto na Colômbia para projetos de mineração enfrenta muitas dificuldades, o que limita sua atratividade, nas dimensões relacionadas à governança dos recursos, aos desafios econômico-financeiros da verba que entra e sai dos projetos, e às considerações sobre as dificuldades sociais com as comunidades nos territórios de mineração.

Resumen La minería formalizada ocupa un renglón significativo del PIB colombiano y se desarrolla en dos fases: la exploración y la explotación, ambas muy atractivas para capitales foráneos. Sin embargo, dicha inversión se encuentra lejos de ser algo protocolizado, formal y sencillo. Objetivo: Analizar las dificultades, los retos y los desafíos de la inversión extranjera directa (IED) en proyectos mineros en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio con 11 informantes clave, con reconocida trayectoria en la gestión de organizaciones mineras. Resultados principales: Se observa un panorama complejo para los inversionistas en proyectos mineros dado que no están claros los permisos, licencias ni formas de funcionamiento; la parte financiera no dispone de mecanismos claros de entrada y salida de capitales, y el relacionamiento con las comunidades aledañas a los proyectos mineros rebasa, en algunos casos, las capacidades de los inversionistas. Conclusiones: A pesar de la importancia para la economía de las regiones, la IED en Colombia para proyectos mineros enfrenta muchas dificultades, que limitan su atractivo. En las dimensiones relativas a la gobernanza de los recursos están los retos económico-financieros del dinero que entra y sale de los proyectos y las consideraciones sobre dificultades que se presentan con las comunidades en los territorios mineros.

O estudo objetiva analisar a implementação da Lei de Cotas - Lei nº 12.711/12 - em quatro universidades federais brasileiras a partir da perspectiva dos Burocratas de Médio Escalão (BMEs). A metodologia adotada foi qualitativa, combinando análise de atas, relatórios de gestão e entrevistas com pró-reitores das universidades selecionadas. Foram realizadas dez entrevistas, das quais quatro foram analisadas no presente artigo. A pesquisa observa os desafios enfrentados pelas instituições e nas articulações feitas pelos burocratas no processo de implementação da legislação. Os resultados indicam que, embora a Lei de Cotas tenha sido amplamente implementada, sua execução envolveu desafios relacionados à validação de matrículas, especialmente em relação à comprovação de renda e autodeclaração racial. O estudo também destacou a necessidade de políticas de permanência estudantil, visto que a implementação da lei não garantiu recursos suficientes para o apoio financeiro de longo prazo aos estudantes cotistas. Nossos entrevistados observavam um papel fundamental da permanência dos estudantes no ensino superior para o sucesso das políticas de ação afirmativa.

The study aims to analyze the implementation of the Quotas Law – Law n. 12.711/12 – in four Brazilian federal universities from the perspective of Mid-Level Bureaucrats (MLBs). The methodology used was qualitative, combining analysis of university council minutes, management reports, and interviews with pro-rectors of the selected universities. Ten interviews were conducted, four of which were analyzed in this article. The research observes the challenges faced by the institutions and the arrangements made by bureaucrats during the process of implementing the legislation. The results indicate that, although the Quotas Law was widely implemented, its execution involved challenges related to the validation of student enrollment, especially regarding income verification and racial self-declaration. The study also highlighted the need for student retention policies, as the law’s implementation did not guarantee sufficient resources for long-term financial support for quota students. Our interviewees noted that student retention in higher education plays a crucial role in the success of affirmative action policies.

Abstract Introduction The optimal time for tracheostomy changes is unknown. Most surgeons opt to wait until five to seven days postoperatively, while more recent studies suggest that changes occurring as early as two to three days postoperatively are also safe. Objective To evaluate the safety of changing the tracheostomy tube later than 14 days postoperatively. Methods The charts of patients who underwent tracheostomy placement and change at a tertiary care center from 2015 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed, and the subjects were divided into 2 cohorts (late and very late), depending on the time of the first tracheostomy change. Results The study included 198 patients, 53 of whom aged between 0 and 18 years, and 145, aged > 18 years. The time until the first tracheostomy change was on average of 131.1 days. The most common indication for tracheostomy tube placement was prolonged intubation. Adverse events were observed in 30.8% of the cases (the most common being the formation of granulation tissue), a rate that does not differ much from the incidence reported in the literature (of 34% to 77%) when tracheostomy tubes are changed as early as 3 to 7 days postoperatively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between patients undergoing late and very late changes (p = 0.688), or between pediatric and adult subjects (p = 0.36). There were no significant correlations regarding the time of the first or second change and the incidence of complications (r = −0.014; p = 0.84 for the first change; and r = −0.57; p = 0.64 for the second change). Conclusion The late first tracheostomy tube change was safe and could save resources and decrease the financial burden of frequent changes. It is always crucial to provide adequate information about home tracheostomy care for patients. unknown 1 201 reviewed late, , late) 19 5 years 145 1311 131 131. intubation 308 30 8 30.8 tissue, tissue tissue) 34 77% 77 0.688, 0688 0.688 688 0.688) 0.36. 036 0.36 . 36 0.36) −0.014 0014 014 084 84 0.8 −0.57 057 57 064 64 0.6 change) 20 13 30. 068 0.68 68 03 0.3 −0.01 001 01 08 0. −0.5 05 06 6 −0.0 00 −0. −0 −

ABSTRACT Higher education institutions establish alliances in search of benefits for students by granting them student credit cards; However, this may involve a credit risk, consequently, unexpected financial results. Given this situation, the objective of this research is to analyze the financial risks with the use of this instrument and its impact on the portfolio of a higher education institution located in the city of Guayaquil in the period 2018 - 2020, whose name has been omitted by privacy policies. The methodology implemented has a descriptive-explanatory design, of a longitudinal non-experimental type with a mixed approach. A documentary analysis of the information provided by the institution is carried out and a survey is applied to the population made up of 9 officials from the credit and collections area. The results obtained show a binding relationship between the university and financial institutions in order to benefit students. However, the lack of strategies and policies to apply an adequate collection system has generated an overdue portfolio that negatively influences the budget; ergo, the loss of financial and non-financial resources affecting the fulfillment of institutional objectives.

RESUMEN Las instituciones de educación superior establecen alianzas en búsqueda de beneficios para los estudiantes al otorgarles la tarjeta de crédito estudiantil; no obstante, esto puede contemplar un riesgo crediticio, en consecuencia, resultados financieros no esperados. Ante esta situación, el objetivo de la presente investigación precisa analizar los riesgos financieros con el uso de este instrumento y su impacto en la cartera de una institución de educación superior ubicada en la ciudad de Guayaquil en el periodo 2018 - 2020, cuyo nombre se ha omitido por políticas de privacidad. La metodología implementada tiene un diseño descriptivo-explicativo, de tipo no experimental longitudinal con enfoque mixto. Se realiza un análisis documental de la información proporcionada por la institución y se aplica una encuesta dirigida a la población conformada por 9 funcionarios del área de crédito y cobranzas. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian una relación vinculante entre la universidad y las instituciones financieras en pos de beneficiar a los estudiantes. Sin embargo, la falta de estrategias y políticas para aplicar un sistema de recaudación adecuado ha generado una cartera vencida que influye negativamente en el presupuesto; ergo, la pérdida de recursos financieros y no financieros afectando el cumplimiento de los objetivos institucionales.

Managing school finances by school governing bodies (SGBs) in South African secondary schools has proven to be a challenge that has several negative consequences for education, infrastructure, and other resources. The purpose of this article was to assess the efficiency of financial management systems (FMSs) in selected schools in the Amathole West education district. A case study design and qualitative approach were employed in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select SGB members from 2 schools in the district. The research participants were interviewed using face-to-face and telephonic interviews. We found that while there is understanding and alignment of financial systems by SGBs, insufficient or limited financial resources, inconsistencies in dealing with financial management matters, and government deposit allocation delays, SGBs' level of education and bank operations pose challenges and lead to the misalignment of school operations. Based on the study, we suggest that SGBs adopt strategies to enhance the financial management of schools, namely monitoring and evaluation, the appointment of qualified SGB members, increased training, a stipend system for SGBs and timeous deposit of funds to schools.

RESUMEN Las cardiopatías congénitas son las malformaciones congénitas más frecuentes a nivel mundial y representan una de las principales causas de muerte neonatal, además de requerir el uso importante de recursos humanos y financieros para los sistemas de salud. El presente documento tiene como finalidad respaldar la implementación del tamizaje neonatal de cardiopatías congénitas críticas usando la oximetría de pulso de acuerdo a las diferentes altitudes geográficas en el Perú. Esta tecnología es ampliamente usada a nivel mundial, tiene moderada sensibilidad, pero excelente especificidad y costo-efectividad. En muchas latitudes ha llevado a una mejor sobrevivencia en este grupo de pacientes, así como en la población neonatal en general, ya que su uso detecta tempranamente sepsis, neumonías y otros problemas que afectan la oxigenación del neonato. El tamizaje neonatal de cardiopatías congénitas críticas es aplicable en todos los niveles de atención de salud a nivel nacional y su implementación urgente a nivel nacional es una prioridad para mejorar la salud neonatal.

ABSTRACT Congenital heart diseases are the most common congenital malformations worldwide and represent one of the leading causes of neonatal death, in addition to the significant use of human and financial resources by health systems. The purpose of this document is to support the implementation of neonatal screening for critical congenital heart diseases using pulse oximetry according to the different geographical altitudes of Peru. This technology is widely used worldwide and has high sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness. At many latitudes, it has led to better survival in this group of patients and in the neonatal population in general since its use in the early detection of sepsis, pneumonia, and other conditions that affect the oxygenation of the newborn. Neonatal screening for critical congenital heart disease is applicable at all levels of healthcare at a national level, and its implementation must be a priority to improve neonatal health.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives After a few years of exposure to different strains of COVID-19, there is a large percentage of infected individuals worldwide, most of whom are of working age. Taking into account that in a substantial fraction of these there were prolonged symptoms and with some capacity to alter work capacity, a review was initiated in order to summarize the most pertinent information published on this subject. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content This syndrome is a set of multiorgan symptoms/sequelae that affects previously infected individuals, sometimes lasting several months. It is a chronic complication, due to a persistent hyperinflammatory state (although the pathophysiology is not clearly known) and even after the COVID test is negative. It may be justified by inflammatory, hypoxic, microvascular and neurodegenerative changes; by direct damage caused by the virus itself and/or by secondary effects of therapy and co-existing morbidities. The emotional part may be associated with the fear of infecting family members, the economic problems associated with the costs of medical care (in countries with more privatized healthcare systems) and/or the stigma of the infection itself. The diagnosis is clinical and appears both in individuals who have been hospitalized and who have not. It can involve morbidity, overload on the health system and financial resources. It is also called Long COVID Syndrome, a term that actually emerged on social media. Discussion and Conclusions Given the temporality, the articles published on the topic are reasonably recent, and there is no previous bibliography on this subject to discuss the data obtained; although some symptoms may also be due to other more prevalent and/or old infections, possibly due to a similar pathophysiological mechanism. All evolutions are possible: from asymptomatic individuals during and after the infection to others with very debilitating symptoms that limit their ability to work. It is necessary for the occupational health team to evaluate each case, using the aptitude classification to help adapt tasks and obtain greater performance, job satisfaction and profit.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos Após alguns anos de exposição às diversas estirpes de COVID-19, existe uma grande percentagem de indivíduos infetados mundialmente, grande parte dos quais em idade ativa. Tendo em conta que numa fração substancial destes existiram sintomas prolongados e com alguma influência para alterar a capacidade de trabalho, iniciou-se uma revisão, no sentido de resumir o que mais pertinente se publicou sobre este assunto. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo Esta síndroma é um conjunto de semiologia multiorgânica que atinge indivíduos previamente infetados, por vezes com duração de vários meses. Trata-se de uma complicação crónica, devido a um estado hiperinflamatório persistente (ainda que a patofisiologia não seja conhecida com clareza) e mesmo após o teste de COVID negativar. Poderá ser justificada através de alterações inflamatórias, hipóxicas, microvasculares e neurodegenerativas; bem como devido aos danos diretos causados pelo vírus em si e/ou pelos efeitos secundários da terapêutica e morbilidades coexistentes. A parte emocional poderá ser associada ao medo de infetar familiares, pelos problemas económicos associados aos custos dos cuidados médicos (em países com sistemas de saúde mais privatizados) e/ou pelo estigma da infeção em si. O diagnóstico é clínico e tanto aparece em indivíduos que foram hospitalizados, como não. Pode implicar morbilidade, sobrecarga do sistema de saúde e de recursos financeiros. Também se designa por Síndroma do COVID longo, termo que, na realidade, surgiu nas redes sociais. Discussão e Conclusões Dada a temporalidade, os artigos publicados sobre o tema são razoavelmente recentes, não existindo bibliografia anterior sobre este assunto, para discutir os dados obtidos; ainda que alguns sintomas equivalentes também possam ser consequentes a outras infeções, mais prevalentes e/ou antigas, eventualmente por um mecanismo fisiopatológico parecido. Todas as evoluções são possíveis, desde indivíduos assintomáticos durante e após a infeção, como outros com sintomas muito debilitantes e limitadores da sua capacidade laboral. É necessário que a equipa de saúde ocupacional avalie cada caso, usando a classificação de aptidão para ajudar na adequação das tarefas e obtenção de maior desempenho, satisfação laboral e lucro.

ABSTRACT Cuba faces a complex situation related to the warranty of the pillars of food and nutrition security; due to the international economic crisis, the irrational use of natural resources and the impact of climate change; a situation that gets worse due to the lack of financial resources and the effects of the coronavirus pandemic. In this scene, the Cuban State and Government´s bet to approve the Plan of Food Sovereignty and Nutrition Education and its consequent legal instrumentation, the Law of Food Sovereignty and Food and Nutrition Security. The present article contains the construction process of these legal regulations, the novel methodologies used for their elaboration, and the systematization of good practices and lessons learned in this legislative process.

RESUMEN Cuba enfrenta un contexto complejo para garantizar los pilares de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional; producto de la crisis económica internacional, la utilización irracional de los recursos naturales y el impacto del cambio climático, la cual se acentúa con la carencia de recursos financieros y los efectos de la pandemia del coronavirus. Ante este escenario, el Estado y Gobierno cubanos apostaron por aprobar un Plan de Soberanía Alimentaria y Educación Nutricional y su instrumentación jurídica, la Ley Soberanía Alimentaria y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional y su Reglamento. El presente artículo aborda el proceso de construcción de estas normas legales, las metodologías novedosas utilizadas para su elaboración, con una sistematización de las buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas en este proceso legislativo.

Resumen La administración como técnica clásica de planificación, estrategia y organización total de recursos ha sido diseñada, especialmente, con el objetivo de extraer el máximo de beneficios según los recursos disponibles. El ser humano se incorpora como recurso para fines organizacionales, pero expresa su subjetividad en busca de su deseo y proyección en el marco de las exigencias institucionales. De ahí que sea viable contextualizarla bajo la visión de balance y equilibrio. Por ello, se expone como una propuesta teórica novedosa en donde la definición de “beneficio” se extiende más allá de la utilidad financiera, modelos positivistas y reduccionistas, por cuanto se plantea una revisión de la literatura en la que todo sujeto (natural o corporativo) se identifique como un ente valorador de la maximización del beneficio bajo un balance entre el entorno y el esfuerzo realizado.

Abstract Administration as a classic technique of planning, strategy and total organization of resources designed, especially, with the aim of extracting the maximum benefits according to the available resources. The human being is incorporated as a resource for organizational purposes, but expresses his subjectivity in search of his desire and projection in the framework of institutional demands. Hence, it is feasible to contextualize it under the view of balance and equilibrium. Therefore, it is exposed as a novel theoretical proposal where the definition of "benefit" extends beyond financial utility, positivist, and reductionist models, since, a review of the literature is proposed in which every subject (natural or corporate) is identified as an entity valuing the maximization of profit under a balance between the context and the effort made.

BACKGROUND. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the weakness of relying on in-person tuition in higher education. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been a successful addition to higher education. In this study, educators had to replace a planned elective in the medical curriculum with an online option during the pandemic. The roles of the competency framework of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) (Leader and Manager, Health Advocate, Professional, Communicator, Collaborator, Scholar, and Healthcare Practitioner) were used to guide its development. This elective emphasised the non-clinical roles of medical practitioners and was offered in 2020 and 2021. OBJECTIVES. To describe the choices of third-year medical students and time spent participating in a modified online elective in 2020 and 2021. METHODS. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used, involving the participation of 629 medical students. Data were collected and analysed from three primary sources: registration data from LinkedIn Learning, data from the Foundation for Professional Development, and self-reported estimates by students of the average time spent on selected courses. Data included identification of the associated competency acquired. Data analysis was conducted using Python, version 3.10.11. RESULTS. The course choices of 629 students were analysed. In 2020 there were 300 participants and in 2021 there were 329. All the students had one compulsory inclusion in the elective (Management and Leadership Short Course for Undergraduate Healthcare Students). Students in both years reported spending the most average time on courses related to clinical knowledge (Healthcare Practitioner), followed by financial literacy and management (Professional), diversity management (Collaborator), and priority actions to identify and/or respond to (Health Advocate). The most popular courses related to the Leader and Manager role were around decision-making in human resources, problem-solving, and managing healthcare teams. Based on the top 10 LinkedIn Learning course selections of both cohorts, there appeared to be a preference for courses that were consistent with the role of medical professionals in practice. The most popular LinkedIn Learning course was The Six Morning Habits of High Performers. CONCLUSION. Students gravitated toward courses aligned with their role as professional doctors within the HPCSA competency framework. More studies are needed to understand how medical students develop the six non-clinical roles in the HPCSA framework and the effectiveness of MOOCs in a medical curriculum.