Abstract The National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio), the first institution of its kind worldwide, was created in 1989 as a civil society organization, with the mission of promoting greater awareness of the value of biodiversity, to achieve its conservation and promote human development. It operated within the framework of a national biodiversity conservation strategy consisting of three types of actions: “save, know and use”, forming a publicprivate alliance with the National System of Conservation Areas, whose work represented the first step of “saving”. INBio focused on the generation of scientific knowledge of Costa Rican biodiversity (knowing) and the search and promotion of its intelligent use (using). This article describes the genesis of the institution and its main contributions to the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity between 1989-2015. These include the results of the protected areas biodiversity inventory process and the development of the largest systematic collection of biological specimens in the country’s history, fully systematized; the development of an information management system that integrated all the information from the inventory and the specimens in its collection in digital format, allowing global access to this information or its correlation with that of other sources. The results of promoting and facilitating the use of information through five programs: Natural Sciences and Conservation Biology, for scientific purposes; Bioliteracy and Education, conceptually designed for the teaching and development of awareness about the value of biodiversity; Bioprospecting, the systematic search for economic uses of biodiversity for medicinal, agricultural and industrial purposes; Conservation for Development, the use of the information for wild areas conservation purposes, surrounding communities or nature tourism, among others; Technical Assistance and Training, program in charge of assisting public and private entities, inside and outside the country, in the development of initiatives in which Biodiversity was the central element. The main results of its work and the national and international awards that INBio received for its innovative approaches and contributions are described, as well as the financial and political reasons why INBio discontinued its activities in the period 2015-2016 are summarized. Viewing the work of INBio as a first stage, the importance and need to continue with a state program on the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity is raised, in addition to its protection, with the goal of creating awareness of its value before the serious threats to life on Earth.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio), la primera institución en su género en el mundo, fue creado en 1989 como una organización de la sociedad civil, con la misión expresa de promover una mayor conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad, para lograr su conservación y fomentar el desarrollo humano. En el marco de una estrategia nacional de conservación de la biodiversidad consistente en tres tipos de acciones: “salvar, conocer y utilizar”, se conformó una alianza público-privada con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, cuya labor representó el primer paso de “salvar”. El INBio se centró en la generación de conocimiento científico de la biodiversidad costarricense (el “conocer”) y en la búsqueda y promoción de su uso inteligente (el “usar”). Este artículo describe la génesis de la institución y sus principales aportes al conocimiento y la utilización de la biodiversidad costarricense en el período 1989-2015. Estos incluyen los resultados del proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad de las áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de la colección sistemática de especímenes biológicos más grande en la historia del país, totalmente sistematizada; el desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de información que integró en formato digital toda la información del inventario y de los especímenes de su colección, permitiendo el acceso global a estos datos o su correlación con la de otras fuentes. Los resultados de la promoción y la facilitación del uso de la información se lograron mediante cinco programas: Ciencias Naturales y Biología de la Conservación, con fines científicos; Bioalfabetización y Educación, conceptualmente diseñados para la enseñanza y el desarrollo de la conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad; Bioprospección, la búsqueda sistemática de usos económicos de la biodiversidad para fines medicinales, agrícolas e industriales; Conservación para el Desarrollo, el empleo de la información para la conservación de áreas silvestres, comunidades circunvecinas o turismo naturalista, entre otros; y Asistencia Técnica y Capacitación, programa encargado de asistir a entidades públicas y privadas, dentro y fuera del país, en el desarrollo de iniciativas en que la biodiversidad fuera el elemento central. Se describen los principales resultados de su labor y los reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales que el INBio recibió por sus novedosos enfoques y aportes, al igual que se resumen las razones de carácter financiero y político por las cuales el INBio descontinuó sus actividades en el período 2015-2016. Vista la labor del INBio como una primera etapa, se plantea la importancia y necesidad de continuar con un programa estatal sobre el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad costarricense, en adición a su protección, con el fin último de que exista conciencia de su valor ante las serias amenazas para la vida en el planeta.

Abstract This research aimed to measure the impact of technical assistance and rural extension (ATER) actions on livelihoods and quality of life of family farmers assisted by Emater in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The sample is of 120 farmers assisted by Emater from the 2018 to 2022, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using PLS-SEM. ATER actions has a positive direct effect on both livelihoods and quality of life. Moreover, livelihoods partially mediate the relationship between ATER and quality of life. Regarding specific indirect effects, income was the dimension of quality of life most affected by both ATER and livelihoods, while financial capital was the dimension of livelihoods most influenced by ATER. These findings highlight the significant contribution of ATER to the economic and financial aspects of family farmers, while acknowledging the importance of education and housing (dimensions of quality of life) and natural, human, and social capital (dimensions of livelihoods) for their overall development. The results contribute to the literature on ATER, livelihoods and quality of life, and the validation of the ATER measurement instrument provide valuable subsidies for future studies and important directions for Emater in order to review and strengthen the ATER policies. (ATER Goiás Brazil 12 201 2022 PLSSEM. PLSSEM PLS SEM. SEM PLS-SEM Moreover effects dimensions natural human development policies 1 20 202 2

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo mensurar o efeito das ações de assistência técnica e extensão rural (ATER) nos meios de vida e na qualidade de vida de agricultores familiares atendidos pela Emater no estado de Goiás, Brasil. A amostra é formada por 120 agricultores atendidos pela Emater no período de 2018 a 2022. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado e analisados por modelagem de equações estruturais PLS-SEM. As ações de ATER têm efeito direto positivo nos meios de vida e na qualidade de vida. Além disso, os meios de vida mediam parcialmente a relação entre ATER e qualidade de vida. Em relação aos efeitos indiretos específicos, a renda foi a dimensão da qualidade de vida mais afetada tanto pela ATER quanto pelos meios de vida, enquanto o capital financeiro foi a dimensão dos meios de vida mais influenciada pela ATER. Esses resultados destacam a contribuição significativa da ATER para aspectos econômicos e financeiros da vida dos agricultores familiares, ao mesmo tempo em que confirmam a importância da educação e da habitação (dimensões da qualidade de vida) e do capital natural, humano e social (dimensões dos meios de vida) para o desenvolvimento global da vida desses agricultores. Os resultados contribuem para a literatura de ATER, meios de subsistência e qualidade de vida, e a validação do instrumento de mensuração da ATER fornece subsídios valiosos para futuros estudos e importantes direcionamentos para a Emater rever e fortalecer suas políticas de ATER. (ATER Goiás Brasil 12 201 2022 PLSSEM. PLSSEM PLS SEM. SEM PLS-SEM disso específicos dimensões natural 1 20 202 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Advances in medicine have provided the possibility of organs and tissues transplantation for therapeutic purposes. Transplant patients, in addition to immunosuppressive therapy, mostly undergo treatment for other comorbidities, and this polypharmacy makes the role of the pharmacist extremely important to ensure patient safety and adherence. Through pharmaceutical recommendations, the professional can reduce morbidity and mortality and thus reduce healthcare costs. Methods: This is an observational, retrospective descriptive study, carried out from January 2021 to December 2022, aiming to analyze the economic impact of pharmaceutical recommendations made in a liver transplant unit of an university hospital. Data collection took place from May to August 2023 through the institution’s clinical pharmacy database. The economic impact was classified as effectiveness increased (EI), cost reduction (RC), and avoided risk (AR) calculated through a methodology developed and adapted to the study’s reality. Medication acquisition costs were verified through the hospital’s own system, and the values were adjusted according to inflation in June 2023. Results: A total of 363 pharmaceutical recommendations (PR) were conducted, of which the EI represented 64% (n = 231), followed by RC (20%, n = 72) and risk avoided (16%, n = 60). The total resulting value corrected by the Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA) was R$ 179,223.31, with the AE at R$ 140,414.04 and the RC at R$ 38,809.27. Conclusion: The importance of the clinical pharmacist in the multidisciplinary team is evident through the improvement of patient monitoring and health condition management. Through this study, we can perceive that the PR presented had a considerable financial impact, and, through the optimization of pharmacotherapy for transplant patients, an increase in therapeutic EI was obtained. The importance of developing further studies showing the impact of the quality of care provided by the pharmacy’s performance is clear, to further highlight the importance of this field for healthcare assistance. Introduction purposes patients therapy comorbidities adherence Methods observational study 202 2022 hospital institutions institution s database EI, , (EI) RC, (RC) AR (AR studys reality hospitals system Results 36 (PR conducted 64 231, 231 231) 20%, 20 (20% 72 16%, 16 (16% 60. 60 . 60) IPCA (IPCA R 17922331 179 223 31 179,223.31 14041404 140 414 04 140,414.0 3880927 38 809 27 38,809.27 Conclusion management obtained pharmacys clear assistance (EI (RC 3 6 23 20% 2 (20 7 16% 1 (16 1792233 17 22 179,223.3 1404140 14 41 0 140,414. 388092 80 38,809.2 (2 (1 179223 179,223. 140414 4 140,414 38809 8 38,809. ( 17922 179,223 14041 140,41 3880 38,809 1792 179,22 1404 140,4 388 38,80 179,2 140, 38,8 179, 38,

RESUMO Introdução: Os avanços na medicina proporcionaram a possibilidade do transplante de órgãos e tecidos para fins terapêuticos. Os pacientes transplantados, além da terapia imunossupressora, fazem, em sua maioria, tratamento para outras comorbidade e essa polifarmácia faz com que o papel do farmacêutico seja de extrema importância para garantir a segurança e a adesão do paciente. Por meio das recomendações farmacêuticas (RF), o profissional consegue reduzir a morbimortalidade e o tempo de internação, assim como os custos de saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional, descritivo retrospectivo, realizado no período de janeiro de 2021 a dezembro de 2022, que tem por objetivo analisar o impacto econômico das recomendações farmacêuticas realizadas em uma unidade de transplante hepático de um hospital universitário. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de maio a agosto de 2023 com auxílio do banco de dados da farmácia clínica da instituição. O impacto econômico foi classificado como aumento de efetividade (AE), redução de custo (RC) e risco evitado (RE), calculados por uma metodologia desenvolvida e adaptada à realidade do estudo. Os custos relacionados à aquisição dos medicamentos foram verificados mediante o sistema próprio do hospital e os valores foram ajustados de acordo com a inflação de junho de 2023. Resultados: Foram realizadas 363 RF, das quais o AE representou 64% (n = 231), seguido por RC (20%, n = 72) e RE (16%, n = 60). O valor total resultante corrigido pelo Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA) foi de R$ 179.223,31, sendo o valor do RE de R$ 140.414,04 e da RC de R$ 38.809,27. Conclusão: A importância do farmacêutico clínico na equipe multidisciplinar é evidente por meio da melhoria do acompanhamento dos pacientes, da monitorização e da gestão da condição de saúde. Por intermédio deste estudo podemos perceber que as RF apresentadas obtiveram impacto financeiro considerável e obteve-se, pela otimização da farmacoterapia dos pacientes transplantados, uma AE terapêutica. Percebe-se, ainda, a importância de se desenvolverem mais estudos que mostrem o impacto da qualidade assistencial proporcionada pela atuação da farmácia clínica, para que seja possível destacar a importância dessa seara para a assistência em saúde. Introdução terapêuticos transplantados imunossupressora fazem maioria paciente , (RF) internação saúde Métodos Tratase Trata observacional retrospectivo 202 2022 universitário instituição AE, (AE) (RC RE, (RE) Resultados 36 64 231, 231 231) 20%, 20 (20% 72 16%, 16 (16% 60. 60 . 60) IPCA (IPCA R 17922331 179 223 31 179.223,31 14041404 140 414 04 140.414,0 3880927 38 809 27 38.809,27 Conclusão obtevese, obtevese obteve se, obteve-se terapêutica Percebese, Percebese Percebe Percebe-se ainda (RF (AE (RE 3 6 23 20% 2 (20 7 16% 1 (16 1792233 17 22 179.223,3 1404140 14 41 0 140.414, 388092 80 38.809,2 (2 (1 179223 179.223, 140414 4 140.414 38809 8 38.809, ( 17922 179.223 14041 140.41 3880 38.809 1792 179.22 1404 140.4 388 38.80 179.2 140. 38.8 179. 38.

The government of South Africa has shown a commitment to providing extensive support to farmers by providing agricultural extension services. This qualitative study on providing agricultural extension services to rural farmers to improve agricultural productivity was conducted in Msinga Local Municipality. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Participants were sampled purposively, and data was analysed using content analysis. The agricultural extension officers played an important role in helping farmers with the provision of extension services, including seeds, manure, and the implementation of irrigation schemes and farm fencing. The extension services also included training and assisting farmers with vaccinating crops and livestock to protect them from diseases. Rural farmers were unable to attend training sessions and meetings organised by extension officers, and this has turned out to be a problem since farmers lack knowledge of farming methods and available information on possible financial assistance. There is a need to establish agricultural cooperatives that will liaise with agricultural extension officers and be able to communicate with other farmers when the officials are planning to meet with them for the provision of extension services.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Competences in primary healthcare should characterize the profile of health professionals working at that level. Objective: To describe the competences of health professionals for the implementation of primary healthcare. Methods: A qualitative-descriptive study, following Margarete Sandelowski’s postulates and the Ritchie and Spencer’s method, was carried out in Bogota and Soacha during the year 2021. Semistructured interviews were applied to 9 health professionals. Results: The competences that should characterize primary healthcare teams are linked to the elements, components and principles of primary healthcare itself, with emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention, as well as family and community orientation, intersectoral and interdisciplinary work, health education for self-care, training in health policy and comprehensive care. Conclusions: Practicing in primary healthcare requires specific competences for assistance and administrative management; it requires high scientific, ethical and humanistic knowledge, as well as soft skills: leadership, collaborative work, decision-making capacity and conflict resolution. It also requires financial resources and overcoming structural barriers that compromise the work of professionals in charge of guaranteeing compliance and effectiveness of primary healthcare in Colombia.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las competencias en atención primaria de salud deben caracterizar el perfil de los profesionales de la salud que se desempeñan en atención primaria. Objetivo: Describir las competencias del profesional de salud para la implementación de la atención primaria. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo bajo los postulados de Margarete Sandelowski y el método de Ritchie y Spencer. Realizado en Bogotá y Soacha durante el año 2021. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a nueve profesionales de la salud. Resultados: Las competencias que deben caracterizar a los equipos de Atención Primaria están vinculadas con los elementos, componentes y principios de la atención primaria de salud, con énfasis en promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad, la orientación familiar y comunitaria, el trabajo intersectorial e interdisciplinario, la educación en salud para el autocuidado, la formación en política en salud y la atención integral. Conclusiones: Desempeñarse en Atención Primaria requiere competencias específicas para la asistencia y la gestión administrativa; exige altos conocimientos científicos, éticos, humanísticos y competencias blandas: liderazgo, trabajo colaborativo, capacidad para la toma de decisiones y resolución de conflictos; recursos financieros y superar barreras estructurales que comprometen el trabajo de los profesionales encargados para garantizar el cumplimiento y la efectividad de la atención primaria en Colombia.

Resumo A Secretaria Estadual de Educação de São Paulo (Seduc/SP) move ações para a efetivação do direito à educação especial na perspectiva inclusiva em sua rede pública de ensino. No entanto, ainda mantém parcerias com Organizações da Sociedade Civil (OSC) sem fins lucrativos, atuantes em educação especial para oferta substitutiva aos estudantes com Deficiência Intelectual (DI) e Deficiência Múltipla (DMu) associada a DI e Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Neste contexto, questiona-se: como são formalizadas as parcerias e quais os recursos financeiros a Seduc/SP utiliza para financiar suas despesas? Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a política de financiamento da educação especial na Seduc/SP, com ênfase nas relações público-privadas que envolvem a oferta de educação especial substitutiva para estudantes elegíveis ao atendimento no período de 2017 a 2022. Utilizou-se metodologia quali-quantitativa com análise documental. Os dados foram coletados em documentos disponibilizados on-line nos portais da Seduc/SP, da Assembleia Legislativa e da Secretaria da Fazenda e Planejamento de São Paulo e sua sistematização subsidiou as análises. Os resultados indicam que no período há constância no número de OSC parceiras, diminuição do quantitativo de atendidas(os) da categoria DI/DMu, aumento da categoria TEA e crescimento dos recursos despendidos com financiamento das parcerias. Considera-se que a Seduc/SP não adere totalmente às políticas atuais de inclusão escolar, terceirizando o atendimento em OSC parceiras de parte do alunado público da educação especial. SeducSP Seduc SP (Seduc/SP ensino entanto (OSC lucrativos (DI DMu (DMu TEA. . (TEA) contexto questionase questiona se questiona-se despesas Assim públicoprivadas privadas 201 2022 Utilizouse Utilizou qualiquantitativa quali quantitativa documental online on line análises atendidasos atendidas atendidas(os DIDMu DI/DMu Considerase Considera escolar (TEA 20 202 2

Abstract The State Department of Education of São Paulo (Seduc/SP) takes actions to implement the right to special education from an inclusive perspective in its public education network. However, it still maintains partnerships with non-profit Civil Society Organizations (CSO), working in special education to offer substitutes to students with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) and Multiple Disabilities (MD) associated with ID and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In this context, the question arises: how are partnerships formalized and what financial resources does Seduc/SP use to finance its expenses? Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze the financing policy for special education in Seduc/SP, with an emphasis on public-private relations that involve the provision of substitute special education for students eligible for assistance in the period from 2017 to 2022. It was used qualitative-quantitative methodology with documentary analysis. The data were collected in documents made available online on the portals of Seduc/SP, the Legislative Assembly and the São Paulo Finance and Planning Secretariat and their systematization supported the analyses. The results indicate that during the period there is a constant number of partner CSO, a decrease in the number of those served in the ID/DM category, an increase in the ASD category and an increase in resources spent on financing partnerships. It is considered that Seduc/SP does not fully adhere to current school inclusion policies, outsourcing services to partner CSO for part of the public special education students. SeducSP Seduc SP (Seduc/SP network However nonprofit non profit , (CSO) (ID MD (MD ASD. . (ASD) context arises expenses Thus publicprivate private 201 2022 qualitativequantitative qualitative quantitative analysis analyses IDDM DM policies (CSO (ASD 20 202 2

Abstract The management of dormitories implies overcoming challenges related to physical, human, and financial resources to guarantee decent housing conditions. This research sought to identify the operating dynamics and map management practices used in Brazilian public university housing. Twelve housing managers from the five Brazilian regions participated in this research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. The analysis was performed via the Descending Hierarchical Classification (Iramuteq), resulting in two axes and four classes. Axis Sustenance covers issues related to student survival and is divided into classes: Access to assistance and Physical structure. The Coexistence axis brought together a greater concentration of classified text segments and comprises challenges involving human relationships and the coping practices used, which are divided into classes: Reception and mediation and Well-being promotion. The analysis of Specificities (Iramuteq) made it possible to identify that student housing managers located in capital areas give greater focus to physical structure, whereas in inner cities, attention is paid to aspects of student vulnerability. This research contributed to understanding the challenges faced by student housing managers and different management practices. conditions Semistructured Semi structured conducted Iramuteq, Iramuteq , classes structure Wellbeing Well being promotion (Iramuteq cities vulnerability

Resumen La gestión de viviendas para estudiantes implica superar desafíos relacionados con los recursos físicos, humanos y financieros para garantizar condiciones habitacionales dignas. Se investigaron las dinámicas operativas y las prácticas de gestión utilizadas en las viviendas universitarias públicas brasileñas. Doce gestores de viviendas participaron de la investigación. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis se realizó a través de la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente (Iramuteq), resultando dos ejes y cuatro clases. El eje Apoyo comprende temas relacionados con la supervivencia de los estudiantes, dividido en clases: Acceso a asistencia y Estructura física. El eje Convivencia reunió una mayor concentración de segmentos de texto y comprende los desafíos que involucran las relaciones humanas y las prácticas de afrontamiento utilizadas, dividido en clases: Acogida y mediación y Promoción del bienestar. El análisis de Especificidades (Iramuteq) permitió identificar que los gestores de vivendas ubicadas en las capitales dan mayor enfoque a la estructura física. En el interior, se presta más atención a los aspectos de vulnerabilidad de los estudiantes. Esta investigación contribuyó a la comprensión de los desafíos que enfrenta el administrador de vivienda universitaria y las diferentes prácticas utilizadas en la gestión. físicos dignas brasileñas semiestructuradas Iramuteq, Iramuteq , clases física bienestar (Iramuteq interior

Resumo A gestão da moradia estudantil implica na superação de desafios relativos a recursos físicos, humanos e financeiros para garantir condições dignas de habitação. A pesquisa buscou identificar dinâmicas de funcionamento e mapear práticas de gestão empregados nas moradias universitárias públicas brasileiras. Participaram da pesquisa 12 gestores de moradias das cinco regiões brasileiras. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise se deu através da Classificação Hierárquica Descendente (Iramuteq), resultando em dois eixos e quatro classes. O eixo Sustento abarca questões relativas à sobrevivência do estudante e se divide nas classes: Acesso à assistência e Estrutura Física. O eixo Convivência reuniu maior concentração de segmentos de texto classificados e compreende os desafios envolvendo relacionamento humano e as práticas de enfrentamento utilizadas, se dividindo nas classes: Acolhimento e mediação e Promoção do bem-estar. A análise de Especificidades (Iramuteq) possibilitou identificar que os gestores das moradias localizadas em capitais dão maior enfoque a estrutura física. No interior a atenção é maior para os aspectos de vulnerabilidade do estudante. Essa pesquisa contribuiu para a compreensão dos desafios enfrentados pelo gestor de moradia estudantil e das diferentes práticas empregadas na gestão. físicos habitação brasileiras 1 semiestruturadas Iramuteq, Iramuteq , classes Física utilizadas bemestar. bemestar bem estar. estar bem-estar (Iramuteq física

On 11 September 2001, the world witnessed a drastic change in the global security landscape that influenced the dynamics of United States counterterrorism. The United States expanded its global alliances, including its financial assistance and cooperation scope, in East Africa as well. A fundamental transformation in the United States Defence Foreign Policy towards Africa was marked by a growing reliance by the United States on African partners, such as Kenya. Despite visible power disparities between the United States and Kenyan asymmetric relations, the two states set an unmatched counterterrorism partnership in East Africa - even with the growing criticism of the United States militarisation in some parts of Africa, such as in the Sahel region, which remains prone to coups despite enduring counterterrorism interventions by the United States. What is particularly interesting is how the asymmetric relations between the United States and Kenya enhanced a stable and multidimensional implementation of counterterrorism in East Africa. The dynamics of these asymmetric relations on counterterrorism demystify the perception that asymmetric relations between powerful and weak states are inherently unstable. Employing secondary data, the study on which this article reports, sought to deconstruct such rhetoric by conceptualising asymmetry whilst identifying five main conceptualisations of asymmetry theory that characterises the asymmetric relations between the United States and Kenya. Thereafter, by taking stock of the multidimensional efforts by the United States and Kenya, it is argued that triangular asymmetries are the significant force multipliers of stability and normalcy in asymmetric relations.

Abstract Objective to analyze the circumstances in which the Maternidade de Natal functioned as a military hospital (1941-1950). Method a qualitative, social history study, elaborated with documentary and bibliographical sources. Data were organized and analyzed according to thematic content analysis. Results the Maternidade de Natal operation required commitment, coordination and strategies from the Hospital Assistance Society regarding financial difficulties, transfer of the building to the Ministry of War, during World War II, and finally, the return and its inauguration. This context transformed the daily life of Natal and, thus, the military hospital cooperated with the course for nurses at the military hospital, creation of the Red Cross – Rio Grande do Norte branch –, volunteer course for boys, internship for official Army Reserve physicians and creation of the study center. Conclusion and implications for practice the study contributes to the understanding of care for women and the history of Rio Grande do Norte. From the idealization of the Maternity de Natal to the present day, it was possible to observe the evolution of its profile, initially providing assistance, and today it is a reference center for women’s and children’s health, education and professional training in health. 19411950. 19411950 1941 1950 . (1941-1950) qualitative sources analysis commitment difficulties II finally inauguration thus boys day profile assistance womens s childrens children health 1941195 194 195 (1941-1950 194119 19 (1941-195 19411 1 (1941-19 (1941-1 (1941- (1941 (194 (19 (1 (

Resumo Objetivo analisar as circunstâncias nas quais a Maternidade de Natal funcionou como hospital militar (1941-1950). Método estudo qualitativo, histórico-social, elaborado a partir de fontes documentais e bibliográficas. Os dados foram organizados e analisados conforme a análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados o funcionamento da Maternidade de Natal requereu empenho, articulações e estratégias da Sociedade de Assistência Hospitalar quanto às dificuldades financeiras, cessão do prédio ao Ministério da Guerra, durante II Guerra Mundial, e por fim, a devolução e sua inauguração. Esse contexto transformou o cotidiano de Natal e, assim, o hospital militar cooperou com o curso de enfermeiras do hospital militar, criação da Cruz Vermelha – filial Rio Grande do Norte –, curso de voluntários para rapazes, estágio para médicos oficiais da Reserva do Exército e criação do centro de estudos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática o estudo contribui para a compreensão da assistência à mulher e da história do Rio Grande do Norte. Da idealização da Maternidade de Natal à atualidade, foi possível constatar a evolução do seu perfil, inicialmente assistencial, e hoje é centro de referência à saúde da mulher e da criança, do ensino e na formação profissional em saúde. 19411950. 19411950 1941 1950 . (1941-1950) qualitativo históricosocial, históricosocial histórico social, social histórico-social bibliográficas conteúdo empenho financeiras Mundial fim inauguração assim rapazes estudos atualidade perfil assistencial criança 1941195 194 195 (1941-1950 194119 19 (1941-195 19411 1 (1941-19 (1941-1 (1941- (1941 (194 (19 (1 (

Resumen Objetivo analizar las circunstancias en que la Maternidade de Natal funcionó como hospital militar (1941-1950). Método estudio cualitativo, historia social, elaborado con fuentes documentales y bibliográficas. Los datos fueron organizados y analizados según el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados el funcionamiento de la Maternidade de Natal requirió compromiso, coordinación y estrategias de la Sociedad de Asistencia Hospitalaria frente a las dificultades financieras, la transferencia del edificio al Ministerio de la Guerra, durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y finalmente, el regreso y su inauguración. Este contexto transformó la vida cotidiana de Natal y, así, el hospital militar colaboró con el curso para enfermeros en el hospital militar, la creación de la Cruz Roja – filial Rio Grande do Norte –, el curso de voluntariado para niños, la pasantía para médicos oficiales de Reserva del Ejército y creación del centro de estudios. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica el estudio contribuye para la comprensión de la asistencia a las mujeres y la historia de Rio Grande do Norte. Desde la idealización de la Maternidade de Natal hasta la actualidad, se pudo observar la evolución de su perfil, inicialmente asistencial, y hoy es un centro de referencia en salud maternoinfantil, educación y formación profesional en salud. 19411950. 19411950 1941 1950 . (1941-1950) cualitativo social bibliográficas temático compromiso financieras Mundial finalmente inauguración así niños estudios actualidad perfil asistencial maternoinfantil 1941195 194 195 (1941-1950 194119 19 (1941-195 19411 1 (1941-19 (1941-1 (1941- (1941 (194 (19 (1 (

This article examines reasons for the increasing neglect of rural evangelism in Nigeria. Some Pentecostal missionaries, churches and faith-based communities seem unwilling to go on evangelism missions to rural areas; thus the increasing number of churches and missionaries in the city compared to rural Nigeria. Missionary impacts have been felt in schools, hospitals and microfinance banks. Historiography reveals that missionaries before the last decade were willing to go to rural areas. Most churches and schools in rural areas were established by missionaries. However, Pentecostal missionaries are now shifting their interests from urban-rural to urban-urban evangelism. In this qualitative analysis, data were gathered from primary and secondary sources. Oral interviews and relevant academic literature form the sources of the data. Many scholars have written on the history of church missionary activities in Nigeria, but literature is scarce on reasons for the current decrease in the number of missionaries in rural areas. Why do Christian missionaries relegate rural evangelism to the background? What has been the impact on the church? Our findings show the reasons as the advent of mega-churches in Nigerian cities, financial reward from city missionary activities, resistance of some communities, punishment, increased financial burdens, the quest for popularity, intimidation, the few rural evangelists, and the lack of sufficient assistance. Missionary activities, if revived, will lead to the development of rural areas spiritually, morally, educationally, socially, and economically. The church should not restrict the spread of the gospel to specific places. Churches sending missionaries to rural areas should also provide financial support to strengthen these missionaries, as they serve as crucial links between the host church and the local community.

In the article, we employ Social Network Analysis (SNA) to investigate the Brazilian financial elite, focusing on the intertwined ownership and board structures formed by 25 banking corporations that traded their shares on the B3 in 2022. The article utilizes the annual reference forms submitted by the companies to the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM), and analyzes the information on the executive boards and boards of directors of these companies with the assistance of the Gephi 0.10.1 software. Dealing with issues relating to the relationships between elites, conceiving markets as social spaces of continuous relations, and following the positional method developed by Wright Mills, the work demonstrates how the simultaneous participation of individuals in organizations (1), their common educational background (2), and their professional trajectory (3) give rise to a cohesive elite, which constitutes a necessary basis for the exercise of power. The work also identifies the institutional mechanisms through which this national financial elite sustains its relative insulation from individuals and groups of foreign and/or global financial elites, particularly the dual ownership structure that prevails in these corporations, indicating the political nature of the formation and preservation of the Brazilian financial elite. SNA (SNA 2 B 2022 CVM, CVM , (CVM) 0101 0 10 1 0.10. software elites relations Mills 1, (1) 2, (2) 3 (3 power andor or 202 (CVM 010 0.10 (1 (2 ( 20 01 0.1 0.

L’article utilise la méthodologie de l’Analyse des Réseaux Sociaux (ARS) pour enquêter sur l’élite financière brésilienne, en se concentrant sur les structures de propriété et les conseils d’administration imbriqués formés par 25 sociétés bancaires qui négociaient leurs actions sur la B3 en 2022. L’article utilise les formulaires de référence soumis chaque année par les sociétés à la Commission des Valeurs Mobilières (CVM), et analyse les informations sur les conseils d’administration et les conseils d’administration exécutifs de ces entreprises à l’aide du logiciel Gephi 0.10.1. En abordant les questions relatives aux relations entre élites, en concevant les marchés comme des espaces sociaux de relations continues et en suivant la méthode positionnelle développée par Wright Mills, l’étude démontre comment la participation simultanée d’individus à des organisations (1), leur formation éducative commune (2) et leur trajectoire professionnelle (3) donnent naissance à une élite cohésive, constituant ainsi une base nécessaire à l’exercice du pouvoir. L’étude identifie également les mécanismes institutionnels à travers lesquels cette élite financière nationale maintient son isolation relative par rapport aux individus et groupes des élites financières étrangères et/ou mondiales, en mettant particulièrement en évidence la structure de propriété double prévalant dans ces sociétés, ce qui indique la nature politique de la formation et de la préservation de l’élite financière brésilienne. Larticle L article lAnalyse l Analyse ARS (ARS lélite brésilienne dadministration d administration 2 B 2022 CVM, CVM , (CVM) laide aide 0101 0 10 1 0.10.1 Mills létude étude dindividus 1, (1) (2 3 (3 cohésive lexercice exercice pouvoir Létude etou ou mondiales 202 (CVM 010 0.10. (1 ( 20 01 0.10 0.1 0.

O artigo utiliza a metodologia da Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS) para investigar a elite financeira brasileira, enfocando as estruturas de propriedade e diretorias entrelaçadas formadas por 25 corporações bancárias que negociavam suas ações na B3 em 2022. O artigo utiliza os formulários de referência anualmente submetidos pelas companhias à Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM), e analisa as informações sobre as diretorias executivas e os conselhos de administração dessas empresas com o auxílio do software Gephi 0.10.1. Lidando com questões relativas às relações entre elites, concebendo os mercados como espaços sociais de relações contínuas e seguindo o método posicional desenvolvido por Wright Mills, o trabalho demonstra como a participação simultânea de indivíduos em organizações, sua formação educacional comum e sua trajetória profissional dão origem a uma elite coesa, o que constitui uma base necessária para o exercício do poder. O trabalho também identifica os mecanismos institucionais por meio dos quais essa elite financeira nacional sustenta seu insulamento relativo em relação a indivíduos e grupos das elites financeiras estrangeiras e/ou global, particularmente a estrutura acionária dual que prevalece nessas corporações, indicando a natureza política da formação e conservação da elite financeira brasileira. ARS (ARS brasileira 2 B 2022 CVM, CVM , (CVM) 0101 0 10 1 0.10.1 Mills organizações coesa poder eou ou global 202 (CVM 010 0.10. 20 01 0.10 0.1 0.

In 1956 het Nasser met sy besluit om die Suezkanaal te nasionaliseer die wêreld se aandag onherroeplik op hom gevestig. Die internasionale krisis wat daarna gevolg het, het vrede in die Midde-Ooste ernstig bedreig. Brittanje en Frankryk se besluit om 'n aanval teen Egipte te loods terwyl Israel toe reeds militêr betrokke was, was ondeurdag en sinneloos. Dié fiasko het hul diplomatieke isolasie vererger. Die toenmalige Britse eerste minister, Sir Anthony Eden, wou Nasser ten alle koste uit die weg ruim, maar in die proses is sy eie loopbaan en reputasie vernietig. In Januarie 1957 het Sir Harold Macmillan hom opgevolg. Die alliansie tussen Brittanje en die VSA is erg geknou. Brittanje se finansiële en militêre swakhede is ontbloot en met die Eisenhower-doktrine het die VSA meer direk betrokke geraak by die gebeure. Groter betrokkenheid deur die Sowjetunie het die wedywering tussen die twee moondhede verder laat toeneem. Vir Nasser was die Suezkrisis 'n groot sukses. In die Arabiese wêreld het hy na vore getree as die nuwe messias. Lande wat die koloniale juk wou afskud, het hul politieke heil by Nasser gaan soek. Op 28 September 1970 sterf hierdie legendariese figuur - hy was 53 jaar oud. Sy impak op die internasionale toneel vibreer vir nog baie dekades daarna. Die Suezkrisis kan nie as 'n geïsoleerde gebeurtenis in politieke geskiedenis beskou word nie.

Within three years of the 1952 overthrow of Egypt's monarchy, in which Nasser had played a prominent role, he utilised the Suez Canal to make his mark, thereby irrefutably and irreversibly attracting the world's attention. When he nationalised the channel, an international crisis arose that posed a grave threat to the Middle East. His actions followed after the United States of America (USA) had withdrawn an offer financially to assist Egypt with the construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River. With assistance from the Soviet Union (SU) for that project, Nasser was able to intimidate the USA, Britain, and France. Britain's and France's decision to attack Egypt while Israel was already involved militarily was ill-advised and illogical. These events caused a surge of activity at the United Nations (UN), which exacerbated the diplomatic isolation of Britain and France. Many experts continue to refer to said military actions as a failure and miscalculation. In addition, it gravely harmed the alliance between Britain and the USA, since the latter had not been informed about it prior to the attack and subsequently took a strong stance against it. The effect was tremendous on Britain's prestige and domestic politics. The crisis was a brutal awakening to the financial and military vulnerability of Britain. Sir Anthony Eden, the then prime minister of Britain, was obsessed with reclaiming the Canal. He desired Nasser's destruction at all costs as a result of which Nasser became the target of unprecedented hostility in British political life. Specifically, regarding Nasser, Eden's emotions verged on hysteria. Eden was also eager to reassert British authority in a region where the USA was gaining dominance under the powerful leadership of President Dwight (Ike) Eisenhower before, during, and after the crisis. The Eisenhower doctrine increased the active and direct involvement of the USA in the Middle East. Three months later, Eden resigned and was succeeded by his minister of finance, Sir Harold Macmillan, in January 1957. Eden and the Suez crisis have since become synonymous. His career and reputation in the minds of many were destroyed. In the Middle East, Britain's reputation was at an all-time low. In the process, Britain alienated many influential Commonwealth members. France was not immune to the effects of the events either. Nasser had no qualms inciting Algerians against France. His direct participation and the Egyptians ' success during the Suez conflict bolstered the Algerian insurgents' resolve to continue an intense and bloody struggle against France for independence - and the age of superpowers commenced. Even of greater significance, the events allowed the Soviet Union (SU) to become more involved in Egyptian affairs. Egypt and the SU strengthened their ties. The SU was able to establish a new sphere of influence by establishing associated footholds in a number of other Middle Eastern countries. The USA and Britain considered the expansion of Nasser's authority in the Middle East as a threat. In his homeland, Nasser was revered as a patriot and became an icon. The Suez crisis was a tremendous success for Nasser. In the Arab world, he became known as the new messiah and his prestige and influence grew substantially. Not only did the Suez crisis terminate British and French influence in the Middle East, but it also precipitated the decline of the two European powers. The USA became the new protector of Israel's interests over time. This new political setup in the Middle East ushered in a new chapter for this part of the world. Leaders in the emerging Third World, particularly those in Africa who desired to cast off the colonial yoke, began to seek political salvation from Nasser instead of their colonial masters. This legendary figure died of a heart attack on 28 September 1970. He was 53. His influence on the international stage continued to reverberate for decades. Consequently, the Suez Canal crisis cannot be viewed as a singular occurrence in political history.

Resumen Las cooperativas agropecuarias tienen una larga experiencia en ofrecer servicios de asistencia técnica a sus socios. Esta actuación, y las consecuencias que de ella se derivan, aunque potencialmente diversa y relevante, no han sido suficientemente discutida por las cooperativas, institutos de investigación y empresas prestadoras del servicio. Esta es una investigación teórica, que tiene como objetivo investigar el tema, a partir de las experiencias de las cooperativas en Minas Gerais, Brasil. Dado el contexto competitivo en el que se encuentran, las cooperativas agropecuarias necesitan dar respuestas económicas al mismo tiempo que son organizaciones que tienen la capacidad de intervenir en la realidad social de la población; es decir, las cooperativas agropecuarias son un acto local que cumplen funciones en la promoción de mejores condiciones de vida para sus asociados y son potenciales protagonistas del desarrollo rural. La conclusión apunta que considerar los servicios de los departamentos de asistencia técnica y extensión rural como una Cooperativa ATER permitiría una mayor integración entre los sectores administrativo, comercial y financiero de la cooperativa y el desarrollo colectivo de los cooperativistas. socios actuación derivan relevante servicio teórica tema Gerais Brasil encuentran población decir administrativo cooperativistas

Abstract Agricultural cooperatives have long experience in offering technical assistance services to their members. This action, and the consequences arising from it, although potentially diverse and relevant, has not been sufficiently discussed by cooperatives, research institutes and companies that provide the service. This is a theoretical investigation, which aims to investigate the issue, based on the experiences of cooperatives in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Given the competitive context in which they find themselves, agricultural cooperatives need to provide economic responses at the same time that they are organizations that have the capacity to intervene in the social reality of the population; that is, agricultural cooperatives are a local act that fulfill functions in the promotion of better living conditions for their associates and are potential protagonists of rural development. The conclusion points out that considering the services of the technical assistance and rural extension departments as an ATER Cooperative would enable greater integration between the administrative, commercial and financial sectors of the cooperative and the collective development of the cooperative members. members action it relevant service investigation issue Gerais Brazil themselves population administrative

Resumo As cooperativas agropecuárias têm longa experiência na oferta de serviços de assistência técnica para os seus associados. Esta atuação, e as consequências advindas dela, apesar de potencialmente diversa e relevante, não tem sido suficientemente discutida por cooperativas, institutos de pesquisa e empresas que prestam o serviço. Trata-se de uma investigação teórica, que tem por objetivo investigar a questão, baseada nas experiências das cooperativas de Minas Gerais, no Brasil. Dado o contexto competitivo em que se encontram, as cooperativas agropecuárias precisam dar respostas econômicas, ao tempo em que são organizações que têm a capacidade de intervir na realidade social da população; ou seja, as cooperativas agropecuárias são atos locais que cumprem funções na promoção de melhores condições de vida para seus associados e são potenciais protagonistas do desenvolvimento rural. A conclusão aponta que considerar os serviços dos departamentos de assistência técnica e de extensão rural como uma ATER Cooperativa possibilitaria uma maior integração entre os setores administrativos, comerciais e financeiros da cooperativa, bem como o desenvolvimento coletivo dos cooperados. atuação dela relevante serviço Tratase Trata teórica questão Gerais Brasil encontram econômicas população seja administrativos cooperativa cooperados

Resumen Introducción El desempeño académico de los estudiantes de medicina puede verse influenciado por varios factores, entre ellos los relacionados con la salud mental y las relaciones familiares. Objetivo Examinar los factores que afectan el desempeño académico en estudiantes de medicina, considerando específicamente los posibles diagnósticos de depresión. Método Se realizó una encuesta entre 747 estudiantes de cuarto año de la carrera de medicina. La encuesta incluyó preguntas sobre variables sociodemográficas, salud mental y bienestar. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (PHQ), que comprende secciones sobre depresión, ansiedad, pánico, hábitos alimentarios, consumo de alcohol y la Escala de Percepción del Estrés. El desempeño académico se evaluó con base en el promedio de calificaciones (GPA) de los estudiantes. Se emplearon estadísticas descriptivas, coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y un modelo de regresión lineal para el análisis de datos. Resultados El estudio reveló varias variables significativamente asociadas con el GPA. Se encontró que la edad (r = -.388), la situación financiera (r = .241), las relaciones con los convivientes (r = .165) y las relaciones con los compañeros (r = .217) tenían correlación con el rendimiento académico. Además, se encontró que repetir un curso estaba significativamente asociado con el GPA de una persona (r = .518) incluso después de controlar la depresión. Discusión y conclusión Los hallazgos indican que una salud mental sólida, una situación financiera favorable y relaciones interpersonales positivas son cruciales para lograr un desempeño académico óptimo en los estudiantes de medicina. Estos resultados enfatizan la necesidad de abordar los problemas de salud mental, promover un entorno social de apoyo y brindar asistencia financiera para mejorar los resultados educativos de los estudiantes de medicina.

Abstract Introduction Academic performance in medical students can be influenced by several factors, including those related to mental health and family relationships. Objective To examine the factors affecting academic performance in medical students, specifically considering potential diagnoses of depression. Method A survey was conducted among 747 fourth-year medical students. The survey included questions on sociodemographic variables, mental health, and well-being. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) was utilized, encompassing sections on depression, anxiety, panic, eating habits, alcohol consumption, and the Stress Perception Scale. Academic performance was assessed based on students' Grade Point Average (GPA). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and a linear regression model were employed for data analysis. Results The study revealed several variables significantly associated with GPA. Age (r = -.388), financial situation (r = .241), relationships with cohabitants (r = .165), and relationships with peers (r = .217) were found to have a correlation with academic performance. Additionally, repeating a course was found to be significantly associated with a person's GPA (r = .518) even after controlling for depression. Discussion and conclusion The findings indicate that robust mental health, a favorable financial situation, and positive interpersonal relationships are crucial for achieving optimal academic performance in medical students. These results emphasize the need to address mental health concerns, promote a supportive social environment, and provide financial assistance to enhance the educational outcomes of medical students.

Resumen El objetivo del texto es comprender los modos en que los bancos multilaterales de desarrollo (BMD) actúan frente a las crisis que atraviesan los países periféricos.Los BMDson instituciones financieras que se proponen contribuir al desarrollo de los países periféricos mediante la asistencia técnica y financiera a un amplio abanico de políticas estatales extra-económicas. Por tal motivo, se considera que en contextos de crisis su operatoria debe tener una función anticíclica. Por otra parte, en momentos de crisis se propicia una articulación entre diversas instituciones financieras internacionales con el fin de brindar paquetes de emergencia.La hipótesis de trabajo consiste en que la actuación de los BMD está guiada por diversas dimensiones yuxtapuestas, cuyo orden de prioridad se reconfigura frente a los distintos tipos de crisis sobre las que se proponen intervenir. Teniendo en cuenta el nexo dialéctico entre las distintas crisis, se sostiene que frente a las crisis de hegemonía se enfatiza su dimensión histórico-estructural mientras que en las crisis de coyuntura predominan las dimensiones geopolíticas e ideológicas.Para su abordaje empírico, el foco de la investigación se sitúa en la operatoria del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) frente a dos crisis argentinas de carácter diverso durante el siglo XXI: la crisis económica, política y social de 2001 y la crisis financiera y cambiaria de 2018.La metodología de investigación se basa en la elaboración y análisis de una base de datos de las operaciones del BID conel sector público argentino en el marco de sus operaciones globales, y entrevistas a informantes clave.

Abstract The purpose of this presentation is analyzing how multilateral development banks(MDBs) take part in crisis faced by peripheral countries.MDBs are financial institutions that contribute to the development of peripheral countries by means of technical and financial assistance for a wide variety of extra-economic state policies. For that reason, their interventions are thought to have an anti-cyclic function in critical contexts. Furthermore, in said critical contexts, the interaction between different international financial institutions is promoted in order to give emergency packages.The hypothesis is that the actions of the MDBs are guided by various juxtaposed logics, whose order of priority is reconfigured in the face of the different types of crises on which they intend to intervene. Taking into account the dialectical link between the different crises, it is argued that in the face of crises of hegemony their historical-structural dimension is emphasized, while in conjuncture crises the geopolitical and ideological dimensions predominate.The focus of the empirical approach is the intervention of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in two Argentinian crises with different characteristics during the 21st Century: the economic, political and social crisis in 2001 and the financial and currency crisis in 2018. The research methodology is based on building and analyzing databases about IDB programmes for the Argentinian state sector in the frame of its global portfolio, as well as documentary analysis and key-informant interviews.