Resumen: Este artículo analiza la centralidad de las políticas públicas de seguridad y justicia en América Latina y el Caribe a partir de diversas técnicas de investigación teórico (análisis documental y bibliográfico) y trabajo de campo (visitas “in loco” y observaciones participantes), realizadas entre 2015 y 2021. Se parte del supuesto de que la violencia y las inseguridades son abordadas como un obstáculo flagrante para el desarrollo humano y la consolidación del estado de derecho en la región. Se identifica, basado en la literatura especializada y estudio comparado de estas políticas públicas, la relevancia del papel que juega el liderazgo político del estado y el compromiso cívico de varios actores sociales en torno a una gobernanza territorial integrada e integral de políticas de seguridad pública Ciudadana dedicados a salvar y preservar vidas. Resumen análisis bibliográfico visitas in loco participantes, participantes , participantes) 201 2021 región identifica vidas 20 202 2

Abstract: This article analyzes the centrality of public security and justice policies in Latin America and the Caribbean based on various theoretical research techniques (documental and bibliographical analysis) and fieldwork (“in loco” visits and participant observations), undertaken between 2015 and 2021. It starts from the assumption that violence and insecurities are approached as a flagrant obstacle to human development and the consolidation of the rule of law in the region. It is identified, in the comparison of the specialized literature and in the comparative study of these public policies, the relevance of the role played by the political leadership of the State and the civic engagement of several social actors around an integrated and integral territorial governance of citizen public security policies. Despite a punitive political culture and a history of authoritarian governments in the region, there are, after all, key principles and concepts for a new type of governance of citizen security (and justice) in Brazil and in the region aimed at saving and preserve lives. Abstract documental analysis loco observations, observations , observations) 201 2021 identified all lives 20 202 2

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a centralidade das políticas públicas de segurança e justiça na América Latina e no Caribe com base em diversas técnicas de pesquisa teórica (análise documental e bibliográfica) e de campo (visitas “in loco” e observações participantes), empreendidas entre 2015 e 2021. Parte-se do pressuposto de que as violências e inseguranças são abordadas como um flagrante obstáculo ao desenvolvimento humano e à consolidação do estado de direito na região. Identifica-se, no cotejo da literatura especializada e no estudo comparado dessas políticas públicas, a relevância do papel desempenhado pela liderança política do estado e pelo engajamento cívico de diversos atores sociais em torno de uma governança territorial integrada e integral das políticas de segurança pública cidadã. Inobstante a uma cultura política punitiva e a um histórico de governos autoritários na região, vislumbram-se, afinal, princípios e conceitos-chave para uma governança de novo tipo da segurança cidadã (e justiça) no Brasil e na região voltada a salvar e a preservar vidas. Resumo análise bibliográfica visitas in loco participantes, participantes , participantes) 201 2021 Partese Parte se Identificase, Identificase Identifica se, Identifica-se vislumbramse, vislumbramse vislumbram vislumbram-se afinal conceitoschave conceitos chave vidas 20 202 2

Resumen El trabajo consiste en una reconstrucción histórico-geografía por medio de la memoria de las personas residentes de la selva, utilizando la expresión popular avizinhar en la consolidación del concepto de Extractivismo en la amazonia acreana. La metodología se basa en análisis bibliográficos, documentos, trabajo de campo, entrevistas e imágenes de dominio público. El extractivismo se desarrolló a lo largo de la historia en todo el mundo, con diferentes sesgos: como actividad que tiene su acción ligada a una extracción sin precedentes de elementos de la naturaleza, extracción sin la debida preocupación por los daños colaterales o la ausencia de tales elementos en la composición del ecosistema. Sin embargo, el presente trabajo procura presentar y conceptualizar el extractivismo a partir de la experiencia de la Amazonía, en particular el estado brasileño de Acre que, a pesar de cumplir con la etimología de la palabra, “retirada, recolección de materiales de la naturaleza”, trasciende la extracción depredadora, y se revierte en luchas por la conservación de la naturaleza y de las vidas humanas que habitan las selvas. Estas acciones fueron lidereadas por Chico Mendes a mediados de la década de 1980 a través de la organización sindical de los trabajadores forestales iniciada en la década de 1970.

Abstract The work consists of a historical-geographical reconstruction, using the popular orkers avizinhar in the consolidation of the orkers Extractivism in the Acrean Amazon. The methodology is based on bibliographic analysis, documents, fieldwork, interviews, public domain images. Extractivism developed throughout history throughout the world, with orkers biases: as na activity that has its action linked to na unprecedented extraction of elements of nature, extraction without due concern for orkers damage or the absence of such elements in the composition of the ecosystem. However, the orkers work seeks to orkers and conceptualize extractivism from the experience of the Amazon, in particular the Brazilian state of Acre that, despite complying with the etymology of the word, “withdrawal, collection of materials from nature”, transcends predatory extraction, and reverts into struggles for the conservation of nature and human lives that inhabit the forests. These actions were led by Chico Mendes in the mid-1980s through the union organization of forestry orkers initiated in the 1970s.

Resumo O trabalho consiste em uma reconstrução histórico-geográfica, utilizando a expressão popular avizinhar na consolidação do conceito de Extrativismo na Amazônia acreana. A metodologia baseia-se em análise bibliográfica, documentos, trabalho de campo, entrevistas e imagens de domínio público. O extrativismo desenvolveu-se ao longo da história em todo o mundo, com diferentes vieses: como uma atividade que tem sua ação ligada a uma extração sem precedentes de elementos da natureza, extração sem a devida preocupação com danos colaterais ou a ausência de tais elementos na composição do ecossistema. No entanto, o presente trabalho busca apresentar e conceituar o extrativismo a partir da experiência da Amazônia, em particular do estado brasileiro do Acre que, apesar de obedecer à etimologia da palavra, “retirada, coleta de materiais da natureza”, transcende o extrativismo predatório, e se reverte em lutas pela conservação da natureza e das vidas humanas que habitam as florestas. Essas ações foram lideradas por Chico Mendes em meados da década de 1980 por meio da organização sindical dos trabalhadores florestais iniciada na década de 1970.

Resumen. Los datos de campo obtenidos de los inventarios forestales, principalmente área basal y densidad de fustes, son relevantes para el análisis de la biomasa aérea y la fragmentación forestal. Debido al suelo inundado, el trabajo de campo en los bosques de manglar requiere mucho tiempo y es complicado. Dado que los manglares son sensibles a los efectos del cambio climático, la selección de un método de campo ideal es de suma importancia. Con este fin, analizamos 4 clases de manglares: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG) y AG arbustivo. Georreferenciamos y contamos todos los fustes de mangle dentro de 4 parcelas cuadradas de 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m). Analizamos 3 áreas circulares y el método del punto cuadrante central (PCQM) basado en las parcelas cuadradas originales. Dependiendo de la clase de mangle, el PCQM sobreestimó el área basal hasta en un 34% y la densidad de fustes en un 21%. Los 3 muestreos en parcelas circulares subestimaron el área basal entre -1% y -29% y la densidad de fustes entre -3% y -25%. Basándonos en los resultados, sugerimos utilizar una parcela circular de 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) en bosques menos densos (RM y AG) y una parcela circular de 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) en densidades superiores a 3,500 fustes/ha (LR y AG arbustivo). Las ventajas de utilizar las parcelas circulares sobre el método PCQM son que los inventarios de mangle pueden cuantificarse rápidamente y no requieren un número mínimo de puntos de muestreo.

Abstract. The data obtained from field-based forest inventories, mainly basal area and stem density, are relevant for the analysis of aboveground biomass and forest fragmentation. Due to its persistently flooded ground, fieldwork in mangrove forests is time-consuming and complicated. Since mangroves are sensitive to the effects of climate change, selecting a reliable field method is of utmost importance. To this end, we analyzed 4 mangrove classes: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG), and AG shrub. We georeferenced and counted all mangrove stems within four 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m square). We analyzed data from 3 circular area plots and the plotless point-centered quarter method (PCQM) based on the original square plots. Depending on the mangrove class, PCQM overestimated basal area by up to 34% and stem density by 21%. The 3 circular plot surveys underestimated basal area from -1% to -29% and stem density from -3 to -25%. Based on the results, we suggest using a circular plot of 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) in less dense forests (RM and AG) and a circular plot of 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) with forest densities greater than 3,500 stems/ha (LR and AG shrub). The advantages of using the circular plot approach over PCQM are that mangrove inventories can be quantified quickly and do not require a minimum number of sampling points.

ABSTRACT The overarching objective was to examine the manner in which academic institutions can contribute to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Paraguay. In light of the necessity to make this contribution by academia visible, the objective of the study is to facilitate an exchange of experiences on how academia can collaborate to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the importance of disseminating information related to the SDGs, and, most importantly, to investigate the degree of knowledge of the SDGs among key individuals from organizations or institutions in various communities within the area of influence of the Central Headquarters and the Branches of FCE-UNA. The study is primarily analytical and descriptive in nature, with a particular focus on fieldwork and the collection of data from community leaders. The findings indicate that the leaders perceive the role of universities in achieving the SDGs in Paraguay to be of paramount importance. Furthermore, they assert that their role is to serve as a conduit between society and the achievement of the SDGs. It is thus concluded that the most effective mechanism through which academia/ universities can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs in Paraguay would be to integrate the topic of the SDGs into the curricula of the faculties and to offer courses on the SDGs. Additionally, another avenue for contribution would be the development and implementation of SDG-aligned projects, in collaboration with institutions responsible for achieving the SDGs

RESUMEN El objetivo general fue analizar el mecanismo a través del cual la academia puede contribuir al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en Paraguay. Ante la necesidad de visibilizar esta contribución por parte de la academia, se remarca el propósito del estudio, intercambiar experiencias de cómo puede la academia colaborar al logro de los ODS, la importancia de difundir informaciones relacionadas a los ODS y, sobre todo, indagar el grado de conocimiento de los ODS de personas clave de organizaciones o instituciones de las distintas comunidades de la zona de influencia de la sede Central y las Filiales de la FCE-UNA. El estudio analítico-descriptivo, está basado esencialmente en un trabajo de campo, con relevamiento de datos definida como población objetivo a líderes comunitarios. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que la visión de los líderes sobre el rol de las universidades para el logro de los ODS en Paraguay, refieren a que su rol es fundamental para el logro de los ODS y también mencionan que su rol es ser nexo con la sociedad para el logro de los ODS. Se concluye que el mecanismo óptimo a través del cual la academia/universidad puede contribuir al logro de los ODS en Paraguay, seria preferentemente incluir el tema de los ODS en el currículo de las facultades y brindar cursos sobre los ODS; otro, además sería elaborar e implementar proyectos en línea de los ODS, al que se agregan, el asesorar a las instituciones responsables del cumplimiento de los ODS.

INTRODUCTION: Ethical tensions are routinely encountered by occupational therapists and students in fieldwork and may impact patient care and team morale, and lead to practitioner burnout. Ethics education is a means to reduce ethical tensions in fieldwork. Despite this, however, limited research exists regarding ethical tensions and ethics education amongst students in the South African context. METHODS: The study was conducted to explore South African occupational therapy students' reflections on ethical tensions experienced in fieldwork practice. A qualitative, descriptive design was used to review thirty-five ethics reflective journals by fourth-year occupational therapy students at a university in South Africa. Students identified ethical tensions, reflected on these using Sokol's decision-making framework and Kolb's Cycle of Experiential Learning, and incorporated their learning into practice. Data were analysed thematically. Trustworthiness was ensured through triangulation of researchers, multiple data sources, and an audit trail. FINDINGS: Three central themes emerged: (1) Ethics from the perspective of the student, (2) Ethical tensions experienced during fieldwork, and (3) How students navigated ethical tensions. CONCLUSION: This study provides an insight into the ethical tensions and reflections of fourth-year occupational therapy students during fieldwork. Findings inform healthcare educators and clinicians regarding students' perceptions about ethics education and the tensions experienced during fieldwork. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • Students experienced ethical tensions during fieldwork and navigated these ethical tensions by following institutional procedures, acquiring knowledge through research, drawing from the "well" of experience, and reflective practice. • The study offers a narrative for encountering and resolving ethical tension during fieldwork. • The main distinction between the two classifications persists when reviewing the support given to the participant who has been empowered to resolve the ethical tension whilst receiving consultation from their site clinician and the institution. Findings inform healthcare educators and clinicians regarding students' perceptions about ethics education and the tensions experienced during fieldwork.

Qualitative research is, oftentimes, an emotional, relational, political and intellectual rollercoaster ride. This heightens the risk of methodological, ethical and relational fallouts. Constructivist grounded theory enables researchers to confront the multiple ways in which deeply embedded aspects of identity, personal values, biases and emergent research relationships impact the research process. In this article, we demonstrate how a reflexive stance in constructivist grounded theory enhances bracketing and loosens the grip of both positionality and methodolatry. The discussion draws on the lived experiences of conducting and supervising autobiographically inclined doctoral research. The article underscores the need for a strong reflexive stance, not just during fieldwork, but right from the onset, at the conceptualisation stage. A reflexive stance, on the part of both students and supervisors stands to benefit the decolonisation project and can help guard against epistemic violence.

Resumo: Reflito a partir de uma perspectiva sociocomunicacional sobre as práticas - discursivas e não discursivas - nos modos como o rap se organiza como estratégia das instituições escolares e das políticas socioeducativas a partir de uma investigação etnográfica multissituada em escolas da periferia de São Paulo. Paraná. Baseio-me nos resultados de uma pesquisa de doutorado (2017-2021) e no andamento de um projeto em andamento (de 2021 até o presente) focado em compreender as formas como os jovens dos setores populares e suas práticas culturais se relacionam com as políticas de inclusão socioeducativa. O trabalho de campo baseia-se na observação participante com jovens dentro e fora das instituições, entrevistas com lideranças institucionais e análise de documentos. Entre as contribuições destaco a identificação de fluxos comunicativos e fronteiras entre os responsáveis pelas instituições escolares e os jovens que iluminam -de forma situada- as especificidades culturais da escola e dos seus sujeitos neste início do século XXI.

Resumen: Desde una perspectiva sociocomunicacional, reflexiono sobre prácticas discursivas y no discursivas presentes en los modos en que el rap es agenciado como estrategia de instituciones escolares y políticas socioeducativas a partir de una investigación etnográfica multisituada en escuelas de la periferia de Paraná (Entre Ríos, Argentina). Parto de resultados de una investigación doctoral (2017-2021) y avances de un proyecto en curso (2021 a la actualidad) centrado en comprender modos en que jóvenes de los sectores populares y sus prácticas culturales se relacionan con políticas de inclusión socioeducativa. El trabajo de campo se sostiene sobre observación participante con jóvenes dentro y fuera de las instituciones, entrevistas a responsables institucionales y análisis de documentos. Entre los aportes, destaco la identificación de flujos y fronteras comunicativas entre responsables de instituciones escolares y jóvenes que iluminan -de manera situada- las especificidades culturales de la escuela y sus sujetos en los inicios de siglo XXI.

Abstract: This paper draws from multi-sited ethnographic research conducted in schools on the outskirts of Paraná, Argentina. It explores discursive and non-discursive practices from a socio-communicational perspective, focusing on how rap is organized as a strategy within school institutions and socio-educational policies. Drawing on results from the author’s doctoral research (2017-2021) and progress from an ongoing project (2021 to present), the study investigates how young people from low-income sectors engage with socio-educational inclusion policies through their cultural practices. Fieldwork includes participant observation with young people both within and outside institutions, interviews with institutional leaders, and document analysis. The paper highlights the identification of communicative flows and borders between adults responsible for school institutions and youth, revealing the cultural specificities of schools and their subjects at the beginning of the 21st century.

Abstract The work carried out by women in the artisanal fishing production chain is historically invisible, whether in the internal prestige of communities, in fishing management, or in the legal identification of workers. Women's invisibility even incurs the restriction of social security rights, such as the so-called Defeso. Over the years 2018 to 2022, the research investigated the struggle of shellfish gatherers from Farol de São Thomé, a community located in Norte Fluminense, RJ - Brazil, against gender stereotypes present in the public policy entitled Projeto Bolsa Cidadão (PBC), instituted in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ from 2000 to 2021. Based on qualitative methodological techniques, such as direct observation in fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, and organization of a focus group, as well as a critical legal-anthropological epistemology, the text seeks to reflect on the dimensions of redistribution, recognition, and female participation in artisanal fishing and concludes that discriminatory blocks restrict or even exclude female workers from accessing social programs. This article results from research funded by the Pescarte Environmental Education Project (PEA), a mitigation measure required by the Federal Environmental Licensing conducted by IBAMA. invisible communities management Womens Women s rights socalled so called Defeso 201 2022 Thomé Fluminense Brazil PBC, PBC , (PBC) GoytacazesRJ Goytacazes 200 2021 techniques fieldwork semistructured semi structured interviews group legalanthropological anthropological epistemology redistribution recognition programs PEA, PEA (PEA) IBAMA 20 202 (PBC (PEA 2

Resumo O trabalho desenvolvido pelas mulheres presentes na cadeia produtiva da pesca artesanal é historicamente invisível, seja no prestígio interno das comunidades, na gestão pesqueira ou na identificação legal das trabalhadoras. A invisibilidade feminina incorre, inclusive, na restrição a direitos de seguridade social, como o denominado Defeso. Ao longo dos anos de 2018 a 2022, a pesquisa investigou a luta das marisqueiras de Farol de São Thomé, comunidade situada no Norte Fluminense, RJ - Brasil, contra estereótipos de gênero presentes na política pública intitulada Projeto Bolsa Cidadão (PBC), instituída no município de Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ de 2000 a 2021. A partir de técnicas metodológicas qualitativas, como a observação direta em trabalho de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e organização de grupo focal, bem como de uma epistemologia jurídico-antropológica crítica, o texto busca refletir sobre as dimensões da redistribuição, do reconhecimento e da participação feminina no âmbito da pesca artesanal e conclui que bloqueios discriminatórios restringem ou mesmo excluem as trabalhadoras do acesso a programas sociais. Este artigo é resultado de pesquisa financiada pelo Projeto de Educação Ambiental (PEA) Pescarte, que é uma medida de mitigação exigida pelo Licenciamento Ambiental Federal, conduzido pelo IBAMA. invisível comunidades incorre inclusive social Defeso 201 2022 Thomé Fluminense Brasil PBC, PBC , (PBC) GoytacazesRJ Goytacazes 200 2021 qualitativas campo focal jurídicoantropológica jurídico antropológica crítica redistribuição sociais PEA (PEA Pescarte Federal IBAMA 20 202 (PBC 2

Summary: The aim of this research is to study the structure of the “tolas” complex in the Province of Jujuy. Fieldwork was carried out in the cities of Abra Pampa, Humahuaca and San Salvador de Jujuy, specifically in household context, markets and fairs. Qualitative ethnobotanical methodology , such as participant observation and open and semi-structured interviews, was used to inquiring about local knowledge on the plant(s) recognised locally as tola, its current use, any users, sites of access, ways to obtain them, parts used, and harvesting times. Complementarily, a literature search was carried out for articles in ethnobotany and related disciplines. Plant material was obtained and conditioned for taxonomic identification. Results show that this complex consists of 14 species originating from the Puna, Altoandina and Prepuna phytogeographical provinces, known locally as “tola” or variants of this name, which share the name based on the attributes of their morphology, aromaticity and diverse uses. The presence of a subcomplex under the local name “koa”-“koba” is proposed. It is important to recognise plant complexes and identify their components for a better understanding of local view of nature.

Resumen: En este trabajo se propone indagar en la conformación del complejo de las “tolas” en la provincia de Jujuy. Se desarrolló trabajo de campo en las ciudades de Abra Pampa, Humahuaca, y San Salvador de Jujuy, puntualmente en el ámbito familiar, en mercados y ferias. Para cumplir con el objetivo se empleó metodología etnobotánica cualitativa, como observación participante y entrevistas abiertas, semiestructuradas; orientadas a indagar el conocimiento local sobre la/s planta/s reconocida/s localmente como “tola”, el uso actual, los usuarios del recurso, sitios de acceso y formas de obtención, partes utilizadas y épocas de recolección. De manera complementaria, se indagó en artículos etnobotánicos y de disciplinas afines. Se obtuvo también material vegetal acondicionado para determinar su identidad taxonómica. Se estableció que este complejo está integrado por 14 especies originarias de las provincias fitogeográficas Puna, Altoandina y Prepuna; conocidas localmente como “tola” o variantes de este nombre, las cuales comparten el nombre en función de los atributos de su morfología, la aromaticidad y usos diversos. Se propone la presencia de un subcomplejo bajo el nombre local de “koa”-“koba”.Se concluye la importancia de reconocer los complejos vegetales e identificar sus componentes, lo que permite una mejor comprensión de la visión local de la naturaleza.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como principal objetivo analizar las dinámicas migratorias que se llevan adelante en África Occidental a partir del interrogante que se desprende de los discursos dominantes respecto de la supuesta invasión de migrantes africanos a Europa, especialmente después de 2015. Desde ese año, la consigna más frecuente ha sido “Grandes oleadas de refugiados arriban a Europa”. Sin embargo, la realidad muestra que no existe tal invasión en términos cuantitativos absolutos, además de profundizarse el discurso racista y xenófobo que habla de “crisis migratoria” para alertar sobre una presunta invasión de africanos al continente, cuando casi un 80% de quienes emigran de sus países se dirige a otro país del continente africano y tan solo el, aproximadamente, 20% restante “intenta” cruzar a Europa. Y este último dato representa un porcentaje de población extremadamente reducido en relación con la población europea. A partir del trabajo de campo en Senegal, Malí, Burkina Faso y Níger, realizado para una tesis de doctorado, las reflexiones en torno al problema planteado se orientan a desmontar ideas ampliamente difundidas por medios de comunicación y determinados ámbitos académicos en relación con las migraciones subsaharianas en dirección a Europa, en muchos casos fundamentadas por representaciones vinculadas a “la huida del continente”, “las guerras”, “los conflictos étnicos” y “la invasión de migrantes a Europa”, entre otras.

Abstract The main objective of this work is to analyze the migratory dynamics that are carried out in West Africa based on the question that emerges from the dominant discourses regarding the alleged invasion of African migrants to Europe, especially after 2015. Since that year, the most frequent slogan has been that of “Large waves of refugees arrive in Europe”. However, reality shows that there is no such invasion in absolute quantitative terms, but there is an increasingly racist and xenophobic discourse that speaks of the “migration crisis”, which alerts about an alleged invasion of Africans to the continent, when, in fact, almost 80% of those who emigrate from their countries go to another country on the African continent and only the remaining 20% “try” to cross to Europe. And this last figure represents an extremely small percentage of the population in relation to the European population. Based on fieldwork in Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger carried out for a doctoral dissertation, the reflections on the problem posed are aimed at dismantling ideas widely disseminated by the media and certain academic fields in relation to migrations and sub-Saharan movements towards Europe, in many cases based on representations linked to “the flight from the continent”, “wars”, “ethnic conflicts” and “the invasion of migrants to Europe”, among others.

Resumo Este artigo busca reconhecer as Guardas Camponesas como uma instituição comunitária com impacto na autoproteção e na gestão de conflitos rurais em contextos particulares de guerra e implementação do Acordo Final de Paz. Argumenta-se que as Guardas Camponesas estão liderando iniciativas na construção de um modelo de segurança comunitária para um território camponês, o que pode fortalecer a construção de um modelo de segurança comunitária no âmbito da construção do Estado na Colômbia, especialmente em um contexto de construção da paz territorial. O artigo apresenta um estudo de caso da experiência da Guardia Campesina de Pradera (Valle del Cauca), com base em entrevistas, revisão de documentos secundários e um diário de campo. Esta pesquisa destaca a necessidade de reconhecimento institucional das Guardas Camponesas como um mecanismo de autoproteção e cuidado do território camponês, problematizando e repensando o modelo de segurança existente nos territórios rurais como uma contribuição fundamental para a construção da Paz Territorial.

Resumen Este artículo busca reconocer las Guardias Campesinas como una institución comunal con incidencia en la autoprotección y el manejo de los conflictos rurales en contextos particulares de guerra e implementación del Acuerdo Final de Paz. Se argumenta que las Guardias Campesinas son iniciativas protagónicas en la construcción de un modelo de seguridad comunitaria para un territorio campesino, las cuales pueden fortalecer la construcción de un modelo de seguridad comunitaria en el marco de la construcción de Estado (statebuilding) existente en Colombia, máxime en un contexto de construcción de Paz Territorial. El articulo presenta un estudio de caso de la experiencia de la Guardia Campesina de Pradera (Valle del Cauca), a partir de entrevistas, revisión de documentos secundarios y diario de campo. Esta investigación destaca la necesidad de un reconocimiento institucional de las Guardias Campesinas como un mecanismo de autoprotección y cuidado del territorio campesino, problematizando y replanteando el modelo de seguridad existente en los territorios rurales como aporte fundamental a la construcción de Paz Territorial.

Abstract This article seeks to recognize Peasant Guards (Guardias Campesinas) as a communal institution with an impact on self-protection and the management of rural conflicts in the context of war and amidst the implementation of the Final Peace Agreement in Colombia. I argue that Peasant Guards are protagonists in initiatives to build a model of comunal security for peasant territories. Peasant guards can strengthen the construction of a comunal security model within the framework of current state building efforts in Colombia, especially in the context of the construction of Territorial Peace. I present a case study of the experience of the Peasant Guards of Pradera (Valle del Cauca), based on interviews, archival research and fieldwork. The article underscores the need for institutional recognition of the Peasant Guards as a mechanism for self-protection and care of the peasant territory. Rethinking the existing security model in rural territories is a fundamental contribution to the construction of Territorial Peace.

Abstract. The aim of this article is to describe and analyze perceptions of COVID-19, its influence on ritual practices, and the restrictions on accompanying the deceased in Huautla de Jiménez, Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. The ethnographic research methodology included participant observation, informal conversations, semi-structured interviews with Mazatec people, as well as the personal experience of living in Huautla. During fieldwork, there were some restrictions during intimate or public rituals, as respect was given to the grief of loss and some collaborators did not wish to discuss it. The originality of this text lies in uncovering the close relationship between death-illness-virus, as well as the mortuary treatment of the body during a pandemic, due to resistance to abandoning customs. Among the findings are beliefs in the afterlife and the rites performed by relatives for the deceased. We conclude that while this ritual practice was limited by COVID-19, it was not eliminated to avoid disrupting the journey of the deceased.

Resumen. El objetivo del artículo es describir y analizar las percepciones sobre la COVID-19, la influencia de ésta en la ritualidad y las restricciones del acompañamiento a los difuntos en Huautla de Jiménez, Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. La metodología de investigación etnográfica incluyó observación participante, pláticas informales, entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con mazatecos, además de la experiencia personal de vivir en Huautla. En el trabajo de campo, durante los rituales íntimos o públicos, hubo algunas restricciones, pues se respetó el dolor por la pérdida y que algunos colaboradores no quisieran hablar al respecto. La originalidad del texto radica en develar la estrecha relación entre muerte-enfermedad-virus, así como el tratamiento mortuorio del cuerpo en pandemia, por resistirse a dejar sus costumbres. Entre los hallazgos situamos las creencias en la vida posterior y en los ritos que realizan familiares para el difunto. Concluimos que esta ritualidad se limitó por la COVID-19, pero no se eliminó para no afectar el viaje del difunto.

Abstract. This article aims to explore the ways in which illness is interpreted among the Rarámuri. Through interviews and observation during various fieldwork periods, we seek to illustrate that diseases such as tuberculosis, diabetes, or hypertension are accompanied by bodily and emotional symptoms - including those caused by el susto (frightness)- which, for the Rarámuri, constitute an illness of the soul that severely affects the body, disrupting its stability and physical balance. We attempt to demonstrate that the effects of COVID-19 had less impact on the Rarámuri due to the dispersion of settlements, and simultaneously, we find that the diverse interpretations of illness and its effects among the Rarámuri were linked to their own worldview, as they still employ traditional methods of disease prevention and healing.

Resumen. El presente artículo tiene como propósito explorar las formas de interpretación de la enfermedad entre los rarámuri. Mediante entrevistas y observación en distintos periodos de trabajo de campo intentamos dar cuenta de que, a padecimientos como la tuberculosis, la diabetes o la hipertensión, se suman sintomatologías corpóreas y anímicas -entre otras, las producidas por el susto- que, para los rarámuri, son una enfermedad del alma, que afecta gravemente al cuerpo, perturbando su estabilidad y equilibrio físico. Intentamos mostrar que para los rarámuri los efectos de la COVID-19 tuvieron menor impacto, debido a la dispersión de los asentamientos y, al mismo tiempo, encontramos que para los rarámuri las diversas interpretaciones de la enfermedad y sus efectos estuvieron ligados a su propia imagen del mundo, debido a que aún emplean métodos tradicionales de prevención y de curación de las enfermedades.

Abstract. The aim of this article is to highlight, from an intercultural health perspective, the importance of Otomi traditional medicine, analyzing two diseases: the air and the coronavirus. The results were obtained through ethnography -as methodology- and its primary tool, fieldwork. One of the findings, which constitutes the originality of the article, was that, in a multiethnic context of unequal relations, where the State and its health system hold hegemony over traditional medical systems, the healer dealt with COVID-19 by incorporating it into their therapeutic approach and was able to cure it. Thanks to the author’s relationships with several healers, it was possible to observe how, during the pandemic, the asymmetry between traditional and hegemonic medicine intensified. The traditional medical system was crucial for those who lacked access to the hegemonic health system. To break this asymmetry, from an intercultural health perspective, it is concluded that both medical systems are equally significant.

Resumen. El objetivo de este artículo es resaltar, desde la salud intercultural, la importancia de la medicina tradicional otomí, analizando dos enfermedades: el aire y el coronavirus. Los resultados se obtuvieron por medio de la etnografía -como metodología- y su herramienta primordial, el trabajo de campo. Uno de los hallazgos en el que radica la originalidad del artículo fue que, en un contexto pluriétnico de relaciones desiguales, donde el Estado y su sistema de salud ocupan la hegemonía sobre los sistemas médicos tradicionales, el curandero lidió con la COVID-19 colocándolo en su terapéutica y pudo curarlo. Gracias a la relación que el autor tiene con varios curanderos pudo visualizar cómo durante la pandemia la asimetría entre la medicina tradicional y la hegemónica se intensificó. El sistema médico tradicional fue trascendental para quienes no tenían acceso al sistema de salud hegemónico. Para romper esta asimetría, desde la interculturalidad en salud, se concluye que los dos sistemas médicos son igual de significativos.

Abstract Building on almost a decade of empirical research in a favela in Belo Horizonte, this article seeks to show the connections between the Brazilian political and state macro-contextual structures and the micro-localized dynamics of everyday socialization in the country’s marginalized urban spaces between 1964 and 2016. Combining ethnographical with sociohistorical methodologies, the analysis I provide is based on i) memories of favela dwellers regarding the neighbourhood’s past, ii) documentation of the history of Belo Horizonte, and iii) participant observation in events that took place while I was conducting fieldwork. The article examines three main axes a) the dynamics of access to political and social rights, b) the incidence of violence (political-ideological or police-criminal), and c) the poverty level, and concludes that, in the period under study, Brazilian urban poor have moved from a sociability centered on trust to an interaction based on respect.

Resumen Producto de casi una década de investigación en una favela de Belo Horizonte, este artículo busca mostrar la conexión entre las transformaciones del macro contexto político-estatal brasileño y los cambios en las dinámicas de sociabilidad microlocalizadas en los márgenesurbanos de este país entre 1964 y 2016. Combinando una aproximación etnográfica y sociohistórica, el análisis se apoya en i) memorias de los habitantes del barrio sobre el pasado de la favela; ii) consultas de documentos sobre la historia de la ciudad, y iii) observación participante de fenómenos más recientes, cuyo desarrollo acompañé durante mi trabajo de campo. Organizado a partir de los ejes a) dinámica de acceso a derechos políticos y sociales, b) violencia (político-ideológica o criminal-policial), y c) capacidad de consumo, el artículo concluye que, en el periodo estudiado, las clases bajas experimentaron un pasaje desde una sociabilidad centrada en la confianzaa una interacción basada en el respeto.