Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on food security worldwide. Colombian farmers were adversely affected by prolonged periods of lockdown, disruptions in the agricultural supply chain, increased poverty levels, and heightened socioeconomic uncertainty. The objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of pea producers with regard to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, and ex-ante (2019) and ex-post (2020-2022) diagnostic analysis was conducted in the south of Nariño. We carried out semi-structured interviews with 35 farmers, four key informants, and three focus groups. A sentiment analysis (text mining) was conducted to process sensitive information on environmental, economic, and intrinsic aspects of the productive system. The results revealed that participants maintained constant levels of happiness and confidence across the two-time periods. However, in the period subsequent to the pandemic, higher levels of anger and sadness were reported, attributed to effects of the pandemic itself and the inherent challenges associated with pea cultivation. The implementation of confinement measures resulted in an increase in feelings of uncertainty and sadness, in addition too the emergence of challenges in fieldwork context. Moreover, the increased production costs were attributed to the greater demand for agricultural inputs and labour in 2020. However, in 2022, the increased the price paid per kilogram of pea grains helped mitigate the adverse impact of the pandemic. The study concludes that the econ economic uncertainty introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic affected crop profitability. Nevertheless, small-scale farmers exhibited remarkable resilience and adaptability, allowing them to persist in growing and selling their pea harvest.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la seguridad alimentaria en todo el mundo. El agricultor colombiano se vio afectado por bloqueos prolongados, interrupciones en la cadena de suministro agrícola, mayores niveles de pobreza y una mayor incertidumbre socioeconómica. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la percepción de los productores de arveja sobre el COVID-19, realiza un diagnóstico ex ante (2019) y ex post (2020-2022) en el sur de Nariño. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 35 agricultores, 4 informantes clave y 3 grupos focales. A través de un análisis de sentimiento (Text Mining) se procesó información sensible sobre aspectos ambientales, económicos e intrínsecos del sistema productivo. Los resultados revelaron que los participantes mantuvieron niveles constantes de felicidad y confianza durante dos períodos de tiempo. Sin embargo, en el período posterior a la COVID-19, se informaron niveles más altos de ira y tristeza, atribuidos a los efectos de la pandemia y los desafíos inherentes asociados con el cultivo de arvejas o guisantes. Las medidas de confinamiento intensificaron los sentimientos de incertidumbre y tristeza, además de desafíos en el trabajo de campo. Asimismo, atribuyeron el aumento de los costos de producción a la mayor demanda de insumos agrícolas y mano de obra en 2020. Sin embargo, en 2022, el aumento del precio pagado por kilogramo de granos de arvejas ayudó a mitigar el impacto adverso de la pandemia. El estudio concluye que la COVID-19 introdujo incertidumbre económica en la región y, en consecuencia, afectó la rentabilidad de los cultivos. Sin embargo, los pequeños agricultores mostraron una notable resiliencia y adaptabilidad, lo que les permitió persistir en el cultivo y venta de su cosecha de guisantes.

Este artigo descreve aspectos metodológicos e caracteriza a participação no primeiro ano do estudo Impacto da Regulamentação do Ambiente Alimentar Escolar. O estudo visa monitorar a comercialização de alimentos nas cantinas e no entorno de escolas privadas de três cidades brasileiras com distintos contextos regulatórios, bem como investigar a percepção dos escolares sobre a cantina escolar. Trata-se de um estudo transversal repetido (2023/24 e 2025), com amostras independentes, em Recife (PE), Niterói (RJ) e Porto Alegre (RS). Para o Módulo Cantina, planejou-se uma amostragem de escolas privadas de ensino fundamental e médio, estratificada pelo porte escolar e com reposição inversa. Para o Módulo Ambulante, uma amostra de conveniência. E para o Módulo Aluno, uma amostra por conglomerados em três estágios. Os dois primeiros módulos replicam a metodologia do estudo Comercialização de Alimentos em Escolas Brasileiras – Caeb. A primeira coleta de dados ocorreu entre setembro de 2023 e maio de 2024. Participaram 202 escolas e 532 alunos. Apenas três vendedores ambulantes foram localizados. As taxas de participação escolar foram de 47,8% em Porto Alegre, 53,9% em Niterói e 69,9% em Recife. Houve resistência das escolas em receber a pesquisa, o que prolongou a coleta de dados e exigiu adaptações metodológicas. O artigo discute os desafios enfrentados no trabalho de campo e os ajustes metodológicos para o segundo ano de acompanhamento, trazendo recomendações para futuros estudos no ambiente escolar. Este projeto é fruto da colaboração entre academia e sociedade civil organizada, que demandou informações para apoiar ações de advocacy pela alimentação saudável na escola. As evidências geradas poderão subsidiar a formulação e o aprimoramento de políticas de proteção do ambiente alimentar escolar em outras cidades e níveis governamentais.

This article describes the methodological aspects and characterizes participation in the first year of the Impact of School Food Environment Regulation study. The study aims to monitor the commercialization of foods in canteens and the surrounding areas of private schools in three Brazilian cities with distinct regulatory contexts, as well as to investigate students' perceptions of the school canteen. It is a repeated cross-sectional study (2023/24 and 2025) with independent samples, conducted in Recife (PE), Niterói (RJ), and Porto Alegre (RS). For the Canteen Module, a stratified sampling of private elementary and high schools was planned, considering school size and using inverse replacement. The Street Vendor Module used a convenience sample, while the Student Module employed a three-stage cluster sampling. The first two modules replicate the methodology of the Commercialization of Food in Brazilian Schools (Caeb) study. The first data collection occurred between September 2023 and May 2024, involving 202 schools and 532 students. Only three street vendors were found. School participation rates were 47.8% in Porto Alegre, 53.9% in Niterói, and 69.9% in Recife. Schools' reluctance to participate in the study prolonged the data collection period and required methodological adaptations. This article discusses the challenges in fieldwork and the methodological adjustments planned for the second year of follow-up, offering recommendations for future studies in the school environment. This project results from a collaboration between academia and organized civil society, which sought information to support advocacy efforts for healthy eating in schools. The evidence generated may contribute to the development and improvement of policies aimed at protecting the school food environment in other cities and at different government levels.

The concepts of explorer, expedition, and the combination of the two into the myth of the explorer have been integral parts of Western mentality for more than 200 years. Here we briefly outline the colonial origins of these ideas, and use this crystallised understanding of the explorer myth to consider how African palaeoanthropology in the 20th century and up to the present continues to carry many of these biased, outdated overtones - some more overtly than others. We examine how Raymond Dart and the discovery of the Taung Child were situated and storied within this explorer narrative. We also expand on how these outdated concepts persist in determining which scientific approaches and outcomes are valued and which are not, which in turn has perpetuated extractive approaches to palaeoanthropology and the marginalisation of Indigenous scientists. This is especially notable in fieldwork practices which, to this day, embody the explorer myth's deeply problematic colonial ideals of Western, masculine moral and cultural superiority. By understanding the mindset behind the discovery and reporting of Dart's work on the Taung Child, we can better understand why it still holds such sway in palaeoanthropology today, and propose important practical and cultural disciplinary changes that will allow us to move beyond these colonial and masculine ideas in a manner that creates a more equitable future for all scholars. SIGNIFICANCE: • This paper shows how palaeoanthropology has remained tied to an outdated view of the role of field exploration in science, since the time of Dart's discovery. • This is then linked to the disproportionately high number of white men working across Africa who have achieved professional success under this rubric. • We provide suggestions on how and why the discipline should shift away from glorifying 'explorer' science, and towards the work of local African scholars, be it in the laboratory or the field. • This paper thus contributes to greater awareness of scientific biases, their historical origins, and opportunities for correction.

In Suid-Afrika het deurlopende uitdagings met werkloosheid daartoe gelei dat baie individue geleenthede in die informele sektor soek in 'n poging om 'n bestaan te maak. Die aanvang van die COVID-19-pandemie het regeringsinperkingsmaatreëls tot gevolg gehad, wat kwesbare werkers in hierdie sektor wesenlik beïnvloed het. Hierdie studie het die subjektiewe welstand van informele dagarbeiders tydens die pandemie ondersoek, met 'n spesifieke fokus op dagarbeiders in Johannesburg. Deur 'n steekproef wat uit 230 individue bestaan het, te ontleed, het ons die wisselwerking tussen indiensneming, inkomste en welstand ondersoek, met inag-neming van hul strukturele kwesbaarheid vir eksterne skokke. Hierdie navorsing vul veral 'n kritieke leemte, aangesien geen vorige studies die welstand van arbeiders in die informele sektor in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te midde van die pandemie ondersoek het nie. Die studie het alternatiewe inkomstemoontlikhede ondersoek, en die doeltreffendheid van die regering se maatskaplike bystandprogramme en die toereikendheid van ondersteuning wat aan kwalifiserende ontvangers daarvan verskaf word, geëvalueer. Dit verskaf dus 'n omvattende profiel van dagarbeiders wat daarop gemik is om beleidsinisiatiewe in te lig om sosiale en ekonomiese ondersteuning vir werkers in die informele sektor regoor Suid-Afrika te versterk.

In South Africa, persistent challenges with unemployment have led many individuals to seek opportunities in the informal sector. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted governmental lockdown measures, significantly impacting vulnerable workers within this sector. A classic example of an informal wage employment activity is the presence of tens of thousands of men and women who congregate on South Africa's street corners, next to traffic lights, other work-related businesses and in front of hardware stores - hoping to find temporary employment for a day or days from passing motorists or customers frequenting the shops mentioned above. According to the literature, day labourers in South Africa are among the most marginalised and vulnerable groups in the broader informal economy. This study delved into the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of informal wage labourers during the pandemic, with a specific focus on day labourers in Johannesburg. By analysing a sample comprising 230 individuals, we examined the interplay between employment, income, and SWB, considering their susceptibility to external shocks with specific reference to the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, this research fills a critical gap, as no prior studies have explored the wellbeing of informal sector labourers in the South African context amid the pandemic. Following the approach employed by previous international and South African studies, a mainly quantitative design with a survey-based instrument was used. The day labour research population was defined as people congregating at informal hiring sites such as street corners, next to traffic lights, or in front of job-related businesses such as hardware stores in Johannesburg, hoping to find temporary employment for the day or several days. Fieldworkers for the study were recruited from students who had completed their studies in Johannesburg and did not yet have permanent employment at the time of the research. Given the COVID-19 limitations that were in place, training for the fieldwork was carried out during Zoom meetings. The fieldwork to collect the data was carried out over a period of two weeks at the end of October 2021. The analysis encompassed descriptive statistics and an ordered probit model to explore the determinants of SWB within the sample. In the context of South Africa, the literature on SWB underscores the statistically significant associations between SWB and variables such as gender, education, children, marital status, employment, and income. The empirical model used in this study utilised the above factors for day labourers in Johannesburg. The ordered probit model also considered the ordered nature of the dependent variable. In terms of the demographic results, all participants were male and the majority of day labourers interviewed (over 41%) fell within the 31-40 age bracket. Regarding relationship status, 59.2% of respondents were involved in some form of partnership (married or cohabiting). The average number of dependents relying on respondents' incomes was four, ranging from zero to 15, inclusive of spouses, children, and parents. On average, respondents had two children, with the number of dependent children ranging from zero to eight. The regression results show that the SWB of day labourers was influenced by various demographic, employment, and employment-seeking history variables that are also significant in other studies in the field of SWB. The vulnerability of these labourers was emphasised through the model's confirmation that several income variables significantly influenced their SWB. Day labourers are structurally vulnerable, with nothing to fall back on during exogenous shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the South African government tried to assist vulnerable parties by providing a COVID-19 grant, the results showed that many did not apply because they were not South African citizens, had already received another social grant, or did not possess the necessary documents to apply for it. Some respondents did not apply because they felt it was not worthwhile for such a minimal amount of money. It was also shown that the effects of the pandemic are continuing. The majority of day labourers in the sample earned less at the time of data collection (October 2021) than in pre-COVID-19 times. No less than 95% of respondents now earned less than before the pandemic, while only 1% reported earning more than pre-pandemic levels. This underscores the disproportionate and enduring impact of exogenous shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerable labour force segments. The findings represent a call to policy makers to prioritise the mitigation of the impact that future exogenous shocks may have on vulnerable groupings such as day labourers.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación que da origen a este artículo es conocer los usos que le dan a los smartphones las madres de la ciudad de Valparaíso, principal ciudad puerto del país. La inexistencia de estudios empíricos, en un contexto de alta tasa de penetración de dispositivos móviles, que analicen en profundidad los procesos de uso y apropiación de las tecnologías móviles y el impacto en el quehacer diario, además de la influencia en la vida cotidiana de las madres, se encuentran en el origen de esta investigación. El diseño de la investigación se basó en un estudio cualitativo, no experimental, transversal, de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo. Se llevaron a cabo cinco grupos focales en la ciudad de Valparaíso y cinco entrevistas semiestructuradas con participantes seleccionadas a partir de los grupos focales. El trabajo de campo se realizó entre los meses de octubre y diciembre de 2019 y enero de 2020, en el contexto de las movilizaciones del llamado “estallido social”, con una fuerte representación de grupos feministas. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de contenido y los resultados corresponden a los focus realizados durante los meses de octubre a diciembre de 2019. El principal hallazgo de este estudio es dar cuenta de cómo el teléfono móvil se encuentra presente en todos los estadios de la crianza y la relación madre-hijo, incluso antes del nacimiento y en las primeras etapas de gestación.

Abstract This research aimed to learn how mothers use smartphones, in the city of Valparaíso —the main Chilean port city. In a context of high penetration of mobile devices, the lack of empirical studies that delve into the use and appropriation of mobile technologies and their impact and influence in mothers’ daily life motivated this research work. The research design was based on a qualitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study. Five focus groups were conducted in the city of Valparaíso, along with five semi-structured interviews with participants selected from the focus groups. Fieldwork was carried out between October and December 2019 and January 2020, in the context of the mobilizations under the so-called "social outbreak," with a conspicuous representation of feminist groups. Content analysis was performed with its findings aligned to the data gathered in the focus groups between October and December 2019. The main finding of the study shows prevalent presence of mobile phones in all the stages of upbringing and mother-child relationship, even before birth and early pregnancy stages.

Resumo Esta pesquisa tem se proposto inquirir como as mães usam os smartphones na cidade de Valparaíso, a principal cidade portuária do Chile. Em um contexto de alta penetração de dispositivos móveis, a falta de estudos empíricos que aprofundem o uso e a apropriação de tecnologias móveis e seu impacto e influência na vida cotidiana das mães deu origem a este trabalho de pesquisa. Foram realizados cinco grupos focais na cidade de Valparaíso, além de cinco entrevistas semiestruturadas com participantes selecionados dos grupos focais. O trabalho de campo foi realizado entre outubro e dezembro de 2019 e janeiro de 2020, no contexto das mobilizações do chamado "surto social", com forte representação de grupos feministas. Foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo com resultados correspondentes aos dados coletados nos grupos focais entre outubro e dezembro de 2019. O principal resultado do estudo é a presença predominante do celular em todas as etapas da educação e da relação mãe-filho, mesmo antes do nascimento e nas primeiras fases da gravidez.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar desde una perspectiva etnográfica los procesos étnicos-identitarios y la organización etnopolítica de la población indígena en la localidad de Carhué, provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Para ello fueron atendidas diversas cuestiones, como las estrategias, los reclamos y las formas de resistencia llevadas a cabo por las familias que la componen. En este análisis resulta central atender a la emergencia étnica de la década de 1990 en espacios urbanos y las legislaciones que tienen como principales destinatarios a los pueblos originarios del país. Materiales y métodos: El trabajo con las familias mapuches de Carhué comenzó en 2018 a partir de una demanda específica para colaborar en la tramitación de su personería jurídica y las pautas de trabajo fueron definidas en conjunto. De esta manera, la metodología parte y se sustenta en el trabajo colaborativo. La perspectiva etnográfica se nutrió de entrevistas formales y dirigidas, charlas informales y observación participante, lo cual se trianguló con la búsqueda de fuentes en diversos archivos y la lectura bibliográfica de antecedentes teóricos en el tema. Resultados: En este trabajo hemos mostrado la necesaria movilización y elaboración de estrategias de las comunidades indígenas para hacer cumplir sus derechos como pueblos preexistentes ante la ausencia de respuestas de los diversos niveles del Estado y la falta de implementación de las leyes y normativas concernientes a los pueblos indígenas. Conclusiones: Pudimos observar que, a pesar de la falta de respuesta en relación con los reclamos indígenas, la organización etnopolítica de la comunidad de Carhué sigue creciendo en pos de visibilizar su presencia en el ámbito local, reclamar por el cumplimiento de derechos y por el acceso a la tierra para disponer de espacios propios para su reproducción y fortalecimiento.

ABSTRACT Objective: This paper seeks to contribute, from the perspective of Social Anthropology, to the analysis of the ethnopolitical organization and identity revaluation of indigenous communities in Argentina. For this purpose, we will focus on the organization process of the families of the Mapuche Kalfulafken community in the urban region of Carhué, province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), which has gained momentum in the last decades. In short, the aim is to analyze how indigenous claims in Carhué are constituted around territory, ethnic identity and living conditions by considering resistance strategies and access to resources over time and in relation to the different levels of the State -municipality, province and nation-. Central to this analysis is the indigenous emergence of recent times, which began in the 1990s and is characterized by a growing ethnic awareness and emergence. Additionally, reanalyzing the legislations that principally address the original pueblos of the country and the legal and regulatory advances that, in many cases, are due to the continued mobilization and organization of indigenous groups have been very important in the processes of identity reconstruction. Materials and methods: The approach from which we start this research corresponds to the perspective of Social Anthropology. The fieldwork with the Mapuche families of Carhué began in 2018 from a specific demand to the research/outreach group to collaborate in their request for recognition before the provincial State (through the processing of their legal status). The steps to be followed in the research and the work guidelines were defined together with the community, so that the methodology is based on collaborative work. A bibliographic survey of theoretical antecedents was carried out. The research question focused on the forms of organization of the Mapuche families and their relationship with the processes of ethnic-identity reconfiguration in Carhué, framed in the context of the indigenous emergence and resurgence of ethnic and territorial demands in the area. Returning to the field on several occasions, deepening the topics and reworking the methodological strategies allowed us to construct the objectives and better orient the research. The methodology was ethnographic and a diverse group of actors were interviewed: the members of the indigenous organization, inhabitants of Carhué, governmental and non-governmental officials, and others. Open and in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, individual, and group interviews were carried out. The aim was to reconstruct life histories and trajectories in order to try to understand social phenomena from the perspective of the actors. Thus, participant observation was an importantpart of the fieldwork. The perspective was nurtured and triangulated with the search for primary and secondary sources and complementary cases through the work in the local archive at the request of Kalfulafken, given the importance of making an approach with some historical depth to reconstruct the facts of persecution and violence against indigenous peoples in Argentina. Results: The work is framed within the resurgence of the demands and processes of identity reconstruction that have been gaining strength in the country since the 1990s. The large presence of the indigenous population in urban spaces is highlighted in the face of the historically constructed ideas of denial, discrimination and exclusion that have their roots in the colonial period and continued with the formation of the National State. We focus on the history of ethnopolitical organization and the forms of resistance ofthefamilies of Carhué, which has gained momentum in the last decades and seeks to assert their presence in the urban environment. From which, the members appeal to distance themselvesfrom and question the discourses promoted by state institutions that sought to dominate and make the indigenous population in the region invisible. In this way, we address the strategies and activities implemented by the Kalfulafken community that seek to question the 'official history' and demonstrate the subjugation, discrimination and invisibilization suffered and to reaffirm their current presence in Carhué. Such processes have led, on the one hand, to new links with other ethnopolitical groups, universities, national and local institutions, and on the other hand, to the generation of new spaces for participation and networks in the area in order to have greater visibility and strengthen their claims. In addition, we highlight the community's search for support and recognitionfrom local authorities in order to make their claims viable. Conclusions: From the analysis on the organizational processes of a Mapuche community in the province of Buenos Aires we can make several conclusions. On the one hand, in the absence of responses from the various levels of the State and the lack of implementation of laws and regulations concerning indigenous peoples, it is the communities that must mobilize and develop strategies to enforce their rights as pre-existing peoples. Despite the lack of response to the indigenous claims, the ethnopolitical organization of the community of Carhué continues to grow in order to make its presence visible at the local level and to claim the fulfillment of their rights and the recovery of their territories in order to have their own spaces and cultural autonomy for their reproduction. Another issue that was highlighted was the need forgreater access to funds and social projects that would allow these objectives to be carried out and that wouldprovide scholarships for the younger generations to study. That is to say that these requests that have arisen in the organization are linked, since in order to have autonomy they must have territories and funds to sustain it. In summary, the above allows us to account for the local ethnopolitical work and the impact of the productions and materials produced within the framework of university extension to accompany such processes. Likewise, the presence of indigenous movements makes it clear that the state projects of a homogeneous Argentina have not been achieved. In the case of Kalfulafken we have been able to see that in addition to the processing of their legal status, the community seeks to generate new spaces for intervention and networks in the region to achieve greater visibility and strengthen their claims.

RESUMEN El objetivo general fue analizar el mecanismo a través del cual la academia puede contribuir al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en Paraguay. Ante la necesidad de visibilizar esta contribución por parte de la academia, se remarca el propósito del estudio, intercambiar experiencias de cómo puede la academia colaborar al logro de los ODS, la importancia de difundir informaciones relacionadas a los ODS y, sobre todo, indagar el grado de conocimiento de los ODS de personas clave de organizaciones o instituciones de las distintas comunidades de la zona de influencia de la sede Central y las Filiales de la FCE-UNA. El estudio analítico-descriptivo, está basado esencialmente en un trabajo de campo, con relevamiento de datos definida como población objetivo a líderes comunitarios. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que la visión de los líderes sobre el rol de las universidades para el logro de los ODS en Paraguay, refieren a que su rol es fundamental para el logro de los ODS y también mencionan que su rol es ser nexo con la sociedad para el logro de los ODS. Se concluye que el mecanismo óptimo a través del cual la academia/universidad puede contribuir al logro de los ODS en Paraguay, seria preferentemente incluir el tema de los ODS en el currículo de las facultades y brindar cursos sobre los ODS; otro, además sería elaborar e implementar proyectos en línea de los ODS, al que se agregan, el asesorar a las instituciones responsables del cumplimiento de los ODS.

ABSTRACT The overarching objective was to examine the manner in which academic institutions can contribute to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Paraguay. In light of the necessity to make this contribution by academia visible, the objective of the study is to facilitate an exchange of experiences on how academia can collaborate to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the importance of disseminating information related to the SDGs, and, most importantly, to investigate the degree of knowledge of the SDGs among key individuals from organizations or institutions in various communities within the area of influence of the Central Headquarters and the Branches of FCE-UNA. The study is primarily analytical and descriptive in nature, with a particular focus on fieldwork and the collection of data from community leaders. The findings indicate that the leaders perceive the role of universities in achieving the SDGs in Paraguay to be of paramount importance. Furthermore, they assert that their role is to serve as a conduit between society and the achievement of the SDGs. It is thus concluded that the most effective mechanism through which academia/ universities can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs in Paraguay would be to integrate the topic of the SDGs into the curricula of the faculties and to offer courses on the SDGs. Additionally, another avenue for contribution would be the development and implementation of SDG-aligned projects, in collaboration with institutions responsible for achieving the SDGs

Resumen El siguiente artículo propone describir y explicar cómo la creación de una ordenanza que busca regular el sexo comercial en la ciudad de Mar del Plata puede pensarse, en primer lugar, producto de acciones anteriores de criminalización que construyeron el imaginario social de la mujeres trans y travestis como las narcos-travestis. En segundo lugar, esta ordenanza es un nuevo mecanismo de exclusión que revive viejas prácticas sociales de persecución sobre las transfeminidades excluyéndolas del espacio público. Los resultados aquí presentados son parte de un trabajo de campo etnográfico que empezó en el año 2018 y termino en el año 2023, realizando observación participante en las zonas de sexo comercial, en ámbitos de sociabilidad de trabajadoras sexuales, en reuniones con agentes estatales, entre otros. A su vez, se realizaron diez entrevistas no directivas a diferentes informantes claves mujeres trans y travestis.

Abstract The following article proposes to describe and explain how the creation of an ordinance that seeks to regulate commercial sex in the city of Mar del Plata can be thought of, firstly, as a product of previous criminalization actions that constructed the social imaginary of trans women and transvestites as narco-transvestites. Secondly, this ordinance is a new mechanism of exclusion that revives old social practices of persecution of transfemininities by excluding them from public space. The results presented here are part of an ethnographic fieldwork that began in 2018 and ended in 2023, carrying out participant observation in commercial sex areas, in social settings of sex workers, in meetings with state agents, among others. In turn, ten non-directive interviews were conducted with different key informants: trans women and transvestites.

RESUMEN Con su ubicación geográfica única en el extremo norte del Istmo Centroamericano, Honduras se encuentra en los límites de dos regiones culturales distintas: la Mesoamericana y la Istmo-Colombiana. En este contexto, discutimos brevemente el progreso de los estudios de genética de poblaciones realizados en Honduras. El texto subraya la importancia del trabajo de campo para mejorar nuestra comprensión de la historia genética, la dinámica de las poblaciones y la aparición de enfermedades entre las comunidades indígenas de este país. Entre las siete poblaciones indígenas que actualmente se encuentran bajo investigación genética, destacamos el caso del pueblo garífuna. Exploramos sus orígenes, los patrones de migración, la diferenciación genética y la prevalencia de la Miocardiopatía Hipertrófica (MCH), posiblemente vinculada al efecto fundador. Nuestros esfuerzos de investigación en Honduras enfatizan el valor de la colaboración interdisciplinaria en el estudio de las poblaciones humanas locales, los cuales son fundamentales para comprender la evolución de los paisajes genéticos dentro de este entorno cultural y geográfico único en la región. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (2), 084. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e084

ABSTRACT With its unique geographic location at the northern end of the Central American isthmus, Honduras straddles the boundaries of two distinct cultural regions-the Mesoamerican and the Istmo-Colombian. In this context, we briefly discuss the progress of population genetics studies conducted within Honduras. The text underscores the importance of conducting fieldwork to improve our understanding of the genetic history, population dynamics, and emergence of diseases among the Indigenous communities of this country. Among the seven distinct Indigenous populations currently under genetic investigation, we highlight the case of the Garifuna people. We explore their origins, patterns of migration, genetic differentiation, and the prevalence of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM), which may be linked to founder effects. Our research endeavors in Honduras emphasize the value of an interdisciplinary approach in the study of local human populations that have been instrumental in shaping our evolving comprehension of the genetic landscapes within this unique geographical and cultural setting. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (2), 084. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e084

Resumen El Túmulo de Malacara fue localizado en 1913 por Luis María Torres y Carlos Ameghino en la costa atlántica bonaerense. En este artículo se reestudia la colección bioantropológica y arqueológica de este sitio emblemático de la arqueología pampeana para conocer los modos de vida de las sociedades indígenas de la región durante el Holoceno tardío. Se analizan los huesos humanos de al menos 13 individuos y los sedimentos de esos entierros, junto con 57 cuentas sobre exoesqueletos de moluscos y 104 artefactos líticos que se encuentran depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Además, se presentan tres nuevas dataciones radiocarbónicas de entre 2550 y 2750 años 14C AP y 26 señales isotópicas de δ13Ccol, δ13Cap y δ15N que evidencian un mayor consumo de plantas de tipo C3 o de herbívoros terrestres consumidores de esas plantas. Para este estudio integral además se contextualizan los trabajos de principios del siglo XX con documentación de archivo. En conjunto con el análisis de la colección y de fotografías históricas, se revisaron imágenes satelitales y de vuelos de dron y se realizaron nuevos trabajos de campo entre la margen derecha del arroyo La Malacara y las dunas móviles próximas al mar. Estas tareas permitieron localizar una anomalía geomorfológica en forma de anillo con un montículo central en donde se hallaron artefactos líticos que podría corresponder a los remanentes de la excavación de este sitio localizado hace 110 años.

Abstract The Túmulo de Malacara was discovered in 1913 by Luis María Torres and Carlos Ameghino on the Buenos Aires Atlantic coast. This article re-examines the bioanthropological and archaeological collection from this emblematic site of Pampean archaeology to understand the lifestyles of the indigenous societies in the region during the Late Holocene. The analysis includes human bones from at least 13 individuals and the sediments from those burials, along with 57 shell beads and 104 lithic artifacts housed at the Museo de La Plata. Additionally, three new radiocarbon dates ranging from 2550 to 2750 years 14C BP and 26 isotopic signals of δ13Ccol, δ13Cap, and δ15N are presented, indicating a higher consumption of C3 plants or terrestrial herbivores that consumed these plants. For this comprehensive study, early 20th-century work was contextualized with archival documentation. In addition to analyzing the collection and historical photographs, satellite and drone imagery were reviewed, and new fieldwork was conducted between the right bank of the La Malacara stream and the mobile dunes near the sea. These tasks led to the identification of a ring- shaped geomorphological anomaly with a central mound where lithic artifacts were found, which could correspond to the remnants of the excavation of this site discovered 110 years ago.

Resumen: La investigación social y criminológica sobre violencia hacia mujeres en relaciones de pareja ha despertado diversos debates académicos. Sin embargo, dada la escasez de estudios cualitativos focalizados en varones agresores, la reflexión sobre las dificultades y los procesos de trabajo de campo implicados en estas investigaciones ha recibido exigua atención. A partir de cuatro estudios cualitativos sobre perpetradores de violencia hacia sus parejas mujeres en América Latina, este artículo reconstruye los principales problemas éticos y metodológicos encontrados en experiencias de trabajo de campo en instituciones para varones con conductas violentas. Se identificaron cuatro ejes problemáticos: comités de ética, pedidos institucionales, coacción de participantes, y protección de los entrevistados. Las particularidades de las instituciones y de las racionalidades de los actores sociales imprimen tensiones y obligan a repensar los modos de realizar entrevistas. Discutimos la necesidad de explicitar los desafíos institucionales y éticos en los estudios sobre violencia, usualmente invisibilizados en las publicaciones académicas.

Abstract: Social and criminological research on gender-based violence has sparked a range of scholarly debates. However, due to the scarcity of qualitative studies focusing on male perpetrators, little attention has been given to the ethical considerations arising from qualitative research on violence. Drawing on findings from four fieldwork projects, this paper identifies the primary ethical and methodological issues related to fieldwork in batterer programs. Four main domains are analyzed: institutional review boards, institutional demands, coercion to participate, and participant protection. The characteristics of institutions and the rationale of social actors involved create tensions in the fieldwork, prompting a re-evaluation of interview methodologies. We argue for the necessity of highlighting the institutional and ethical challenges in these studies, often obscured in academic literature.

Resumen. El objetivo de este texto es elaborar una propuesta analítica sobre la construcción social de la noche a manera de tiempo específico que, a través de la apropiación material y simbólica de espacios, posibilita estructurar, entre actores heterogéneos, variados universos nocturnos de sociabilidad, que denomino nocturnidades. La aportación del texto son las nocturnidades de pueblos urbanos, con ello la discusión sobre la cultura de la no che y las nocturnidades se expande a los contextos rurales y rural-urbanos y no se queda en los ámbitos urbanos y en los sectores de jóvenes. Metodológicamente recurrí al trabajo de campo realizado durante tres años, centrado en lugares nocturnos y testimonios de sus protagonistas en la ciudad de Puebla. La noche se deletrea por espacios nocturnos en el que actores, prácticas, lugares y significaciones edifican nocturnidades como un constructo sociocultural en una temporalidad específica.

Abstract. The objective of this text is to develop an analytical proposal on the social construction of night as a specific time, which, through the material and symbolic appropriation of spaces, enables the structuring of varied nocturnal social universes among heterogeneous actors, which I call nocturnities. The contribution of this text lies in the nocturnalities of urban villages, thereby expanding the discussion on the culture of night and nocturnalities to rural and rural-urban contexts, not limiting it to urban realms and youth sectors. Methodologically, I drew on three years of fieldwork focused on nocturnal places and testimonies from their protagonists in the city of Puebla. Night is spelled out through nocturnal spaces where actors, practices, places, and significations build nocturnalities as a sociocultural construct within a specific temporality.

Resumen. Los datos de campo obtenidos de los inventarios forestales, principalmente área basal y densidad de fustes, son relevantes para el análisis de la biomasa aérea y la fragmentación forestal. Debido al suelo inundado, el trabajo de campo en los bosques de manglar requiere mucho tiempo y es complicado. Dado que los manglares son sensibles a los efectos del cambio climático, la selección de un método de campo ideal es de suma importancia. Con este fin, analizamos 4 clases de manglares: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG) y AG arbustivo. Georreferenciamos y contamos todos los fustes de mangle dentro de 4 parcelas cuadradas de 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m). Analizamos 3 áreas circulares y el método del punto cuadrante central (PCQM) basado en las parcelas cuadradas originales. Dependiendo de la clase de mangle, el PCQM sobreestimó el área basal hasta en un 34% y la densidad de fustes en un 21%. Los 3 muestreos en parcelas circulares subestimaron el área basal entre -1% y -29% y la densidad de fustes entre -3% y -25%. Basándonos en los resultados, sugerimos utilizar una parcela circular de 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) en bosques menos densos (RM y AG) y una parcela circular de 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) en densidades superiores a 3,500 fustes/ha (LR y AG arbustivo). Las ventajas de utilizar las parcelas circulares sobre el método PCQM son que los inventarios de mangle pueden cuantificarse rápidamente y no requieren un número mínimo de puntos de muestreo.

Abstract. The data obtained from field-based forest inventories, mainly basal area and stem density, are relevant for the analysis of aboveground biomass and forest fragmentation. Due to its persistently flooded ground, fieldwork in mangrove forests is time-consuming and complicated. Since mangroves are sensitive to the effects of climate change, selecting a reliable field method is of utmost importance. To this end, we analyzed 4 mangrove classes: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG), and AG shrub. We georeferenced and counted all mangrove stems within four 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m square). We analyzed data from 3 circular area plots and the plotless point-centered quarter method (PCQM) based on the original square plots. Depending on the mangrove class, PCQM overestimated basal area by up to 34% and stem density by 21%. The 3 circular plot surveys underestimated basal area from -1% to -29% and stem density from -3 to -25%. Based on the results, we suggest using a circular plot of 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) in less dense forests (RM and AG) and a circular plot of 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) with forest densities greater than 3,500 stems/ha (LR and AG shrub). The advantages of using the circular plot approach over PCQM are that mangrove inventories can be quantified quickly and do not require a minimum number of sampling points.

Abstract: The commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the coup d’état in Chile once again brought to the fore the issue of political violence during the military dictatorship, but there have been few commemorative events in which the ethnic component of repression and its impact on the daily life of the victimized indigenous communities have been addressed. Therefore, this work aims to provide an intercultural vision of human rights violations in indigenous contexts based on the possibilities offered by ethnographic methodology. The ethnographic material comes from several seasons of fieldwork in Araucanía in which a number of cases that occurred in Mapuche communities during the military dictatorship were recorded, as well as from participant observation with Mapuche and non-Mapuche human rights organizations in relation to justice and reparation processes. Finally, it is intended to offer an ontological approach to the field of human rights and political violence taking as reference the information accumulated by the tradition of Amerindian studies in which topics such as corporality, illness, non-humans, dreams or the concept of person constitute privileged spaces to explore the meaning that indigenous peoples give to this type of situations.

Resumen: La conmemoración del quincuagésimo aniversario del golpe de Estado en Chile volvió a poner en primer plano el tema de la violencia política durante la dictadura militar, pero han sido pocos los eventos conmemorativos en los que se ha abordado la variable étnica de la represión y su impacto en la vida cotidiana de las comunidades indígenas victimadas. Por ello, este trabajo pretende aportar una visión intercultural a las violaciones de derechos humanos en contextos indígenas a partir de las posibilidades que ofrece la metodología etnográfica. El material recopilado proviene de varias temporadas de trabajo de campo en la Araucanía en las que se registraron una serie de casos ocurridos en comunidades mapuche durante la dictadura militar, así como de la observación participante con organizaciones de derechos humanos mapuche y no mapuche en relación con los procesos de justicia y reparación. Finalmente, se pretende ofrecer una aproximación ontológica al campo de los derechos humanos y la violencia política tomando como referencia la información acumulada por la tradición de los estudios amerindios, en los que temas como la corporalidad, la enfermedad, los no humanos, los sueños o el concepto de persona constituyen espacios privilegiados para explorar el significado que los pueblos indígenas le dan a este tipo de situaciones.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a centralidade das políticas públicas de segurança e justiça na América Latina e no Caribe com base em diversas técnicas de pesquisa teórica (análise documental e bibliográfica) e de campo (visitas “in loco” e observações participantes), empreendidas entre 2015 e 2021. Parte-se do pressuposto de que as violências e inseguranças são abordadas como um flagrante obstáculo ao desenvolvimento humano e à consolidação do estado de direito na região. Identifica-se, no cotejo da literatura especializada e no estudo comparado dessas políticas públicas, a relevância do papel desempenhado pela liderança política do estado e pelo engajamento cívico de diversos atores sociais em torno de uma governança territorial integrada e integral das políticas de segurança pública cidadã. Inobstante a uma cultura política punitiva e a um histórico de governos autoritários na região, vislumbram-se, afinal, princípios e conceitos-chave para uma governança de novo tipo da segurança cidadã (e justiça) no Brasil e na região voltada a salvar e a preservar vidas. Resumo análise bibliográfica visitas in loco participantes, participantes , participantes) 201 2021 Partese Parte se Identificase, Identificase Identifica se, Identifica-se vislumbramse, vislumbramse vislumbram vislumbram-se afinal conceitoschave conceitos chave vidas 20 202 2

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la centralidad de las políticas públicas de seguridad y justicia en América Latina y el Caribe a partir de diversas técnicas de investigación teórico (análisis documental y bibliográfico) y trabajo de campo (visitas “in loco” y observaciones participantes), realizadas entre 2015 y 2021. Se parte del supuesto de que la violencia y las inseguridades son abordadas como un obstáculo flagrante para el desarrollo humano y la consolidación del estado de derecho en la región. Se identifica, basado en la literatura especializada y estudio comparado de estas políticas públicas, la relevancia del papel que juega el liderazgo político del estado y el compromiso cívico de varios actores sociales en torno a una gobernanza territorial integrada e integral de políticas de seguridad pública Ciudadana dedicados a salvar y preservar vidas. Resumen análisis bibliográfico visitas in loco participantes, participantes , participantes) 201 2021 región identifica vidas 20 202 2

Abstract: This article analyzes the centrality of public security and justice policies in Latin America and the Caribbean based on various theoretical research techniques (documental and bibliographical analysis) and fieldwork (“in loco” visits and participant observations), undertaken between 2015 and 2021. It starts from the assumption that violence and insecurities are approached as a flagrant obstacle to human development and the consolidation of the rule of law in the region. It is identified, in the comparison of the specialized literature and in the comparative study of these public policies, the relevance of the role played by the political leadership of the State and the civic engagement of several social actors around an integrated and integral territorial governance of citizen public security policies. Despite a punitive political culture and a history of authoritarian governments in the region, there are, after all, key principles and concepts for a new type of governance of citizen security (and justice) in Brazil and in the region aimed at saving and preserve lives. Abstract documental analysis loco observations, observations , observations) 201 2021 identified all lives 20 202 2