RESUMEN Antecedentes La familia Chydoridae es la más diversa de los cladóceros pero la información acerca de su biología o sus ciclos de vida es aún limitada, posiblemente por la dificultad que representa su taxonomía o porque las condiciones óptimas de cultivo no han sido descritas para varias especies. Objetivos Este estudio examina los efectos de las condiciones de cultivo (concentración de algas, especie de alga, y temperatura) en la demografía de Alona guttata (Sars, 1862) para obtener sus mayores tasas de crecimiento. Métodos Se realizaron análisis de tablas de vida con el quidórido A. guttata de la manera siguiente: cinco hembras por cohorte (seis réplicas) fueron alimentadas con Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck, 1890) o Nannochloropsis oculata (Hibberd, 1981), a una concentración de 0.5×106 o 2×106células/mL, con una temperatura de 20°C o 25°C, y un fotoperiodo de 16:8 h (luz:oscuridad). Al medio de cultivo se adicionó un sustrato artificial. Posteriormente, la fertilidad y supervivencia diarias fueron evaluadas para estimar los parámetros poblacionales: promedio de vida (ALS), expectativa de vida al nacimiento (LEB), tiempo generacional (GT), tasa reproductiva bruta (GRR), longevidad, tasa reproductiva neta (NRR), y la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento poblacional (r). Resultados Se observaron efectos significativos debidos a los tres factores evaluados y sus interacciones. El aumento de la concentración de las algas C. vulgaris o N. oculata incrementó la fertilidad y supervivencia. La menor temperatura extendió la ALS y la LEB cuando los organismos fueron alimentados con la concentración más alta de algas. Las r más altas se observaron cuando Alona fue alimentada con N. oculata a 2×106 células/mL. Conclusiones Las mejores condiciones de cultivo, en términos de la tasa de crecimiento poblacional de A. guttata, fueron provistas por N. oculata a 2×106 cells/mL, a 25°C, con la adición del sustrato artificial.

ABSTRACT Background Chydoridae is the most diverse family of cladocerans but information about their biology or life cycles is still limited, perhaps because of the hard task that their taxonomy involves or that culture in optimal conditions are not described for several species. Goals This study examined the effects of culture conditions (algal concentration, algal species, and temperature) on the demography of Alona guttata (Sars, 1862) to obtained their maximal growth rates. Methods Life table analysis with the chydorid A. guttata were performed as follows: five females per cohort (six replicas) were fed on either Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck, 1890) or Nannochloropsis oculata (Hibberd, 1981) at 0.5×106 or 2×106 cells/mL, reared at 20ºC or 25ºC and photoperiod 16:8 h (light: dark). Media was supplemented with an artificial substrate. Then, daily fertility and survival were assessed to estimate the demographic parameters: average lifespan (ALS), life expectancy at birth (LEB), generation time (GT), gross reproductive rate (GRR), longevity, net reproductive rate (NRR), and the intrinsic rate of population increase (r). Results Significant effects were observed due to the three factors tested and their interactions. Increasing algal concentrations of either C. vulgaris or N. oculata promoted higher fertility and longer survival. Lower temperature extended the ALS and LEB when organisms were fed on the highest algal concentration. The highest r values were observed when Alona was fed on N. oculata at 2×106 cells/mL. Conclusions The best culture conditions, in terms of the population growth rates of A. guttata, were provided by N. oculata at 2×106 cells/mL at 25°C with the supplementation of artificial substrate.

RESUMO Entre as principais culturas atacadas por Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor) estão o mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) e o maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis Sims); porém, a biologia do ácaro nesses hospedeiros não é conhecida. Objetivou-se analisar a biologia, desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e reprodução, bem como estimar a tabela de vida de fertilidade de T. mexicanus em mamoeiro e maracujazeiro, em câmara climatizada. A duração das fases de desenvolvimento de T. mexicanus foi estabelecida e os parâmetros reprodutivos das fêmeas foram determinados e usados para elaboração da tabela de vida. O período de ovo-adulto foi de 11,2 ± 0,07 e 12,0 ± 0,11 dias, com sobrevivência de 92,0 ± 0,04 e 79,0 ± 0,06 % para as populações de T. mexicanus, respectivamente em mamoeiro e maracujazeiro. Tanto os períodos de ovo-adulto quanto as sobre vivências foram significativamente diferentes. A fecundidade foi de 106,0 ± 8,96 e 81,7 ± 7,21 ovos/♀, com taxa líquida de reprodução (R0) de 86,8 ± 0,15 e 56,7 ± 0,12 ♀/♀/geraçâo, respectivamente para as populações do mamoeiro e maracujazeiro, com diferenças significativas. Os resultados indicam que T mexicanus tem elevada capacidade de desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e reprodução nos dois hospedeiros, principalmente no mamoeiro.

ABSTRACT The main crops attacked by Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor) include papaya (Carica papaya L.) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims); however, the biological parameters of the mite in these hosts remain unknown. This research aimed to analyze the biology, development, survival and reproduction, as well as estimate the fertility life table of T. mexicanus in papaya and passion fruit, in an acclimatized chamber. The duration of the developmental stages of T. mexicanus was established and the reproductive parameters of the females were determined and used to construct the life table. The egg-adult period was 11.2 ± 0.07 and 12.0 ± 0.11 days, with a survival rate of 92.0 ± 0.04 and 79.0 ± 0.06 % for the T. mexicanus populations, respectively in papaya and passion fruit. Both the egg-adult periods and survival rates were significantly different. The fecundity was 106.0 ± 8.96 and 81.7 ± 7.21 eggs/♀, with a net reproduction rate (R0) of 86.8 ± 0.15 and 56.7 ± 0.12 ♀/♀/generation, respectively the for papaya and passion fruit populations, with significant differences. The results indicate that T. mexicanus has a high capacity to develop, survive and reproduce on both hosts, especially on papaya.

ABSTRACT Parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma are promising for the biological control of insect pests in several crops, including cassava, which is severely attacked by Erinnyis ello L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Evaluating the biological aspects of these parasitoids to understand their dynamics is an important step towards the implementation of this control strategy in the field. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the biology of Trichogramma manicobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, 1984, and T. marandobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, 1986 in E. ello eggs. The parasitoids were obtained by collecting E. ello eggs from a commercial production of cassava, and the host’s eggs were obtained from laboratory and greenhouse rearings. The average duration of a generation (T), net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), and the finite rate of increase (λ) were estimated, and from these, the fertility life table was calculated. The results indicated that T. marandobai has both higher net reproduction rate and a higher intrinsic rate of increase as well as requires less time to double its population than T. manicobai. Thus, T. marandobai has potential for natural and conservative biological control of E. ello. In addition, its potential in applied biological control should be evaluated through studies on the viability of its mass rearing in alternative hosts and its dispersion behavior in the field.

ABSTRACT The garden fleahopper, Microtechnites bractatus (Say) (Hemiptera: Miridae), is associated with several cultivated plant species and, despite its economic importance, little is known about its development and performance in such hosts. We described here, the morphology of immature stages, and evaluated the biology of M. bractatus in beans, potatoes, white clover, alfalfa, and wheat. The bioassays were carried out in the laboratory under controlled temperature (25±2ºC), humidity (UR70±15%), and photoperiod (12L:12D). The eggs of M. bractatus are elongated and slightly curved, without respiratory projections and light yellow in color, becoming dark at the end of the incubation period. Nymphs present an oval-shaped body, a reddish color that intensifies along with the development and dimorphic wing pads in the fifth instar. In the bioassays, the host plants influenced the biological aspects of M. bractatus, both in the immature and adult stages. Nymph survival was higher in clover and alfalfa, while in wheat, it was lower. Clover-fed insects had the longest longevity. The fecundity parameters and egg viability were favored in insects that fed on clover and alfalfa. The fertility life table showed that feeding M. bractatus with clover provides a higher net reproduction rate (R0) and a higher finite ratio of population increase (ʎ). This study contributes to bioecological and behavioral studies on M. bractatus and provides data for the recognition and characterization of individuals in the immature stage.

ABSTRACT Vatiga manihotae (Drake 1922) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) is an important cassava pest due to the great potential damage and the increasing population in recent years. However, few studies about bioecology and control of the cassava lace bug have been conducted and their results don't provide adequate control strategies. An alternative to maintain the population below economic injury levels is through the adoption of host plant resistance. To improve the understanding about the bioecology and find new sources of resistance in cassava, the biological parameters and demographics of V. manihotae on five cassava genotypes (Santa Helena, MEcu 72, Col 22, Clone 02 and Clone 03) under controlled conditions (25±2°C, 14L/10D) were evaluated. Duration and viability of the stages, the period egg-adult, sex ratio, the pre-oviposition period, fecundity and longevity of male and female was determined, and a fertility life table was prepared. Insects fed on MEcu 72 showed increased nymphal, egg-adult, and pre-oviposition periods and reduced female fecundity and longevity in comparison to the other genotypes. Demographic parameters (Ro, rm, T, DT) showed a significant impact on the growth potential of V. manihotae fed on MEcu 72 indicating that the populations would diminish over time. The combined effect of these parameters indicated that MEcu 72 has resistance on V. manihotae specimens hindering their development.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the biological cycle and life table of Cycloneda sanguinea L. fed with the aphid Aphis aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe under laboratory conditions. The biological material was collected in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) orchards located in the municipalities of San Blas and Compostela, Nayarit, Mexico. The experiments were carried out in the Laboratory of Parasitology of the Autonomous University of Nayarit, at a temperature of 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% RH and a photophase of 12 hours. The duration of the immature phase was 19.32 ± 4.97 days, and the longevity of the adults was 58.37 ± 3.44 and 61.71 ± 4.96 days, for males and females, respectively. The females presented a pre-oviposition period of 3.9 ± 0.31 days, with a fecundity of 882.2 ± 52.28 eggs / female. The survival curve was type I, which indicated that mortality mostly occurred in old individuals. The fertility curve showed two maximum oviposition peaks on days 9 and 36 after the emergence of adults. The net reproductive rate was 705.76 female eggs/female, in a generational time of 23.39 days, and a finite rate of increase of 1.41 individuals per day.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se determinó el ciclo biológico y tabla de vida de Cycloneda sanguínea L. alimentado con el pulgón Aphis aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe en condiciones de laboratorio. El material biológico se recolectó en huertas de yaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) ubicadas en los municipios de San Blas y Compostela, Nayarit, México. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en el Laboratorio de Parasitología de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, a una temperatura de 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% HR y una fotofase de 12 horas. En estas condiciones, la duración de la fase inmadura fue de 19,32 ± 4,97 días y la longevidad de los adultos de 58,37 ± 3,44 y 61,71 ± 4,96 días, para machos y hembras, respectivamente. Las hembras presentaron un periodo de pre-oviposición de 3,9 ± 0,31 días, con una fecundidad de 882,2 ± 52,28 huevos/hembra. La curva de sobrevivencia fue de tipo I, en donde la mortalidad se concentró en los individuos de edades avanzadas, mientras que la curva de fecundidad, mostró dos puntos máximos de oviposición en los días 9 y 36 después de la emergencia de los adultos. La tasa neta reproductiva fue de 705,76 huevos hembra/hembra, en un tiempo generacional de 23,39 días y una tasa finita de crecimiento de 1,41 individuos por día.

ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae), native of Southeast Asia, is present in Brazil but restricted to Amapá, Pará and Roraima, where it has quarantine pest status. The possible dispersion to other fruit producing regions of Brazil could cause damages, including for exportation, due to quarantine restrictions imposed by fruit importing countries. The objective of this work was to describe the biological parameters and calculate the fertility life table of B. carambolae on grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The mean number of punctures and the mean number of eggs per female on grapes were 1.48 ± 0.05 and 9.87 ± 0.36, respectively. The mean number puparia per fruit was 0.1 ± 0.02 (grape) and 0.5 ± 0.10 (acerola). The pupal viability was 82.4% (grape) and 70.6% (acerola). The mean time ± SE of one generation, in days, was 25.8 ± 1.10 (grape) and 19.7 ± 0.21 (acerola). The mean fecundity was 1663.8 ± 501.01 (grape) and 206.9 ± 26.21 (acerola) with eggs viability of 5.6% (grape) and 12.5% (acerola). The mean longevity, in days, was 77.3 ± 12.13 on grape and 82.4 ± 4.24 on acerola. The study found that B. carambolae completes its biological cycle on grape and on acerola leaving offspring.

Abstract Helicoverpa gelotopoeon is an endemic pest of South America that affects soybean and other important crops. Life tables are a fundamental tool used to study insect populations, resulting in crucial information for integrated pest management programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biotic potential and the construction of a life table of this species under laboratory conditions. The biological parameters that showed significant differences between male and female were pupal duration, longevity and life span, which were all longer in duration for males. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 95.49, the mean generation time (T) 37.53, and the instantaneous rate of population increase “r” 0.12. The population doubling time (DT) was 5.70 days, and the daily finite rate of increase (λ) 1.13. The maximum rate of population growth occurred in the day 33. Fecundity had two peaks: at days 35 and 37. Gross and net fecundity rate, and the average number of eggs laid per female per day were 565.87, 496.07, and 18.76 respectively. The biotic potential was 2.026 x 1018 individuals/female/year. The survivorship curve showed that mortality was high during incubation period and first larval instars, then it declined until the death of last adult. These results provide important information to develop management strategies of H. gelotopoeon in South America.

ABSTRACT Development duration, sex ratio, reproduction, survival, and the principal life parameters of Raoiella indica Hirst on Cocos nucifera were determined. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 30.8 ± 1.5 ºC and 56.7 ± 8.2 % RH. The average duration of each life-history stage was: egg 4.64±1.03 days; larva 5.12±1.01 days; protonymph 3.34±1.03 days; and deutonymph 4.27±1.3 days. The total period from egg deposition to adulthood averaged 17.38±2.65 days. Preoviposition and oviposition periods averaged 2.93±0.86 and 12.77±6.34 days, respectively, and average oviposition was 10.64±3.46 eggs per female. Female mean longevity was 19.09±8.32 days. Sex ratio was 67 % of females. The average number of eggs laid per females per day increased from the beginning of oviposition to the 14 days. The main parameters associated with a fertility life table were as follows: net reproductive rate (R 0 =14.03), intrinsic rate of increase (r m =0.41), finite rate of increase (λ=1.51), mean generation time (t=12.36), and the doubling time (TD=1.69).The life table parameters obtained confirmed that R. indica had a high reproductive potential on coconut palm, characteristic of exotic invasive species.

RESUMEN Se determinaron la duración del desarrollo, el cociente sexual, la reproducción, la sobrevivencia y los principales parámetros de la tabla de vida de Raoiella indica Hirst sobre Cocos nucifera L. Los estudios se realizaron en condiciones de laboratorio a 30,8 ± 1,5 ºC de temperatura y humedad relativa de 56,7 ± 8,2 %. La duración de cada una de las fases de desarrollo fue: huevo, 4,64±1,03 días; larva, 5,12±1,01; protoninfa, 3,34±1,03; y deutoninfa, 4,27±1,3. La duración total del periodo de huevo a adulto promedió 17,38±2,65 días. Los periodos de preoviposición y oviposición duraron 2,93±0,86 y 12,77±6,34 días, respectivamente, y la fecundidad media fue 10,64±3,46 huevos por hembra. La longevidad media de la hembra fue de 19,09±8,32 días. El cociente sexual fue de 67 % de hembras. El número de huevos por hembra/día se incrementó desde el inicio de la oviposición hasta los 14 días. Los parámetros poblacionales de R. indica fueron: tasa neta de reproducción (R 0 =14,03), tasa intrínseca de incremento (r m =0,41), tasa finita de incremento (λ=1,51), tiempo medio de generación (t=12,36) y tiempo de duplicación de la población (TD=1,69). Los parámetros de la tabla de vida obtenidos confirman que R. indica tiene un alto potencial reproductivo sobre cocotero, lo cual es característico de las especies exóticas invasoras.

Resumen El conocimiento de la dinámica de poblaciones provee información sobre la historia reciente, el estado actual y la tendencia futura de una población. Physalaemus biligonigerus es un anuro con una amplia distribución en el Neotrópico, presenta una actividad reproductiva elevada y explosiva, pero sus poblaciones parecen estar compuestas por individuos jóvenes. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la demografía poblacional de P. biligonigerus en una charca semipermanente en Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina y realizar una proyección poblacional a 30 generaciones. Se determinó la estructura de edad utilizando esqueletocronología, y posteriormente se construyó una tabla de vida estática. Se calculo la fecundidad y las tasas de supervivencia para cada estadío con los que se construyó una Matriz de Leslie y se realizó la proyección poblacional. La proyección muestra oscilaciones en el número de individuos pero a pesar de esto, la tendencia final de la población es a un aumento en su tamaño. La mayor proporción de supervivientes se da en las fases de huevos a larvas, y la fuerza de mortalidad actúa con intensidad sobre la fase de larvas. La tasa neta reproductiva indica que la población de P. biligonigerus de la charca en estudio está en incremento.

Abstract Knowledge of population dynamics provides information on the recent history, current status, and future trends of a population. Physalaemus biligonigerus is widely distributed in the Neotropics, this anuran has a high and explosive reproductive activity, but its populations seem to be composed of young individuals. The objective of this study was to analyze the population demography of P. biligonigerus in a semipermanent pond in Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina and to carry out a population projection through 30 generations. The age structure was determined from the use of skeletochronology, and a static life table was later made. Fertility and survival rates were calculated for each stage, by which a Leslie Matrix was constructed and the population projection was performed. The projection shows oscillations in the number of individuals but in spite of this, the final tendency of the population is an increase in its size. The highest proportion of survivors occurs in the egg-to-larval stages and the mortality force acts intensively on the larval phase. The net reproductive rate indicates that the population of P. biligonigerus of the study pond is increasing. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 765-775. Epub 2018 June 01.

Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. is a quarantine pest for Argentina. Its recent introduction in Mendoza requires studies of life cycle and population parameters. The aim of this work is to construct a horizontal life table, determine the demographic parameters, the average duration of the pre - reproductive, reproductive, post - reproductive periods, adult longevity, fecundity and fertility under laboratory conditions. The demographic parameters of L. botrana obtained were: intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of 0.137, net reproductive rate (Ro) of 66.82, mean generation time (T) of 30.51, finite rate of increase (λ) of 1.073, and the doubling time (D) of 9.76 days. The gross fecundity obtained (Mx) of 134.84 ± 15.68 eggs per female, the mean duration in days of pre-reproductive periods was 1 ± 0.81, the reproductive 6.25 ± 1.25 and the post-reproductive period of 2 ± 0.68, female longevity 9.25 ± 1.67 and male 8.64 ± 0.83 days.

Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. es plaga cuarentenaria para Argentina. Su reciente introducción en la provincia de Mendoza requiere el estudio de aspectos relacionados al ciclo de vida y parámetros poblacionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir una tabla de vida horizontal, determinar los parámetros demográfcos, la duración media de los períodos pre-reproductivo, reproductivo, post-reproductivo, la longevidad adulta, la fecundidad y fertilidad de las hembras bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Los parámetros demográfcos de L. botrana obtenidos fueron: tasa intrínseca de crecimiento poblacional (rm) de 0,137, tasa neta de reproducción (Ro) de 66,82, tiempo generacional (T) de 30,51, tasa de incremento finito (λ) de 1,073 y el tiempo de duplicación (D) de 9,76 días. La fecundidad bruta obtenida (Mx) de 134,84 ± 15,68 huevos por hembra, la duración media en días de los períodos pre-reproductivo fue de 1 ± 0,81, reproductivo 6,25 ± 1,25 y post-reproductivo de 2 ± 0,68, la longevidad de la hembra 9,25 ± 1,67 y del macho 8,64 ± 0,83 días.

Resumen Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la biología y los parámetros poblacionales de Diaphorina citri en los porta-injertos s Rangpur y Citrumelo 'Swingle' y en sus combinaciones con copas de naranjas, en Araraquara, Sao Pablo. Para el mantenimiento de la cría de D. citri se utilizaron plantas de Murraya exotica L. En cada tratamiento se evaluó la duración de los estados biológicos del insecto, viabilidad de los huevos, sobrevivencia de huevo a adulto y la proporción de sexos. El tiempo de desarrollo de huevo a adulto varió de 15,08 días en Pera/ Rangpur a 16,5 días en Hamilim/Citrumelo 'Swingle'. La mayor viabilidad de los huevos (82,02 %) de D. citri se observó en la combinación Valencia/Rangpur y la menor en Hamilim/Citrumelo 'Swingle' (73,66 %). Los porcentajes de supervivencia de huevo-adulto, oscilaron entre 56,16 y 71,07 %, con los menores valores de supervivencia en la combinación Hamilim/Citrumelo 'Swingle'. La menor oviposición media (huevos por hembras) fue encontrada en Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (185,10). Sobre la base de la tabla de fertilidad, Rangpur tuvo la tasa neta de reproducción más alta (R 0 = 160,57) y la menor duración de cada tiempo de generación (31,54 días). La tasa intrínseca de crecimiento fue mayor en la combinación Valencia/Rangpur (0,1517). Se encontró una correlación positiva y significativa de la oviposición total con la longevidad de la hembra (R = 0,23440; P = 0,03649) y con la duración del período de oviposición (R = 0,39011, P = 0,0003). Citrumelo 'Swingle' y Hamilim/Citrumelo 'Swingle' fueron los tratamientos que más afectaron negativamente los parámetros biológicos estudiados, fundamentalmente la oviposición y supervivencia.

Abstract This work aimed to study the biology and population parameters of Diaphorina citri in Rangpur and Citrumelo 'Swingle' rootstocks and in their combinations with orange scions in Araraquara, Sao Pablo. For the maintenance of a D. citri breeding stock, plants of Murraya exotica L. were used. In each treatment the duration of the biological stages of the pest, viability of the eggs, survival of egg to adult and sexual ratio were evaluated. Egg to adult development time ranged from 15.08 days in Pera / Rangpur to 16.5 days in Hamilim / Citrumelo 'Swingle'. The highest viability of eggs (82.02 %) of D. citri was observed in the Valencia / Rangpur combination and the lowest in Hamilim / Citrumelo 'Swingle' (73.66 %). The egg-adult survival values ranged from 56.16 to 71.07 %, obtaining the lowest survival values in the Hamilim / Citrumelo 'Swingle' combination. The lowest mean oviposition (eggs for female) was observed in Citrumelo 'Swingle' (185.10). Based on the fertility chart, Rangpur had the highest net reproductive rate (R 0 = 160.57) and the shortest generation time (31.54 days). The intrinsic growth rate was higher in the Valencia / Rangpur combination (0.1517). A positive and significant correlation was found between total oviposition and female longevity (0.23440; P = 0.03649) and between the former variable and duration of oviposition period (0.39011, P = 0.0003). Citrumelo 'Swingle' and Hamilim / Citrumelo 'Swingle' were the treatments that most negatively affected the biological parameters studied mainly oviposition and survival.

Abstract: Bruchids feed primarily on legume seeds, which include some economically important crops such as the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) among others. Whereas the first is the main source of protein in the human diet; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp because of its nutritional properties could replace the bean, pests, in particular bruchids, are a major problem and cause considerable postharvest losses. For this reason, it is necessary to determine population parameters of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831), Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) from two different hosts and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) fed with V. unguiculata through a demographic study under controlled conditions. Population parameters were estimated with the cohort life table technique, the Log rank test (p ≤ 0. 05), reproductive rates, and confidence intervals with the non-parametric technique of overlapping intervals (p ≤ 0. 10) to compare instantaneous rate of population growth (rm ), also called innate increment capacity. These parameters were estimated with the emergence of adults and reproductive rates. Callosobruchus maculatus from either of two hosts could cause serious problems when associated with V. unguiculata. Nevertheless, A. obtectus and Z. subfasciatus could be a problem, only if V. unguiculata is the only option in storage conditions.

Resumen: Los brúquidos se alimentan principalmente de semillas de leguminosas, entre las cuales se encuentran algunos cultivos de importancia económica como el frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.), lenteja (Lens culinaris Medik) y tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.) entre otros, considerando al primero como la fuente principal de proteína en la dieta humana; sin embargo, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, por sus propiedades nutritivas podría sustituir al frijol, pero su principal problema es la presencia de plagas, en particular los brúquidos, los cuales ocasionan pérdidas considerables en postcosecha, por lo que fue necesario conocer los parámetros poblacionales de Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831), Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) procedente de dos hospederos diferentes y Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) alimentados con V. unguiculata por medio de un estudio demográfico bajo condiciones controladas. Los parámetros poblacionales se estimaron con la técnica de tablas de vida de cohorte, la prueba de Log rank (p ≤ 0.05) y las tasas de reproducción e intervalos de confianza con la técnica no paramétrica de Traslape de Intervalos (p ≤ 0.10), para comparar tasas instantáneas de reproducción (rm ), llamada también capacidad innata de incremento. Estos parámetros poblacionales fueron mayores en la emergencia de los adultos y tasas de reproducción de C. maculatus en sus dos modalidades por lo que esta especie puede ocasionar serios problemas cuando se presenta asociado con V. unguiculata; sin embargo, A. obtectus y Z. subfasciatus sólo si no tienen opción podrían alimentarse de V. unguiculata en condiciones de almacenamiento.

Resumo Os ácaros predadores pertencentes à família Phytoseiidae constituem um dos principais inimigos naturais de ácaros fitófagos, o que possibilita o seu uso em controle biológico. Entre as principais espécies destaca-se Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). O ácaro Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) é considerado uma das espécies de ácaros-praga mais importantes, atacando mais de 1.100 espécies de plantas em 140 famílias de valor econômico. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar, em laboratório, os parâmetros reprodutivos do ácaro predador P. macropilis, quando alimentado com T. urticae. Os estudos foram conduzidos em laboratório à temperatura de 25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 10% de UR e 14 horas de fotofase e foram avaliados os aspectos biológicos e confeccionada a tabela de vida de fertilidade. Foi constatada uma longevidade de 27,5 dias para fêmeas adultas e 29,0 dias para machos. A população foi estimada em aumentar aproximadamente 27 vezes (Ro) no período médio de duração de geração (T) que foi de 17,7 dias. A população do ácaro cresceu 1,2vezes/dia (λ) e dobrou a cada 3,7 dias (TD).

Abstract Predatory mites that belong to the Phytoseiidae family are one of the main natural enemies of phytophagous mites, thus allowing for their use as a biological control. Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is among the main species of predatory mites used for this purpose. Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) is considered to be one of the most important species of mite pests and has been described as attacking over 1,100 species of plants in 140 families with economic value. The objective of the present study was to investigate, in the laboratory, the reproductive parameters of the predatory mite P. macropilis when fed T. urticae. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2 °C of temperature, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hours of photophase. In addition, biological aspects were evaluated and a fertility life table was established. The results of these experiments demonstrated that the longevity of adult female was 27.5 days and adult male was 29.0 days. The population was estimated to increase approximately 27 times (Ro) in mean generation time (T), which was 17.7 days. Lastly, the mite population grew 1.2 times/day (λ) and doubled every 3.7 days (TD).

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta a primeira contribuição ao estudo de biologia e tabela de vida de fertilidade de Aphis forbesi, Weed, 1889 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), uma importante praga de morangueiro no mundo. Esta espécie se desenvolve na coroa e pecíolo do morangueiro. O desenvolvimento desta espécie em laboratório apresentou dificuldades, possivelmente devido à protocooperação com formigas, observada em campo durante coletas. O ciclo de vida de A. forbesi foi estudado em folhas de morangueiro cultivar ‘Albion’ a 25 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 10% umidade relativa, e fotofase de 12 horas. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado com 100 repetições. Os parâmetros da tabela de vida de fertilidade foram calculados usando o software TabVida. Na população estudada observou-se que as ninfas apresentaram três e quatro instares, sendo 46 e 25% respectivamente, dos indivíduos que completaram o ciclo de vida. Foi gerada uma média de 1,43 ninfas/ fêmea/ dia. O período reprodutivo médio foi de 7 dias e a longevidade média 10 dias. A cada 11 dias ocorre uma geração de A. forbesi onde cada fêmea tem capacidade de gerar de 6 a 9 indivíduos aumentando em 1,2 vezes a população. O ciclo de vida de A. forbesi durou em média 16,8 dias. A alta viabilidade observada em todos os estádios, e os valores de R0, rm e λ sugerem que A. forbesi tem a capacidade de aumentar seu número em um curto período de tempo, gerando altas populações no cultivo do morangueiro, exigindo manejo diferenciado.

Abstract This study provides the first contribution of the biology and life table of Aphis forbesi Weed, 1889 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an important strawberry pest throughout the world. This species lives in the crown and leaf petioles of the plant. It is difficulty to rear this species in laboratory due to protocooperation with ants observed only in the field. We studied the life cycle of A. forbesi on the leaves of the Albion strawberry cultivar at 25 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 12-h photophase. The experiment was randomised with 100 replicates. The parameters of the fertility life table were calculated using TabVida. In the population studied, 25% and 46% had four and three instars, respectively. A mean of 1.43 nymphs per female per day was generated. The mean reproductive period was seven days and the mean longevity was 10 days. In every 11 days there is a generation of A. forbesi, where each female has the potential to generate between 6 to 9 individuals daily, increasing its population by 1.2 times. The average life cycle was 16.8 days. High viability observed in all instars and the resulting values of R0, rm and λ suggest that A. forbesi has the capacity to increase their numbers in a short period of time, while generating high populations in strawberry crops, requiring differential management.