RESUMEN Antecedentes. El índice de calidad del agua (ICA) es una herramienta práctica y útil para estimar la calidad de los cuerpos de agua, este método se ha utilizado en muchos países. Objetivos. Evaluar la calidad del agua de la cuenca del río Ayuquila-Armería, con base en dos categorías de posible uso del recurso agua, uso en riego agrícola, protección de la vida acuática y uso potable. Métodos. Se realizó el análisis de variables físicas y químicas, análisis de metales pesados y nutrientes y la caracterización de aniones y cationes; además se complementaron las variables con la utilización de un índice de integridad biótica basado en familias de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, para estimar la contaminación orgánica y la determinación de coliformes fecales, en los cuarenta sitios de muestreo a lo largo de la parte alta, media y baja de la cuenca. Resultados. De los cuarenta sitios, la calidad del agua para uso en riego agrícola presento rangos del ICA de condiciones regulares (35%), buenas (27.5%) y excelentes (37.5 %). En cuanto a la comparación realizada para la calidad del agua para protección de la vida acuática y uso potable, se encontró que ocho sitios (44.4%) presenta condiciones de mala calidad, otros ocho sitios (44.4%) presentan buena calidad y solo dos sitios (11.11%) una condición de calidad excelente. Conclusiones. Para el uso de agua en riego agrícola no se encuentra ningún sitio que presente mala calidad del recurso, además mediante la utilización de diferentes parámetros relacionados con la agricultura se puede asegurar que no existe riesgo de pérdida o daño en cultivos por utilizar el agua para irrigación. Para el caso de la calidad del agua en cuanto a la protección de la vida acuática y uso potable, en general la cuenca presenta malas condiciones. En este sentido los organismos acuáticos están sufriendo afectaciones tanto en su hábitat como en las condiciones fisicoquímicas que pueden menguar sus poblaciones, por otra parte, las comunidades humanas cercanas a los cauces hídricos serán más susceptibles a tener problemas relacionados con la salud.

ABSTRACT Background. The water quality index (ICA) is a practical and useful tool to estimate the quality of water bodies, this method has been used in many countries. Goals. Evaluate the water quality of the Ayuquila-Armería river basin, based on two categories of possible use of the water resource, use in agricultural irrigation, protection of aquatic life and drinking use. Methods. The analysis of physical and chemical variables, analysis of heavy metals and nutrients and the characterization of anions and cations were carried out; In addition, the variables were complemented with the use of a biotic integrity index based on families of aquatic macroinvertebrates, to estimate organic contamination and the determination of fecal coliforms, in the forty sampling sites along the upper, middle, and lower part. of the basin. Results. Of the forty sites, the quality of the water for use in agricultural irrigation presented ICA ranges of regular (35%), good (27.5%) and excellent (37.5%) conditions. Regarding the comparison made for the quality of water for the protection of aquatic life and drinking use, it was found that eight sites (44.4%) present poor-quality conditions, another eight sites (44.4%) present good quality and only two sites (11.11%) an excellent quality condition. Conclusions. For the use of water in agricultural irrigation, there is no site that presents poor quality of the resource, in addition, by using different parameters related to agriculture, it can be ensured that there is no risk of loss or damage to crops by using water for irrigation. In the case of water quality in terms of the protection of aquatic life and potable use, in general the basin presents poor conditions. In this sense, aquatic organisms are suffering effects both in their habitat and in the physicochemical conditions that can decrease their populations, on the other hand, human communities near watercourses will be more susceptible to health-related problems.

RESUMEN Durante el 2018 se evaluaron las concentraciones y distribución de dos indicadores de contaminación fecal en una playa recreacional localizada en el litoral atlántico de Argentina. Utilizando la técnica de membrana filtrante, se determinó la presencia de Escherichia coli y Enterococcus spp. en muestras de arena seca, sedimentos húmedos y agua de mar, mediante monitoreos periódicos considerando la abundancia de lluvia en días previos y valores de temperatura ambiente (máxima y mínima). Las muestras fueron analizadas según fecha de colecta (temporada estival; temporada invernal). Con el propósito de identificar la procedencia de los indicadores seleccionados se empleó la relación: E. coli / enterococos (EC/ENT). Los valores de concentración de ambos indicadores no evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre las temporadas como en los sitios de colecta, a excepción de E. coli, con mayor concentración en el agua durante el periodo estival. Por su parte, la máxima abundancia se identificó en los meses de verano y en los tres sitios muestreados. Por otra parte, el 58 % de las muestras analizadas superaron los límites admisibles. Al analizar la procedencia de la contaminación, se observó una composición de origen mixto (animal y antrópico) en ambas temporadas. Las colonias de EC y ENT persistieron a lo largo del año siendo la arena su mejor reservorio, mientras que los factores ambientales considerados no incidieron en la distribución de dichas bacterias. La prevalencia de sus unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) por encima de lo recomendable y ocurridas en el periodo de uso intensivo, caracterizarían a este sector de riesgo sanitario durante la temporada evaluada.

ABSTRACT In 2018, the concentrations and distribution of two indicators of fecal contamination were evaluated on a recreational beach located on the Atlantic coast of Argentina. The presence of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in samples of dry sand, wet sediments, and seawater was determined using the filter membrane technique by periodic monitoring considering the abundance of rain in previous days and ambient temperature values (maximum and minimum). Samples were analyzed according to the date of collection (summer season; winter season). In order to identify the origin of the selected indicators, the ratio E. coli /Enterococci (EC/ENT) was used. The concentration values of both indicators did not show significant differences between seasons and collection sites, with the exception of E. coli, with a higher concentration in the water during the summer period. In turn, the maximum abundance of both was identified in the summer months and in the three sites sampled. On the other hand, 58 % of the samples analyzed exceeded the admissible reference limits. When analyzing the origin of the contamination, a composition of mixed origin (animal and anthropic) was observed in both seasons. The colonies of EC and ENT persisted throughout the year, with sand being their best reservoir, while the environmental factors considered did not affect the distribution of these bacteria. The prevalence of their colony forming units (CFU), above the recommended levels and occurring in the intensive use period, would characterize this sector as a sanitary risk during the evaluated season.

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the applicability and reliability of the ABC method as an indicator of the level of organic pollution in non-vegetated tidal flats in a subtropical estuary in southern Brazil. Following a hierarchical sampling design, the method was applied in two contaminated and two non-contaminated tidal flats near Paranaguá. It was conducted in three consecutive fortnights of a summer and a winter, aiming to analyze correlations between faunal responses and chemical indicators of contamination and spatio-temporal variability. Tidal flats closer to the city were classified as grossly contaminated. However, the responses on the non-contaminated area were highly heterogeneous, indicating that natural inputs of organic matter were confounded with pollution effects. In the AIC analysis applied to the W-statistics of the ABC curves, the best model showed correlations with some of the fecal steroids and total organic carbon. Contrary to expected, the ABC curves significantly varied at the smaller spatio-temporal scales due to the high local hydrodynamics and natural organic inputs. This suggests that the ABC method is indeed sensible to the contamination levels and can be used as an index of biotic quality. However, the method must be cautiously applied in estuaries subjected to natural organic enrichment. nonvegetated non vegetated Brazil design noncontaminated Paranaguá winter spatiotemporal spatio temporal variability However heterogeneous effects Wstatistics W statistics carbon expected quality enrichment

Abstract s The profound deficiencies that the country faces in water management policies are reflected in the physicochemical, microbiological and biological contamination of national rivers. The objective of this study was to propose a community water monitoring strategy to improve the management of the Jorco River located in the canton of Acosta. The quality of the water in the upper, middle and lower part of the micro-basin was monitored during the rainy season, using two physicochemical quality indices (ICA): the Dutch and the Calvo-TEC; as well as a biological one: the BMWP-CR. The quality indicators of turbidity, alkalinity, ammonia, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, and fecal coliforms exceeded the permissibility limits in some samples; however, dissolved oxygen showed that there are good levels of oxygen for river recovery. Biochemical oxygen demand was low, indicating low organic load, and macroinvertebrates showed a degraded aquatic ecosystem. The Dutch ICA overestimated the quality of the water with respect to the ICA Calvo-TEC. The latter showed more realistic results because it uses more quality indicators, since it is based on environmental conditions and Costa Rican regulations. The ICA BMWP-CR revealed extreme contamination during the month of greatest rainfall. It was concluded that there is a problem of contamination in the river water whose main causes may be due to the lack of forest cover in the riparian zones, the expansion of coffee cultivation, the discharge of domestic wastewater and livestock activities. Therefore, an action plan was proposed to the municipal council and validated with them, to improve water quality with the participation of different actors in the area.

Resumen Las profundas deficiencias que enfrenta el país en políticas de gestión hídrica se reflejan en la contaminación fisicoquímica, microbiológica y biológica de los ríos nacionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una estrategia de monitoreo hídrico comunitario para mejorar la gestión del río Jorco ubicado en el cantón de Acosta. Se monitoreó la calidad del agua en la parte alta, media y baja de la microcuenca durante la época lluviosa, utilizando dos índices de calidad (ICA) fisicoquímicos: el Holandés y el Calvo-TEC; así como uno biológico: el BMWP-CR. Los indicadores de calidad de turbiedad, alcalinidad, amoniaco, nitrógeno amoniacal, nitratos, y coliformes fecales superaron los límites de permisibilidad en algunos muestreos; sin embargo, el oxígeno disuelto mostró que existen buenos niveles de oxígeno para la recuperación del río. La demanda bioquímica de oxígeno fue baja, indicando una carga orgánica baja y los macroinvertebrados mostraron un ecosistema acuático degradado. El ICA Holandés sobrevaloró la calidad del agua con respecto al ICA Calvo-TEC. Este último mostró resultados más realistas debido a que utiliza más indicadores de calidad, ya que este parte de las condiciones ambientales y la normativa costarricense. Por su parte, el ICA BMWP-CR reveló una contaminación extrema durante el mes de mayor lluvia. Se concluyó que existe un problema de contaminación en el agua del río cuyas causas principales pueden ser por la falta de cobertura boscosa en las zonas riparias, la expansión del cultivo de café, el vertido de aguas residuales domésticas y las actividades ganaderas. Por lo tanto, se propuso al consejo municipal un plan de acción y validado con ellos, con el fin de mejorar la calidad del agua con participación de diferentes actores de la zona.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bacterial communities can be used as indicators of the ecological status of freshwater ecosystems in the evaluation of water quality. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between the structure and function of bacterial communities and the chemical and microbiological quality of the Almendares and San Juan rivers. Methods: They were taken samples from three sampling stations of both rivers in the period 2014-2017. It was determined the structure and composition of the bacterial communities by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 454 pyrosequencing. It was determined the extracellular proteolytic activity and acid phosphatase activity in the waters of both ecosystems and they were isolated and characterized bacteria from the waters and rhizosediments of aquatic plants of the Almendares River. Results: The structure and composition of the bacterial communities allowed to establish significant differences between the two rivers. It was shown that faecal contamination is the factor that most contributes to the variability of the bacterial communities composition of the Almendares River. On the other hand, the high concentrations of dissolved oxygen and low concentrations of nutrients are the factors that most influence the bacterial communities of the San Juan River. The highest proteolytic activity was detected in the San Juan River compared to the Almendares River. Nevertheless, it was detected the highest acid phosphatase activity in Almendares River. Bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus sp. predominated in the Amendares River and produced proteases, amylases, phosphatases, esterases, aminopeptidases and glucanases. Conclusions: It was demonstrated the feasibility of using bacterial communities as indicators of the ecological status of freshwater ecosystems to evaluate the impact of chemical and microbiological contamination on the environment and human health.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las comunidades bacterianas pueden ser utilizadas como indicadoras del estado ecológico de los ecosistemas dulceacuícolas en la evaluación de la calidad de las aguas. El objetivo es determinar la relación entre la estructura y función de las comunidades bacterianas y la calidad química y microbiológica de los ríos Almendares y San Juan. Métodos: Se tomaron muestras de 3 estaciones de muestreo de ambos ríos en el periodo 2013-2017. Se determinó la estructura y composición de las comunidades bacterianas mediante electroforesis en gel con gradiente desnaturalizante y pirosecuenciación 454. Se determinó la actividad proteolítica extracelular y la actividad fosfatasa ácida en las aguas y se aislaron y caracterizaron bacterias a partir de las aguas y rizosedimentos de plantas acuáticas del río Almendares. Resultados: La estructura y composición de las comunidades bacterianas permitió establecer diferencias significativas entre ambos ríos. Se demostró que la contaminación fecal, las altas concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto y bajas concentraciones de nutrientes contribuyen a la variabilidad de la composición de las comunidades bacterianas de ambos ríos. La mayor actividad proteolítica se detectó en el río San Juan y la mayor actividad fosfatasa ácida en el río Almendares. Las bacterias pertenecientes al género bacillus sp. predominaron en el río Almendares y produjeron proteasas, amilasas, fosfatasas, esterasas, aminopeptidasas y glucanasas. Conclusiones: Se demostró la factibilidad del uso de las comunidades bacterianas como indicadores del estado ecológico de los ecosistemas dulceacuícolas para evaluar el impacto de la contaminación química y microbiológica sobre el medio ambiente y la salud humana.

Abstract Introduction: Socioeconomic growth has caused pressure on marine ecosystems, and there is little information that can be used for the management of beaches in Nicoya, Costa Rica. Objective: To determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of marine-coastal water in Nicoya, Costa Rica. Methods: In October 2021, and May and June 2022, we used standard methods to assess physicochemical and microbiological water conditions, in three beaches with different administrations and number of tourists. Results: Water temperature ranged between 26,1°C to 31,2°C, salinity between 22 to 31ups, dissolved oxygen from 3,6 to 7,3mg/L, and total suspended hydrocarbon values were below the detection limit. Higher fecal contamination was found in the rainy season, with maximum values of 3,5x103 NMP/100mL fecal coliforms, 1,1x103 NMP/100mL Escherichia coli and 2,4x103 NMP/100mL Enteroccocus faecalis. Conclusion: While fecal contamination was high during the rainy season, physicochemical parameters were acceptable in the three beaches.

Resumen Introducción: El crecimiento socioeconómico ha causado presión sobre los ecosistemas marinos, y existe poca información que pueda ser utilizada para el manejo de playas en Nicoya, Costa Rica. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua marino-costera en Nicoya, Costa Rica. Métodos: En octubre de 2021, y mayo y junio de 2022, usamos métodos estándar para evaluar las condiciones fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas del agua, en tres playas con diferentes administraciones y número de turistas. Resultados: La temperatura del agua osciló entre 26,1°C y 31,2°C, la salinidad entre 22 y 31ups, el oxígeno disuelto entre 3,6 y 7,3mg/L y los valores de hidrocarburos totales suspendidos estuvieron por debajo del límite de detección. La mayor contaminación fecal se encontró en época de lluvias, con valores máximos de 3,5x103 NMP/100mL coliformes fecales, 1,1x103 NMP/100mL Escherichia coli y 2,4x103 NMP/100mL Enteroccocus faecalis. Conclusión: Si bien la contaminación fecal fue alta durante la época de lluvias, los parámetros fisicoquímicos fueron aceptables en las tres playas.

ABSTRACT Background. The Veracruz coastal zone in Mexico has a vast coastline where different tourist (use of beaches), economic (urban-port, commercial, and gastronomic), social, cultural, and sports activities are carried out. In Mexico, the only regulation that refers to the quality of beaches is NMX-AA-120-SCFI-2016, in which the absence of fecal matter is determined as an indicator of its sanitary quality. However, the inadequate management of fecal material in recreational beaches compromises public health and contributes to water and sand quality deterioration. Objective. To evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of zoonotic importance in the sand of the beaches of the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area that affect the Veracruz Reef System National Park. Methods. A total of 100 samples of beach sand and 19 samples of fecal matter were taken in the period from June to October 2021. The analyzes were carried out at the Boca del Río Technological Institute/Aquatic Resources Research Laboratory by the Willis flotation technique and cup sedimentation. The presence of helminths was identified and quantified as bioindicators of fecal matter contamination. Results. Of the sand samples, 28 % were positive for parasitic forms with a recovery of 112 parasitic forms, of which 67.85 % correspond to parasites of the genus Strongyloides sp. and Hookworms. 32.35 % corresponds to non-pathogenic parasites for humans. Of the fecal matter samples collected, only 42.1 % showed positivity to the parasitized forms mentioned above. Conclusions. The presence of parasitic pathogenic forms in the sand samples indicates fecal contamination, which compromises the sanitary and environmental quality of the beach sand of the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area and the Veracruz Reef System National Park.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. La zona costera de Veracruz cuenta con un amplio litoral en donde se realizan diferentes actividades turísticas (uso de playas), económicas (urbano-portuario, comercial y gastronómico), sociales, culturales y deportivas. En México, la única norma que hace referencia a la calidad de playas es la NMX-AA-120-SCFI-2016, en la cual se determina la ausencia de materia fecal como indicador de su calidad sanitaria; sin embargo, el inadecuado manejo de la materia fecal canina en playas recreativas compromete la salud pública y contribuye al deterioro de la calidad del agua y arena. Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de formas parasitarias de importancia zoonótica en arena de playas de la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río que inciden en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Métodos. Se tomaron en total 100 muestras de arena de playa y 19 muestras de materia fecal en el período comprendido de junio a octubre de 2021. Los análisis se realizaron en el Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río/Laboratorio de Investigación de Recursos Acuáticos, por la técnica de flotación de Willis y sedimentación en copa. Se identificó y cuantificó la presencia de helmintos como bioindicadores de contaminación por materia fecal. Resultados. 28 % de las muestras fueron positivas a formas parasitarias con una recuperación de 112 formas parasitarias, de las cuales el 67.74 % corresponden a parásitos del género Strongyloides sp. y anquilostomídeos. El 32.35 % corresponde a parásitos no patógenos para el hombre. De las muestras de materia fecal recolectadas solo 42.1 % mostraron positividad a formas parasitadas mencionadas anteriormente. Conclusiones. La presencia de formas parasitarias patógenas en las muestras de arena es un indicio de contaminación fecal que pone en riesgo la calidad sanitaria y ambiental de las playas arenosas de la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río y del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano.

ABSTRACT The word "amoeba" contains the species of the genus Entamoeba, Endolimax and Iodamoeba, belonging to the Entamoebidae family. Iodamoeba bütschlii is found worldwide, it receives its name from the characteristic glycogen mass present in its cystic form, being a non- pathogenic intestinal amoeba, related as an exclusive commensal parasite of the human large intestine which acquires it by oral-fecal contamination of food and water, that is, by a non-hygienic lifestyle. Infections by intestinal parasites can lead to diseases with serious implications, mainly in the child population. Iodamoeba butschlii is acquired due to the lack of basic services in countries with lower development or high rates of rurality. The Objective, to determine the risk factors associated with intestinal parasitism caused by Iodamoeba butschlii in pre-school children. Documentary research was carried out, and authors' criteria and research results available in all the bibliographies in existing articles in databases such as Scielo, Pub Med, Lifeder, slideplayer were made known. In research carried out in Ecuador on intestinal parasitosis in children in 5 provinces, the highest incidence was in the province of Pichincha, demonstrating the existence of infections by Iodamoeba butschlii in the country. In Conclusion, to avoid the infection of this parasite, hygienic actions such as hand washing, disinfection of fruits, vegetables and avoiding the consumption of non-drinking water should be implemented.

RESUMEN El presente artículo es una revisión bibliográfica sobre la metodología de tratamiento de Iodamoeba bütschlii, se enfoca en una definición desde el punto de vista de promoción para la salud. Este parásito engloba a las especies pertenecientes a los géneros Entamoeba, Endolimax y Iodamoeba, incluidas dentro de la familia Entamoebidae. Iodamoeba bütschlii es de distribución mundial, siendo una ameba intestinal no patógena, relacionada como un parásito comensal exclusivo del intestino grueso del ser humano el cual lo adquiere por contaminación oral-fecal de alimentos y agua, es decir, por un estilo de vida no higiénico. Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales pueden llevar a enfermedades con implicaciones graves principalmente en la población infantil, el mismo se adquiere por la falta de servicios básicos en países con menor desarrollo o con altos índices de ruralidad. El objetivo es determinar el factor de riesgo asociados al parasitismo intestinal provocado por la Iodamoeba butschlii en poblaciones de niños en edad preescolar. Se realizó una investigación documental, se dieron a conocer criterios de autores y resultados de investigaciones disponibles en todas las bibliografías en artículos existentes en la base de datos como Scielo, Pub Med, Lifeder, slideplayer. En investigación realizados en Ecuador sobre parasitosis intestinal en niños de 5 provincias, la mayor incidencia se la localizó en la provincia de Pichincha, demostrando la existencia de infecciones por Iodamoeba butschlii en el país. Conclusión, para evitar el contagio de este parásito se debe implementar acciones de higiene como lavado de manos, desinfección de frutas, verduras y evitar el consumo de agua no potable.

Resumen Objetivo: comprender mejor los problemas asociados a la gestión social del agua en seis comunidades indígenas a partir de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos obtenidos durante el periodo 2020-2021. Metodología: se realizó una investigación de tipo mixta y exploratoria de la cual se obtuvieron datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los datos cualitativos fueron resultado de los talleres en el marco del proyecto de investigación B9314 «Gestión social del agua en los territorios indígenas desde la sociología visual. Casos seleccionados en las provincias de Puntarenas y Limón»; mientras tanto, los cuantitativos provinieron de los análisis de calidad del agua en puntos clave identificados por la comunidad. Resultados: el estudio mostró que 13 de las 15 muestras de agua recolectadas revelaron predominantemente contaminación fecal de origen animal, pero también de origen antrópico. Según los talleres realizados en la comunidad, dicho resultado puede atribuirse a una posible combinación de factores de degradación ambiental, entre ellos, la usurpación de tierras por personas no indígenas, la deforestación, el crecimiento demográfico, la contaminación y la falta de políticas efectivas para proteger las fuentes de agua, tanto al interior de los territorios como a nivel institucional, lo que se agrava debido al limitado accionar del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados respecto al suministro de agua para consumo humano en los casos de estudio. Conclusiones: los problemas asociados a la gestión social del agua en las comunidades estudiadas son de naturaleza multicausal, por tal motivo, demandan procesos multidisciplinarios de capacitación y acompañamiento a fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de las poblaciones indígenas.

Abstract Objective: to provide a better understanding of the problems associated with the social management of water in six indigenous communities based on qualitative and quantitative data obtained during the 2020-2021 period. Methods: a mixed and exploratory research was carried out in which qualitative and quantitative data were obtained. The qualitative data is the result of the workshops carried out within the framework of the research project B9314 “Social management of water in indigenous territories from Visual Sociology. Selected cases in the provinces of Puntarenas and Limón”; while water analyzes are quantitative results obtained from water quality analyses conduct in key spots identified by the community. Results: The analyzes carried out showed that 13 of the 15 water samples collected presented fecal contamination, of predominantly animal origin, however, contamination of anthropic origin was also observed. The workshops carried out in the community indicate that this contamination can be associated with a combination of environmental degradation factors, probably related to the usurpation of land by non-indigenous people, deforestation, population growth, pollution and the lack of effective protection policies. of water sources, both within the territories and at the institutional level, which is aggravated due to the limited effective action of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers to carry out actions to supply water for human consumption in the case studies. Conclusion: The problems associated with the social management of water in the communities under study are of a multicausal nature and for this reason require multidisciplinary training and support processes to improve the quality of life of indigenous populations.

ABSTRACT Hookworm infection was first described by Dubini in 1838. It is an intestinal helminth infection caused by Necator americanus and/or Ancylostoma duodenale. They are frequently endemic to tropical and subtropical areas and affect both children and adults. Transmission increases when there are socio-cultural and demographic environments that favor fecal contamination; therefore, it is a public health problem worldwide. We describe the case of a 20-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency department with asthenia, adynamia, tachycardia, and generalized mucocutaneous pallor. The blood test showed severe anemia and eosinophilia. Transfusion of 4 IU of red blood cells and ferrous sulphate was required. The coprological test showed infection by Necator americanus, which was treated with albendazole. Afterwards, the patient was discharged from the health institution. Hookworm infection is a neglected cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia by the clinician. Therefore, the present study highlights this parasitosis as an important cause in the differential diagnosis. In addition, greater importance is given to preventive strategies such as training the health professionals, reinforcement of hygiene techniques, decrease of contamination and increase of proper personal hygiene.

RESUMEN La uncinariasis fue descrita por primera vez por Dubini en 1838. Es una helmintiasis intestinal causada por el Necator americanus y/o Ancylostoma duodenale. Frecuentemente son endémicas de áreas tropicales y subtropicales; afecta tanto a niños como a adultos. La transmisión asciende cuando existen entornos socioculturales y demográficos que favorecen la contaminación fecal, por lo que es considerado un problema de salud pública en el mundo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 20 años que acudió a urgencias por astenia, adinamia, taquicardia y palidez mucocutánea generalizada; el hemograma reportó anemia severa y eosinofilia. Se requirió transfusión de 4 UI de glóbulos rojos y sulfato ferroso. El examen coprológico mostró infección por Necator americanus, que fue tratada con albendazol y, posteriormente, fue egresado de la institución sanitaria. La infección por uncinarias constituye una causa olvidada para el clínico de hemorragia de las vías digestivas y desarrollo de anemia. Por tanto, el presente estudio destaca que esta parasitosis es una causa importante en el diagnóstico diferencial. Además, se ofrece mayor importancia a las estrategias preventivas como la capacitación a profesionales de salud, el refuerzo de técnicas de aseo, la disminución de la contaminación y el aumento de la higiene personal.

Resumo: Objetivo O rio Aurá, no nordeste da Amazônia brasileira, vem sofrendo influência antrópica de comunidades ribeirinhas e do aterro sanitário Aurá há muitos anos. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a ocorrência, fontes e distribuição de seis marcadores de esteróis em sedimentos superficiais do Rio Aurá para avaliar aportes orgânicos neste corpo d'água. Métodos A cromatografia gasosa-acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC/MS) foi empregada para determinar os esteróis. A análise de correlação de Pearson, análise de componentes principais (PCA) e razões de esteróis foram utilizadas para avaliar a poluição por esgoto. Resultados Os analitos de interesse identificados e as razões diagnósticas indicaram que os sedimentos do rio estudado apresentam compostos orgânicos provenientes de fontes tanto antropogênicas (esgotos domésticos e MO do aterro sanitário) quanto biogênicas autóctones (plantas superiores terrestres). A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) corrobora com esse resultado e possibilitou o agrupamento dos pontos de amostragem segundo essas fontes. A estação 1 (ponto mais próximo do aterro Aurá) apresentou o maior nível de contaminação observado e o coprostanol foi detectado em maior concentração 219,8 ng g-1 nesse local, o que indica contaminação fecal humana moderada. Conclusões Este trabalho demonstrou que a poluição por esgoto doméstico e insumos de MO do aterro do Aurá podem ser ameaças potenciais ao ecossistema e à saúde humana da região estudada. Resumo brasileira anos ocorrência dágua. dágua d água. água d'água gasosaacoplada gasosa acoplada GC/MS GCMS GC MS (GC/MS Pearson PCA (PCA esgotos plantas terrestres. terrestres . terrestres) ponto 2198 219 8 219, g1 g g- local moderada estudada 21 2

Abstract: Aim The Aurá River, located in the second-largest Brazilian Amazon city, has been experiencing the effects of human activities from riverine communities and the Aurá landfill for many years. In this study, we assess the occurrence, sources, and distribution of selected sterol markers in surface sediments of Aurá River in order to evaluate the organic matter inputs in this water body. Methods Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify sterol compounds. Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and sterol ratios were used to assess sewage pollution. Results The sterol markers identified, the related diagnostic ratios, and statistical analysis showed that Aurá River sediments presented two primary sterol sources: anthropogenic (domestic sewage and inputs from Aurá landfill) and biogenic sources (terrestrial higher plants). Station 1 (the closest site to the Aurá landfill) presented the highest level of coprostanol (219.8 ng g-1). This maximum level of coprostanol and the sterol ratios indicate moderate human fecal contamination in the upper reach of the Aurá River. Coprostanol levels were similar to the lower to midrange concentrations reported for surficial river sediments around the world. Conclusions This study demonstrated that domestic sewage pollution from riverine communities and organic matter inputs from Aurá landfill might be assumed as potential threats to environmental and human health. Abstract secondlargest second largest city years occurrence body chromatographytandem chromatography tandem GC/MS/MS GCMSMS GC MS (GC/MS/MS compounds correlation PCA (PCA identified terrestrial plants. plants . plants) 219.8 2198 219 8 (219. g1. g1 g g-1) world health 219. 21 (219 g-1 2 (21 g- (2 (

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el aporte ambiental hacia la calidad del río Torres considerando la remoción de contaminantes fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) Los Tajos. Se realizó el análisis de datos fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos de las aguas de afluente y efluente de la PTAR (DBO, DQO, SST, STT, N-NH4+, P-PO43-, GyA, SAAM y coliformes fecales principalmente) y se analizó la variación en concentración de contaminantes en el río Torres previo y posterior a la construcción de la PTAR, que realiza un tratamiento primario a las aguas, todo asociado a la estacionalidad. Los datos se analizaron en R versión 3.6.1. Según la metodología del índice holandés, el río Torres se clasificó severamente contaminado previo a la construcción de la PTAR, y actualmente aumenta su grado de contaminación después de la descarga de la PTAR, principalmente en época lluviosa. La PTAR presenta remoción significativa para siete de los ocho parámetros analizados, los porcentajes de remoción más representativos son: SST (68.5 %), DBO (49.8 %) y GyA (54.7 %). Se demostró el aporte cuantitativo de la PTAR al río Torres removiendo toneladas de contaminantes de las aguas residuales desde el 2015 hasta el 2020, principalmente DQO (26,791.8 Mg), SST (24,162.6 Mg), DBO (12,290.0 Mg) y STT (30,267.7 Mg). Finalmente se dejó en evidencia la necesidad de construir las siguientes etapas de la PTAR que incluyen tratamiento secundario, que mejoraría la remoción de materia orgánica, surfactantes y nutrientes.

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a contribuição ambiental na qualidade do rio Torres considerando a remoção de contaminantes físico-químicos e microbiológicos da Estação de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETAR) Los Tajos. Foi realizada a análise de dados físico-químicos e microbiológicos das águas de afluente e efluente da ETE (DBO, DQO, SST, STT, N-NH +, P-PO 3-, Óleo e Gordura, SAAM e coliformes fecais, principalmente), e analisada a variação em concentração de contaminantes no rio Torres prévia e posteriormente à construção da ETAR, que realiza um tratamento primário nas águas, tudo associado à estacionalidade. Os dados foram analisados em R versão 3.6.1. De acordo com a metodologia do índice holandês, o rio Torres foi classificado como severamente contaminado prévio à construção da ETAR e, atualmente, aumenta seu grau de contaminação depois da descarga da ETAR, principalmente nas épocas chuvosas. A ETAR apresenta remoção significativa de sete dos oito parâmetros analisados, as porcentagens de remoção mais representativas são: SST (68,5 %), DBO (49,8 %) e Óleo e Gordura (54,7 %). Ficou comprovada a contribuição quantitativa da ETAR para o rio Torres, removendo toneladas de contaminantes das águas residuais de 2015 a 2020, principalmente DQO (26,791.8 Mg), SST (24,162.6 Mg), DBO (12,290.0 Mg) e STT (30,267.7 Mg). Finalmente, ficou clara a necessidade de construir as próximas etapas da ETAR que incluem o tratamento secundário, que melhoraria a remoção de matéria orgânica, surfactantes e nutrientes.

Abstract The objective of the study was to analyze the environmental contribution, in terms of removal of physicochemical and microbiological pollutants, from the Los Tajos Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) to the Torres River. Physicochemical and microbiological data was analyzed including WWTP inflows and outflows (OBD, OCD, TSS, STT, N-NH +, P-PO 3-, Oils, MBAS, and fecal coliforms). The difference in the concentration of pollutants in the Torres River before and after the construction of the WWTP was analyzed using R 3.6.1, associated with seasonality. According to the Dutch Index Methodology, the Torres River was severely polluted before the construction of the WWTP, and the degree of contamination increases following the WWTP discharge, mainly during the rainy season. The WWTP shows significant removal of seven of the eight parameters analyzed, with the most representative removal percentages being: TSS (68.5%), OBD (49.8%), and Oils (54.7%). The quantitative contribution of the WWTP to the Torres River was demonstrated by removing thousands of Mg of pollutants from wastewater during the years of operation (2015-2020), mainly OCD (26,791.8 Mg), STT (24,162.6 Mg), OBD (12,290.0 Mg), and TSS (30,267.7 Mg). Finally, building the WWTP’s next stages, including secondary treatment, is needed to improve the removal of organic matter, surfactants, and nutrients.

Resumen: La vegetación riparia juega un rol importante en la reducción de la entrada de contaminantes a los cuerpos hídricos. La disponibilidad de agua en Ecuador es amplia, sin embargo, áreas rurales están sin acceso a agua de calidad y la expansión agrícola reduce la vegetación riparia. El objetivo es evaluar la calidad del recurso hídrico influenciado por la vegetación riparia en el área rural del cantón Mocache en Ecuador. Se empleó el método cuantitativo. Se analizaron 8 parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos en 12 puntos de muestreo con y sin vegetación. Se contrastaron las concentraciones con estándares nacionales (Tulsma) e internacionales, Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (OMS y EPA). Se aplicó dos índices de calidad de agua (ICA), Dinius (1978) y NSF (1972). Los resultados demostraron alta concentración de solidos suspendidos totales en áreas sin vegetación (52.00 mg L-1) y el agua no cumple con el estándar para uso agrícola de la EPA. La contaminación fecal es extremadamente alta, la máxima concentración de coliformes fecales es 1 538.00 NMP.100ml-1 en áreas con vegetación y 23 493.33 NMP.100ml-1 para coliformes totales en sitios sin flora. Los ICA mostraron diferencias en su evaluación de calidad, Dinius categoriza el agua entre regular a excelente, mientras que NSF de mala a regular. Los recursos hídricos poseen contaminación fecal y representa un riesgo para el consumo humano. Así mismo, se determinó que la vegetación riparia no influyo en la calidad del agua (P > 0.05).

Summary: Riparian vegetation plays an important role in reducing the input of pollutants into water bodies. Water availability in Ecuador is plenty, however, rural areas are without access to quality water and agricultural expansion reduces riparian vegetation. The aim is to assess the quality of the water resource influenced by riparian vegetation in the rural area of the canton Mocache in Ecuador. The quantitative method was used. Eight physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at 12 sampling points with and without vegetation. Concentrations were compared with national (Tulsma) and international, World Health Organization, and United States Environmental Protection Agency (WHO and EPA) standards. We applied two water quality index (WQI), such as Dinius (1978) and NSF (1972). The results indicate a high concentration of total suspended solids in unvegetated areas (52.00 mg L-1) and the water does not meet the EPA standard for agricultural use. Faecal contamination is extremely high, the maximum concentration of faecal coliforms is 1 538.00 NMP.100ml-1in areas with vegetation and 23 493.33 NMP.100ml-1 for total coliforms in sites without flora. The WQIs showed differences in their quality assessment, Dinius characterized the water as regular to excellent while NSF as poor to regular. The water resources have faecal contamination and represent a risk for human consumption. Likewise, riparian vegetation does not influence water quality (P > 0.05).

ABSTRACT. Enteric viruses are major causes of waterborne diseases and are present in large quantities in the stools of infected individuals. Its viability in the environment lasts for months, favoring the contamination of water used for consumption and recreation. The study aimed to monitor monthly the circulation of enterovirus (EV) and group A rotavirus (RVA) in recreational freshwater from an island region used as a bathhouse in northern Brazil, from January 2012 to December 2013. The viral RNA was obtained using guanidine isothiocyanate/silica after viral concentration by adsorption-elution method. The molecular detection was carried out by semi (EV) and nested-PCR (RVA) and the amplicons were sequenced on automated sequencer. At least one of these viruses was detected on 40.4% (42/104) of the samples. RVA was the most frequent (n = 32; 30.8%) when compared to EV (n = 20; 19.2%). Co-circulation between both was identified in 9.6% (n = 10). The highest viral positivity was found in SP02 (46.1%). The highest viral positivity was observed during high tides (57.7%; 60/104). Most EV samples were characterized as coxsackievirus (CV) A5 (85.7%, 12/14) and others as Sabin 1 poliovirus (14.2%, 2/14). The RVA positive samples were genotyped as G2, G3, G9, G12, P[8], P[4], and P[6]. These viruses were detected in 35.6% (37/104) of the samples with an acceptable concentration of fecal coliform bacteria. These results demonstrate the contamination of surface water intended for recreation by enteric viruses of Public Health concern even when bacterial indicators are within the tolerated limit, a factor that confirms the need for public policies aimed the sewage treatment before its release into water bodies.

Anthropic activities are responsible for the increase in environmental contamination, especially in aquatic systems, demanding studies to assess and monitor contamination levels in different water bodies. We have done a chemical characterization of eleven sediments in order to evaluate the level of contamination by domestic sewage from the Capibaribe River, between the cities of Santa Cruz do Capibaribe and Toritama in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The classical analyses were performed, as well as the determination of sterol biomarkers using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Sterol ratios corroborated the presence of fecal-derived organic matter, mainly in the sediments collected in regions of higher population occupation. The multivariate statistical analysis clearly showed the regions from the most contaminated to the least contaminated, indicating the severe contamination by domestic sewage in the region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess anthropic contamination of the Capibaribe River by using sterol biomarkers and classical analyses in an integrative data interpretation. This can be helpful when making decisions about preventive and corrective actions for human health concerns. systems bodies Pernambuco Brazil performed spectrometry fecalderived fecal derived matter occupation region knowledge interpretation concerns