This study describes the chemical composition and biological activities of extracts and compounds obtained from the roots of Bowdichia virgilioides (Fabaceae). A mixture of very long-chain free fatty acids (VLFAs) and pure compounds, namely isocordoin, cordoin, lupeol, lupenone, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and sitostenone, were isolated from the soluble fraction of the methanol extract by using sequential column chromatography procedures. The molecular structures of the compounds were determined using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. Notably, this is the first report of the occurrence of both chalcones within this plant genus. Besides, the VLFAs were identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) and the presence of these compounds in roots is suggested to be an adaptive response to environmental stress, which exhibited moderate antioxidant properties when tested against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and in the β-carotene/linolenic acid auto-oxidation assay. However, the MeOH soluble fraction demonstrated significant toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality assay. Fabaceae. Fabaceae . (Fabaceae) longchain long chain (VLFAs isocordoin cordoin lupeol lupenone βsitosterol, βsitosterol β sitosterol, sitosterol β-sitosterol stigmasterol sitostenone procedures IR, IR , (IR) NMR, NMR (NMR) MS (MS techniques Notably genus Besides ESIMS (ESIMS stress 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl 2 DPPH (DPPH βcarotene/linolenic βcarotenelinolenic carotene/linolenic carotene linolenic autooxidation auto oxidation assay However (Fabaceae (IR (NMR 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, βcarotene carotenelinolenic

This study aims to propose a new method for derivatizing fatty acids (FAs) from human milk (HM), eliminating the lipid extraction step, and simplifying the preparation for gas chromatography with a flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis to quantify the FAs. The Design Expert software optimized the reaction times, concentrations, and sample amount. The proposed method (PM) was validated for lyophilized HM and results for the figures of merit for precision in relative standard deviation (RSD) (RSDintra-day 1.34-4.03% and RSDinter day 2.08 5.16%), accuracy (99.87-102.16%), and robustness are within a linear range of 3 to 38% lipids in HM samples. The atmospheric solids analysis probe tandem mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS/MS) technique confirmed the efficiency of PM by expressing the molecular composition of triacylglycerol formed by FAs from the GC-FID technique. The PM requires a small sample size and conducts derivatization directly in the sample matrix, minimizing extraction errors. (FAs HM, , (HM) step GCFID GC FID (GC-FID times concentrations amount (PM RSD (RSD RSDintraday RSDintra 1.344.03% 134403 1.34 4.03% 1 34 4 03 1.34-4.03 208 2 08 2.0 5.16%, 516 5.16% 5 16 5.16%) 99.87102.16%, 998710216 99.87 102.16% 99 87 102 (99.87-102.16%) 38 samples ASAPMS/MS ASAPMSMS ASAP MS/MS MS (ASAP-MS/MS matrix errors (HM 344 1.344.03 13440 134 1.3 403 4.03 0 1.34-4.0 20 2. 51 5.16 87102 99.87102.16% 99871021 9987 99.8 10216 102.16 9 8 10 (99.87-102.16% ASAPMS MSMS 1.344.0 1344 13 1. 40 4.0 1.34-4. 5.1 8710 99.87102.16 9987102 998 99. 1021 102.1 (99.87-102.16 1.344. 4. 1.34-4 5. 871 99.87102.1 998710 102. (99.87-102.1 1.344 1.34- 99.87102. 99871 (99.87-102. 99.87102 (99.87-102 99.8710 (99.87-10 99.871 (99.87-1 (99.87- (99.87 (99.8 (99. (99 (9 (

We report a facile hydrothermal method for the synthesis of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) under two different temperatures, 120 °C (Nb2O5-120) and 150 °C (Nb2O5-150). The obtained materials were characterized by structural, optical and morphological techniques. Also, the photocatalytic properties of the Nb2O5 samples were evaluated in two reactions under ultraviolet (UVC) irradiation: degradation of methylene blue (MB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes; and esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) present in waste cooking oil (WCO). The Nb2O5 was formed at different temperatures of synthesis, and the increase in temperature did not cause significant changes in the structural and optical characteristics, but resulted in an increased surface area of the synthesized materials. Both synthesized materials showed excellent efficiency for dye photodegradation. The sample Nb2O5-150 presented the best performance for the MB photodegradation, with almost 85% of the removal efficiency. In this case, the adsorption of MB molecules on the surface of the material was high due to the favorable electrostatic interaction and also because of its high surface area. For the IC photodegradation, the adsorption was insignificant, and both samples presented approximately 100% of the removal efficiency. These materials were also promising for the reduction of free fat acids in waste oil by photoesterification. NbO Nb O (Nb2O5 12 C Nb2O5120 (Nb2O5-120 15 Nb2O5150. Nb2O5150 . (Nb2O5-150) techniques Also Nb2O UVC (UVC irradiation (MB (IC dyes FFA (FFA WCO. WCO (WCO) characteristics photodegradation Nb2O5-15 85 case insignificant 100 photoesterification (Nb2O 1 Nb2O512 (Nb2O5-12 Nb2O515 (Nb2O5-150 (WCO Nb2O5-1 8 10 Nb2O51 (Nb2O5-1 (Nb2O5-15 Nb2O5- (Nb2O5-

Brazilian Savanna biodiversity is abundant in native fruits with nutritional and sensory properties with potential technological applications. However, the information available regarding the proprieties of Brazilian native fruits is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic profile of Brosimum gaudichaudii fruits (BGF) using metabolomics approaches, besides its physicochemical and nutritional proprieties. BGF exhibited protein content at least two times higher than other native fruits. Fifty-five metabolites were identified by the metabolomics approaches, mainly fatty acids (n = 22), carbohydrates (n = 13), organic acids (n = 6), and polyphenols (n = 5). The most abundant constituents were D-fructose (42.97%) for sugars, L-asparagine (6.47%) for amino acids, succinic acid (44.11%) for organic acids, and linolenic acid (3.04%) for fatty acids. Highlighted phytochemicals included chlorogenic acid, α-amyrin, and γ-tocopherol. Additionally, this study revealed that BGF is a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber and an excellent source of vitamin A. Future studies providing nutritional information and suggesting consumption methods and potential industrial applications are essential to familiarize consumers with these foods. Additionally, clarifying the appropriate planting and harvesting seasons can revive traditional practices, especially for native fruits like BGF. However limited (BGF approaches Fiftyfive Fifty five n 22, 22 , 22) 13, 13 13) 6, 6 6) 5. 5 . 5) Dfructose D fructose 42.97% 4297 42 97 (42.97% sugars Lasparagine L asparagine 6.47% 647 47 (6.47% 44.11% 4411 44 11 (44.11% 3.04% 304 3 04 (3.04% αamyrin, αamyrin α amyrin, amyrin α-amyrin γtocopherol. γtocopherol γ tocopherol. tocopherol γ-tocopherol Additionally A foods practices 2 1 42.97 429 4 9 (42.97 6.47 64 (6.47 44.11 441 (44.11 3.04 30 0 (3.04 42.9 (42.9 6.4 (6.4 44.1 (44.1 3.0 (3.0 42. (42. 6. (6. 44. (44. 3. (3. (42 (6 (44 (3 (4 (

Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been widely used, and along with other methodologies such as derivatization, is a powerful tool to analyze phytocompounds, including cuticular wax components. The loss of structural information upon fragmentation of waxes makes it difficult to interpret and identify the GC-MS mass spectra of these compounds with the traditional methods, as digital libraries. Therefore, as a new complementary alternative to traditional methods of identifying aliphatic acyclic lipids based on mass spectra, we present the new software WaxAlly in this technical note. WaxAlly is a new software created based on simple algorithms, enabling the rapid recognition by the user of eight aliphatic acyclic lipid classes, including alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and TMS derivatives of free fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, and their homologues with carbon chains varying between 10 and 100 carbons. Additionally, the WaxAlly software provides a section for data organization, internet comparison to NIST and PubChem databases, and academic information about mass fragmentation of acyclic lipids. The software has proven to be a very useful complementary technique in identifying plant wax lipid homologues, and new fragmentation patterns of lipid classes can be added in the future to improve the program. GCMS GC MS (GC-MS used derivatization phytocompounds components libraries Therefore note algorithms alkanes alkenes aldehydes ketones esters acids alcohols 1 carbons Additionally organization databases program

Bredemeyera Willd. is a genus of the Polygalaceae family, occurring in Brazil. This research aims to evaluate the phytochemical and antifungal potential, in vitro and in silico, of Bredemeyera brevifolia extracts. The identification of fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their quantification by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector showed that palmitic (36.55 mg g−1), margaric (3.66 mg g−1), linolelaidic (108.82 mg g−1), oleic (7.86 mg g−1), stearic (41.11 mg g−1), dihomo-γ-linolenic (85.48 mg g−1), and arachidic (209.00 mg g−1) acids are present in the hexane extract. From the chloroform extract, 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone was isolated and identified. The minimum inhibitory concentration assay with methanolic extract demonstrated antifungal activity against species of the genus Candida, Sporothrix, and Trichophyton for up to 96 h, with values ranging from 64-1024 μg mL−1. The in silico study with the chemical compounds of this species showed fungal inhibition potential of sterol-14-α-demethylase, highlighting 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, which presented an affinity energy of -8.8 kcal mol−1, greater than that observed for fluconazole (−8.3 kcal mol−1). The fatty acids interacted with the active site of the enzyme but presented energies ≥ −7.4 kcal mol−1. Compounds isolated from this species have pharmacokinetic potential for the development of pharmaceutical formulations. Willd family Brazil extracts chromatographymass chromatography mass chromatographyflame flame 36.55 3655 36 55 (36.5 g−1, g1 g g−1 , 1 3.66 366 3 66 (3.6 108.82 10882 108 82 (108.8 7.86 786 7 86 (7.8 41.11 4111 41 11 (41.1 dihomoγlinolenic dihomo γ linolenic 85.48 8548 85 48 (85.4 209.00 20900 209 00 (209.0 1hydroxy3,7dimethoxyxanthone 1hydroxy37dimethoxyxanthone hydroxydimethoxyxanthone hydroxy 3,7 dimethoxyxanthone identified Candida Sporothrix 9 h 641024 64 1024 64-102 mL1 mL mL−1 sterol14αdemethylase, sterol14αdemethylase sterolαdemethylase sterol 14 α demethylase, demethylase sterol-14-α-demethylase 1hydroxy3,7dimethoxyxanthone, dimethoxyxanthone, 8.8 88 8 -8. mol1 mol mol−1 −8.3 83 (−8. . mol−1) 74 4 −7. formulations 36.5 365 5 (36. g− 3.6 6 (3. 108.8 1088 10 (108. 7.8 78 (7. 41.1 411 (41. 85.4 854 (85. 209.0 2090 20 0 (209. 1hydroxy3 7dimethoxyxanthone 37 3, 64102 102 64-10 mL− αdemethylase 8. -8 mol− −8. (−8 −7 36. (36 3. (3 108. (108 7. (7 41. (41 85. (85 209. 2 (209 1hydroxy 6410 64-1 - −8 (− − ( (10 (4 (8 (20 641 64- (1 (2

ABSTRACT: Psidiummyrtoides fruits food industries produce by-products such as liqueurs, ice cream, jellies, and juices. However, there needs to be more information about the nutritional composition of fruits, as well as the biological potential, mainly of seed flour.Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities of pulp and seed of fruits of Psidiummyrtoides. Moisture content, total minerals and mineral profile, total lipids and fatty acids profile, total proteins, dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) and total carbohydrates were analyzed. Vitamins C and complex B, organic acids and the profile of phenolic compounds were also determined. DPPH and ABTS methods evaluated the antioxidant activity, and cancer chemopreventive activity was evaluated by quinone reductase induction and NF-κB inhibitory activity. The fruits are a good source of thiamine, iron, phosphorus, potassium, fiber, and protein. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in both pulp and seed. Quercetin (1600 µg/100g) and pyrogallol(819 µg/100g) were the major phenolic compounds pulp and seed, respectively. The fruits showed strong antioxidant capacity, mainly the seeds, and the ability to induce quinone reductase activity, highlighting a cancer chemopreventive activity. Seed flour has a high potential to enrich food, in addition to valuing agro-industrial by-products, where we can highlight 25%, 13% and 37% of the recommended daily intake for iron (1.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (58 mg/100g) and vitamin B1 (450 µg/100g), respectively, in addition to antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities. ABSTRACT byproducts products liqueurs cream jellies juices However flourTherefore Therefore flour.Therefore content proteins soluble insoluble analyzed B determined NFκB NF κB thiamine potassium protein 1600 (160 µg/100g µg100g µgg µg 100g g pyrogallol819 pyrogallol 819 pyrogallol(81 respectively capacity seeds agroindustrial agro industrial byproducts, products, 25 25% 13 37 1.6 16 1 6 (1. mg/100g, mg100g mgg mg/100g , mg 58 (5 450 (45 µg/100g, 160 (16 pyrogallol81 81 pyrogallol(8 2 3 1. (1 5 ( 45 (4 pyrogallol8 8 pyrogallol( 4

RESUMO: Frutos de Psidium myrtoides são utilizados na produção de subprodutos como licores, sorvetes, geleias e sucos, porém, existem poucas informações sobre a composição nutricional das frutas, bem como o potencial biológico, principalmente da farinha de sementes. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a composição nutricional e as atividades antioxidante e quimiopreventiva de câncer da polpa e sementes de frutos Psidium myrtoides. Foram analisados o teor de umidade, minerais totais e perfil de minerais, lipídios totais e perfil de ácidos graxos, proteínas totais, fibra alimentar (solúvel e insolúvel) e carboidratos totais. Também foram determinadas as vitaminas C e do complex B, ácidos orgânicos e perfil de compostos fenólicos. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelos métodos DPPH e ABTS, e a atividade quimiopreventiva de câncer foi avaliada pela indução da enzima quinona redutase e pela atividade inibitória do NF-κB. Os resultados mostraram que os frutos são boas fontes de vitamina B1, ferro, fósforo e potássio, além de fibras (polpa: 7%; semente: 25%) e proteínas. O ácido linoléico foi o principal ácido graxo tanto na polpa quanto na semente. Quercetina (1600 µg/100g) e pirogalol (819 µg/100g) foram os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados na polpa e na semente, respectivamente. A fruta apresentou forte capacidade antioxidante, principalmente as sementes, que também apresentam capacidade de induzir a atividade da enzima quinona redutase, ressalando atividade quimiopreventiva de câncer. A farinha de semente tem grande potencial para enriquecer alimentos, além de valorizar subprodutos agroindustriais, em que podemos destacar 25%, 13% e 37% da ingestão diária recomendada para ferro (1,6 mg/100g), fósforo (58 mg/100g) e vitamina B1 (450 µg/100g), respectivamente, além de atividades antioxidantes e quimiopreventivas do câncer. RESUMO licores sorvetes sucos porém frutas biológico forma umidade graxos solúvel insolúvel B ABTS NFκB. NFκB NF κB. κB NF-κB potássio (polpa 7% 7 25% 25 1600 (160 µg/100g µg100g µgg µg 100g g 819 (81 respectivamente alimentos agroindustriais 13 37 1,6 16 1 6 (1, mg/100g, mg100g mgg mg/100g , mg 58 (5 450 (45 µg/100g, 2 160 (16 81 (8 3 1, (1 5 ( 45 (4 8 4

ABSTRACT Taurine supplementation has shown survival and feeding efficiency in larval fish development. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of adding taurine to the longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) diet for 60 days. Fish (n = 270) were distributed in three treatments: T0 without taurine, T1, and T2, supplemented with taurine at 1 and 2%, respectively. Growth performance, blood serum biochemistry, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles in skeletal muscle were evaluated. Notable improvements (P < 0.05) were observed in T1 and T2 in terms of specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG). Survival rates (SR) did not show significant differences (P > 0.05). In addition, a decrease was observed in intraperitoneal fat (IPF). Still, an increase was observed in blood parameters, including higher total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) concentration, as well as a reduction in cholesterol (CHO) levels. Changes in fatty acid profiles were also detected in skeletal muscle with an increase in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and elevation in taurine concentration in T2. The results showed that adding 20 g kg-1 of taurine to the diet improved growth, skeletal muscle, and blood serum biochemistry. Therefore, the use of higher taurine concentrations is recommended in future studies to understand fully the extent of the benefits to longfin yellowtail juveniles.

Abstract Scaptotrigona mexicana honey is characterized by its nutritional and antioxidant properties, but it has a high moisture content that affects its stability during storage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and antioxidant properties by UV-Visible spectroscopy, profile of phenolic compounds by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and fatty acids and volatile compounds by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, minerals by microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, from honey stored in different containers that, along with traditional methods, are commonly used to increase its stability. Most physicochemical and antioxidant properties were not significantly different from those of freshly harvested honey. The results suggest that the packaging with an exhaust check valve has a significant effect on the decrease in moisture content and water activity, but not on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties for at least 2 yr of storage. These results suggest that the type of container should be considered when storing honey as it significantly (P<0.05) affects its properties and quality.

Resumen La miel de Scaptotrigona mexicana se caracteriza por sus propiedades nutricionales y antioxidantes, pero tiene un alto contenido de humedad que afecta su estabilidad durante el almacenamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades fisicoquímicas y antioxidantes mediante espectroscopía UV-Visible, perfil de compuestos fenólicos por cromatografía líquida de ultra alta resolución acoplada a espectrometría de masas y ácidos grasos y compuestos volátiles mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas, minerales por espectroscopía de emisión atómica de plasma de microondas, a partir de miel almacenada en diferentes recipientes que, junto con los métodos tradicionales, se utilizan comúnmente para aumentar su estabilidad. La mayoría de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y antioxidantes no fueron significativamente diferentes de las de la miel recién cosechada. Los resultados sugieren que el envase con válvula de retención de escape tiene un efecto significativo en la disminución del contenido de humedad y la actividad del agua, pero no en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y antioxidantes durante al menos 2 años de almacenamiento. Estos resultados sugieren que el tipo de recipiente debe considerarse al momento de almacenar la miel, ya que afecta significativamente (P<0.05) sus propiedades y calidad.

Resumen Lasreacciones de hidrólisispueden ser conducidas utilizando triglicéridoscon diferentes tamaños de cadena carbónica, siendoel ácido acético y etanoico losproductos más comunes, ademásdel glicerol que seríaelproductocomúnencualquierreacción de hidrólisisenlaproducción de biodiesel. Enel caso del aceite de Macaúba, se sospecha que cuando se somete a una reacción de hidrólisis, por ser una mezcla, lostriglicéridos, oleico, palmítico y esteárico probablementeseránlosreactivos de mayorimportancia y consumo enlasreacciones.Deacuerdoconla literatura, se nota una escasez de información acerca de loscompuestos involucrados enlahidrólisis de lasreacciones de aceites vegetales, por lo que ladisponibilidad de datosexperimentales de las moléculas implicadas enlasreaciones de producción de los ácidos grasos y glicerol es escasaenla literatura. Enmuchosestudios se utilizan métodos de contribución de grupos o correlaciones empíricas para predecirlaspropiedades de las moléculas. Así, en este trabajo, se realizóunanálisistermodinámico inicial de lasreacciones que ocurrenenlahidrólisisdel aceite de Macaúba, en especial de la tripalmitina y de la trioleína, enun rango de temperatura de 300 a 700 K. Los parámetrostermodinámicosempleadosen este trabajo, para algunoscompuestos, fueronestimados por métodos disponiblesenla literatura. El cálculo de laenergía de Gibbs de lasreacciones se realizóempleando resultados de entalpía de reacciones encontradas entrabajos anteriores. Finalmente, de posesióndel conjunto de estosparámetros, para lasposiblesreacciones de hidrólisis a ser estudiadas, fueposible estimar laenergía de Gibbsreaccionaria de lasmismas, lo que permitió agregar más informaciónen esta área de estudio.

Abstract Hydrolysis reactions can be carried out using triglycerides with different carbon chain sizes, with acetic acid and ethanoic acid being the most common products, in addition to glycerol which would be the common product in any hydrolysis reaction in the production of biodiesel. In the case of Macaúba oil, it is suspected that when undergoing a hydrolysis reaction, as a mixture, the triglycerides, oleic, palmitic and stearic are likely to be the most important reagents and consumption in the reactions. According to the literature, there is a shortage of information concerning the compounds involved in the hydrolysis of the reactions of vegetable oils, so the availability of experimental data on the molecules involved in the production of the fatty acids and glycerol reactions is scarce in literature. In many studies, methods of group contributions or empirical correlations are used to predict the properties of molecules. Thus, in this work, an initial thermodynamic analysis of the reactions occurring in the hydrolysis of Macaúba oil, especially of tripalmitin and triolein, was performed in a temperature range from 300 to 700 K. The thermodynamic parameters employed in this work, for some compounds, were estimated by methods available in the literature. The calculation of the Gibbs energy of the reactions was done by employing the results of the enthalpy of reactions found in previous works. Finally, from the possession of the set of these parameters, for the possible hydrolysis reactions to be studied, it was possible to estimate the reactionary Gibbs energy of the same, which allowed adding more information in this field of study.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the use of microalgae meal (Aurantiochytrium sp. and Nannochloropsis spp.) as a substitute for fish oil in the diet of shrimp Penaeus vannamei reared in a clear water system. In the diet of these animals, the concentration of fish oil decreased as microalgae meal was inserted, and these were used in five different substitutions: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The treatments were carried out in triplicate, and after 49 days of cultivation, the zootechnical parameters and the composition of fatty acids in the animals’ muscles were analyzed. In zootechnical performance, the shrimp obtained an average final weight of 16.59 ± 0.3 g, and the growth was approximately 1.89 ± 0.30 g week−1. In addition, feed conversion was, on average, 1.47 ± 0.28, and survival was greater than 97%. However, no significant difference was observed in these parameters. Regardless of the levels of fish oil replacement by microalgae meal, the composition of fatty acids in the shrimp muscle was ensured, as well as their quantity within groups, such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, with the results obtained in the present study, it is suggested that it is possible to formulate a high-performance diet without any ingredients of marine origin (fish oil or fish meal), contributing to aquaculture's sustainability.

Abstract Objectives Narrative review evaluating the use of dietary supplements by children and adolescents. Data source The terms “dietary supplements”, “children” and “adolescents” were used in combination in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and SciELO databases, between 2000 and 2023, evaluating studies in humans, published in Portuguese, English, French and Spanish. Data synthesis The use of dietary supplements by children and adolescents has increased in recent decades. The most commonly used supplements are vitamins, minerals, trace elements, proteins, amino acids, melatonin, fatty acids, probiotics and energy drinks. Conclusion Despite having specific indications, most of the time they are not prescribed by a healthcare professional. The reasons for use are varied. In children, the main reasons are protection against infections, stimulating growth, and poor food intake, with multivitamins and minerals being the most commonly used supplements. In adolescents, they are used to improve athletic performance and attain the “ideal body”, with proteins and amino acids being the most often used nutrients. As they are not regulated by health agencies and are sold without a prescription, their unsupervised use can lead to inadequate doses, with inefficiency or overdose risk. As for compounding formulations, or when available in preparations with multiple nutrients, the chance of errors increases. It is essential that pediatricians advise parents and patients about the indications, risks and benefits, prescribing them when necessary. supplements, , supplements” “children “adolescents PubMed MEDLINE databases 200 2023 humans Portuguese English Spanish decades vitamins elements melatonin drinks indications professional varied infections growth intake ideal body, body body” nutrients prescription doses risk formulations increases benefits necessary 20 202 2

Abstract This work presents the first results obtained from developing an experimental program that aims to generate a local frame of reference for the fatty acid profiles of the main resources available in the lower basin of the Colorado river (Buenos Aires district). In this case, the purpose was to identify the fatty acid composition of fish resources and evaluate the main transformations they underwent during cooking. Replicas of archaeological vessels were made, marine fish of different species (sea catfish, whitemouth croaker, narrownose smooth-hound, conger eel, and whiting) were boiled, and the fatty acids of the raw and cooked meat, the cooking liquid, and those of the contents on the internal walls of the vessels were measured. The results obtained showed that fatty acids could be detected in all samples. However, if those identified in the raw meat of each species are compared with those detected after boiling, it is observed that the cooking event generated the loss and/or degradation of some fatty acids, mainly unsaturated ones. Fatty acids (e.g., stearic, palmitic, and oleic acid) present in most food resources (e.g., herbivores and vegetables) were preserved in the vessels. However, fatty acids detected in the vessels such as the polyunsaturated belonging to the C20 group of sea catfish and whitemouth croaker, the eicosenoic acid of sea catfish, and the monounsaturated of the C22 group identified for the conger eel could be considered diagnostic fatty acids of marine fish.

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los primeros resultados obtenidos del desarrollo de un programa experimental que tiene como objetivo generar un marco de referencia local de los perfiles de ácidos grasos de los principales recursos disponibles en el curso inferior del río Colorado (Pcia. de Buenos Aires). En este caso, el propósito fue conocer la composición de ácidos grasos de recursos ictícolas y evaluar las principales transformaciones que estos sufren durante la cocción. Para ello, se confeccionaron réplicas de vasijas arqueológicas, se hirvieron peces marinos de distintas especies (bagre de mar, corvina rubia, gatuzo, congrio y pescadilla) y se analizaron los ácidos grasos de la carne cruda y cocida, del líquido de cocción y de los contenidos en las paredes internas de las vasijas. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que en todas las muestras de peces se pudieron detectar ácidos grasos. Sin embargo, si se comparan los identificados en la carne cruda de cada especie con los detectados con posterioridad al hervido, se observa que el evento de cocción generó la pérdida y/o degradación de algunos de ellos, principalmente de los ácidos insaturados. En las vasijas se preservaron los ácidos grasos (e.g., ácido esteárico, palmítico y oleico) que comúnmente están presentes en la mayoría de los recursos alimenticios (e.g., herbívoros, vegetales). No obstante, los ácidos grasos detectados en las vasijas como los poliinsaturados pertenecientes al grupo C20 de bagre de mar y corvina rubia, el ácido eicosenoico de bagre de mar y el monoinsaturado del grupo C22 identificado para el congrio podrían ser considerados ácidos grasos diagnósticos de peces marinos.

ABSTRACT After 60 days of experimentation, the effect of three diets based on chemical silage (CHS) and black bean sprouts (BS) was evaluated (DC = control diet; D1 = CHS; D2 = BS; D3 = CHS+BS) on enzymatic defense (activity of superoxide dismutase, SOD, and catalase, CAT) in the liver of tilapia, and production parameters (weight gain, protein efficiency rate, survival, feed conversion factor), prior chemical characterization of CHS, BS and the experimental diets (proximate chemical analysis, amino acids, fatty acids, anti-nutritional substances, total phenols (TPH), total flavonoids (TFl) and antioxidant capacity (AC). A randomized block design was applied with three replications using 120 masculinized GIFT tilapia juveniles of average weight of 9.6 ± 0.12 g. TPH, TFlv, and AC were analyzed by Pearson, and correlation coefficient, enzymatic activity, and productive parameters were evaluated with a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test (95%). Survival was 100% in all treatments and there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the effect on diets. The best diet in growth and production parameters in the fish was D3, suggesting a synergy between the components of CHS and BS. This last component was a source of antioxidants that improved SOD and CAT activities, promising health promotion. D3 represents an alternative food for the growth and health promotion of tilapia, prior challenge testing and evaluation with adverse factors, and verifying its efficiency in the following growth stages under real conditions.

RESUMEN Después 60 días de experimentación se evaluó el efecto de tres dietas a base de ensilado químico (EQ) y germinado de frijol negro (GF) (DC = dieta control; D1 = EQ; D2 = GF; D3 = EQ+GF) sobre la defensa enzimática (superóxido dismutasa, SOD, y catalasa, CAT ) del hígado de tilapias y los parámetros de producción (ganancia de peso, tasa de eficiencia proteica, sobrevivencia, factor de conversión alimenticia), previa caracterización química del EQ, GF y las dietas experimentales (análisis químico proximal, aminoácidos, ácidos grasos, sustancias antinutrionales, fenoles totales (CFT), flavonoides totales (FlvT) y capacidad antioxidante (CA). Fue aplicado un diseño de bloques al azar con tres réplicas utilizando 120 juveniles de tilapia var GIFT masculinizados con peso promedio 9.6 ± 0.12 g. El CFT, FlvT y CA fueron analizados mediante Pearson y coeficiente de correlación, la actividad enzimática y parámetros productivos con ANOVA de una vía y a posteriori Tukey (95%). La sobrevivencia fue 100% en todos los tratamientos y hubo diferencias significativas (p<0.05) del efecto entre las dietas, siendo la D3 la mejor en crecimiento y parámetros de producción en los peces, sugiriendo una sinergia entre los componentes del EQ y el GF. Este último fue una fuente de antioxidantes que mejoró las actividades SOD y CAT, prometiendo promoción de la salud. La D3 representa una alternativa alimenticia para el crecimiento y promoción de la salud de la tilapia, previa prueba de desafío y evaluación con factores adversos, y comprobar su eficiencia en las siguientes etapas de crecimiento bajo condiciones reales.

Abstract: The expected population growth will increase global food consumption, particularly meat consumption, which is estimated to increase 14% by 2030. Hence, the efficient utilization of all the resources involved in meat production, predominantly feed additives in livestock, is important due to economic costs and the high environmental in terms of gas production and ammonia excretion. Efforts have been made to increase efficiency in livestock production and improve the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Nevertheless, advances in technology in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries have barely been used by the livestock and poultry industry. The micro/nano encapsulation process has been used in animal nutrition to protect bioactive compounds or to control the release of feed additives into the animal gastrointestinal tract, avoiding rumen microbes attack, or monogastric digestion in swine and poultry, to be available in the small intestine. However, not all the encapsulation techniques are suitable for applications in animal feeding. For example, spray drying, emulsion and coacervation can be used to control the release of feed additives in ruminants. In this sense, micro encapsulation of different feed additives such as amino acids, fatty acids, and probiotics may face enormous challenges to help improve livestock and poultry nutrition. The objective of this review is to highlight and discuss the techniques, compounds, and key aspects involved in the encapsulation of feed additives and nutrients with potential applications in the livestock and poultry production.