Abstract: The article addresses the relationship between peasant and small farmer organizations in the Coquimbo region in Chile with public institutions at the communal, regional and national levels within a competitive funding scheme. It first presents background information regarding the creation of civil society organizations in Chile, and more specifically in rural areas. Second, based on information gathered through semi-structured interviews, observations and walks it describes three main types of community-based organizations identified in rural towns in Coquimbo, their objectives, activities, and their engagements with public institutions, emphasizing the mechanisms and strategies they use to access to state aid and public policies. It concludes that the strategic guidelines and public discourses of state institutions for the distribution of funds promote a fragmentation of the link between public offices and residents of rural areas. The latter need to participate in multiple organizations to access different types of public funds.

Resumen: El presente artículo aborda la relación entre organizaciones campesinas y de pequeños agricultores/as de la región de Coquimbo en Chile con organismos públicos de nivel comunal, regional y nacional por medio de la entrega de fondos concursables. Primero, se presentan antecedentes respecto a la creación de organizaciones de la sociedad civil en Chile y, específicamente, en zonas rurales. Segundo, con base en el levantamiento de información mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, observaciones y recorridos se describen tres tipos de organizaciones identificadas en localidades rurales de Coquimbo, sus objetivos, actividades y vínculos con organismos públicos. Asimismo, se analizan los mecanismos y estrategias utilizadas para acceder a programas y ayudas estatales. Se concluye que los lineamientos y discursos promovidos desde la estatalidad para la entrega de recursos generan una fragmentación del vínculo entre los organismos públicos y los habitantes de localidades rurales, quienes deben pertenecer a múltiples organizaciones para acceder a distintos tipos de fondos.

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo de madera sostenible pierde terreno ante la producción agrícola y otros usos de la tierra; para contrarrestar esto, es necesario entender de qué manera el ente productor toma decisiones en la adopción voluntaria de sistemas agrícolas. Por consiguiente, deben diseñarse esquemas de manejo ajustados a cómo los pequeños productores gestionan los sistemas productivos de una forma voluntaria. (Objetivo): Identificar los factores que influyen en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los pequeños grupos productores que deben ser considerados para la promoción del cultivo de madera. (Metodología): Se aplicaron encuestas con preguntas abiertas y selección única al 100 % de los entes productores (N = 77) de dos asentamientos del INDER. Por la complejidad de las interacciones entre factores, se simplificó el análisis a cuatro enfoques. La tendencia de los datos se graficó a partir de un modelo de regresión local (LOESS), en el cual la curva de regresión se generó y suavizó con el uso de la función geom_smooth del lenguaje estadístico R. (Resultados): Se identificó un total de 162 interacciones entre factores indirectos y directos, estas mismas se clasificaron en tres grupos según las veces que el sujeto productor cambió de sistema de producción en periodos cortos (cinco años). Así, el Grupo A tuvo una mayor representación en la población con un 67.5 %, le siguieron el Grupo B con un 24.7 % y el Grupo C con un 7.8 %. El 67.5 % no se encontraba de acuerdo en incluir el cultivo de madera. (Conclusiones): Se demostró la existencia de factores de decisión que influyen en cómo el sujeto productor adopta los sistemas agrícolas contrarios al cultivo de madera. La venta segura (VS) es uno de ellos; por lo tanto, hasta que no se ajusten los esquemas de manejo forestal actuales, la posibilidad de una adopción espontánea es mínima y seguirá necesitando de ayudas financieras.

Abstract (Introduction): Sustainable timber cultivation is losing ground to agricultural production and other land uses; To counteract this, it is necessary to understand how the farmer makes decisions. Therefore, management schemes must be designed that adjust to the way in which small farmers manage productive systems on a voluntary basis. (Objective): Identify the factors that influence the decision-making process of small farmers that must be considered for the promotion of timber cultivation. (Methodology): Surveys with open questions and single selection were applied to 100% of the farmers (N = 77) of two INDER settlements. Due to the complexity of the interactions between factors, the analysis was simplified into four approaches. The data trend was plotted from a local regression model (LOESS), in which the regression curve is generated and smoothed with the use of the geom_smooth function of the R statistical language. (Results): A total of 162 interactions between Indirect and Direct factors. They were classified into three groups according to the number of times the farmer changed the production system in short periods (5 years). Group A has a greater representation in the population with 67.5 %, followed by Group B with 24.7 % and Group C with 7.8 %. 67.5 % of the farmers did not agree to include the cultivation of wood. (Conclusions): It was possible to demonstrate the existence of decision factors that influence the way in which the farmers adopt the agricultural systems contrary to the cultivation of wood. Safe selling (VS) is one of them; therefore, until current forest management schemes are adjusted, the possibility of spontaneous adoption is minimal and will continue to require financial aid.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to estimate a discrete choice model to identify the main factors influencing the probability of getting losses in agriculture. To do that, we use data on 64,548 farms reporting revenues and costs in the Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria. Using the location of each parcel within the farm, we match net revenues with long-term climate, short-term weather events, soil types, plot characteristics, water access, market access, and sociodemographic characteristics. The main results indicate that 45% of farms in the sample observe negative net revenues. Overall, the probability of getting losses increases when the farmer is a woman, recognizes himself as indigenous, has less education, uses oxen, uses less land (small-sized), has rainfed land, has ejidal land, or his agricultural fields are at high levels of altitude.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es estimar un modelo de elección discreta para identificar los determinantes de la probabilidad de pérdida económica en el sector agropecuario mexicano. Para ello, empleamos información de 64 548 unidades de producción que reportan sus ingresos y gastos en la Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria. Utilizando la ubicación de las parcelas, vinculamos los ingresos netos con el clima de corto y largo plazo, características de las parcelas, acceso al agua y mercados, y características sociodemográficas de los productores. Los resultados indican que el 45% de los productores registran pérdidas. Dicha probabilidad suele ser más alta cuando el(la) productor(a) es mujer, se reconoce como indígena, tiene pocos años de educación, usa yunta, la cantidad de tierra utilizada es menor, sus tierras son de temporal o ejidales o se encuentran a una gran altura sobre el nivel del mar.

ABSTRACT: Goat breeding is an economic activity carried out in the rural areas of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. The small ruminants breeding project carried out in extensive farmer conditions was a project which aimed to improve the quality and quantity of meat and milk yields of domestic goat breeds of Anatolia since 2015. The genetic improvement study of indigenous Hair goats was started in 2015 and ended in 2020, using 5985 does and 252 bucks, with the participation of 60 local volunteer farmers in the rural farming system of Eastern Anatolia of Türkiye. At the end of the study, it was found that the birth rate, twinning rate, prolificacy, litter size, and survival rate varied between, 81.88 to 98.18%, 5.26 to 13.54%, 103.00 to 111.00%, 1.11 to 1.27 and 92.67% to 99.06%, by years respectively. As a result of the breeding study, it was determined that the birth weight, weaning weight, and daily body weight gain of the offspring were increased from 2.60 to 3.07 kg, from 8.21 to 10.77 kg, and from 107.74 to 149.15 g, respectively. It was determined that the growth characteristics of kids differed significantly over the years (P < 0.001). As a result of this study, it was determined that production based on local gene resources with improved genetic capacity in rural areas is important for sustainability. Simple recording schemes for the objective assessment of performance traits and planned mating schemes will help enhance animals’ production performances in traditional farming systems. ABSTRACT Türkiye 201 2020 598 25 bucks 6 prolificacy size between 8188 81 88 81.8 9818 98 18 98.18% 526 5 26 5.2 1354 13 54 13.54% 10300 103 00 103.0 11100 111 111.00% 1 11 1.1 127 27 1.2 9267 92 67 92.67 9906 99 06 99.06% respectively 260 2 2.6 307 3 07 3.0 kg 821 8 21 8.2 1077 10 77 10.7 10774 107 74 107.7 14915 149 15 149.1 g P 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 0 001 0.001) sustainability animals systems 20 202 59 818 81. 981 9 98.18 52 5. 135 13.54 1030 103. 1110 111.00 1. 12 926 92.6 990 99.06 2. 30 3. 82 8. 7 10. 107. 1491 14 149. 000 0.00 98.1 13.5 111.0 92. 99.0 0.0 98. 13. 111. 99. 0.

RESUMO: A criação de cabras é uma atividade econômica nas zonas rurais da região mediterrânica oriental da Anatólia, na Turquia. O projeto de criação de pequenos ruminantes em condições de exploração extensiva é um projeto destinado a melhorar a qualidade e a quantidade da produção de carne e leite das raças de cabras autóctones da Anatólia desde 2015. Um destes projetos, o melhoramento genético das cabras indígenas da Anatólia, teve início em 2015 e terminou em 2020, utilizando 5985 fêmeas e 252 machos, com a participação de 60 agricultores voluntários locais no sistema agrícola rural da Anatólia Oriental da Turquia. No final do estudo, observou-se que a taxa de natalidade por ano variou entre 81.88 e 98.18%, enquanto a taxa de gemelaridade foi entre 5.26 e 13.54%, a prolificidade foi entre 103.00 e 111.00%, o tamanho da ninhada foi entre 1.11 e 1.27 e a taxa de sobrevivência foi entre 92.67% e 99.06%. Além disso, observou-se que o peso ao nascer dos cabritos variou entre 2.60 kg e 3.07 kg, o peso ao desmame foi entre 8.21 kg e 10.77 kg e o ganho de peso vivo foi entre 107.74 e 149.15 g. As diferenças observadas por anos em termos de características de crescimento dos cabritos foram observadas como significativamente diferentes umas das outras (P < 0.001). No final deste estudo, concluiu-se que melhores estratégias de criação de raças locais, esquemas simples de registro para a avaliação objetiva de características de desempenho e esquemas de acasalamento planeados ajudarão a melhorar o desempenho da produção animal em sistemas agrícolas tradicionais. RESUMO Turquia projetos 201 2020 598 25 machos 6 estudo observouse observou se 8188 81 88 81.8 9818 98 18 98.18% 526 5 26 5.2 1354 13 54 13.54% 10300 103 00 103.0 11100 111 111.00% 1 11 1.1 127 27 1.2 9267 92 67 92.67 9906 99 06 99.06% disso 260 2 2.6 307 3 07 3.0 821 8 21 8.2 1077 10 77 10.7 10774 107 74 107.7 14915 149 15 149.1 g P 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 0 001 0.001) concluiuse concluiu tradicionais 20 202 59 818 81. 981 9 98.18 52 5. 135 13.54 1030 103. 1110 111.00 1. 12 926 92.6 990 99.06 2. 30 3. 82 8. 7 10. 107. 1491 14 149. 000 0.00 98.1 13.5 111.0 92. 99.0 0.0 98. 13. 111. 99. 0.

ABSTRACT Among the necessary phytotechnical adjustments, the correct recommendation of the plant population of each soybean cultivar is of paramount importance for success in crop production. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the distribution and spatial autocorrelation of the soybean plant population according to the spatial variability of the physical and chemical attributes of Oxisol in the Brazilian Cerrado region. The attributes studied were plant population, soybean grain yield, apparent soil electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, hydrogenionic potential, and clay content in the soil. The plant population varied inversely as a function of apparent soil electrical conductivity. The areas with the highest values of apparent soil electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and clay content had the lowest plant populations. Soybean yield was not influenced by increase or decrease in the plant population. Thus, it is economically viable to plant with lower plant density to improve the farmer’s profit margin. adjustments production Thus region conductivity capacity potential populations farmers farmer s margin

RESUMO Dentre os ajustes fitotécnicos necessários, a correta recomendação da população de plantas de cada cultivar de soja é de suma importância para o sucesso na produção desta cultura. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição e autocorrelação espacial da população de plantas de soja de acordo com a variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos e químicos de um Latossolo na região do Cerrado brasileiro. Os atributos estudados foram: população de plantas, produtividade de grãos de soja, condutividade elétrica aparente do solo, teor de matéria orgânica do solo, capacidade de troca catiônica, potencial hidrogeniônico e teor de argila no solo. A população de plantas variou inversamente em função da condutividade elétrica aparente do solo. As áreas com os maiores valores de condutividade elétrica aparente do solo, teor de matéria orgânica do solo, capacidade de troca catiônica e teor de argila apresentaram as menores populações de plantas. A produtividade da soja não foi influenciada pelo aumento ou diminuição da população de plantas, por isso é economicamente viável plantar com menor densidade de plantas para melhorar a margem de lucro do agricultor. necessários cultura Assim brasileiro foram solo agricultor

ABSTRACT: This study assessed different extension actors in the Aegean region in terms of key indicators that influence the success of extension activities. Along with the primary goal, factors affecting extensionists’ satisfaction with their working conditions were investigated. The data were collected through questionnaires from 966 extensionists working in public, private firms, farmer organizations, input dealers and consultancy in eight provinces in the region. According to the results, 80% of the farmers received extension services from public organizations in the region. While those who work in the public sector are more satisfied economically, their professional satisfaction is the lowest. Extension workers’ personal skills, sharing ideas, creativity, and authority-responsibility harmony, working freedom, staff availability and support are increasing satisfaction with working conditions in organizations. While female farmers are targeting more by the public and consultants, educated farmers are more prioritized in firms, dealers, and consultations. The internalization of innovative values is lower in the public organizations compared to the others. It is foreseen that; the public will carry out extension in developing countries for a long time. The success in extension organizations, the innovation process and pluralistic structure became quite more dependent on the relations with the private sector, domestic and international market mechanisms, demand driven giving advice and government policies on social, economic, and environmental. ABSTRACT activities goal investigated 96 firms results 80 economically lowest workers skills ideas creativity authorityresponsibility authority responsibility harmony freedom consultants consultations others time mechanisms social economic environmental 9 8

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou diferentes atores de extensão na região do Egeu em termos de indicadores-chave que influenciam o sucesso das atividades de extensão. Junto com o objetivo principal, foram investigados os fatores que afetam a satisfação dos extensionistas com suas condições de trabalho. Os dados foram recolhidos através de questionários a 966 extensionistas que trabalham em empresas públicas, privadas, organizações de agricultores, comerciantes de insumos e consultoria em oito províncias da região. De acordo com os resultados, 80% dos agricultores recebem serviços de extensão de organizações públicas da região. Enquanto aqueles que trabalham no setor público estão mais satisfeitos economicamente, sua satisfação profissional é a mais baixa. Habilidades pessoais dos extensionistas, compartilhamento de ideias, criatividade e harmonia autoridade-responsabilidade, liberdade de trabalho, disponibilidade e apoio da equipe estão aumentando a satisfação com as condições de trabalho nas organizações. Enquanto as agricultoras são mais visadas pelo público e por consultores, as agricultoras educadas têm mais prioridade em empresas, revendedores e consultas. A internalização de valores inovadores é menor nas organizações públicas em relação às demais. Prevê-se que, o público realizará extensão em países em desenvolvimento por muito tempo. O sucesso nas organizações de extensão no processo de inovação e estrutura pluralista de hoje tornou-se muito mais dependente das relações com o setor privado, mecanismos de mercado nacional e internacional, aconselhamento orientado pela demanda e políticas governamentais sociais, econômicas e ambientais. RESUMO indicadoreschave indicadores chave principal 96 privadas resultados 80 economicamente baixa ideias autoridaderesponsabilidade, autoridaderesponsabilidade autoridade responsabilidade, responsabilidade autoridade-responsabilidade consultores consultas demais Prevêse Prevê se tempo tornouse tornou privado internacional sociais ambientais 9 8

ABSTRACT Streptococcus suis has been widely reported as a pathogen in animals, especially pigs. In terms of human health implications, it has been characterized as a zoonosis associated with the consumption of pork products and occupational exposure, particularly in Southeast Asian countries. Here, we present a rare case of human S. suis infection in Brazil, diagnosed in an older adult swine farmer, a small rural producer residing in the semi-arid region of Bahia, Brazil. animals pigs implications exposure countries Here S Brazil farmer semiarid semi arid Bahia

Resumo O arroz é um alimento básico amplamente consumido por grande parte da população humana mundial. Aproximadamente 90% do arroz do mundo é cultivado no continente asiático e constitui um alimento básico para 2,7 bilhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. O crestamento bacteriano das folhas (BLB) causado por Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae é uma das doenças devastadoras do arroz. Um experimento de campo foi realizado durante os anos de 2016 e 2017 para investigar a influência de diferentes parâmetros meteorológicos no desenvolvimento do BLB, bem como o cálculo de um modelo preditivo para prever a doença bem antes de seu aparecimento em campo. O conjunto de dados sazonais de incidência de doenças e fatores ambientais foi usado para avaliar cinco variedades/cultivares de arroz (Basmati-2000, KSK-434, KSK-133, Super Basmati e IRRI-9). O efeito acumulado de dados ambientais de dois anos; temperatura máxima e mínima, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento e precipitação pluviométrica foram estudados e correlacionados com a incidência da doença. A temperatura média (máxima e mínima) apresentou correlação significativa negativa com a doença BLB e todas as outras variáveis; umidade relativa, precipitação e velocidade do vento tiveram uma correlação positiva com o desenvolvimento da doença BLB em variedades individuais. A análise de regressão stepwise foi realizada para indicar variáveis preditoras potencialmente úteis e para descartar parâmetros incompetentes. Os dados ambientais das safras de julho a outubro de 2016 e 2017 revelaram que, com exceção da temperatura mais baixa, todos os fatores ambientais contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da doença ao longo da safra. Um modelo de regressão múltipla de previsão de doença foi desenvolvido com base em dados de dois anos (Y = 214,3-3,691 Max T-0,508 Min T + 0,767 RH + 2,521 RF + 5,740 WS), que explicou 95% de variabilidade. Este modelo de previsão de doenças não só ajudará os agricultores na detecção precoce e gestão atempada da doença bacteriana das folhas do arroz, mas também pode ajudar a reduzir os custos de insumos e melhorar a qualidade e a quantidade do produto. O modelo será agricultor e ambientalmente amigável.

Abstract Rice is a widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world’s human population. Approximately 90% of the world’s rice is grown in Asian continent and constitutes a staple food for 2.7 billion people worldwide. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the devastating diseases of rice. A field experiment was conducted during the year 2016 and 2017 to investigate the influence of different meteorological parameters on BLB development as well as the computation of a predictive model to forecast the disease well ahead of its appearance in the field. The seasonal dataset of disease incidence and environmental factors was used to assess five rice varieties/ cultivars (Basmati-2000, KSK-434, KSK-133, Super Basmati, and IRRI-9). The accumulated effect of two year environmental data; maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall, was studied and correlated with disease incidence. Average temperature (maximum & minimum) showed a negative significant correlation with BLB disease and all other variables; relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed had a positive correlation with BLB disease development on individual varieties. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to indicate potentially useful predictor variables and to rule out incompetent parameters. Environmental data from the growing seasons of July to October 2016 and 2017 revealed that, with the exception of the lowest temperature, all environmental factors contributed to disease development throughout the cropping season. A disease prediction multiple regression model was developed based on two-year data (Y = 214.3-3.691 Max T-0.508 Min T + 0.767 RH + 2.521 RF + 5.740 WS), which explained 95% variability. This disease prediction model will not only help farmers in early detection and timely management of bacterial leaf blight disease of rice but may also help reduce input costs and improve product quality and quantity. The model will be both farmer and environmentally friendly.

ABSTRACT The success of intercropping depends on the spatial arrangement between crops, aiming at the best use of the planting area and greater profitability for the farmer. Here, we evaluated the effect of cassava-peanut intercropping on several agronomic parameters. The research was carried out in the APTA experimental area, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments (peanut in monoculture - P; cassava in monoculture - C, cassava intercropped with peanuts planted between rows - CPb, and intercropping in alternating double rows - CPd) and eight replications. The variables analyzed were vegetative growth of cassava plants, soil vegetation cover and weed control, incidence of the main cassava and peanut pests, productivity, and the land equivalent ratio (LER). Only CPb inhibited cassava vegetative growth, significantly affecting its final height. Greater vegetation coverage and, consequently, lower occurrence of weeds, was obtained in CPb in addition to lower incidence of whiteflies in cassava. The intercropping system, regardless of the spatial arrangement used, increased the incidence of the lace bug in cassava and reduced the incidence of peanut pests. Crop productivity was lower in CPd due to the lower planting density of intercrops. However, both intercropping arrangements increased LER. Thus, despite the spatial arrangement of the intercropping system having implied different agronomic responses of the crops, planting peanuts between the cassava rows brought the best agronomic results. crops farmer Here cassavapeanut parameters Paulo Brazil P C replications plants control pests LER . (LER) height consequently weeds used intercrops However Thus results (LER

RESUMO O sucesso de consorcio de culturas depende da boa disposição espacial entre elas, caracterizando o melhor uso da área de plantio e maior rentabilidade para o agricultor. Nesse trabalho avaliamos o efeito do consórcio entre mandioca e amendoim em diferentes aspectos agronômicos. A pesquisa foi realizada na área experimental da APTA, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos foram: amendoim em monocultura (P); mandioca em monocultura (C), consórcio com o amendoim plantado na entrelinha das fileiras mandioca (CPb), e consórcio das culturas em fileiras duplas alternadas (CPd). As variáveis analisadas foram crescimento vegetativo das plantas de mandioca, cobertura do solo e controle de ervas daninhas, incidência das principais pragas da mandioca e do amendoim, produtividade das culturas consortes e o índice de uso da terra (LER). Apenas CPb inibiu o crescimento vegetativo da mandioca, afetando significativamente sua altura final. CPb obteve maior cobertura vegetal e, consequentemente, menor ocorrência de ervas daninhas, além de resultar em menor incidência de mosca-branca na mandioca. O consorcio, independente do arranjo espacial utilizado aumentou a incidência do percevejo de renda na mandioca e diminuiu a incidência das pragas do amendoim. A produtividade das culturas menor em CPd, devido a menor densidade de plantio das culturas consortes. Porém qualquer arranjo do consorcio dessas culturas aumenta a LER. Assim, apesar do arranjo espacial do consórcio ter implicado diferentes respostas agronômicas das culturas, o plantio de amendoim na entrelinha da mandioca trouxe os melhores resultados agronômicos. elas agricultor agronômicos APTA Paulo Brasil repetições P (P) C, C , (C) CPb, (CPb) CPd. CPd . (CPd) daninhas LER (LER) final consequentemente moscabranca mosca branca Assim (P (C (CPb (CPd (LER

ABSTRACT Potato cultivation is characterized by a high use of inputs, which results in soil degradation and contamination. Crop rotation is a good practice to counteract these problems. This study aimed to assess the sustainability of three rotation sequences (potato-pea-potato, potato-oat-pea and potato-potato-oat) using the sustainability assessment methodology oriented to agricultural experiments associated with soil management. It was observed that, both environmentally and economically, potato-potato-oat is the most sustainable treatment, while potato-oat-pea is the most socially sustainable. Balancing the three dimensions, potato-potato-oat is the most sustainable treatment, with sustainability index of 0.85, while potato-pea-potato is the least sustainable one, with 0.64. The potato-potato-oat rotation sequence generates a less negative environmental impact, as well as a higher social equity and economic return for the farmer. inputs contamination problems potatopeapotato, potatopeapotato potato pea potato, (potato-pea-potato potatooatpea oat potatopotatooat management that economically treatment dimensions 085 0 85 0.85 one 064 64 0.64 impact farmer 08 8 0.8 06 6 0.6 0.

RESUMO O cultivo da batata caracteriza-se por elevado uso de insumos, o que resulta na degradação e contaminação do solo. A rotação de culturas é uma boa prática para neutralizar tais problemas. Objetivou-se avaliar a sustentabilidade de três esquemas de rotação (batata-ervilha-batata, batata-aveia-ervilha e batata-batata-aveia), utilizando-se a metodologia de avaliação da sustentabilidade orientada a experimentações agrícolas associadas ao manejo do solo. Verificou-se que, ambiental e economicamente, batata-batata-aveia é o tratamento mais sustentável, enquanto batata-aveia-ervilha é o mais socialmente sustentável. Ao equilibrar as três dimensões, batata-batata-aveia é o tratamento mais sustentável, com índice de sustentabilidade de 0,85. No outro extremo está batata-ervilha-batata, com 0,64. A sequência de rotação batata-batata-aveia gera menor impacto ambiental negativo, bem como maior equidade social e retorno econômico para o produtor. caracterizase caracteriza se insumos solo problemas Objetivouse Objetivou batataervilhabatata, batataervilhabatata ervilha batata, (batata-ervilha-batata batataaveiaervilha aveia batatabatataaveia, batatabatataaveia , batata-batata-aveia) utilizandose utilizando Verificouse Verificou economicamente sustentável dimensões 085 0 85 0,85 batata-ervilha-batata 064 64 0,64 negativo produtor 08 8 0,8 06 6 0,6 0,

ABSTRACT From 1913 onwards, the global situation changed from a scenario of nitrogen (N) scarcity to an abundance of ammonia (NH3) produced synthetically via the Haber-Bosch process. Several N compounds have been synthesized since then, with urea becoming the main source of N, accounting for 55 % of current N consumption. However, N efficiency in agroecosystems is low and, normally, N recovery in cultivated plants is less than 50 %. This occurs because a large amount of reactive N is lost to the environment, inducing various forms of pollution, threatening human and environmental health, in addition to causing a negative economic impact on the farmer. The main processes responsible for low N efficiency are NH3 volatilization, leaching, and N denitrification. Considering global NH3 volatilization losses of 14 %, it can be assumed that up to 8.6 million Mg of urea are lost every year in the form of NH3. For each ton of NH3 produced, 1.9 to 3.8 Mg of CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, increasing N use efficiency (NUE) without compromising yield is a necessity and a challenge for crop improvement programs and current management systems, in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), which contain technologies that minimize the potential for nutrient losses compared to conventional sources, are an alternative to increasing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization. Currently, EEFs are classified into three categories: stabilized, slow-release, and controlled-release. This study aims to understand the technologies used to produce EEFs and the factors that govern their availability to plants. This review covers the following topics: the discovery of N, N dynamics in the soil-atmosphere system, N assimilation in plants, strategies to increase NUE in agrosystems, NH3 synthesis, NH3 volatilization losses, N fertilizer technologies, the importance of characterization of EEFs, conventional nitrate or ammonium-based fertilizers to reduce gaseous losses of NH3 and future prospects for the use of N fertilizers in agriculture. 191 onwards (N NH (NH3 HaberBosch Haber Bosch process then 5 consumption However normally environment pollution health farmer leaching denitrification 1 86 8 6 8. 19 9 1. 38 3 3. CO atmosphere Therefore (NUE systems emissions context , (EEFs) sources fertilization Currently categories stabilized slowrelease, slowrelease slow release, release slow-release controlledrelease. controlledrelease controlled release. controlled-release topics soilatmosphere soil system agrosystems synthesis ammoniumbased ammonium based agriculture (NH (EEFs

Social media has the potential to provide enhanced and faster measures of disseminating agricultural information to smallholder farmers. This study investigated socioeconomic characteristics encompassing demographic factors affecting smallholder farmers' adoption of social media. The study focused on varying livestock and crop smallholder farmers, including cattle, goats, maize, sugarcane, and leguminous crop producers. A cross-sectional survey was employed to collect the data using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and a Binary Logistic Regression was used to analyse the data. The sample size was 217 smallholder farmers. The results revealed that age, level of education, annual farming income, and cooperative membership were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in social media adoption. The study findings show that skills and training in ICT increase the probability of adopting social media, and the socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder farmers influence its adoption. The study concludes that stakeholders such as local government must improve smallholder farmers' basic literacy and skills in digital technology. It further recommends that policymakers formulate policies that provide the necessary infrastructure and supporting inputs such as open access internet, cell towers, and cooperative social media platforms that allow for interactive interactions with relevant stakeholders that provide advisory services.

The smallholder irrigation scheme development is seen as an important strategy to transform resource-poor communities by enhancing food security and alleviating rural poverty, which has led the South African government to prioritise and invest significantly in irrigation establishment, rehabilitation, and revitalisation. However, little information is available on the effectiveness and impact of smallholder irrigation schemes in improving rural livelihoods. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the impact of smallholder irrigation schemes on household welfare, specifically on household income in farmer-managed irrigation scheme communities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Primary data in the form of structured questionnaires was used to collect data from 160 farmers using multi-stage sampling. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching were used for analysis. The study results reveal that smallholder irrigation schemes can significantly transform smallholder farmers' lives by increasing productivity and providing reliable income from farming. The study found a positive impact and relationship between smallholder irrigation schemes and household welfare in the study. Farm characteristics and socioeconomic and institutional factors influence smallholder participation in smallholder irrigation farming. Based on the results, the study recommends that the government continue investing in irrigation schemes to increase the rural economy, improve rural livelihoods, and attract young people to farming. Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform must encourage farmer participation in irrigation schemes and build their capacity through training using agricultural extension agents and subsidising farmers with agronomic practices to improve participation in smallholder irrigation schemes.

The key to avoiding the next pandemic catastrophe is to be prepared. This research represents an attempt to understand the potential effects of lockdowns on completing Masters and PhD dissertations that focus on smallholder farmer's primary data, taking the example of COVID-19. A sample of four South African universities (Fort Hare, Limpopo, KwaZulu Natal, and Western Cape), which mainly research smallholder farmers using primary data, addresses the study objective. Dissertations completed in 2014-2019 (pre-pandemic) were retrieved from the respective universities' repositories. An abstract appraisal was done to identify dissertations that focused on smallholders and used smallholder primary data. Hence, a smallholder dissertation index (SDI) was computed to measure the susceptibility of each university to lockdown interruptions. The results indicated that the master's and PhD research in the selected universities rely heavily on smallholder primary data (shown by >0.50 SDI), with varying proportions between the universities. Dissertations that used smallholder primary data obtained the data using face-to-face field interviews. This implies that in these institutions, the lockdowns could have negatively affected the writing of master's and PhD dissertations. Consequently, the study concluded that adopting online survey methods might help minimise the impact of lockdowns.

Associative mechanisms (such as cooperatives) offer various benefits to their members regarding financial advantages and risk management, providing access to skills and knowledge, strengthening communication and relationships, and offering members stronger negotiation and bargaining power. However, how membership to associative mechanisms contributes to small-scale farmers' resilience is not well documented. This article explores how associative mechanisms contribute to small-scale farmers' ability to absorb shocks, remain productive, and maintain their system's equilibrium. In total, 1110 respondents from seven Mozambique, Malawi and Madagascar districts were interviewed using a mixed assessment method. The data was analysed using a participant perspective. Various findings in the data showed that associative mechanisms benefit their members, including increased access to credit and more diverse market access, and enable members to employ less drastic coping strategies than non-members. The main recommendation is that farmers' associative mechanisms should be supported and guided to be internally driven and motivated mechanisms.