ABSTRACT Tidal swamp lands offer potential for expanding rice cultivation, but developing hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in these areas faces significant challenges. Key obstacles include seed availability, fertilizer requirements, water management infrastructure, capital constraints, farmers’ technical skills, pest and disease pressures, consumer preferences, and institutional complexities. Addressing these challenges requires technological interventions and institutional support. Proposed technological solutions cover variety selection, water management, land preparation, seedling practices, amelioration techniques, transplanting methods, fertilization strategies, and pest and disease control measures. These solutions aim to overcome limited seed availability, nutrient deficiencies, suboptimal water management, and pest infestations, maximizing hybrid rice productivity in tidal swamp areas. Institutional strengthening is crucial to tackle systemic barriers like ineffective farmer associations, inadequate extension services, and limited market access. Collaborative efforts involving government agencies, research institutions, farmer groups, and market stakeholders are essential to unlock the full potential of hybrid rice cultivation in tidal swamp lands. By addressing these challenges and implementing targeted interventions, Indonesia can enhance its production sustainably, contributing to national food security and agricultural development goals in line with its vision to become a global food granary by 2045. The development of hybrid rice in swamp areas requires in-depth, on-site research to identify suitable varieties, taking into account soil fertility, hydrological conditions, and seasonal variations. By utilizing local or well-adapted genetic resources, it is possible to ensure the timely and cost-effective production of seeds in large quantities.

RESUMO Diante da problemática que envolve a complexa relação entre o uso de agrotóxicos e o aparecimento de câncer, diversos estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos no mundo em busca de evidências que a comprovem. Objetivou-se analisar a relação entre a utilização de agrotóxicos e o aparecimento de câncer em agricultores, segundo a bibliografia especializada. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo. A busca foi realizada em três bases de dados, e os artigos foram analisados por dois pesquisadores e um terceiro, para as discordancias. Foi testado o valor de Kappa de Cohen para avaliar concordância quanto aos dados extraídos dos estudos. Um total de 29 bibliografias compuseram a amostra. Os estudos foram provenientes de cinco continentes. Pesquisas de caso-controle e coorte dominaram o cenário da revisão, utilizando estatística inferencial com diferentes tipos de testes estatísticos. Uma variedade de tipologias de câncer foi estudada, e grande parte dos artigos apontou para uma predisposição ao câncer, remetendo a biomarcadores para previsão precoce dessa doença crônica. Conclui-se que ser agricultor e estar exposto aos agrotóxicos conferem um maior risco de desenvolvimento de câncer em relação aos não expostos.

ABSTRACT Giving the problem that involves the complex relationship between the use of pesticides and the onset of cancer, several studies have been developed around the world searching for evidence to prove it. The objective is to analyze the relationship between the use of pesticides and the onset of cancer in farmers, according to specialized literature. It is a scoping review. The search was carried out in three databases, and the articles were analyzed by two researchers and a third, for dealing with disagreements. Cohen's Kappa value was tested to assess agreement regarding the data extracted from the studies. A total of 29 bibliographies made up the sample. The studies came from five continents. Case-control and cohort research dominated the review landscape, using inferential statistics with different types of statistical tests. A variety of cancer types were studied, and most of the articles pointed to a predisposition to cancer, referring to biomarkers for early prediction of this chronic disease. In conclusion, being a farmer and being exposed to pesticides confers a greater risk of developing cancer compared to those who are not exposed.

The present study examined the significant bottlenecks of extension service and determinants of service delivery in North Western Ethiopia. A total of 120 sample households were randomly selected using a multistage sampling technique to represent the highland, lowland, and midland districts in the former North Gondar zone. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Through descriptive and econometric analysis, the study found that the bottlenecks to the effectiveness of the extension service delivery are highly connected to the poor functioning of farmer training centres, the top-down approach, the limited capacity of development agents, and poor infrastructure. Specifically, the model results for the variables participatory extension approach, integrated extension service, land size, and demonstration showed a positive and statistically significant influence, with coefficient values of0.734, 0.496, 0.096, and 0.701, respectively. Based on the results, it was concluded that the existing extension service delivery practices were very low due to multiple and interlocking challenges that demand concerted efforts at different levels. Therefore, extension services should be designed based on local problems and challenges, with intimate interaction with farmers and stakeholders and move away from a one-size-fits-all approach.

Market-oriented extension and advisory services enable linkages among actors within agricultural value chains, which is necessary for commercialisation. The study analysed the market orientation of extension approaches employed by various service providers. Qualitative methods were used to collect data from 12 key informants and 84 farmers through 11 focus group discussions. The study targeted extension providers from public and private sectors and non-governmental and farmer-based organisations. We found that extension service providers employ the commodity specialised approach, farmer business school, project approach and smallholder horticultural empowerment and promotion approaches to reach farmers. There are differences in the market-orientation rating of the approaches. Unlike other service providers, public service providers perceived capacity gaps in all areas. The main challenges faced include inadequate funding, high extension worker-to-farmer ratio, poor policy environment and weak legal frameworks, lack of trust and information sharing among actors, poor coordination among extension service providers and actors, and high illiteracy levels among farmers. We conclude that most approaches are not fully market-oriented. Service providers of extension and advisory services should design and implement tailored market-oriented extension and advisory services for farmers commercialising to different levels.

Livestock farms in Kenya face pressure to increase productivity amid rising global population. Cattle farming dominates, but small to medium-sized farms struggle with cattle insemination. Currently, visual observation is used for heat detection, with farmers maintaining farm journals. Modern methods utilizing sensors to improve estrus prediction are time-consuming, costly and need constant internet connection. This research proposes a novel approach-the use of an on-controller machine learning algorithm- for estrus prediction in cattle. Motion and temperature data was collected from two zero-grazed multiparous Holstein Friesian cows in Kiambu County, Kenya for 11 months. The data was cleaned and stored. Movement intensity profiles were derived by root-mean-squaring directional accelerometer values and averaging this over time. Validation was performed by observing cow behavior for indicators such as restlessness, mounting, and vulva swelling, with farmer predictions documented in their records. The collected data was then used to train a machine learning algorithm, with several models tested, and a neural network emerged as the best fit. The TensorFlow library facilitated the implementation of the algorithm on a microcontroller, allowing for the development of an animal tag featuring the ML algorithm. Results demonstrated 83.9% sensitivity, 89.0% specificity and 89.5% accuracy in detecting estrus, compared to farmer's visual observation, which had only 37% sensitivity. These findings underscore the potential to integrate machine learning into Precision Livestock Farming for estrus prediction, with prediction occurring directly on the animal tag offline. This integration holds promise for farmers, notably heightened insemination success rates, without necessitating significant financial investment.

Abstract: The Ethiopian agriculture sector, supporting over 85% of the population’s livelihood, has been severely impacted by armed conflict, disrupting nearly every element of its value chain. Key direct impacts of conflict include the destruction of essential assets like farmland, livestock, crops, seed reserves, and critical infrastructure. This study aims to evaluate the war’s effect on agricultural inputs, management practices, and services in selected districts within South Wollo, northeastern Ethiopia, and to propose viable mitigation strategies. Both primary and secondary data were gathered, with primary data collected through surveys, focus group discussions, and interviews with key informants. Quantitative data were analyzed using SAS software, while qualitative data were examined through descriptive and narrative methods. The conflict has damaged agricultural inputs, management practices, infrastructure, and services, including irrigation canals, farmer training centers, veterinary services, and nursery sites, significantly exacerbating food insecurity. Agrochemical supplies were impacted for 53% of respondents, while 66.5% reported disruption in livestock management practices. Total irrigation infrastructure and agricultural institution damage in South Wollo was estimated at 17,988.90 million Ethiopian birrs (ETB). Therefore, immediate actions for the restoration of damaged agricultural infrastructures, institutions, and services are necessary, along with reinstating agricultural inputs, capacity building and community engagement, monitoring and evaluation, and networking and partnerships. These recommendations should be tailored based on the local context, existing conditions, and available resources. Engaging with communities to understand their unique needs and preferences is essential in making these initiatives effective and sustainable.

Abstract Introduction: Borreria spinosa is a herbaceous plant considered a weed in agricultural crops, although it also has potential in apiculture. Despite its agronomic importance, its cytogenetic and palynological traits are poorly known. Objective: To do the cytogenetic characterization of B. spinosa, describe the morphology of its pollen grains, and estimate their potential viability. Methods: We collected plant material in Santiago del Estero, Argentina, in May 2017 and used classical methods (8-hydroxyquinoline and Farmer for mitosis and meiosis; viability with Müntzing; pollen morphology with nonacetolysed and acetolysed techniques, and SEM). Results: B. spinosa has a chromosome number of 2n = 56, with a karyotype of 46 m + 10 sm. Meiotic abnormalities mainly include chromosomes outside the equatorial plate, lagging chromosomes, and cytomixis. Pollen grains are small to medium-sized, suboblate to oblate-spheroidal, with a viability of 70%. This is a tetraploid species, most chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric; and it has irregular meiotic behavior and cytomixis, with concomitant low viability in pollen grains. Conclusion: In B. spinose, pollen grains have similar characteristics to other species of the genus Borreria.

Resumen Introducción: Borreria spinosa es una planta herbácea considerada maleza en cultivos agrícolas, aunque también presenta potencial en la producción apícola. A pesar de su importancia agronómica, sus rasgos citogenéticos y palinológicos son poco conocidos. Objetivo: Caracterizar citogenéticamente a B. spinosa, describir la morfología de sus granos de polen, y estimar su viabilidad potencial. Métodos: Recolectamos material vegetal en Santiago del Estero, Argentina, en mayo de 2017 y utilizamos métodos clásicos (8-hidroxiquinolina y Farmer para mitosis y meiosis; viabilidad con Müntzing; morfología del polen con técnicas no acetolizadas y acetolizadas, y MEB). Resultados: B. spinosa tiene un número cromosómico de 2n = 56, con un cariotipo de 46 m + 10 sm. Las anomalías meióticas incluyen principalmente cromosomas fuera de la placa ecuatorial, cromosomas rezagados y citomixis. Los granos de polen son de pequeños a medianos, suboblatos a oblato-esferoidales, con viabilidad del 70%. Es tetraploide, la mayoría de los cromosomas son metacéntricos o submetacéntricos; y tiene comportamiento meiótico irregular y citomixis, con baja viabilidad concomitante del polen. Conclusión: En B. spinosa, los granos de polen tienen características similares a otras especies del género Borreria.

Abstract Soil conservation behavior research is currently hindered by a methodological gap due to the lack of suitable scales for empirical data collection. In addition to this methodological challenge, traditional soil science education has primarily emphasized cognitive learning, neglecting the affective domain that encompasses emotions and feelings. To address these limitations, this study proposes three measurement scales: (1) farmers’ soil conservation behavior, (2) farmers’ knowledge of soil science, and (3) farmers’ affective connection with the soil. A multidomain approach is used that encompasses a range of farmer behaviors aimed at preventing soil degradation, including salinization, sodification, acidification, pollution, and organic matter degradation, as well as the associated consequences, such as reduced biological activity, loss of soil aggregate stability, compaction, and erosion. The knowledge scale is similarly focused, targeting these specific soil degradation processes. Building on the widely recognized importance of emotions and feelings in addressing global soil degradation, the third instrument leverages a well-established scale from environmental psychology to measure individuals’ connection with nature, and tailors it to specifically capture farmers’ emotional bond with the soil. The psychometric properties of the three proposed scales, including reliability, item fit, unidimensionality, and validity, are presented, and the practical implications of these scales for farmer education programs and university agronomy curricula are discussed. It is concluded that these scales offer valuable tools for future research in the field of soil conservation.

Resumen En el campo de la investigación sobre el comportamiento de conservación de suelos, actualmente existe un desafío metodológico debido a la falta de escalas para recopilar datos empíricos. Por otro lado, la educación tradicional en la ciencia del suelo se ha centrado principalmente en los aprendizajes cognitivos, descuidando el dominio afectivo que abarca las emociones y los sentimientos. El presente trabajo propone tres escalas de medición: (1) comportamiento de conservación de suelos por parte de los agricultores, (2) conocimientos de los agricultores de la ciencia del suelo, (3) conexión afectiva de los agricultores con el suelo. Se utiliza un enfoque multidominio para capturar diversos comportamientos de los agricultores, para prevenir los siguientes aspectos de la degradación de los suelos: salinización, sodificación, acidificación, contaminación, degradación de materia orgánica y consecuente reducción de la actividad biológica, pérdida de la estabilidad de agregados y consecuente compactación y erosión. La escala de conocimientos también se enfoca en la prevención de estos mismos tipos de la degradación de los suelos. A su vez, en la literatura se reconoce la importancia de las emociones y los sentimientos como respuesta a los problemas globales de la degradación de los suelos. Por lo tanto, el tercer instrumento se basa en la conocida escala en el campo de la psicología ambiental para cuantificar la conexión con la naturaleza, proponiendo una medida específica de la conexión emocional de los agricultores con el suelo. Se presentan los aspectos claves de la calidad de las tres escalas propuestas (fiabilidad, ajuste de los ítems, unidimencionalidad y validez). Se discuten las implicancias prácticas para un potencial uso de las escalas propuestas en los programas de educación a los agricultores y en la enseñanza universitaria de los estudiantes de agronomía. Se concluye que las escalas propuestas ofrecen herramientas valiosas para futuras investigaciones en el campo de la conservación de los suelos.

ABSTRACT Crop damage-based control threshold of 12.5% has been used to reduce the excessive use of insecticides while controlling Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera in hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation systems. However, it is necessary to develop an easy, practical, inexpensive control threshold to increase farmer eagerness in reducing pesticide use. The study aimed to evaluate a light trap captured based-control threshold for both hot pepper pests. The activity was conducted at Lembang (ca. 1250 m a.s.l.), West Java, Indonesia, from September 2022 to April 2023. Six treatments and four replicates were arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments included the use of four light trap captured based-control thresholds, i.e., ≥ 30, ≥ 25, ≥ 20, ≥ and 15 moth trap-1 wk-1; crop damage based-control threshold of 12.5%; and once per week insecticide application as a control treatment. The study found that the implementation of pests’ control threshold of ≥ 25 moth trap-1 wk-1 could reduce 75% insecticide use compared to the plant damage-based control threshold. The use of this approach could maintain high crop production and generate a return rate of 1.26. The findings will be beneficial for farmers in reducing insecticide use.

RESUMO A pandemia de covid-19 trouxe inúmeras mudanças aos territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis, implicando a necessidade de reorganização de estruturas sociais e de saúde. Objetivou-se compreender a dinâmica das feiras livres de vendas de alimentos no período pós-pandêmico de covid-19 em cidades do Maciço de Baturité, no Ceará, e avaliar as estratégias sanitárias e/ou de biossegurança utilizadas no enfrentamento da covid-19 por feirantes e consumidores. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo entre outubro de 2021 e janeiro de 2023, em cinco cidades do Ceará. Em uma primeira etapa, foi realizada a observação das condições sanitárias e de biossegurança nas feiras livres, mediante um instrumento estruturado em quatro categorias. Em seguida, consumidores e feirantes foram entrevistados para o aprofundamento de discussões sobre os reflexos da pandemia sobre as feiras. Avaliaram-se as feiras de cinco cidades e entrevistaram-se 44 pessoas. Quatro cidades mostraram-se com condições sanitárias precárias e comprometimento da biossegurança e comercialização de alimentos. Feirantes e consumidores tiveram uma baixa percepção de risco sobre a covid-19 e levantaram a necessidade da perpetuação das feiras livres para a qualidade de vida e economia da região. As feiras livres são territórios sociais e econômicos sustentáveis, que ainda carecem de atenção por gestores e profissionais de saúde. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 saudáveis saúde Objetivouse Objetivou se póspandêmico pós pandêmico Baturité Ceará eou ou Realizouse Realizou 202 2023 etapa categorias seguida Avaliaramse Avaliaram entrevistaramse entrevistaram 4 pessoas mostraramse mostraram região covid1 1 covid- 20 2

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has brought countless changes to sustainable and healthy territories, implying the need to reorganize social and health structures. The aim was to understand the dynamics of open-air food sales markets in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period in cities in the Maciço de Baturité, in Ceará, Brazil, and to evaluate the health and/or biosafety strategies used by marketers and consumers to deal with covid-19. A qualitative study was carried out between October 2021 and January 2023, in five cities in the state of Ceará. In the first stage, the sanitary and biosafety conditions at the street markets were observed using an instrument structured into four categories. Then, consumers and stallholders were interviewed to deepen discussions about the impact of the pandemic on the markets. We evaluated fairs in five cities and interviewed 44 people. Four cities were found to have precarious sanitary conditions and compromised biosafety in the sale of food. Marketers and consumers had a low-risk perception regarding COVID-19 and raised the need to perpetuate open-air markets for the region’s quality of life and economy. Free markets are sustainable social and economic territories, which still require attention from managers and health professionals. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 territories structures openair open air postCOVID19 postCOVID post post-COVID-1 Baturité Ceará Brazil andor or covid19. covid19 covid 19. covid-19 202 2023 stage categories Then 4 people lowrisk low risk regions region s economy professionals COVID1 1 COVID- postCOVID1 post-COVID- covid1 covid-1 20 post-COVID covid- 2

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el índice de adopción de innovaciones del cultivo de arracacha en el municipio de Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo aleatorio simple para seleccionar una muestra de 104 productores a partir de una población conocida, con un nivel de confianza del 90% y un error máximo permisible del 10%. Se evaluaron 28 innovaciones relacionadas con el cultivo, además de una caracterización de productores. Se calculó el índice de adopción de innovaciones, la tasa de adopción de innovaciones, además de un análisis estadístico descriptivo univariado y el análisis multivariante de correspondencias múltiples. Se observó una tendencia hacia la adopción de prácticas destinadas a aumentar la productividad en el cultivo de arracacha, aunque se evidenció la falta de asistencia técnica y servicios de extensión rural, así como la necesidad de fortalecer los procesos de asociatividad y la participación de los agricultores en procesos de aprendizaje.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the adoption rate of innovations of the cultivation of arracacha in the municipality of Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia. A simple random sampling design was used to select a sample of 104 producers from a known population with a 90% confidence level and a maximum permissible error of 10%. Twenty-eight crop-related innovations were evaluated, in addition to a producer characterization. The innovation adoption rate were calculated, in addition to a descriptive univariate and multivariate multiple correspondences statistical analysis. There was a trend towards the adoption of practices aimed at increasing productivity in arracacha cultivation, although the lack of technical assistance and rural extension services was evident, as well as the need to strengthen associativity processes and active farmer participation in learning processes.

ABSTRACT Foundation: Pterygium is one of the most frequent ophthalmological conditions worldwide, its early diagnosis and its behavior knowledge is crucial. Objective: To determine the pterygium’s risk factors in patients seen in the ophthalmology clinic of the Ambato Municipal Hospital, Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out from April 1 to 30, 2023. The population consisted of 483 patients who attended the ophthalmology clinic of the Ambato Municipal Hospital, Ecuador and the sample was selected at convenience and was made up of 161 patients. The analyzed variables were: age, sex, reason for consultation; job; object used to protect oneself from the sun. Results: Pterygium was the main reason why the patients went to the ophthalmology consultation. There was a predominance of patients over 40-years old and male. 58.3% of patients with pterygium carry out jobs in which they are exposed to risk factors (farmer: 39.2%; driver: 14.9%; builder: 10.5%); More than a third of patients do not use any object to protect themselves from the sun. Conclusions: The pterygium appearance was found to be associated with people exposed to risk factors and linked to the male sex.

RESUMEN Fundamento: El pterigión es una de las afecciones oftalmológicas más frecuentes a nivel mundial, su diagnóstico precoz y el conocimiento de su comportamiento es de suma importancia. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo del pterigión en los pacientes atendidos en la consulta de oftalmología del Hospital Municipal de Ambato, Ecuador. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en el período comprendido del 1 al 30 de abril de 2023. La población estuvo constituida por los 483 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de oftalmología del Hospital Municipal de Ambato, Ecuador y la muestra fue seleccionada a conveniencia y quedó conformada por 161 pacientes. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, motivo de consulta; oficio; objeto utilizado para cuidarse del sol. Resultados: El pterigión fue el principal motivo por el cual acuden a la consulta de oftalmología. Hubo un predominio de pacientes con más de 40 años y del sexo masculino. El 58,3 % de los pacientes con pterigión desarrollan labores en que se exponen a factores de riesgo (agricultor: 39,2 %; chofer: 14,9 %; constructor: 10,5 %); más de un tercio de los pacientes no utilizan ningún objeto para protegerse del sol. Conclusiones: La aparición de pterigión se encontró asociada a personas con más exposición a factores de riesgo y vinculado al sexo masculino.

Abstract: The article addresses the relationship between peasant and small farmer organizations in the Coquimbo region in Chile with public institutions at the communal, regional and national levels within a competitive funding scheme. It first presents background information regarding the creation of civil society organizations in Chile, and more specifically in rural areas. Second, based on information gathered through semi-structured interviews, observations and walks it describes three main types of community-based organizations identified in rural towns in Coquimbo, their objectives, activities, and their engagements with public institutions, emphasizing the mechanisms and strategies they use to access to state aid and public policies. It concludes that the strategic guidelines and public discourses of state institutions for the distribution of funds promote a fragmentation of the link between public offices and residents of rural areas. The latter need to participate in multiple organizations to access different types of public funds.

Resumen: El presente artículo aborda la relación entre organizaciones campesinas y de pequeños agricultores/as de la región de Coquimbo en Chile con organismos públicos de nivel comunal, regional y nacional por medio de la entrega de fondos concursables. Primero, se presentan antecedentes respecto a la creación de organizaciones de la sociedad civil en Chile y, específicamente, en zonas rurales. Segundo, con base en el levantamiento de información mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, observaciones y recorridos se describen tres tipos de organizaciones identificadas en localidades rurales de Coquimbo, sus objetivos, actividades y vínculos con organismos públicos. Asimismo, se analizan los mecanismos y estrategias utilizadas para acceder a programas y ayudas estatales. Se concluye que los lineamientos y discursos promovidos desde la estatalidad para la entrega de recursos generan una fragmentación del vínculo entre los organismos públicos y los habitantes de localidades rurales, quienes deben pertenecer a múltiples organizaciones para acceder a distintos tipos de fondos.

Resumen El girasol (Helianthus annuus) es originario del centro y norte de México, Estados Unidos y el sur de Canadá; sin embargo, la industria aceitera mexicana importa de Argentina, Estados Unidos y Canadá el 95 % del grano. El mercado demanda aceite tipo alto oleico por sus beneficios a la salud y estabilidad durante el freído, por lo que las empresas impulsan agricultura por contrato para su siembra a productores interesados; sin embargo, dado que no se han generado variedades alto oleicas mexicanas, el agricultor debe asumir un alto costo por el uso de semilla híbrida de empresas transnacionales. Por lo anterior, en el presente estudio se planteó como objetivo desarrollar variedades alto oleicas mediante la aplicación de marcadores moleculares asociados con la mutación de Pervenets que origina el genotipo Ol y el fenotipo alto oleico; para ello se aplicó el método de mejoramiento denominado selección recurrente entre progenies autofecundadas (SREPA). Con esta metodología se obtuvieron 54 líneas alto oleicas S4 y variedades sintéticas de ciclo precoz, intermedio y tardío, las que se evaluaron en cuatro municipios y cinco ambientes. Los resultados mostraron rendimiento de hasta 3.4 t ha-1 y porcentaje de aceite oleico entre 90.1 y 93.1 %, comparables con los mejores híbridos comerciales alto oleicos usados como testigos.

Summary Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is native to Central and Northern Mexico, the United States and Southern Canada; however, the Mexican oil industry imports 95 % of the grain from Argentina, the United States and Canada. The market demands high-oleic type oil for its health benefits and stability during frying, thus, companies promote contract farming for planting to interested producers; however, since high-oleic Mexican varieties have not been generated, the farmer must assume a high cost for the use of hybrid seed from transnational corporations. Therefore, the objective of this study was set to develop high-oleic varieties by applying molecular markers associated to the Pervenets mutation that causes the Ol genotype and the high-oleic phenotype. For this purpose, the breeding method called recurrent selection among selffertilized progenies (SREPA) was applied. With this methodology, 54 high-oleic S4 lines and synthetic varieties of early, intermediate and late cycle were obtained, which were evaluated in four municipalities and five environments. The results showed yield of up to 3.4 t ha-1 and oleic oil percentage between 90.1 and 93.1%, comparable to the best high oleic commercial hybrids used as controls.

Abstract (Introduction): Sustainable timber cultivation is losing ground to agricultural production and other land uses; To counteract this, it is necessary to understand how the farmer makes decisions. Therefore, management schemes must be designed that adjust to the way in which small farmers manage productive systems on a voluntary basis. (Objective): Identify the factors that influence the decision-making process of small farmers that must be considered for the promotion of timber cultivation. (Methodology): Surveys with open questions and single selection were applied to 100% of the farmers (N = 77) of two INDER settlements. Due to the complexity of the interactions between factors, the analysis was simplified into four approaches. The data trend was plotted from a local regression model (LOESS), in which the regression curve is generated and smoothed with the use of the geom_smooth function of the R statistical language. (Results): A total of 162 interactions between Indirect and Direct factors. They were classified into three groups according to the number of times the farmer changed the production system in short periods (5 years). Group A has a greater representation in the population with 67.5 %, followed by Group B with 24.7 % and Group C with 7.8 %. 67.5 % of the farmers did not agree to include the cultivation of wood. (Conclusions): It was possible to demonstrate the existence of decision factors that influence the way in which the farmers adopt the agricultural systems contrary to the cultivation of wood. Safe selling (VS) is one of them; therefore, until current forest management schemes are adjusted, the possibility of spontaneous adoption is minimal and will continue to require financial aid.

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo de madera sostenible pierde terreno ante la producción agrícola y otros usos de la tierra; para contrarrestar esto, es necesario entender de qué manera el ente productor toma decisiones en la adopción voluntaria de sistemas agrícolas. Por consiguiente, deben diseñarse esquemas de manejo ajustados a cómo los pequeños productores gestionan los sistemas productivos de una forma voluntaria. (Objetivo): Identificar los factores que influyen en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los pequeños grupos productores que deben ser considerados para la promoción del cultivo de madera. (Metodología): Se aplicaron encuestas con preguntas abiertas y selección única al 100 % de los entes productores (N = 77) de dos asentamientos del INDER. Por la complejidad de las interacciones entre factores, se simplificó el análisis a cuatro enfoques. La tendencia de los datos se graficó a partir de un modelo de regresión local (LOESS), en el cual la curva de regresión se generó y suavizó con el uso de la función geom_smooth del lenguaje estadístico R. (Resultados): Se identificó un total de 162 interacciones entre factores indirectos y directos, estas mismas se clasificaron en tres grupos según las veces que el sujeto productor cambió de sistema de producción en periodos cortos (cinco años). Así, el Grupo A tuvo una mayor representación en la población con un 67.5 %, le siguieron el Grupo B con un 24.7 % y el Grupo C con un 7.8 %. El 67.5 % no se encontraba de acuerdo en incluir el cultivo de madera. (Conclusiones): Se demostró la existencia de factores de decisión que influyen en cómo el sujeto productor adopta los sistemas agrícolas contrarios al cultivo de madera. La venta segura (VS) es uno de ellos; por lo tanto, hasta que no se ajusten los esquemas de manejo forestal actuales, la posibilidad de una adopción espontánea es mínima y seguirá necesitando de ayudas financieras.