Abstract (Introduction): The current cultivation of trees is insufficient to cover the national demand for wood, in this way small producers become an alternative solution to this situation, since despite having small areas, in the country there are abundant farms with these conditions; However, the current forest management scheme does not meet adequate standards for the incorporation of these small producers. (Objective): To present an adaptive forest management scheme (AFMS) to the needs of the small farmer, in addition, to demonstrate the institutional availability to change according to expert criteria. (Methodology): 1) the factors that influence the decision to adopt an agricultural or forestry production system were identified; 2) a profile of an ideal productive system that met the interests and preferences of the small producer was made, which was compared with the characteristics of agricultural and forestry production; 3) the proposal of an EMFA adjusted to the preferences and interest of the producer was made, which was also compared with the ideal profile; 4) three proposed change actions were presented to experts, obtaining different degrees of possibility of changes in the EMFA. (Results): The discrepancy of the forest management scheme for the cultivation of trees with the perspective that a small producer has on an ideal production system was evidenced, as well as the substantial improvement that an EMFA would have in the valuation of the small producer and the institutional availability to change the EMFA according to the perspective of the small producers. (Conclusions): The adjustment of the forest management scheme allows a greater adoption of the activity by the small producer, but it was recognized that any proposal that is made would be successful only if forest governance makes it more flexible and allows change.

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo actual de árboles es insuficiente para cubrir la demanda nacional de madera, de este modo, los pequeños productores se tornan como una alternativa de solución ante esta situación, ya que pese a contar con áreas pequeñas, en el país son abundantes las fincas con estas condiciones; sin embargo, el esquema actual de manejo forestal no cumple con estándares adecuados para la incorporación de estos pequeños productores. (Objetivo): Presentar un esquema de manejo forestal adaptativo (EMFA) a las necesidades del pequeño productor, además de evidenciar la disponibilidad institucional al cambio, según el criterio experto. (Metodología): 1) se identificaron los factores que influyen en la decisión de adopción de un sistema productivo agrícola o forestal; 2) se realizó un perfil de un sistema productivo ideal que cumpliera con los intereses y preferencias del pequeño productor, el cual se confrontó con las características de la producción agrícola y forestal; 3) se efectuó la propuesta de un EMFA ajustado a las preferencias e interés del productor, que fue también confrontada con el perfil ideal; 4) se expusieron tres acciones de cambio propuestas ante expertos, obteniendo diferentes grados de posibilidad de cambios en el EMFA. (Resultados): Se evidenció la discrepancia del esquema de manejo forestal para el cultivo de árboles con la perspectiva que un pequeño productor tiene sobre un sistema de producción ideal, asimismo la mejora sustancial que un EMFA tendría en la valoración del pequeño productor y la disponibilidad institucional al cambio del EMFA, según la perspectiva de los pequeños productores. (Conclusiones): El ajuste del esquema de manejo forestal permite una mayor adopción del cultivo de árboles por parte del pequeño productor, pero se reconoció que cualquier propuesta que se realice lograría ser exitosa si la gobernanza forestal flexibiliza y posibilita el cambio.

Livestock farms in Kenya face pressure to increase productivity amid rising global population. Cattle farming dominates, but small to medium-sized farms struggle with cattle insemination. Currently, visual observation is used for heat detection, with farmers maintaining farm journals. Modern methods utilizing sensors to improve estrus prediction are time-consuming, costly and need constant internet connection. This research proposes a novel approach-the use of an on-controller machine learning algorithm- for estrus prediction in cattle. Motion and temperature data was collected from two zero-grazed multiparous Holstein Friesian cows in Kiambu County, Kenya for 11 months. The data was cleaned and stored. Movement intensity profiles were derived by root-mean-squaring directional accelerometer values and averaging this over time. Validation was performed by observing cow behavior for indicators such as restlessness, mounting, and vulva swelling, with farmer predictions documented in their records. The collected data was then used to train a machine learning algorithm, with several models tested, and a neural network emerged as the best fit. The TensorFlow library facilitated the implementation of the algorithm on a microcontroller, allowing for the development of an animal tag featuring the ML algorithm. Results demonstrated 83.9% sensitivity, 89.0% specificity and 89.5% accuracy in detecting estrus, compared to farmer's visual observation, which had only 37% sensitivity. These findings underscore the potential to integrate machine learning into Precision Livestock Farming for estrus prediction, with prediction occurring directly on the animal tag offline. This integration holds promise for farmers, notably heightened insemination success rates, without necessitating significant financial investment.

ABSTRACT Crop damage-based control threshold of 12.5% has been used to reduce the excessive use of insecticides while controlling Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera in hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation systems. However, it is necessary to develop an easy, practical, inexpensive control threshold to increase farmer eagerness in reducing pesticide use. The study aimed to evaluate a light trap captured based-control threshold for both hot pepper pests. The activity was conducted at Lembang (ca. 1250 m a.s.l.), West Java, Indonesia, from September 2022 to April 2023. Six treatments and four replicates were arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments included the use of four light trap captured based-control thresholds, i.e., ≥ 30, ≥ 25, ≥ 20, ≥ and 15 moth trap-1 wk-1; crop damage based-control threshold of 12.5%; and once per week insecticide application as a control treatment. The study found that the implementation of pests’ control threshold of ≥ 25 moth trap-1 wk-1 could reduce 75% insecticide use compared to the plant damage-based control threshold. The use of this approach could maintain high crop production and generate a return rate of 1.26. The findings will be beneficial for farmers in reducing insecticide use.

RESUMO A pandemia de covid-19 trouxe inúmeras mudanças aos territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis, implicando a necessidade de reorganização de estruturas sociais e de saúde. Objetivou-se compreender a dinâmica das feiras livres de vendas de alimentos no período pós-pandêmico de covid-19 em cidades do Maciço de Baturité, no Ceará, e avaliar as estratégias sanitárias e/ou de biossegurança utilizadas no enfrentamento da covid-19 por feirantes e consumidores. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo entre outubro de 2021 e janeiro de 2023, em cinco cidades do Ceará. Em uma primeira etapa, foi realizada a observação das condições sanitárias e de biossegurança nas feiras livres, mediante um instrumento estruturado em quatro categorias. Em seguida, consumidores e feirantes foram entrevistados para o aprofundamento de discussões sobre os reflexos da pandemia sobre as feiras. Avaliaram-se as feiras de cinco cidades e entrevistaram-se 44 pessoas. Quatro cidades mostraram-se com condições sanitárias precárias e comprometimento da biossegurança e comercialização de alimentos. Feirantes e consumidores tiveram uma baixa percepção de risco sobre a covid-19 e levantaram a necessidade da perpetuação das feiras livres para a qualidade de vida e economia da região. As feiras livres são territórios sociais e econômicos sustentáveis, que ainda carecem de atenção por gestores e profissionais de saúde. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 saudáveis saúde Objetivouse Objetivou se póspandêmico pós pandêmico Baturité Ceará eou ou Realizouse Realizou 202 2023 etapa categorias seguida Avaliaramse Avaliaram entrevistaramse entrevistaram 4 pessoas mostraramse mostraram região covid1 1 covid- 20 2

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has brought countless changes to sustainable and healthy territories, implying the need to reorganize social and health structures. The aim was to understand the dynamics of open-air food sales markets in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period in cities in the Maciço de Baturité, in Ceará, Brazil, and to evaluate the health and/or biosafety strategies used by marketers and consumers to deal with covid-19. A qualitative study was carried out between October 2021 and January 2023, in five cities in the state of Ceará. In the first stage, the sanitary and biosafety conditions at the street markets were observed using an instrument structured into four categories. Then, consumers and stallholders were interviewed to deepen discussions about the impact of the pandemic on the markets. We evaluated fairs in five cities and interviewed 44 people. Four cities were found to have precarious sanitary conditions and compromised biosafety in the sale of food. Marketers and consumers had a low-risk perception regarding COVID-19 and raised the need to perpetuate open-air markets for the region’s quality of life and economy. Free markets are sustainable social and economic territories, which still require attention from managers and health professionals. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 territories structures openair open air postCOVID19 postCOVID post post-COVID-1 Baturité Ceará Brazil andor or covid19. covid19 covid 19. covid-19 202 2023 stage categories Then 4 people lowrisk low risk regions region s economy professionals COVID1 1 COVID- postCOVID1 post-COVID- covid1 covid-1 20 post-COVID covid- 2

Resumen El girasol (Helianthus annuus) es originario del centro y norte de México, Estados Unidos y el sur de Canadá; sin embargo, la industria aceitera mexicana importa de Argentina, Estados Unidos y Canadá el 95 % del grano. El mercado demanda aceite tipo alto oleico por sus beneficios a la salud y estabilidad durante el freído, por lo que las empresas impulsan agricultura por contrato para su siembra a productores interesados; sin embargo, dado que no se han generado variedades alto oleicas mexicanas, el agricultor debe asumir un alto costo por el uso de semilla híbrida de empresas transnacionales. Por lo anterior, en el presente estudio se planteó como objetivo desarrollar variedades alto oleicas mediante la aplicación de marcadores moleculares asociados con la mutación de Pervenets que origina el genotipo Ol y el fenotipo alto oleico; para ello se aplicó el método de mejoramiento denominado selección recurrente entre progenies autofecundadas (SREPA). Con esta metodología se obtuvieron 54 líneas alto oleicas S4 y variedades sintéticas de ciclo precoz, intermedio y tardío, las que se evaluaron en cuatro municipios y cinco ambientes. Los resultados mostraron rendimiento de hasta 3.4 t ha-1 y porcentaje de aceite oleico entre 90.1 y 93.1 %, comparables con los mejores híbridos comerciales alto oleicos usados como testigos.

Summary Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is native to Central and Northern Mexico, the United States and Southern Canada; however, the Mexican oil industry imports 95 % of the grain from Argentina, the United States and Canada. The market demands high-oleic type oil for its health benefits and stability during frying, thus, companies promote contract farming for planting to interested producers; however, since high-oleic Mexican varieties have not been generated, the farmer must assume a high cost for the use of hybrid seed from transnational corporations. Therefore, the objective of this study was set to develop high-oleic varieties by applying molecular markers associated to the Pervenets mutation that causes the Ol genotype and the high-oleic phenotype. For this purpose, the breeding method called recurrent selection among selffertilized progenies (SREPA) was applied. With this methodology, 54 high-oleic S4 lines and synthetic varieties of early, intermediate and late cycle were obtained, which were evaluated in four municipalities and five environments. The results showed yield of up to 3.4 t ha-1 and oleic oil percentage between 90.1 and 93.1%, comparable to the best high oleic commercial hybrids used as controls.

Abstract (Introduction): Sustainable timber cultivation is losing ground to agricultural production and other land uses; To counteract this, it is necessary to understand how the farmer makes decisions. Therefore, management schemes must be designed that adjust to the way in which small farmers manage productive systems on a voluntary basis. (Objective): Identify the factors that influence the decision-making process of small farmers that must be considered for the promotion of timber cultivation. (Methodology): Surveys with open questions and single selection were applied to 100% of the farmers (N = 77) of two INDER settlements. Due to the complexity of the interactions between factors, the analysis was simplified into four approaches. The data trend was plotted from a local regression model (LOESS), in which the regression curve is generated and smoothed with the use of the geom_smooth function of the R statistical language. (Results): A total of 162 interactions between Indirect and Direct factors. They were classified into three groups according to the number of times the farmer changed the production system in short periods (5 years). Group A has a greater representation in the population with 67.5 %, followed by Group B with 24.7 % and Group C with 7.8 %. 67.5 % of the farmers did not agree to include the cultivation of wood. (Conclusions): It was possible to demonstrate the existence of decision factors that influence the way in which the farmers adopt the agricultural systems contrary to the cultivation of wood. Safe selling (VS) is one of them; therefore, until current forest management schemes are adjusted, the possibility of spontaneous adoption is minimal and will continue to require financial aid.

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo de madera sostenible pierde terreno ante la producción agrícola y otros usos de la tierra; para contrarrestar esto, es necesario entender de qué manera el ente productor toma decisiones en la adopción voluntaria de sistemas agrícolas. Por consiguiente, deben diseñarse esquemas de manejo ajustados a cómo los pequeños productores gestionan los sistemas productivos de una forma voluntaria. (Objetivo): Identificar los factores que influyen en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los pequeños grupos productores que deben ser considerados para la promoción del cultivo de madera. (Metodología): Se aplicaron encuestas con preguntas abiertas y selección única al 100 % de los entes productores (N = 77) de dos asentamientos del INDER. Por la complejidad de las interacciones entre factores, se simplificó el análisis a cuatro enfoques. La tendencia de los datos se graficó a partir de un modelo de regresión local (LOESS), en el cual la curva de regresión se generó y suavizó con el uso de la función geom_smooth del lenguaje estadístico R. (Resultados): Se identificó un total de 162 interacciones entre factores indirectos y directos, estas mismas se clasificaron en tres grupos según las veces que el sujeto productor cambió de sistema de producción en periodos cortos (cinco años). Así, el Grupo A tuvo una mayor representación en la población con un 67.5 %, le siguieron el Grupo B con un 24.7 % y el Grupo C con un 7.8 %. El 67.5 % no se encontraba de acuerdo en incluir el cultivo de madera. (Conclusiones): Se demostró la existencia de factores de decisión que influyen en cómo el sujeto productor adopta los sistemas agrícolas contrarios al cultivo de madera. La venta segura (VS) es uno de ellos; por lo tanto, hasta que no se ajusten los esquemas de manejo forestal actuales, la posibilidad de una adopción espontánea es mínima y seguirá necesitando de ayudas financieras.

ABSTRACT Foundation: Pterygium is one of the most frequent ophthalmological conditions worldwide, its early diagnosis and its behavior knowledge is crucial. Objective: To determine the pterygium’s risk factors in patients seen in the ophthalmology clinic of the Ambato Municipal Hospital, Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out from April 1 to 30, 2023. The population consisted of 483 patients who attended the ophthalmology clinic of the Ambato Municipal Hospital, Ecuador and the sample was selected at convenience and was made up of 161 patients. The analyzed variables were: age, sex, reason for consultation; job; object used to protect oneself from the sun. Results: Pterygium was the main reason why the patients went to the ophthalmology consultation. There was a predominance of patients over 40-years old and male. 58.3% of patients with pterygium carry out jobs in which they are exposed to risk factors (farmer: 39.2%; driver: 14.9%; builder: 10.5%); More than a third of patients do not use any object to protect themselves from the sun. Conclusions: The pterygium appearance was found to be associated with people exposed to risk factors and linked to the male sex.

RESUMEN Fundamento: El pterigión es una de las afecciones oftalmológicas más frecuentes a nivel mundial, su diagnóstico precoz y el conocimiento de su comportamiento es de suma importancia. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo del pterigión en los pacientes atendidos en la consulta de oftalmología del Hospital Municipal de Ambato, Ecuador. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en el período comprendido del 1 al 30 de abril de 2023. La población estuvo constituida por los 483 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de oftalmología del Hospital Municipal de Ambato, Ecuador y la muestra fue seleccionada a conveniencia y quedó conformada por 161 pacientes. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, motivo de consulta; oficio; objeto utilizado para cuidarse del sol. Resultados: El pterigión fue el principal motivo por el cual acuden a la consulta de oftalmología. Hubo un predominio de pacientes con más de 40 años y del sexo masculino. El 58,3 % de los pacientes con pterigión desarrollan labores en que se exponen a factores de riesgo (agricultor: 39,2 %; chofer: 14,9 %; constructor: 10,5 %); más de un tercio de los pacientes no utilizan ningún objeto para protegerse del sol. Conclusiones: La aparición de pterigión se encontró asociada a personas con más exposición a factores de riesgo y vinculado al sexo masculino.

Abstract: The article addresses the relationship between peasant and small farmer organizations in the Coquimbo region in Chile with public institutions at the communal, regional and national levels within a competitive funding scheme. It first presents background information regarding the creation of civil society organizations in Chile, and more specifically in rural areas. Second, based on information gathered through semi-structured interviews, observations and walks it describes three main types of community-based organizations identified in rural towns in Coquimbo, their objectives, activities, and their engagements with public institutions, emphasizing the mechanisms and strategies they use to access to state aid and public policies. It concludes that the strategic guidelines and public discourses of state institutions for the distribution of funds promote a fragmentation of the link between public offices and residents of rural areas. The latter need to participate in multiple organizations to access different types of public funds.

Resumen: El presente artículo aborda la relación entre organizaciones campesinas y de pequeños agricultores/as de la región de Coquimbo en Chile con organismos públicos de nivel comunal, regional y nacional por medio de la entrega de fondos concursables. Primero, se presentan antecedentes respecto a la creación de organizaciones de la sociedad civil en Chile y, específicamente, en zonas rurales. Segundo, con base en el levantamiento de información mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, observaciones y recorridos se describen tres tipos de organizaciones identificadas en localidades rurales de Coquimbo, sus objetivos, actividades y vínculos con organismos públicos. Asimismo, se analizan los mecanismos y estrategias utilizadas para acceder a programas y ayudas estatales. Se concluye que los lineamientos y discursos promovidos desde la estatalidad para la entrega de recursos generan una fragmentación del vínculo entre los organismos públicos y los habitantes de localidades rurales, quienes deben pertenecer a múltiples organizaciones para acceder a distintos tipos de fondos.

Abstract For the year 2018, law 1930 comes into force, which proposes the agroecological productive reconversion of agricultural activities in the moorlands of Colombia. This law requires the inclusion of people living and maintaining agricultural activities in the moorland in the reconversion processes but does not propose mechanisms to recognize the different forms of agriculture that exist in this ecosystem. Therefore, a tool was designed with the objective of classifying farms based on 9 criteria and 16 indicators. As part of its validation, the tool was compared with a commonly used statistical classification method. With the proposed method, four farm typologies were obtained where 6% of the sample was classified as near agroecological, 35% as traditional farmer, 10% as incipient agro-industrial and 48% as transitional producer. Statistically, no significant differences were found between the traditional farmer and the incipient agro-industrial farmer because they use similar agronomic management. The proposed tool prioritizes worldview and rootedness as much as productivity, unlike the statistical method that reduced the criteria for classification by prioritizing productive indicators. The proposed tool makes it possible to define particularized routes at the farm scale and to plan transition processes in compliance with the law, but incorporating real local capacities, available knowledge, and the family’s cosmovision of the farm’s future.

Resumen Para el año 2018 entra en vigor la ley 1930 que plantea la reconversión productiva agroecológica de las actividades agrícolas en los páramos de Colombia. Esta ley exige la inclusión de las personas que viven y mantienen actividades agropecuarias en el páramo en los procesos de reconversión, pero no plantea mecanismos para reconocer las diferentes formas de agricultura que existen en este ecosistema. Por ende, se diseñó una herramienta con el objetivo de clasificar fincas a partir de 9 criterios y 16 indicadores, como parte de su validación, la herramienta fue comparada con un método de clasificación estadístico empleado comúnmente. Con el método propuesto se obtuvieron cuatro tipologías de finca donde el 6% de la muestra fue clasificada como agroecológico próximo, el 35% como campesino tradicional, el 10% como agroindustrial incipiente y el 48% como productor transicional. Estadísticamente no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el campesino tradicional y el agroindustrial incipiente porque emplean un manejo agronómico similar. La herramienta propuesta prioriza la cosmovisión y el arraigo tanto como la productividad, a diferencia del método estadístico que redujo los criterios para la clasificación priorizando indicadores productivos. La herramienta propuesta permite definir rutas particularizadas a escala finca y planificar procesos de transición cumpliendo la ley, pero incorporando capacidades locales reales, el conocimiento disponible y la cosmovisión de la familia en torno al futuro de la finca.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to estimate a discrete choice model to identify the main factors influencing the probability of getting losses in agriculture. To do that, we use data on 64,548 farms reporting revenues and costs in the Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria. Using the location of each parcel within the farm, we match net revenues with long-term climate, short-term weather events, soil types, plot characteristics, water access, market access, and sociodemographic characteristics. The main results indicate that 45% of farms in the sample observe negative net revenues. Overall, the probability of getting losses increases when the farmer is a woman, recognizes himself as indigenous, has less education, uses oxen, uses less land (small-sized), has rainfed land, has ejidal land, or his agricultural fields are at high levels of altitude.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es estimar un modelo de elección discreta para identificar los determinantes de la probabilidad de pérdida económica en el sector agropecuario mexicano. Para ello, empleamos información de 64 548 unidades de producción que reportan sus ingresos y gastos en la Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria. Utilizando la ubicación de las parcelas, vinculamos los ingresos netos con el clima de corto y largo plazo, características de las parcelas, acceso al agua y mercados, y características sociodemográficas de los productores. Los resultados indican que el 45% de los productores registran pérdidas. Dicha probabilidad suele ser más alta cuando el(la) productor(a) es mujer, se reconoce como indígena, tiene pocos años de educación, usa yunta, la cantidad de tierra utilizada es menor, sus tierras son de temporal o ejidales o se encuentran a una gran altura sobre el nivel del mar.

Abstract Drones are a valuable tool to explore the spatial variability present in crop fields. Although its use is becoming relatively common in technological oriented systems it is very rare in ecological oriented systems. The goal of this presentation is to explore some of the potentialities of this tool to contribute to an improved agroecological weed management. The information obtained in early flights can be used to minimize input use (tillage operations or herbicides). The information obtained at the end of the crop life cycle can be used to assess the efficacy of the control measures, monitoring weed escapes and/or resistant populations. Digital phenotyping from aerial images could be used in breeding weed suppressing varieties. The assessment of agronomic practices under real conditions can be conducted through aerial monitoring farmer`s plots with variable conditions. The large volume of information (big data) provided on soil, crop and weed conditions will facilitate the design and implementation of integrated weed management systems. The large volume of information (big data) provided on soil, crop and weed conditions will facilitate the design and implementation of integrated weed management systems. The use of drones at the landscape scale allow to monitor biodiversity spaces and to assess the ecosystem services provided by these areas.

Resumen Los drones constituyen una herramienta muy valiosa para explorar la variabilidad espacial presente en las parcelas de cultivo. Sin embargo, su uso, cada vez más frecuente en sistemas con una orientación tecnológica, es prácticamente desconocido dentro de sistemas para una aproximación agro-ecológica. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar algunas de las potencialidades de los drones para contribuir a un mejor manejo agroecológico de las malas hierbas. La información extraída con vuelos tempranos nos permite minimizar el uso de insumos (labores, herbicidas) y mejorar su eficiencia. Por otra parte, la información obtenida en vuelos realizados al final del ciclo nos permite evaluar la eficacia de las medidas tomadas, detectando la aparición de escapes o de poblaciones resistentes. El fenotipado digital a partir de imágenes de dron puede ser de gran utilidad en los programas de mejora de variedades de cultivos supresoras de malas hierbas. La evaluación de prácticas agronómicas en condiciones reales puede llevarse a cabo mediante la monitorización continuada de parcelas de agricultores en las que exista una diversidad de condiciones. La abundante información suministrada por los drones sobre el estado del suelo, cultivo y poblaciones de plagas y malas hierbas facilitaría el diseño y la implementación de sistemas de gestión integrada. El empleo de drones a escala paisaje nos permite el seguimiento de los espacios de biodiversidad y evaluar los servicios ecosistémicos obtenidos.

Abstract The detection of Amaranthus palmeri in Aragon has encouraged efforts to identify the best strategies for its control in infested plots and to prevent its spread to other areas. Together with the different greenhouse and field trials carried out at CITA, the Center for Plant Health and Certification developed an important survey work that entails considerable costs for the administration. This paper collects all this information with the aim of estimating the losses associated with the invader in the affected areas, including yield losses depending on the density of A. palmeri, the costs for the farmer associated with the different control measures in his plot and the costs related to the survey and dissemination tasks that are being assumed by the administration. For this purpose, the data from the field trials and prospections carried out in the first two years of testing are incorporated.

Resumen La detección de Amaranthus palmeri en Aragón ha impulsado los esfuerzos por identificar cuáles son las mejores estrategias para su control en las parcelas infestadas y para evitar su expansión a otras zonas. Junto con los diferentes ensayos en invernadero y en campo desarrollados en el CITA, el Centro de Sanidad y Certificación Vegetal lleva a cabo una importante labor de prospección que conlleva considerables costes para la administración. En este trabajo se recopila toda esta información con el objetivo de estimar las pérdidas asociadas a la invasora en las zonas afectadas, incluyendo las pérdidas de rendimiento en función de la densidad de A. palmeri, los costes para el agricultor asociados a las diferentes medidas de control en su parcela y los costes relacionados con las tareas de prospección y divulgación que está asumiendo la administración. Para ello se incorporan los datos de los ensayos y prospecciones realizados en los dos primeros años de ensayos.

Abstract Developing decision support systems to help farmers and technicians achieve greater efficiency in weed management is one of the pillars of integrated weed management programs. Greater efficiency is achieved by applying a control measure when most seedlings have already emerged. Having a tool that indicates when this moment is would be of great help to the technician or farmer. In this paper we present an application for mobile and desktop that predicts the field emergence of various winter and summer species based on daily precipitation and temperature data collected from weather stations. Based on these data the program calculates for the selected species the onset of emergencies and elaborates the curve of emergencies, indicating the percentage of seedlings with respect to the expected total for the year. When 90% or a given value set by the user is reached, the system generates a warning for quick action. For the calculations, a hydrothermal model that considers air temperature and water content of the soil is applied. Soil moisture is estimated daily from a water balance based on precipitation, evapotranspiration and water storage capacity of the soil according to its texture. The emergence pattern is fitted with a Gompertz model.

Resumen Desarrollar sistemas de soporte a la decisión que sirvan de ayuda a los agricultores y técnicos para conseguir una mayor eficacia en la gestión de la flora arvense es uno de los pilares de los programas de gestión integrada de malas hierbas. Una mayor eficacia se consigue aplicando una medida de control cuando la mayoría de plantas ya hayan emergido. Tener una herramienta que advierta de cuál es este momento sería de gran ayuda para el técnico o agricultor. En esta comunicación presentamos una aplicación para móvil y escritorio que predice la emergencia en campo de diversas especies de invierno y verano a partir de datos de precipitación y temperatura diarios recogidos de estaciones meteorológicas o introducidos por el propio usuario. En función de estos datos y para la especie seleccionada, el programa calcula el inicio de las emergencias y elabora la curva de emergencias, indicando el porcentaje existente en el campo respecto al total esperable para el año. Cuando se alcanza el 90% o un valor fijado por el usuario el sistema genera un aviso que permite una rápida actuación. Para los cálculos se aplica un modelo hidrotermal que tiene en cuenta la temperatura del aire y el contenido de agua del suelo, el cual se estima diariamente a partir de un balance hídrico en función de la precipitación, evapotranspiración y capacidad de almacenamiento de agua del suelo de acuerdo con su textura. El patrón de emergencia se ajusta a un modelo de Gompertz.

Abstract The escalating demands of a growing population and rising living standards strain the efficiency of traditional agricultural methods in fulfilling consumer nutritional needs. Technological advancements, particularly the introduction of contract farming models, offer a potential path towards addressing these challenges. However, in Iran, contract farming remains an underdeveloped and under-researched agricultural practice. This study delves into the factors influencing the development of contract farming in Iran. Employing a two-level multinomial logit model and data collected through 380 questionnaires administered to farmers in the Kermanshah region, the research reveals income (measured by the number of employed household members) as the primary driver of contract farming adoption. Additionally, factors such as reduced agricultural risk, higher education levels among farmers, improved product sales prices, and proximity to processing facilities positively impact the expansion of contract farming. Interestingly, “push factors” like land scarcity significantly influence non-contract farming participation, with 30.8% of surveyed households relying on these alternative methods. Geographical factors also contribute, explaining 23% of the observed variance in farming activity choices. These findings inform key policy interventions for sustainable contract farming development in Iran: robust legal frameworks and transparent contracts, contract-specific insurance schemes, training for agricultural extension workers, and farmer awareness campaigns. needs advancements models challenges However Iran underresearched under researched practice twolevel two level 38 region measured members adoption Additionally risk prices Interestingly push noncontract non participation 308 30 8 30.8 contribute 23 choices contracts contractspecific specific schemes workers campaigns 3 30. 2

Resumo A escalada de exigências de uma população crescente e o aumento dos padrões de vida desafiam a eficiência dos métodos agrícolas tradicionais na satisfação das necessidades nutricionais dos consumidores. Os avanços tecnológicos, particularmente a introdução de modelos de agricultura contratual, oferecem um caminho potencial para enfrentar estes desafios. No entanto, no Irã, a agricultura contratual continua a ser uma prática agrícola subdesenvolvida e pouco investigada. Este estudo investiga os fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento da agricultura contratual no Irã. Empregando um modelo logit multinomial de dois níveis e dados recolhidos através de 380 questionários aplicados a agricultores na região de Kermanshah, a investigação revela o rendimento (medido pelo número de membros do agregado familiar empregados) como o principal impulsionador da adoção da agricultura contratual. Além disso, fatores, como a redução do risco agrícola, os níveis de educação mais elevados dos agricultores, a melhoria dos preços de venda dos produtos e a proximidade das instalações de processamento, têm um impacto positivo na expansão da agricultura contratual. Curiosamente, “fatores de impulso”, como a escassez de terras, influenciam significativamente a participação na agricultura não contratual, com 30,8% dos agregados familiares inquiridos demonstrando confiança nestes métodos alternativos. Os fatores geográficos também contribuem, explicando 23% da variação observada nas escolhas das atividades agrícolas. Estas conclusões podem embasar as principais intervenções políticas para o desenvolvimento sustentável da agricultura contratual no Irã: quadros jurídicos robustos e contratos transparentes, regimes de seguros específicos para contratos, formação para extensionistas agrícolas e campanhas de sensibilização dos agricultores. consumidores tecnológicos desafios entanto Irã investigada 38 Kermanshah medido empregados disso processamento Curiosamente impulso, impulso , impulso” terras 308 30 8 30,8 alternativos contribuem 23 transparentes 3 30, 2

Resumo O arroz é um alimento básico amplamente consumido por grande parte da população humana mundial. Aproximadamente 90% do arroz do mundo é cultivado no continente asiático e constitui um alimento básico para 2,7 bilhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. O crestamento bacteriano das folhas (BLB) causado por Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae é uma das doenças devastadoras do arroz. Um experimento de campo foi realizado durante os anos de 2016 e 2017 para investigar a influência de diferentes parâmetros meteorológicos no desenvolvimento do BLB, bem como o cálculo de um modelo preditivo para prever a doença bem antes de seu aparecimento em campo. O conjunto de dados sazonais de incidência de doenças e fatores ambientais foi usado para avaliar cinco variedades/cultivares de arroz (Basmati-2000, KSK-434, KSK-133, Super Basmati e IRRI-9). O efeito acumulado de dados ambientais de dois anos; temperatura máxima e mínima, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento e precipitação pluviométrica foram estudados e correlacionados com a incidência da doença. A temperatura média (máxima e mínima) apresentou correlação significativa negativa com a doença BLB e todas as outras variáveis; umidade relativa, precipitação e velocidade do vento tiveram uma correlação positiva com o desenvolvimento da doença BLB em variedades individuais. A análise de regressão stepwise foi realizada para indicar variáveis preditoras potencialmente úteis e para descartar parâmetros incompetentes. Os dados ambientais das safras de julho a outubro de 2016 e 2017 revelaram que, com exceção da temperatura mais baixa, todos os fatores ambientais contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da doença ao longo da safra. Um modelo de regressão múltipla de previsão de doença foi desenvolvido com base em dados de dois anos (Y = 214,3-3,691 Max T-0,508 Min T + 0,767 RH + 2,521 RF + 5,740 WS), que explicou 95% de variabilidade. Este modelo de previsão de doenças não só ajudará os agricultores na detecção precoce e gestão atempada da doença bacteriana das folhas do arroz, mas também pode ajudar a reduzir os custos de insumos e melhorar a qualidade e a quantidade do produto. O modelo será agricultor e ambientalmente amigável.

Abstract Rice is a widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world’s human population. Approximately 90% of the world’s rice is grown in Asian continent and constitutes a staple food for 2.7 billion people worldwide. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the devastating diseases of rice. A field experiment was conducted during the year 2016 and 2017 to investigate the influence of different meteorological parameters on BLB development as well as the computation of a predictive model to forecast the disease well ahead of its appearance in the field. The seasonal dataset of disease incidence and environmental factors was used to assess five rice varieties/ cultivars (Basmati-2000, KSK-434, KSK-133, Super Basmati, and IRRI-9). The accumulated effect of two year environmental data; maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall, was studied and correlated with disease incidence. Average temperature (maximum & minimum) showed a negative significant correlation with BLB disease and all other variables; relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed had a positive correlation with BLB disease development on individual varieties. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to indicate potentially useful predictor variables and to rule out incompetent parameters. Environmental data from the growing seasons of July to October 2016 and 2017 revealed that, with the exception of the lowest temperature, all environmental factors contributed to disease development throughout the cropping season. A disease prediction multiple regression model was developed based on two-year data (Y = 214.3-3.691 Max T-0.508 Min T + 0.767 RH + 2.521 RF + 5.740 WS), which explained 95% variability. This disease prediction model will not only help farmers in early detection and timely management of bacterial leaf blight disease of rice but may also help reduce input costs and improve product quality and quantity. The model will be both farmer and environmentally friendly.