RESUMEN La violencia es considerada como una forma de ejercicio del poder que facilita la dominación de sometimiento hacia la persona; se expresa desde la dimensión social, cultural, económica y de salud pública. En la zona sur del departamento de Puno, la mayoría de las mujeres toman las decisiones de la distribución económica familiar en sus hogares, pero existe una forma de invisibilidad de violencia de manera indistinta. El objetivo es explicar las formas de violencia doméstica y la desintegración familiar en tiempos de COVID-19 en la provincia de Puno. La metodología fue corte cuantitativo, diseño no experimental y tipo correlacional, para tal investigación se utilizó el método deductivo. Para este caso se aplicó el diseño estadístico del SPSS. Los resultados están en función a la violencia económica y el abandono de la pareja, que afectan a hogares por falta de trabajo y el costo de vida en tiempos de pandemia; otro aspecto que se considera es la violencia física y la infidelidad de la pareja, que aquejan la desintegración de la familia, y la violencia emocional trae consigo el bajo rendimiento académico en los niveles de educación, primaria, secundaria y superior en la provincia de Puno.

ABSTRACT Violence is considered as a form of exercise of power that facilitates the domination of submission to the person, it is expressed from the social, cultural, economic and public health dimension. In the southern zone of the department of Puno, most women make decisions regarding family economic distribution in their homes, in any case there is a form of invisibility of violence indistinctly. The objective is to explain the forms of domestic violence and family disintegration in times of COVID-19 in the province of Puno. The methodology is quantitative cut, non-experimental design and correlational type, for such research the deductive method was used, for this case the SPSS statistical design was applied. The results are based on the economic violence and abandonment of the couple that affect homes due to lack of work and the cost of living in times of pandemic, another aspect that is considered is the physical violence and infidelity of the couple that afflict the family disintegration and emotional violence brings with it low academic performance at the levels of education, primary, secondary and higher in the province of Puno.

Resumo O artigo discute a importância da agricultura familiar voltada para a produção de frutas para os municípios de Itatiba, Louveira, Valinhos e Vinhedo (SP). Na zona rural desses municípios, há pequenas propriedades formadas a partir da desagregação de grandes fazendas de café. Nessas propriedades, predominam relações do tipo familiar, com a presença da herança cultural da tradição de imigrantes que chegaram e se fixaram nessa região do estado de São Paulo entre fim do século XIX e início do XX. O estudo procura compreender a configuração socioeconômica e cultural dos municípios estudados por meio de análises geográficas e históricas. Para tanto, procedeu-se a uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, trabalhos de campo para coleta de dados primários e consulta a bancos de dados como o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e a Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo para coleta, análise e tabulação de dados secundários.

Abstract The article discusses the importance of family farming focused on the production of fruit, for the municipalities of Itatiba, Louveira, Valinhos, and Vinhedo (state of São Paulo, Brazil). In the rural areas of these municipalities it is possible to find small rural properties formed from the disintegration of large coffee farms. In these properties, family relationships predominate, with the presence of the cultural heritage coming from the tradition of immigrants who arrived and settled in this region of the state of São Paulo between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The study seeks to understand the socioeconomic and cultural configuration of the analyzed municipalities by geographic and historical analyses. To this end, broad bibliographic research was carried out, in addition to field research to collect primary data and to consult databases, such as the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Department of Agriculture and Food Supply of the State of São Paulo to collect, analyze, and tabulate secondary data.

Resumen El artículo discute la importancia de la agricultura familiar orientada a la producción de frutas para los municipios de Itatiba, Louveira, Valinhos y Vinhedo (SP). En las áreas rurales de estos municipios es posible encontrar pequeñas propiedades formadas a partir de la desintegración de grandes haciendas cafetaleras. En estas propiedades predominan las relaciones de tipo familiar, con presencia del patrimonio cultural proveniente de la tradición de los inmigrantes que llegaron y se establecieron en esta región del estado de São Paulo entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX. El estudio busca comprender la configuración socioeconómica y cultural de los municipios estudiados a través de análisis geográficos e históricos. Para ello se realizó una extensa investigación bibliográfica, se realizaron trabajos de campo para recolectar datos primarios y consultas de bases de datos como el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE) y la Secretaría de Agricultura y Abastecimiento del Estado de São Paulo para la recolección, análisis y tabulación de datos secundarios.

Abstract This study was aimed at explanation of evolution process of bound phenolics from IDF through structural modifications after alkaline hydrolysis along with free phenolics and functional characteristics. SEM results depicted that IDF with bound phenolics exhibited denser, more compact and tubular shape whereas, the surface features of alkali-hydrolyzed residue exhibited clear fragmentation, wrinkling and porosity on outside surfaces. Microstructure changes due to alkaline hydrolysis caused disintegration of linkages among hemicellulose and cellulose microfibers. As evident from the FTIR spectra, both IDF samples (with phenolic) and alkali-soluble residue (IDF without phenolics) exhibited resemblance in FTIR spectral features and characteristics bonds. Overall, the peak positions of IDF samples and alkali-hydrolyzed residue did not show any significant change, which was indicative of the fact that no major alterations were occurred in crystalline structures of IDF due to alkali-hydrolysis treatment. IDF-bound phenolic complexes showed the highest TPC, ABTS and FRAP than SDF. In IDF alkaline extracts, total 6 phenolic compounds were detected through HPLC. The identified phenolic compounds were as; salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, epigallocatechin, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. These results demonstrated that higher antioxidant activity of dietary fiber would be related to bound phenolics.

Abstract Red lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus Linn) Family Fabaceae, has been modified by succinylation and annealing, and used as intra- and extra-granular disintegrants at concentrations of 5 and 10 %w/w in paracetamol tablet formulation in comparison with corn starch BP. The starches were characterised using FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, proximate analysis, physicochemical and functional properties. FT-IR spectrometry revealed characteristic peaks at 1575.53 and 1713.99 cm-1 for the succinylated starch while the annealed showed no significant difference from the native starch. Modifications did not alter the ovoid shape of the native starch but reduced the particle size. Succinylation improved water absorption capacity, solubility and swelling of lima bean starch but annealing reduced the parameters. Tablets with disintegrants of lima bean starches generally had higher crushing strengths and lower friability than tablets with corn starch. Modifications reduced the disintegration time of the tablets when the starches were incorporated intra-granularly, which suggested particle-particle bond interruption and destruction of hydrogen bonds as mechanism of disintegration. Tablets containing 10 %w/w succinylated red lima bean starch incorporated intra-granularly had the highest disintegration efficiency ratio, DER, indicating a great balance between mechanical and disintegration properties. Modified red lima bean starches incorporated intra-granularly into paracetamol tablets led to faster disintegration and could efficiently substitute corn starch as disintegrant.

RESUMEN El objetivo principal fue describir a la luz de dos historias de vida familiares, la influencia que ha ejercido el conflicto armado colombiano en los procesos de desintegración y recomposición de la unidad familiar; buscando comprender los retos, dificultades y alternativas que atañen a las familias víctimas que han experimentado esta tensión. Se utilizó un paradigma hermenêutico, un enfoque cualitativo, un método de estudio de caso por medio de historias de vida. Para la recuperación y recopilación de los datos se empleó una entrevista semiestructurada en donde, por medio de ejes conversacionales, se dialogó sobre el pasado, el presente y el futuro de la familia. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la hermenéutica y el análisis conversacional, lo que facilitó una codificación axial y abierta. Participaron dos familias víctimas del conflicto armado, una del Chocó y otra de Santander: Los principales hallazgos indican que el conflicto generó en sus integrantes sentimientos de tristeza, temor desconfianza y pérdida de identidad como grupo, provocando el debilitamiento de las relaciones familiares, un cambio de roles y como consecuencia, el distanciamiento entre los integrantes; asimismo, las mujeres se empoderaron en su función como cabeza de familia, dando soporte emocional y económico, mostrando su resiliencia, emprendimiento y generosidad, lo que permitió la posterior recomposición de la familia.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research was to describe, in the light of two family life stories, the influence that the Colombian armed conflict has had on the processes of disintegration and recomposition of the family unit, with the intention of understanding the challenges, alternatives and difficulties presented to victim families who have experienced this stress. An hermeneutical paradigm, a qualitative approach, and a case study method through life stories lead the methodology For the recovery and gathering of data, a semi-structured interview was used, in which, through conversational axes, the past, present and future of the family were discussed. Hermeneutics and conversational analysis were used to analyze the data, which allowed for an axial and open coding. Two families who were victims of the armed conflict participated, one from Chocó and the other from Santander The main findings of this study indicated that the conflict generated in its members feelings °f sadness, fear mistrust and loss of identity as a group, causing the weakening of family relationships, a change in roles and, as a consequence, distance between the members. Likewise, women were empowered in their role as heads of the family giving emotional and economic support, showing their resilience, entrepreneurship and generosity, which allowed the recomposition of the family to take place.

RESUMO O objetivo foi descrever à luz de duas histórias de vida familiar a influência que o conflito armado colombiano teve nos processos de desintegração e recomposição do núcleo familiar com o intuito de compreender os desafios, alternativas e dificuldades apresentado às famílias das vítimas que passaram por esse estresse. Para tanto, foi utilizado um paradigma hermenêutico, uma abordagem qualitativa, um método de estudo de caso por meio de histórias de vida. Para a recuperação e compilação dos dados, foi utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada, na qual, por meio de eixos conversacionais, foram discutidos o passado, o presente e o futuro da família. A hermenêutica e a análise conversacional foram utilizadas para a análise dos dados, o que facilitou uma codificação axial e aberta. Participaram duas famílias vítimas do conflito armado, uma de Chocó e outra de Santander Os principais achados deste estudo indicam que o conflito gerou em seus membros sentimentos de tristeza, medo, desconfiança e perda da identidade como grupo, ocasionando o enfraquecimento das relações familiares, mudança de papéis e, por consequência, distanciamento entre os membros. Da mesma forma, as mulheres foram empoderadas no papel de chefes de família, dando suporte emocional e econômico, mostrando sua resiliência, empreendedorismo e generosidade, o que permitiu a recomposição da família.

ABSTRACT The crime of femicide leads to the deterioration and fragmentation of the cell of Ecuadorian society. Parents, children, siblings, and grandparents are indirect victims who suffer the consequences of violence and the death of women due to their gender condition. The family experiences at every link in its chain the effects of sexual exploitation, psychological injury, and physical deterioration. On the other hand, children and adolescents are left economically and legally helpless to survive, because the legislative system presents cracks in the protection of direct and indirect victims. The increase in vulnerable families grows as gender violence against women increases every year. Therefore, the objective is to determine the effects of femicide in the family environment by means of the General Problem-Solving method and the Ishikawa Diagram to group the main causes into groups of factors that influence family degradation. In the development of the analysis, the necessary skills of the experts in the decision-making of the experiment were validated. Among the results, the foundations are established to promote projects and programs to mitigate the effects derived from the disintegration of the family bosom.

RESUMEN El delito de femicidio conduce al deterioro y la fragmentación de la célula de la sociedad ecuatoriana. Padres, hijos, hermanos y abuelos son víctimas indirectas que sufren las secuelas de la violencia y la muerte de mujeres por su condición de género. La familia experimenta en cada eslabón de su cadena los efectos de la explotación sexual, el agravio psicológico y el deterioro físico. Por otro lado, los niños y adolescentes quedan desamparados económicamente y legal para poder subsistir, debido que el sistema legislativo presenta fisuras en la protección de las víctimas directas e indirectas. El incremento de familias vulnerables crece en la medida que la violencia de género hacia la mujer asciende cada año. Por lo que se establece como objetivo determinar los efectos del femicidio en el entorno familiar mediante el método General de Solución de Problemas y el Diagrama de Ishikawa para agrupar las principales causas en grupos de factores que influyen en la degradación familiar. En el desarrollo del análisis se validó las competencias necesarias de los expertos en la toma de decisiones del experimento. Entre los resultados se establece los cimientos para promover proyectos y programas para mitigar los efectos derivados de la desintegración del seno familiar.

ABSTRACT The present investigation deals with the emigration that arose in the country due to the economic and social crisis that was reinforced from the year 1999, evidencing itself in a considerable way, the emigrants who undertook a trip to different countries of the European Union and to the United States of America, mainly, because of the difficult economic situation that the country was going through at that time. On the other hand, it is important to state that somehow, emigration gave impetus to the economic and social development of families; the research will focus on the Quevedo Canton. The population under study has 195,593 inhabitants, applying the statistical formula; it was obtained a sample of 381 people to survey. It was found that families were forced to emigrate to different countries due to the complicated economic situation that was experienced, which brought with it affectations to the family nucleus.

RESUMEN La presente investigación versa sobre la emigración que suscitó en el país por la crisis económica y social que se apuntala a partir del año 1999, evidenciándose de manera considerable, los emigrantes que emprendían viaje hacia diferentes países de la Unión Europea y a los Estados Unidos de América principalmente, a causa de la difícil situación económica por la que atravesaba el país en aquel entonces. Por otro lado, es importante manifestar que de alguna forma la emigración dio impulso al desarrollo económico y social de las familias, la investigación se enfocará en el cantón Quevedo, la población objeto de estudio cuenta con 195.593 habitantes, aplicando la formula estadística se obtuvo una muestra de 381 personas a encuestar. Se constató que las familias se vieron en la necesidad de emigrar a diferentes países por la complicada situación económica que se vivía, lo que trajo consigo afectaciones al núcleo familiar.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la percepción que un grupo de mujeres internas en el Centro de Reclusión Femenino, próximas a ser liberadas, tenía acerca de la dinámica relacional de su familia de origen y la familia de elección. Entrevistamos a diez mujeres en forma individual. Encontramos que provienen de familias en las que existe una figura de autoridad dominante que suele ser la madre, y una figura paterna que es periférica o nula; es frecuente la violencia familiar y el abuso. La reclusión carcelaria acentúa la crisis familiar debido a que se trata de familias con escasos recursos económicos. La reclusión es un fenómeno que trasciende el ámbito familiar y carcelario, para plantearse como un asunto de interés para las políticas sociales de apoyo a la población carcelaria.

This research aims to characterize the perceptions among a group of female residents at a Female Detention Center that were close to being released regarding the dynamics of the relationships among their birth families and the families that later constructed. Ten women were individually interviewed. It was found that they come from families where the dominant authority figure is usually the mother while the father figure is peripheral or absent. There are often incidents of domestic violence and abuse within these families. The time in jail heightens the family crisis due to fact that these are families with low incomes. Imprisonment is a phenomenon that transcends the family and prison environments and should be considered an area of interest for social policies that support the imprisoned population.

Esta pesquisa objetivou caracterizar a percepção que um grupo de mulheres presas no Centro Feminino de Reclusão, e próximas de serem liberadas, tinha sobre a dinâmica de relação de sua família de origem e a família escolhida. Foram entrevistadas dez mulheres individualmente. Os resultados mostraram que elas vêm de famílias nas quais há uma figura de autoridade dominante, que normalmente é a mãe, e uma figura paterna, que é periférica ou nula; é frequente a violência familiar e o abuso. O encarceramento acentua a crise familiar já que se tratam de famílias com escassos recursos econômicos. A prisão é um fenômeno que transcende o âmbito familiar e carcerário e deve ser considerada como um assunto de interesse para as políticas sociais de apoio à população prisional.

RESUMO A demência frontotemporal-variante comportamental (DFTvc) é caracterizada por mudanças insidiosas de personalidade e conduta interpessoal, que refletem a desintegração progressiva de circuitos neurais envolvidos em cognição social, regulação emocional, motivação e tomada de decisão. O substrato patológico é heterogêneo e classificado de acordo com a presença de inclusões intraneuronais de proteína tau, TDP-43 ou, ocasionalmente, de FUS. Biomarcadores capazes de detectar estas alterações histopatológicas durante a vida vêm ganhando importância com o desenvolvimento de drogas específicas modificadoras da doença. Algumas mutações genéticas já foram encontradas, sendo em conjunto responsáveis por 10-20% dos casos, incluindo a recentemente descrita repetição de hexanucleotídeo no cromossomo 9 (C9orf72). A versão revisada dos Critérios Internacionais do Consenso em DFTvc propõe três níveis de certeza diagnóstica: possível, provável e definida. História clínica detalhada obtida com familiares, para identificar as alterações de comportamento características, auxilia no diagnóstico, juntamente com o apoio de avaliação neuropsicológica dirigida à detecção de comprometimento em tarefas de tomada de decisão, processamento emocional e cognição social. A neuroimagem é importante para aumentar o grau de certeza diagnóstica. Educação e suporte dos cuidadores continuam sendo medidas de extrema relevância.

ABSTRACT Behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is characterised by insidious changes in personality and interpersonal conduct that reflect progressive disintegration of the neural circuits involved in social cognition, emotion regulation, motivation and decision making. The underlying pathology is heterogeneous and classified according to the presence of intraneuronal inclusions of tau, TDP-43 or occasionally FUS. Biomarkers to detect these histopathological changes in life are increasingly important with the development of disease-modifying drugs. Gene mutations have been found which collectively account for around 10-20% of cases including a novel hexanucleotide repeat on chromosome 9 (C9orf72). The recently reviewed International Consensus Criteria for bvFTD propose three levels of diagnostic certainly: possible, probable and definite. Detailed history taking from family members to elicit behavioural features underpins the diagnostic process with support from neuropsychological testing designed to detect impairment in decision-making, emotion processing and social cognition. Brain imaging is important for increasing the level of diagnosis certainty. Carer education and support remain of paramount importance.

The research investigates the child's perception about the physical aggression when he/she is the victim in the family environment. Descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach, carried out in a shelter home that serves children and adolescents in an emergency, located in Fortaleza, Ceará, from April to November 2007. The informants were children victims of physical violence within their own families. The data collection instruments were participant observation and semi-structured interview. The results provide an understanding that children have feelings of fear, sadness, pain, helplessness and disgust toward the perpetrators. It was concluded that the prevailing feeling in the victims of physical abuse is the fear of further aggression, fear of the consequences of the complaint, the disintegration of family, concern regarding their fate after being sheltered. These aspects may leave scars that will remain and will possibly remind them for life, the difficult moments experienced during childhood.

Se investiga la percepción del niño víctima de agresión física en el medio familiar. El estudio es exploratorio-descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo y fue realizado en el período de abril a noviembre de 2007, en una casa-abrigo que atiende niños y adolescentes en carácter de emergencia, localizada en la ciudad de Fortaleza, Ceará. Los informantes fueron niños víctimas de violencia física en el ambiente intrafamiliar. Los instrumentos de recogida fueron la observación y la entrevista semiestructurada. Se realizó el análisis temático de acuerdo con la convergencia de los relatos, de lo que resultaron las categorías temáticas: 1) Instrumento de la agresión; 2) Motivo de la agresión; y 3) Significado de la agresión. Los resultados permitieron percibir que los niños sienten miedo, tristeza, dolor, desamparo y revuelta en relación a los agresores. Se concluye que el sentimiento predominante en las víctimas de abuso físico es el miedo de nueva agresión, de las consecuencias de la denuncia, de la desintegración familiar, del destino después de la condición de protegidas, lo que puede dejar secuelas que nunca desaparecerán y las harán recordar los momentos difíciles vividos en la infancia.

A pesquisa investiga a percepção da criança acerca da agressão física da qual esta é vítima no meio familiar. O estudo é exploratório-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa e foi realizado no período de abril a novembro de 2007, em uma casa-abrigo que atende crianças e adolescentes em caráter emergencial, localizada na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Os informantes foram crianças vítimas de violência física no meio familiar. Os instrumentos de coleta foram à observação e a entrevista semi-estruturada. Realizou-se a análise temática de acordo com a convergência das falas, das quais resultaram três categorias temáticas: (1) Instrumento da agressão; (2) Motivo da agressão; e (3) Significado da agressão. Os resultados permitiram perceber que as crianças sentem medo, tristeza, dor, desamparo e revolta em relação aos agressores. Conclui-se que o sentimento predominante nas vítimas de maus-tratos físicos é o medo de nova agressão, das consequências da denúncia, do desmembramento da família, do destino após a condição de abrigadas, o que pode deixar-lhes sequelas que nunca se apagarão e as farão relembrar momentos difíceis vivenciados na infância.

This article describes the sharp contrast in the self image that Hñähñü youths from the Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo express about themselves, when compared to the perceptions of four adults with whom they have had long-standing contact: three school principals and a local priest. The adults speak of the youths as suffering from serious problems of family disintegration and deserted communities. They point to negative personal attributes displayed in their interactions with others, and consider them to be weak, as evidenced by their inability to solve everyday problems because of their deficiencies. These adults perceive the youths as simply lacking the necessary personal characteristics to be able to make any significant achievements. The youths, for their part, present a very different self image that they have built from their life experience, a self image characterized by strongly held aspirations of personal betterment and academic success. They have identified ways in which they can change the adverse conditions which they have had to confront in their lives. They make reference to family values and identify themselves as members of their families and as belonging to communities with which they have established enduring and significant relations.

Existe un fuerte contraste entre lo que expresan de sí mismos, algunos jóvenes originarios de diversas comunidades Hñähñü, ubicadas entre los municipios de Ixmiquilpan y El Cardonal en el Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo y las percepciones que explicitan sobre ellos cuatro personas, tres directores de instituciones educativas y un sacerdote. Las percepciones de los adultos, inducen a la idea de que existe fuerte desintegración familiar y desarraigo comunitario en los jóvenes, además de que poseen atributos en su persona y en su actuar frente a otros, que se presentan como debilidad para la resolución de problemas cotidianos, en el sentido de deficiencia y/o carencia de atributos necesarios para alcanzar logros significativos. Los jóvenes por su parte, exponen rasgos de auto-imagen que han elaborado a partir de sus experiencias de vida, en los cuales dejan ver sus aspiraciones de superación personal y académica, que han identificado formas de cambiar las condiciones adversas con las que han convivido durante sus trayectorias vitales. Exponen referentes familiares que conciben como valores y se identifican como integrantes de una familia y una comunidad a la que pertenecen y con los que entablan relaciones significativas y duraderas.

Summary: Antisocial behavior emerges as the result of different factors such as scholar problems, drug consumption, alcoholism, antisocial peer relationships, emotional problems, etc., which may in turn predispose to the individual to develop a pattern of antisocial behavior. The present work aims to determine the association of antisocial behavior between the factors of a bad family environment and mistreatment, and to determine if they can predict the presence of antisocial behaviors in adolescents. Family plays a primary role in the development of a person, especially in adolescent. In recent times, several problems of family disintegration and inadequate parent-child relationships are observed, and it has been described that antisocial personalities may arise from environments with child abuse, economical problems, humiliation, physical punishment and family disintegration. The experience of such emotions during childhood may lead to a severe impairment in the conformation of an emotionally-adapted personality, and may promote a tendency for the commitment of delictive behaviors in the future. It is necessary to close the vicious cycle where mistreated parents mistreat their own children and avoid that the parents who lived unpleasant experiences of hostility, rejection, lack of communication, inestability, etc., repeat these patterns with their children. It is important to revalorize the role of family, its functions and characteristics and the most important, its determinant influence on young people that have behavior problems as antisocial behavior. It is vital to create conscience about the harm that some children, adolescents and even adults have from their negative familial experiences of hostility, aggression, and mistreatment, because these experiences increase the possibilities of delictive behavior in these individuals. Objective. In this context, the present research has its main interest in showing the relationship between past experiences of mistreatment or inadequate familial environments and the presence of antisocial behaviors in adolescents. Method. The present research is supported on results of the Mexico City Survey on drug consumption in 7 th to 12 th grade population carried on October 2003. The total sample of the survey comprised 10659 students. For this research we used 3603 students, that corresponds to the number of students that completed the Form A of the questionnaire, that contained the areas of interest of the study. The questionnaire was previously validated an its main indicators have shown adequate stability in different surveys. This instrument was applied in three different times due to its extension. Total time for its application was of 75 minutes. Raters were trained for the application of the questionnaire. The course lasted 12 hours and included all the theoretical aspects related to addictions, objectives of the study, management of the questionnaire and the instructions for its application in the groups. Results. First of all, a comparative analysis by gender was performed. It was observed that antisocial behaviors were more frequent in men than in women. It is important to mention that men committed this acts in a double frequency than women, specially in terms of severe acts, where 10% of men committed them in contrast to the 3.3% observed in women. Additionally, two factor ANOVA was performed (gender and antisocial behaviors) with the variables of this study, mistreatment and family environment, to determine if there were differences between groups (p<0.05) and significant differences were observed in all the areas of family environment. The interaction analysis of the two factors: gender, act-non acts with family environment showed that for the area of hostility and rejection there were significant differences where women that committed antisocial acts were the ones that reported higher levels of hostility and rejection. In terms of communication of the son/daughter, women that committed antisocial acts were also the ones that reported a lower level of communication. In the area of parent support, women that committed antisocial acts were also the ones that reported the lower levels. In the areas of parent communication and support to the son/daughter, men and women that committed antisocial acts reported less communication and support, respectively. For the area of mistreatment, women reported higher levels of prosocial discipline and negative discipline when compared to men. No significant differences emerged between men an women in the area of severe negative discipline. Also, no significant differences emerged between adolescents that committed antisocial acts and adolescents than do not committed these acts, in terms of prosocial discipline. Nevertheless, adolescents that committed antisocial acts reported higher levels of severe negative discipline. For the analysis of the interaction of the factors gender, acts-non acts in the area of mistreatment, no differences emerged in the area of negative discipline. Significant differences emerge for prosocial discipline, where men that do not committed antisocial acts reported the lowest levels of prosocial discipline. For severe negative discipline, both men and women that committed antisocial acts reported the highest levels. Finally, using logistic regression, we find that the main predictors of antisocial behavior were the presence of high hostility, low level of communication from the children, less child support and the presence of higher negative discipline and negative severe discipline. Communication, parent support and prosocial discipline were not predictive variables for antisocial behavior. Our results support what is described in other studies where family is the main agent of socialization as family teaches the ways of social interaction, values, habit, etc. Furthermore, several studies that evaluated the relationship of the family and antisocial behavior were performed by analyzing the role of the family as a mediator of behavior and society, on the basis that family teaches children rules, abilities and motivations that in some way constitute their cultural and social patterns. We conclude that family environment and mistreatment are factors associated to the presence of antisocial behavior. We must prevent this problem by improving familial relationships and providing a positive family environment to adolescents. In this way, our adolescents may have an adequate development throughout their lives. If an adequate and positive environment is provided during childhood and is maintained through adolescence, with positive affective family relationships, the adolescent may see his/her parents as a guide; a reasonable not arbitrary discipline allows the adolescent to develop a social behavior that leads to an adequate self-control and self-directedness. On the contrary, if the relationships between parents and children are not favorable, the social behavior of the adolescent may be easily impaired and it is very common that these adolescents exhibit severe difficulties for social adaptation.

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Introducción: la familia es la célula y unidad fundamental de la sociedad que forma un pueblo; si esta célula se destruye, se corre el riesgo a su vez de ver destruido un país y un legado cultural y social muy caro. Objetivos y métodos: en el presente estudio se llevó a cabo una revisión de 1.045 historias clínicas de adolescentes que fueron atendidos en el Hospital Psiquiátrico Lorenzo Ponce de la ciudad de Guayaquil. Resultados: las patologías más frecuentes fueron encontradas en adolescentes provenientes de familias desestructuradas y correspondieron a los diferentes trastornos depresivos (22,9%), y la relación de estos trastornos según el género correspondió a 3:1 para los adolescentes de sexo femenino, además, variables como sexo y escolaridad son prácticamente dependientes a todo nivel de significaci ón estadística. Conclusiones: los trabajadores de la salud mental en Ecuador tenemos un reto frente al problema que nos plantea la cada vez más frecuente desestructuración familiar, especialmente con los niños y jóvenes, que son el futuro de nuestro país, y ese desafío debe ser abordado aquí y ahora, pues la familia y Ecuador no pueden esperar.

Introduction: Family is the fundamental unit of society, and if destroyed, we run the risk of seeing a country also destroyed as well as a very dear cultural and social legacy. Objectives and Methods: 1045 clinical histories of adolescents seen at the Lorenzo Ponce Psychiatric Hospital of the city of Guayaquil were reviewed for this study. Results: The most frequent pathologies were found in adolescents from unstructured families and corresponded to different depressive disorders (22.9%). The relation of these disorders according to gender was 3:1 for adolescent females; in addition, variables such as sex and schooling were statistically significant. Conclusions: As mental health workers of Ecuador, we must face the problems that arise specially in children and youngsters, from family disintegration which is becoming more and more frequent in our country. That challenge must be addressed here and now.

O crescimento da população idosa, associado à baixa das taxas de fecundidade e de natalidade e ao enfraquecimento das redes familiares, coloca a categoria da «velhice» no centro da análise sociológica da família. O presente artigo propõe-se contribuir para uma tipificação dos padrões de vida de diversos segmentos de idosos, reportando-se tanto aos indivíduos como às famílias.

La croissance exponentielle de la population plus âgée, associée à la baisse des taux de fécondité et de natalité et à la dispersion, voire à la désagrégation des réseaux familiaux, font des catégories «vieux» et retraités l’un des pôles centraux de l’analyse sociologique qui se développe autour des problématiques de la famille. Ces dynamiques acquièrent encore plus de visibilité en raison de leur impact sur la durabilité des systèmes de santé et de sécurité sociale. Le propos de cet article est d’aider à typifier les modèles de vie des différents segments des personnes âgées. Le modèle analytique sous-jacent considère, simultanément, des éléments de caractérisation liés tant aux individus (en termes de variables socio-professionnelles et socioéducationnelles) qu’aux familles (surtout en termes de consommations).

The exponential growth of the older population, which is associated with the lowering of fertility and birth rates and with the dispersal or even disintegration of family networks, has made the categories of «the old» and the retired one of the focal points of family issue-related sociological analysis. These trends have also become increasingly visible by virtue of their impact on the sustainability of health and social security systems. This article seeks to outline a typology of living standards for various segments of the elderly. The underlying analytical model takes into account descriptive elements relating both to individuals (in terms of socio-occupational and socio-educational variables) and to families (in particular in terms of consumption patterns).

In this descriptive investigation we try to explain what happens when one of the members of the couples that gave rise to the studied families dies ( stage of disintegration or lost family). To this end, it was necessary to review the family cards of the physicians´s offices of a basis working group of the "Dr. Mario Escalona Reguera" Teaching Polyclinic, in Alamar. The working universe was composed of 62 family groups. We interviewed widows and widowers at home, being extremely careful with the establishment of rapport. We felt motivated to deal with this topic because this stage of the family vital cycle has not been explored in previous papers. We took into account the preparation of the interviewed persons to face the event ( death of the spouse), their feelings during mourning, the network of social support at the time of the death and of the interview, the present conflicts and the restructuration of their social and sexual life. It was observed that most of these individuals did not expect the loss and that they were not ready for it and, as a result, they were´s till suffering when the study was conducted. It was considered that the family nucleus plays a basic role as part of the emotional support due to the loss

La nuestra es una investigación descriptiva en la que tratamos de puntualizar lo que ocurre cuando fallece 1 de los miembros de las parejas que dio origen a las familias estudiadas (etapa de disolución o familia perdida). El estudio precisó de la revisión de las fichas familiares de los consultorios de un grupo básico de trabajo del Policlínico Docente "Dr. Mario Escalona Reguera," en Alamar, quedando conformado el universo de trabajo por 62 grupos familiares. Utilizamos una guía de entrevista, que se realizó en los hogares de los individuos que afrontaban la viudez, cuidándose en extremo el establecimiento de rapport. Nuestra motivación parte del hecho de que esta etapa del ciclo vital de la familia no ha sido explorada en trabajos anteriores. Abordamos la preparación del entrevistado para afrontar el evento (muerte de la pareja), sentimientos durante el duelo, red de apoyo social en el momento del hecho y de la entrevista, conflictos actuales, y reestructuración de su vida social y sexual. Entre los resultados obtenidos se constata que en la mayoría del universo estudiado la pérdida no era esperada, ni estaban preparados para ella, por lo que la sufren aún en el momento del estudio. Se enfatiza el núcleo familiar como básico en el apoyo emocional ante la pérdida