Abstract Introduction: Gorse (Ulex europaeus, family Fabaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to Europe and invasive in the Andean high-mountain tropical paramos. Objective: To quantify the extent of a biological invasion within a paramo near Los Nevados National Natural Park in Tolima, Colombia, and evaluate bioeconomic solutions to encourage shrub eradication while promoting the local economy and industry. Methods: An object-based supervised classification approach was conducted using UAS (Uncrewed Aircraft Systems)-based RGB imagery and a Planet-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) layer, both from 2022, to quantify the area invaded. This value, the height obtained from a UAS-derived nDSM (Normalized Digital Surface Model), and a pair of allometric equations found in the literature were employed to estimate the gorse aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground available fuel, also known as fuel load. Then, documented bioethanol production estimations were applied to calculate its potential extraction based on the AGB values. Results: The invaded area was quantified to be 66 465 m2, with an overall accuracy rate of 85.3 %. Furthermore, the fuel load was found to be approximately half of the AGB, which poses a high risk of fire in the ecosystem. The findings also suggest that up to USD 88 933.7 could be generated if all gorse in the study area is exploited to produce bioethanol. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgency of managing the biological invasion of gorse in the Andean paramo and suggests the potential for bioeconomic solutions to mitigate the impact of these invasions.

Resumen Introducción: El retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus, familia Fabaceae) es un arbusto perenne originario de Europa e invasor en los páramos andino-tropicales de alta montaña. Objetivo: Cuantificar la extensión de una invasión biológica dentro de un páramo cerca del Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados en Tolima, Colombia, y evaluar soluciones bioeconómicas para fomentar la erradicación del arbusto y, al mismo tiempo, promover la economía e industria locales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una clasificación supervisada basada en objetos utilizando imágenes RGB tomadas con UAS (sistemas de aeronaves no tripulados) y una capa NDVI (índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada) derivada de Planet, ambas de 2022, para cuantificar el área invadida. Este valor, así como la altura obtenida a partir de un nDSM (modelo digital de superficie normalizado) derivado de las imágenes UAS y un par de ecuaciones alométricas halladas en la literatura, se emplearon para estimar la biomasa aérea (AGB) y el combustible disponible superficial, también conocido como carga de combustible. Luego, se utilizaron estimaciones documentadas de producción de bioetanol para calcular su potencial extracción con base en los valores de AGB. Resultados: El área invadida se cuantificó en 66 465 m2, con una exactitud global del 85.3 %. Además, se encontró que la carga de combustible era aproximadamente la mitad del AGB, lo que representa un alto riesgo de incendio en el ecosistema. Los resultados también sugieren que se podrían generar hasta 88 933.7 dólares estadounidenses, si se explotara todo el retamo espinoso de la zona de estudio para producir bioetanol. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la urgencia de gestionar la invasión biológica del retamo espinoso en el páramo andino y sugiere potenciales soluciones bioeconómicas para mitigar el impacto de estas invasiones.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to compare the quality of life of precarious quarry and brick-kiln workers in the municipality of San Luis Potosí and artisanal mercury mining in Camargo, Querétaro. Field work and non-participatory observation were carried out. During the field research period in 2019-2020, a questionnaire was applied to a total of 118 workers. The data were organized and processed with the Excel program (Microsoft Office 365) and analyzed within the framework of environmental anthropology and everyday-life approaches. In both contexts, it was found that the workers present a high level of marginalization, chronic diseases, physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, in addition to the lack of protective equipment. According to the activity performed, they suffer from different occupational hazards. Furthermore, they are not employed under a labor contract, and their families also participate in the work. The identified situations of occupational precariousness presented various diagnosed chronic degenerative comorbidities, lack of protective equipment to perform their activities, occupational hazards and little access to health services. Therefore, multidisciplinary efforts and approaches are required to assess, address and draw attention to their conditions, in order to prevent, intervene and transform labor precariousness into decent work. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e072

RESUMEN Este objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la calidad de vida de los trabajos precarios de cantera y ladrillo del municipio de San Luis Potosí y minería artesanal de mercurio en Camargo, Querétaro. Se realizó trabajo de campo y observación no participativa. Durante el periodo de investigación de campo en 2019-2020 se aplicó un cuestionario a un total de 118 trabajadores. Los datos fueron organizados y tratados con el programa Excel (versión Microsoft Office 365) y analizados dentro del marco de los enfoques de la antropología ambiental y de la vida cotidiana. En ambos contextos, se encontró que los trabajadores presentan un nivel alto de marginación, enfermedades crónicas, inactividad física, consumo de alcohol y tabaco, además de que no cuentan con equipo de protección, de acuerdo con la ocupación, tienen diferentes riesgos laborales. Además, no cuentan con contrato laboral. Aunado a ello, la familia participa en las labores. Los escenarios de precariedad laboral identificados presentaron algunas comorbilidades crónico-degenerativas diagnosticadas, nulo equipo de protección para realizar sus actividades, riesgos laborales y poco acceso a servicios de salud. Por lo tanto, requieren de esfuerzos y abordajes multidisciplinarios que permitan evaluar, atender y visibilizar sus condiciones con la finalidad de prevenir, intervenir y transformar la precariedad laboral en trabajo decente. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e072

Resumen: Esta investigación parte de análisis previos, en los que se abordaron los problemas internos que se suscitan en las organizaciones de contrapoder, esto es, que en un número significativo de los grupos que enfrentan los estragos del neoliberalismo, también se registran luchas por el poder y obtención de privilegios, tal y como acontece en la lucha de los partidos políticos. Dicha manera de proceder deja a ojos vistas que estas actitudes son aprendidas, lo cual se relaciona con el funcionamiento del cerebro humano. En este sentido, un número considerable de las dificultades cotidianas, tienen una fuente enraizada en los genes, así como en el desarrollo cerebral, producto de su evolución. Por ello, el objetivo consiste en exponer la relación de algunos avatares que las personas enfrentan en la actualidad en relación con la herencia biológica.

Abstract: This research is based on previous analyses, in which the internal problems that arise in counter-power organizations were addressed, that is, the fight to obtain privileges. Therefore, this way of proceeding clearly shows that some human attitudes such as the search for obtaining privileges is an individual problem, not due to a political, economic or other system. In the same way, a considerable number of the daily difficulties that we go through individually have a source rooted in genes as well as in brain development, a product of the evolution of the human species. Therefore, the objective is to expose the relationship of some vicissitudes that people currently face in relation to biological inheritance.

Abstract The protection of motherhood and children is a matter of special importance, protected by the Federal Constitution and international standards. Maternity leave in Brazil has evolved in terms of recipients, since it covers the biological mother and the adoptive mother, even in homosexual relationships, and extends to the solo mother and the solo father, in natural or artificial fertilization. Protection is passed on to the surviving spouse or partner in the event of the death of the child's mother. Faced with the social and cultural reality of new types of parental, single-parent, recomposed and homoaffective families and in light of the principle of equality between families and child protection, considering the purposes of maternity leave, it is essential to ensure parental maternity leave for those who assume the socio-affective relationship and family power to care for the child, regardless of the degree of kinship, in the absence or death of the mother. Thus, the evolution of maternity and child protection will be analyzed, both normatively and in jurisprudence, always in accordance with the constitutional principle of isonomy, in order to achieve the necessary breadth of protection for the family entity.

Resumo A proteção à maternidade e à criança constitui matéria de especial importância, tutelada pela Constituição Federal e por normas internacionais. A licença maternidade no Brasil evoluiu quanto aos destinatários, pois abrange a mãe biológica e a mãe adotiva, mesmo nas relações homoafetivas e se estende a mãe solo e ao pai solo, em fertilização natural ou artificial. A proteção é repassada ao cônjuge ou companheiro sobrevivente, no caso de morte da mãe da criança. Diante da realidade social e cultural que ensancham as novas espécies de famílias parentais, monoparentais, recompostas e homoafetivas e à luz do princípio da igualdade das famílias e de proteção da criança, considerando as finalidades da licença maternidade, mister se faz assegurar a licença maternidade parental para aquele que assume a relação socioafetiva e poder familiar de cuidar da criança, independente de grau de parentesco, diante da ausência ou morte da mãe. Assim, será analisada a evolução da proteção à maternidade e à criança, tanto normativa quanto jurisprudencial, sempre de acordo com o princípio constitucional da isonomia, para se alcançar amplitude necessária da tutela à entidade familiar.

Resumo O gênero Psidium, pertencente à família Myrtaceae é rico em óleos essenciais que vêm sendo utilizados na indústria farmacêutica, alimentícia e na estética. Desse modo, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade biológica do óleo essencial de Psidium bahianum coletadas em remanescente de Mata Atlântica no Litoral Norte da Bahia, Brasil. O óleo essencial (OEPb) foi obtido das folhas do P. bahianum por arraste a vapor d'água. O OEPb foi analisado pela Ressonância magnética nuclear de H1. A atividade sequestradora de radicais livres foi avaliada pela metodologia de DPPH (analisando a eliminação do radical livre estável 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil). Foram realizados testes antimicrobianos em difusão em disco, e para a determinação da atividade tóxica realizou-se através dos ensaios em hemácias de carneiro e Artemia salina. O estudo de ressonância demonstrou principalmente a presença de monoterpenos, dentre eles o linalol, e sequisterpenos. A porcentagem da atividade antioxidante foi de 18,03 ± 2,53 53 para 125 µg /mL. No ensaio antimicrobiano o óleo essencial inibiu o crescimento dos microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans e Candida glabrata testados na concentração de 10mg/mL. Os resultados da toxicidade demonstraram que nas concentrações de 10 e 100, 250 e 500µg/mL, o óleo essencial não é tóxico para hemácias de carneiro. No teste de toxicidade em Artemia salina, os resultados mostram que em 24 e 48 horas da DL50 é de 371,48 e 302µg/mL de óleo essencial sendo considerados moderadamente tóxicos e em 72 horas a DL 50 é de 33,11µg/mL considerado altamente tóxico. Os dados alcançados são promissores, uma vez que o óleo essencial de P. bahianum demostrou atividade antimicrobiana para bactérias Gram positiva e negativa e para fungos. Os dados obtidos de toxicidade em A. salina para o óleo essencial poderá ser testado em diferentes linhagens tumorais.

Abstract The genus Psidium, belonging to the family Myrtaceae, encompasses several plant species rich in essential oils. Several studies involving different research areas have shown promising results for essential oils, which has attracted interest from diverse sectors, including pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of the essential oil extracted from Psidium bahianum leaves (EOPb) collected in an Atlantic Forest remnant in the northern coast of the state of Bahia, Brazil. EOPb was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The free radical scavenging activity was assessed using the DPPH methodology (analyzing the scavenging of the stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). Antimicrobial disk diffusion assays were conducted; toxicity was determined through assays on sheep erythrocytes and Artemia salina. 1H-NMR evaluation showed the presence mainly of monoterpenes and sesquisterpenes. The percentage of antioxidant activity was 18.03±2.53 53 for 125 125 µg mL-1. Antimicrobial assays showed that the essential oil at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1 inhibited the growth of the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and C. glabrata. The toxicity results indicated that concentrations of EOPb at 10, 100, 250, and 500 µg mL-1 were not toxic to sheep erythrocytes. The toxicity assay on A. salina showed that the lethal concentration for 50% of individuals (LC50) within 24 and 48 hours were 371.48 and 302 µg mL-1 of EOPb, respectively, which were considered moderately toxic, whereas the LC50 within 72 horas was 33.11 µg mL-1, considered highly toxic. These findings are promising, as the essential oil from P. bahianum leaves showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The data obtained for the essential oil toxicity in A. salina could be tested on different tumor cell lines.

Abstract. Mangroves are biologically rich ecosystems. Although it is rare to find epiphytes on mangrove trees, some orchids, bromeliads, cacti, and aroids have been recorded; however, studies on species diversity of vascular epiphytes in mangrove ecosystems are scarce. The objective of this work was to determine the floristic composition and vertical distribution of vascular epiphytes associated with the riparian mangrove phorophytes in the community of Ramonal, Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo. The relationship between height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the phorophytes with epiphyte richness was evaluated, along with the colonization height in the phorophyte. Epiphytes and phorophytes wer2e also counted and measured. Epiphyte diversity analysis was performed using the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices. A total area of 769.3 m was assessed, where five phorophyte species were recorded (n = 60). The main phorophyte was Rizophora mangle. The epiphyte family with the most species was Orchidaceae (five), followed by Bromeliaceae (three), Araceae (two), and finally Cactaceae (one), similar to findings in other Neotropical ecosystems. Diversity indices suggest a medium diversity of vascular epiphytes. Epiphyte colonization was more frequent in R. mangle stems and roots, probably influenced by its bark, microclimate, abundance, and architecture, facilitating their establishment. So far, this study represents the most comprehensive record for this valuable ecosystem, so it could be an important tool to integrate conservation and management strategies.

Resumen. Los manglares son ecosistemas de gran riqueza biológica. Aunque es raro encontrar epífitas sobre los árboles del manglar, se han registrado orquídeas, bromelias, cactáceas y aráceas; sin embargo, los estudios sobre la diversidad especies de epífitas vasculares en ecosistemas de manglar son escasos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la composición florística y distribución vertical de las epífitas vasculares asociadas a los forófitos del manglar ribereño en la comunidad de Ramonal, Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo. Se evaluó la relación de la altura y el diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) de los forófitos con la riqueza epífitas, además de la altura de colonización en el forófito. También se contaron y midieron las epífitas y forófitos. Para el análisis de diversidad de epífitas se emplearon los índices de Shannon-Wiener y Simpson. Se evaluó una superficie total de 769.3 m2, en donde se registraron cinco especies de forófitos (n=60). El principal forófito fue Rizophora mangle. La familia de epífitas con más especies fue Orchidaceae (cinco), seguida de Bromeliaceae (tres), Araceae (dos) y por último Cactaceae (una), similar a lo encontrado en otros ecosistemas del Neotrópico. Los índices de diversidad sugieren una diversidad media de epífitas. La colonización de epífitas fue más frecuente en tallos y raíces de R. mangle, probablemente influenciado por su corteza, microclima, abundancia y arquitectura, facilitando su establecimiento. Hasta ahora, este trabajo es el registro más completo para este valioso ecosistema, por lo que podría ser una importante herramienta para integrar estrategias de conservación y gestión.

Abstract Wallacean shortfalls in knowledge about biodiversity, especially in the Amazon biome, can only be addressed by increasing sampling efforts in focal areas. The objective of this study was to describe the fish fauna of streams associated with four protected areas in the Eastern Amazon. These areas include the Tapajós (Parque Nacional da Amazônia, Parque Nacional do Jamanxim) and Trombetas drainages (Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera), and Tapajós/Xingu interfluve (Reserva Biológica Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo), state of Pará, Brazil. In the 99 stream reaches surveyed, 176 fish species were recorded. Almost a third of the species and specimens belong to the Characidae family, predominantly represented by small tetras (known as piabasor lambaris). One threatened species (Harttia dissidens) was registered. Of the total richness, 24 species were singletons and associated with specific habitats. The highest taxonomic distinctness was observed for Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera, while streams within the Parque Nacional da Amazônia exhibited the greatest taxonomic distinctness variation. Compared to existing records in scientific collections covering stream fish fauna in watersheds of up to 4,300 hectares in Pará, our study added the record of eight other genera and identified relevant areas for additional surveys. biodiversity biome Jamanxim SaracáTaquera, SaracáTaquera Saracá Taquera , Saracá-Taquera) TapajósXingu Xingu Reserva Cachimbo, Cachimbo Cachimbo) Pará Brazil 9 surveyed 17 recorded family known lambaris. lambaris . lambaris) Harttia dissidens registered richness 2 habitats Taquera, Saracá-Taquera variation 4300 4 300 4,30 surveys 1 430 30 4,3 43 3 4,

Resumo As deficiências Wallaceanas no conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade, especialmente no bioma Amazônia, só podem ser superadas com o aumento dos esforços de amostragem em áreas focais. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a ictiofauna de riachos associados a quatro áreas protegidas na Amazônia Oriental. Essas áreas incluem as drenagens do Tapajós (Parque Nacional da Amazônia, Parque Nacional do Jamanxim), Trombetas (Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera) e no interflúvio Tapajós/Xingu (Reserva Biológica Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo), no estado do Pará, Brasil. Nos 99 trechos de riachos amostrados foram registradas 176 espécies de peixes. Aproximadamente um terço das espécies e dos exemplares pertencem à família Characidae, representada predominantemente por pequenos tetras (conhecidos como piabas ou lambaris). Uma espécie ameaçada de extinção (Harttia dissidens) foi registrada. Do total de espécies, 24 foram representadas por um único indivíduo e são associadas à habitats específicos. A maior distinção taxonômica foi registrada para os riachos da Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera, enquanto a maior variação na distinção taxonômica foi obtida para os riachos do Parque Nacional da Amazônia. Comparado aos registros existentes em coleções científicas que abrangem a ictiofauna de riachos em microbacias de até 4.300 hectares no Pará, nosso estudo adicionou o registro de outros oito gêneros e identificou áreas relevantes para levantamentos adicionais. biodiversidade focais Oriental Jamanxim, Jamanxim , Jamanxim) SaracáTaquera Saracá Taquera Saracá-Taquera TapajósXingu Xingu Reserva Cachimbo, Cachimbo Cachimbo) Pará Brasil 9 17 peixes Characidae conhecidos lambaris. lambaris . lambaris) Harttia dissidens 2 específicos SaracáTaquera, Taquera, 4300 4 300 4.30 adicionais 1 430 30 4.3 43 3 4.

Abstract The “Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba” Biological Reserve (RBASP) was created in 1909 and was the first protected area in the category of Biological Reserve in South America. We conducted samplings in large uncollected areas, considering different phyto-physiognomies, and reviewed all the bryophyte material deposited in the SP herbarium. We identified 423 species, representing the three divisions: 217 corresponding to liverworts, 203 to mosses, and three to hornworts. The Lejeuneaceae family presented the highest richness (97 species). Within the mosses, Sematophyllaceae stood out with 22 species, and hornworts were represented by three species. We recorded 46 species for the first time in the state of São Paulo. Fifty species are endemic to Brazil, of which 35 are restricted to the Atlantic Forest. Field collections yielded 78 new records for the Reserve. Our study of bryophytes is the most extensive for the locality in over a century. Therefore, the data presented here can serve as a basis for future taxonomic and ecological research on bryophytes in the Reserve. Alto Paranapiacaba RBASP (RBASP 190 America areas phytophysiognomies, phytophysiognomies phyto physiognomies, physiognomies phyto-physiognomies herbarium 42 divisions 21 liverworts 20 mosses 97 (9 . species) 2 4 Paulo Brazil 3 Forest 7 century Therefore 19 9 ( 1

Resumo A Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba (RBASP) foi criada em 1909 e foi a primeira área protegida na categoria de Reserva Biológica na América do Sul. Realizamos coletas em grandes áreas não coletadas com diferentes fitofisionomias e revisamos todo o material do grupo depositado no herbário de SP. Identificamos 423 espécies de briófitas com as três divisões representadas, sendo 217 espécies de hepáticas, 203 espécies de musgos e três espécies de antóceros. Lejeuneaceae foi a família com maior número de espécies, 97 spp. Dentro dos musgos, as Sematophyllaceae se destacaram com 22 espécies e os antóceros estavam representados por três espécies. Registramos 46 espécies pela primeira vez no estado de São Paulo. A Reserva possui 50 espécies endêmicas do Brasil, destas, 35 estão restritas à Mata Atlântica. As coletas de campo resultaram em 78 novos registros para a Reserva. Nosso estudo sobre briófitas é o mais extenso para a localidade em mais de um século. Os dados aqui apresentados podem, portanto, servir de base para futuras pesquisas taxonômicas e ecológicas sobre briófitas na Reserva. RBASP (RBASP 190 Sul SP 42 representadas 21 hepáticas 20 9 spp 2 4 Paulo 5 Brasil destas 3 Atlântica 7 século podem portanto 19 1

ABSTRACT Introduction: Maytenus buxifolia subsp. cajalbanica Borhidi & O. Muñiz, Ageratina havanensis (Kunth) R. M. King & H. Rob, mucuna (Mucuna pruriens [L] DC. vc. utilis, Stizolobium niveum y Stizolobium aterrimum), Coccoloba cowellii Britton plants and the brown algae Sargasssum fluitams present potential for their use in medicinal chemistry and agriculture. The objective of this work was to study their extracts using phytochemical techniques of isolation, characterization, identification and quantification of their secondary metabolites, as well as by evaluating their biological activity. Methods: They were isolated and characterized the flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactone reported by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, respectively. They were identified and quantified metabolites by tandem mass spectrometry in the direct injection mode of the sample and coupled to a high-resolution liquid ultra-chromatograph. It was determined antioxidant activity in vitro by the trapping capacity of the DPPH radical and the reduction of ferric iron in the FRAP assay and in vivo using rats as a laboratory animal in a carbon tetrachloride-induced intoxication model. It was evaluated in vitro antiviral activity against Dengue virus 2 and human enteroviruses: coxsackievirus A16, echovirus 9 and coxsackievirus A24. Results: They were identified Polyphenolic compounds of the family of proanthocyanidins and flavonoids in most of the plants studied. They were isolated one sesquiterpene lactone novel to science and seven flavonoids. They were quantified different types of metabolites and especially the major flavonoids of Ageratina havanensis by tandem mass spectrometry coupled to a high-resolution liquid ultrachromatograph. They were found antioxidant and antiviral properties and effects on P-glycoprotein function in the plants studied. Conclusions: They were identified polyphenol compounds in most of the plants studied, which justifies the biological properties found in their extracts. Furthermore, it was isolated and identified a sesquiterpene lactone for the first time. These results constitute an important contribution to the knowledge of our flora and its potential in bioactive natural products.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las plantas Maytenus buxifolia subsp. cajalbanica Borhidi & Muñiz, Ageratina havanensis (Kunth) R. M. King & H. Rob, mucuna (Mucuna pruriens [L] DC. vc. utilis, Stizolobium niveum y Stizolobium aterrimum), Coccoloba cowellii Britton y el alga parda Sargasssum fluitams presentan potencialidades para su utilización en la química medicinal y en la agricultura. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar los extractos de estas especies mediante técnicas fitoquímicas de aislamiento, caracterización, identificación y cuantificación de sus metabolitos secundarios, así como mediante la evaluación de su actividad biológica. Métodos: Los flavonoides y la lactona sesquiterpénica reportados se aislaron y caracterizaron mediante técnicas cromatográficas y espectroscópicas respectivamente. Se identificaron y cuantificaron metabolitos mediante espectrometría de masas en tándem en el modo de inyección directa de la muestra y acoplado a un ultracromatógrafo líquido de alta resolución. La actividad antioxidante se determinó in vitro por la capacidad de atrapamiento del radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo y la reducción del hierro férrico en el ensayo del poder antioxidante reductor de iones férricos e in vivo utilizando las ratas como animal de laboratorio en un modelo de intoxicación inducida con tetracloruro de carbono. Se evaluó la actividad antiviral in vitro frente al virus del dengue 2 y los enterovirus humanos: coxsackievirus A16, echovirus 9 y coxsackievirus A24. Resultados: Se identificaron compuestos polifenólicos de la familia de las proantocianidinas y flavonoides en la mayoría de las plantas estudiadas. Se aislaron 1 lactona sesquiterpénica novedosa para la ciencia y 7 flavonoides. Se cuantificaron diferentes tipos de metabolitos y en especial los flavonoides mayoritarios de Ageratina havanensis (Kunth) R. M. King & H. Rob por espetrometría de masas en tándem acoplado a un ultracromatógrafo líquido de alta resolución. Se encontraron propiedades antioxidantes, antivirales y efectos sobre la función de la glicoproteína P en las plantas estudiadas. Conclusiones: Se identificaron compuestos polifenoles en la mayoría de las plantas estudiadas lo que justifica las propiedades biológicas encontradas en sus extractos. Se aisló e identificó una lactona sesquiterpénica por primera vez. Estos resultados constituyen una importante contribución al conocimiento de nuestra flora y de su potencialidad en productos naturales bioactivos.

Abstract: This paper explores the dynamics of illicit children adoption in the Central American postwar contexts in the novels The Long Night of the White Chickens and Roza tumba quema by the writers Francisco Goldman and Claudia Hernández. This article observes how literature addresses the war experience from the perspective of the combatant mothers, the role that the armed conflict played in the creation of a child population orphaned or separated from their biological family and the participation of both armed organizations and the church in the illegal adoptions of these children. The illegal adoptions, child trafficking, corruption and neglect of foster homes represented in Hernández’ and Goldman’s novels demand a more incisive look at the experience of from other perspectives such as children’s or women’s. We consider that with the representation of these experiences arise the interpellations that from literature also seek to recognize the direct violence committed against children during the war and the symbolic violence that prevails today.

Resumen: Este trabajo explora las dinámicas de adopción ilícita de menores en los contextos de guerra y posguerra en Guatemala y El Salvador en las novelas The Long Night of the White Chickens y Roza tumba quema de los escritores Francisco Goldman y Claudia Hernández. En estas obras se observa cómo la literatura aborda la experiencia de la guerra desde la mirada de las madres combatientes, el papel que el conflicto armado jugó en la creación de una población infantil en estado de orfandad o separada de su familia biológica y la participación de las organizaciones armadas y la Iglesia en las adopciones ilegales de estos niños. Las adopciones ilícitas, el tráfico infantil y la corrupción y negligencia en las casas de acogida de las que hablan las novelas de Hernández y de Goldman demandan una mirada más incisiva a la experiencia de la guerra desde otras miradas como la infantil o la femenina. Consideramos que con la representación de estas vivencias surgen las interpelaciones que desde la literatura buscan reconocer también las violencias directas cometidas hacia las infancias durante la guerra y las violencias simbólicas que prevalecen hoy en día.

Resumen Introducción. Los pastos son la principal fuente de alimento en los sistemas ganaderos y pueden ser un nicho adecuado para insectos con funciones beneficiosas y dañinas. Objetivo. Estimar la entomofauna asociada a tres especies de pastos, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana y Megathyrsus maximus, en condiciones del Caribe colombiano. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron diez muestreos en dos estaciones contrastantes, de baja y alta precipitación (agosto a octubre de 2018 y enero a marzo de 2019), se utilizaron tres especies forrajeras (Cenchrus ciliaris, Megathyrsus maximus, Chloris gayana), en un área de 1000 m2. Los artrópodos fueron identificados por orden y familia y tipificados por grupos funcionales. Se estimaron índices de diversidad y abundancia por pastos y estaciones, así como su correlación con el clima. Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia simple. Resultados. Se recolectaron 380 insectos de siete órdenes y 35 familias, con mayor abundancia para Hemiptera y Coleoptera. El índice de diversidad de Shannon fue más alto para todos los órdenes de C. gayana, excepto para Hemiptera en C. ciliaris. Los fitófagos se encontraron en mayor porcentaje (66,84 %), seguidos de los depredadores (27,11 %). La abundancia de insectos estuvo influenciada por la interacción entre la estación y el pasto, mostró un incremento a bajas temperaturas, excepto para M. maximus. Los pastos representaron microambientes adecuados para mantener la diversidad de insectos, los órdenes Hemiptera y Coleoptera fueron los más numerosos y representativos de los grupos funcionales fitófagos y depredadores, respectivamente. Conclusión. La entomofauna de C. gayana, C. ciliaris y M. maximus fue similar en abundancia y diversidad de insectos, sin embargo, la abundancia dependió de la influencia de la estación y de los pastos.

Abstract Introduction. Pastures are the primary source of food in livestock systems and can be a suitable niche for insects with beneficial and harmful functions. Objective. To estimate the entomofauna associated with three species of pastures, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, and Megathyrsus maximus, in conditions of the Colombian Caribbean. Materials and methods. Ten samplings were carried out in two contrasting periods (August to October 2018 and January to March 2019), three forage species (Cenchrus ciliaris, Megathyrsus maximus, Chloris gayana) within 1000 m2 were used. Arthropods were identified by order and family and typified by functional groups. Diversity and abundance indices by pasture and season were estimated, as well as their correlation with climate. A simple correspondence analysis was performed. Results. A total of 380 insects from 7 orders and 35 families were collected, with the greatest abundance for Hemiptera and Coleoptera. The Shannon’s diversity index was higher for all orders of C. gayana, except for Hemiptera in C. ciliaris. Phytophages were found in a higher percentage (66.84 %), followed by predators (27.11 %). Insect abundance was influenced by the interaction between season and pasture, showing an increase at low temperatures, except for M. maximus. Pastures represented adequate microenvironments to maintain the diversity of insects, the Hemiptera and Coleoptera orders being the most numerous and representative of the functional groups of phytophages and predators, respectively. Conclusion. The entomofauna of C. gayana, C. ciliaris, and M. maximus was similar in insect abundance and diversity, however, insect abundance depended on the influence of the season and pastures.

Resumen La agricultura enfrenta diferentes retos, uno de ellos es el generado por microorganismos fitopatógenos, entre estos se encuentran principalmente virus, bacterias y hongos, los cuales producen daños en la cosecha. Uno de los agentes causales de estos problemas es el hongo cosmopolita Fusarium oxysporum, el cual afecta a gran cantidad de cultivos, entre los que se encuentran plantas de la familia Solanaceae. Generalmente el control de estos patógenos depende de agroquímicos, qué si bien eliminan el organismo causal de la enfermedad, generan otros problemas. Por tanto, en el presente documento se realiza una búsqueda sistemática de diferentes investigaciones que evidencian una alternativa biológica y sostenible como lo es el aceite esencial de la planta Lippia graveolens, la cual según artículos consultados contiene diferentes alcoholes que a concentraciones de 0,20 y 0,25 µl/ml, logra inhibir el crecimiento de Fusarium oxysporum en un 100 % evidenciando así su eficiencia en el control de enfermedades fitopatógenas.

Abstract Agriculture faces different challenges, one of them is generated by phytopathogenic microorganisms, among these are mainly viruses, bacteria and fungi, which cause damage to the harvest. One of the causative agents of these problems is the cosmopolitan fungus Fusarium oxysporum, which affects a large number of crops, including plants of the Solanaceae family. Generally, the control of these pathogens depends on agrochemicals, which, although they eliminate the organism that causes the disease, generate other problems. Therefore, in this document a systematic search is carried out for different investigations that show a biological and sustainable alternative such as the essential oil of the Lippia graveolens plant, which according to the articles consulted contains different alcohols that at concentrations of 0.20 and 0,25 µl / ml, manages to inhibit the growth of Fusarium oxysporum by 100%, thus demonstrating its efficiency in the control of phytopathogenic diseases.

Resumen A partir de una etnografía sobre las maneras en que nietos/as restituidos/as (re)construyen sus lazos de parentesco una vez conocida su historia de origen, este artículo describe algunas etapas del singular proceso de restitución de identidad de María Carolina Guallane, una “nieta” que luego de la búsqueda de su ascendencia biológica construyó un modo de nombrar/se, creó sus propias marcas identitarias y configuró un mapa ampliado de afectos familiares. Se trata de la biografía de quien, siendo niña, fue apropiada como parte del plan sistemático de robo de bebés perpetrado por la última dictadura cívico-militar argentina (1976-1983), y que conoció su historia de origen a los 23 años. A esa edad se convirtió en la “nieta 61”; la primera que buscaba a su familia biológica por decisión propia en una época (año 1998) en que ser “hija de desaparecidos/as” todavía provocaba temores y sospechas. El trabajo pretende mostrar las distintas sustancias productoras de parentesco y la pluralidad de conexiones que estas habilitan, y también enfatizar la distinción entre origen e identidad, procurando trascender la oposición entre lo biológico y lo social a la hora de describir el amplio inventario de entendimientos de lo que implica ser pariente.

Resumo Based on an ethnography on the ways in which restituted grandchildren (re)build their kinship ties once its origin story is known, this article describes some stages of the singular restitution process of identity of María Carolina Guallane, a “granddaughter” who after searching for her biological ancestry built a way of naming, created her own identity marks and set up an expanded map of beloved persons. This is the biography of who, as a child, was appropriated as part of the systematic plan of theft of babies perpetrated by the last Argentine civic-military dictatorship (1976-1983), and who knew her origin story at the age of 23. At that age she became the “granddaughter 61”; the first who was looking for her biological family by own decision at a time (year 1998) when being a “daughter of the disappeared” still provoked fears and suspicions. The work aims to show the different substances that produce kinship and the plurality of connections that these enable, and also emphasize the distinction between origin and identity, seeking to transcend the opposition between the biological and the social when describing the wide inventory of understandings of what being a relative implies.

RESUMEN Se documenta la primera inclusión biológica en ámbar del Cretácico (Cenomaniano) de Texas (EUA). La mayoría de los depósitos de ámbar del Cretácico con inclusiones son de Europa (España y Francia) y Myanmar (Asia). Aunque el coleóptero aquí repor tado es microscópico e incompleto, preserva suficientes caracteres morfológicos para ser identificado como un miembro de la Familia Ptinidae Latreille, 1802. El presente estudio es significativo y revela el potencial de este ámbar del Cretácico que podría contener bioinclusiones más diversas, dado que el paleoambiente que sugieren los sedimentos que contienen el ámbar y la afinidad ecoló gica de representantes actuales de Ptinidae, son evidencia de un bosque húmedo asociado a un estero, en la cercanía de la planicie deltáica. This finding represents the oldest inclusion in amber in the Americas.

ABSTRACT The first biological inclusion in Cretaceous (Cenomanian) amber from Texas (USA) is here documented. Most of the Cretaceous ambers with biolog ical inclusions are from Europe (Spain, France) and Myanmar (Asia). Although the coleopteran here reported is microscopic and incomplete, it pre serves enough morphological details to be identified as a member of the Family Ptinidae Latreille, 1802. This antecedent is significative and reveals the potential of this Cretaceous amber to contain more diverse bioinclusions, since the paleoenvironment suggested by the sediments that contain the amber and the ecological affinity of recent representatives of the Ptinidae suggest a humid forest near an estuary, associated to deltaic plain deposits. Este hallazgo representa la inclusión biológica en ámbar más antigua en las Americas.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a insegurança alimentar e nutricional de famílias brasileiras segundo indicadores de consumo alimentar e estado nutricional, por localização e situação dos domicílios investigados pela Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 2008/2009. Métodos Foram utilizados, como indicadores de insegurança alimentar e nutricional, o consumo inadequado de macronutrientes e distrofias nutricionais (baixo peso, baixa estatura ou excesso de peso) em pelo menos um membro da família, conforme localização e situação geográfica dos domicílios. Calculou-se a prevalência de insegurança alimentar e nutricional e seus intervalos de confiança. Resultados Foram avaliados 13.569 domicílios pelo consumo alimentar, sendo que 67,55%, 43,96% e 6,85% apresentaram inadequação para lipídios, carboidratos e proteínas, respectivamente. Entre os 53.640 domicílios avaliados pelo estado nutricional, 15,10%, 35,15% e 45,50% apresentam, respectivamente, pelo menos um morador com baixo peso, baixa estatura ou excesso de peso. O Nordeste apresentou prevalências estatisticamente maiores do que as demais macrorregiões para as inadequações de lipídios (24,88%) e de carboidratos (15,32%), bem como para presença de baixo peso (6,15%), excesso de peso (14,77%) e baixa estatura (15,17%), em pelo menos um dos moradores do domicílio. Conclusão Avaliar a vertente nutricional da insegurança alimentar permite maior compreensão das dimensões dessa situação por considerar os reflexos do acesso e disponibilidade de alimentos, bem como a utilização biológica e estabilidade, a partir dos indicadores de consumo alimentar inadequado e presença de distrofia nutricional. Os resultados encontrados reforçam a necessidade de incluir indicadores nutricionais na avaliação da segurança alimentar. 20082009 2008 2009 2008/2009 utilizados família Calculouse Calculou se confiança 13569 13 569 13.56 6755 67 55 67,55% 4396 43 96 43,96 685 6 85 6,85 proteínas respectivamente 53640 53 640 53.64 1510 15 10 15,10% 3515 35 35,15 4550 45 50 45,50 apresentam 24,88% 2488 24 88 (24,88% 15,32%, 1532 15,32% , 32 (15,32%) 6,15%, 615 6,15% (6,15%) 14,77% 1477 14 77 (14,77% 15,17%, 1517 15,17% 17 (15,17%) domicílio alimentos estabilidade 2008200 200 2008/200 1356 1 56 13.5 675 5 67,55 439 4 9 43,9 68 8 6,8 5364 64 53.6 151 15,10 351 3 35,1 455 45,5 24,88 248 2 (24,88 153 15,32 (15,32% 61 6,15 (6,15% 14,77 147 7 (14,77 15,17 (15,17% 200820 20 2008/20 135 13. 67,5 43, 6, 536 53. 15,1 35, 45, 24,8 (24,8 15,3 (15,32 6,1 (6,15 14,7 (14,7 (15,17 20082 2008/2 67, 15, 24, (24, (15,3 (6,1 14, (14, (15,1 2008/ (24 (15, (6, (14 (2 (15 (6 (1 (

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the food and nutrition insecurity of Brazilian families, according to indicators of food consumption and nutritional status, by location and situation of the households investigated using the 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey. Methods Inadequate consumption of macronutrients and nutritional dystrophies (underweight, short stature or overweight) in at least one family member were used as indicators, according to location and geographical situation of households. The prevalence of food and nutritional insecurity and their confidence intervals were calculated. Results Food consumption was assessed in a total of 13,569 households; a total of 67.55%, 43.96% and 6.85% revealed inadequacy for lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, respectively. Among the 53,640 households assessed by nutritional status, 15.10%, 35.15% and 45.50% had, at least one resident with low weight, short stature or overweight respectively. The Northeastern Region showed statistically higher prevalence than other Brazilian macro-regions for inadequate lipids (24.88%) and carbohydrates (15.32%), as well as for the presence of underweight (6.15%), overweight (14.77%) and short stature (15.17%), in at least one of the residents of the household. Conclusion Assessing the nutritional aspect of food insecurity allows for a better understanding of the dimensions of this situation by considering the effects of access and availability of food, as well as biological use and stability, based on indicators of inadequate food consumption and the presence of nutritional dystrophy. The results found in this study enhance the need to include nutritional indicators in the assessment of food security. families status 20082009 2008 2009 2008/200 Survey underweight, (underweight calculated 13569 13 569 13,56 6755 67 55 67.55% 4396 43 96 43.96 685 6 85 6.85 proteins respectively 53640 53 640 53,64 1510 15 10 15.10% 3515 35 35.15 4550 45 50 45.50 had weight macroregions macro regions 24.88% 2488 24 88 (24.88% 15.32%, 1532 15.32% , 32 (15.32%) 6.15%, 615 6.15% (6.15%) 14.77% 1477 14 77 (14.77% 15.17%, 1517 15.17% 17 (15.17%) household stability dystrophy security 2008200 200 2008/20 1356 1 56 13,5 675 5 67.55 439 4 9 43.9 68 8 6.8 5364 64 53,6 151 15.10 351 3 35.1 455 45.5 24.88 248 2 (24.88 153 15.32 (15.32% 61 6.15 (6.15% 14.77 147 7 (14.77 15.17 (15.17% 200820 20 2008/2 135 13, 67.5 43. 6. 536 53, 15.1 35. 45. 24.8 (24.8 15.3 (15.32 6.1 (6.15 14.7 (14.7 (15.17 20082 2008/ 67. 15. 24. (24. (15.3 (6.1 14. (14. (15.1 (24 (15. (6. (14 (2 (15 (6 (1 (