The study aims to assess the level of copyright knowledge among library staff and law students at the University of Venda (UNIVEN) library in Thohoyandou, Limpopo province, South Africa. The study used a quantitative research approach using a survey to gather data on understanding and awareness of copyright laws on campus. Google Forms was used to collect data. The population consisted of 38 library staff selected using a census sampling method and 112 final-year and postgraduate law students selected using a stratified random sampling method. The results of the study show that UNIVEN law students are more knowledgeable about basic copyright matters such as policies, copyright protection, public domain, copyright limitations, and fair dealing, copyright ownership than library staff. The research findings provided insight into the current level of copyright knowledge among library staff and law students and suggested strategies to improve copyright education and training in libraries. The results of this study will be useful to librarians, academics, and policymakers interested in promoting copyright literacy and compliance in academic libraries.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the development of critical thinking on gender issues in the context of higher education training, taking as a case study the work proposal "Gender(s)" which aimed to carry out a transdisciplinary project articulated between the Curricular Units of Workshop of Arts, Technologies and Multimedia IV (OATM IV) - Sculpture and Multimedia Art modules - and Art Theory, of the 2nd semester of the academic year 2019/2020, promoting reflection on the issue of Gender and critical thinking of undergraduate students in Visual Arts and Technologies of the School of Education of the Polytechnic of Lisbon. The aim of this project is to promote reflection on the gender issue and critical thinking among undergraduate Visual Arts and Technologies students at the School of Education of the Polytechnic of Lisbon.During the process, teachers assumed the role of facilitators, creating a space free of censorship, finding that students mobilized and developed critical thinking, in processes of investigation and artistic creation around gender stereotypes. The imagination of different gender possibilities led to a reflection about values as cultural constructions and to the awareness of each one's agency to reinvent them and contribute to social change. In this way, we consider that artistic production and/or interpretation of art works stimulate autonomous thinking, capable of dealing with new situations, through the projection of several alternative hypotheses. We conclude, therefore, that art education is a privileged space to stimulate the development of critical thinking, without resorting to preconceived ideas, being, therefore, potentially able to combat class, culture or gender stereotypes and, in this way, contribute to the creation of values that guide a socially fair action.

Resumo Este artigo pretende analisar o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico sobre questões de género no contexto da formação no ensino superior, tomando como caso de estudo a proposta "Género(s)", que visou a realização de um projeto transdisciplinar articulado entre as Unidades Curriculares de Oficina de Artes, Tecnologias e Multimédia IV (OATM IV) - módulos de Escultura e Arte Multimédia - e de Teoria da Arte, do 2º semestre do ano letivo de 2019/2020, promovendo a reflexão sobre a questão de género e o pensamento crítico dos estudantes de Licenciatura em Artes Visuais e Tecnologias da Escola Superior de Educação do Politécnico de Lisboa. No decorrer do processo, os professores assumiram um papel de facilitadores, criando um espaço livre de censura e constatando que os estudantes mobilizaram e desenvolveram o pensamento crítico em processos de investigação e criação artística em torno de estereótipos sobre questões de género. A imaginação de diferentes possibilidades de géneros levou a uma reflexão sobre os valores enquanto construções culturais e à consciência do agenciamento de cada um para os reinventar e contribuir para a mudança social. Deste modo, consideramos que a produção artística e/ou a interpretação de obras de arte estimulam o pensamento autónomo, capaz de lidar com situações novas, através da projeção de várias hipóteses alternativas. Concluímos, assim, que a educação artística é um espaço privilegiado para estimular o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico, sem recorrer a ideias pré-concebidas, sendo por isso potencialmente apto a combater os estereótipos de classe, cultura ou género e, deste modo, contribuir para a criação de valores orientadores de uma ação socialmente justa.

ORIENTATION: The study attempted to establish the role played by different perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on the organisational commitment of employees. RESEARCH PURPOSE: To investigate the nomological network of variables playing a role in the relationship between Perceived CSR and Affective Commitment. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Understanding the contribution of perceived corporate social responsibility to the organisational commitment of employees could inform managerial attempts to facilitate positive employee attitudes. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHODS: The current study utilised structural equation modelling to evaluate the hypothesised multivariate causal relationships in the proposed model. A convenience sample of 172 employees of a consumer goods company completed several questionnaires, including measures of Affective Commitment, Perceived CSR, Organisational Social Identity, Perceived Organisational Justice, Psychological Contract, as well as three cultural value orientations. MAIN FINDINGS: The most significant finding of the study was the positive relationship between Perceived CSR and Affective Commitment. The results revealed that Perceived CSR has a positive impact on Perceived Organisational Justice and fulfilment of the Relational Psychological Contract. Both variables impacted on Organisational Social Identity, which was positively related to Affective Commitment. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Organisations should ensure that employees are made aware of their CSR policies and activities through corporate communication. Organisations should also invest their resources in dealing with social problems that are regarded as important by employees and engage in fair human resource practices.. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: Engagement in CSR activities could help retain and attract talented candidates and increase commitment and identification with the organisation.

This article maps the latest developments in South Africa's complex battle to update its Copyright Amendment Bill across a path strewn with legal pitfalls. Driving the agenda of the American-derived "fair use" and other copyright exceptions at the expense of content creators are the state, under the guise of "access" to education, and Big Tech companies focused on data mining, paraded as users' rights to content. The emerging Bill has given rise to a set of major contradictions that will directly and negatively impact especially educational book publishing, from primary to tertiary sectors. The updated Bill risks violating authors' rights and international treaties. The authors identify contradictions in public policy and sketch the most contentious aspects within debates around the Bill. The implications for the national research economy are considered, while the need to adequately protect the copyright of open access content is raised. The article closes with a summary of the issues of "fair use" and fair dealing, the predatory implications, and the outcome of the contradictions for the industry. The relevance of writing about a moving target is because a) the Bill has been in contestation for eight years now; b) universities and the whole educational sector have failed to respond coherently to the threats portended in the Bill; c) the nature of the claims and counter-arguments raised by the Bill will continue well after it has been promulgated; and d) the analysis is alert to open access imperatives and to the threat of South Africa becoming a haven for servers hosting pirated content should the Bill become law.

To provide society with the benefit of an effective emolument attachment order (eaO) environment, several role-players must fulfil essential interconnected functions. The process relies on the cooperation of the garnishee (the employer of the EAO debtor), who is responsible for the periodic deductions from the employees' salary and the transfer of these funds to the creditor(s). Employers therefore carry an administrative burden to maintain the human resource capacity and administrative systems necessary to properly enforce EAOs. In addition to this administrative duty, employers are at risk of incurring personal liability vis a vis the creditor as well as the debtor. This article will highlight the risk to employers in the administration of EAOs, specifically arising from the legal uncertainty regarding proportionality in EAO deductions. The article describes the current legislative framework and its relevant frailty. It then delineates the scope of the study by exploring the concept of proportionality within the context of EAOs. This is followed with a summary of the relevant historic and contemporary context, before dealing with the prevailing EAO-related challenges. Although a detailed comparative analysis falls outside the scope of this article, it also contains a brief overview of how these challenges regarding proportionality in wage garnishment are managed in England and the United States of America. The contribution concludes with recommendations based on the research findings. Ultimately, the author submits that employers are currently more at risk from liability for the maladministration of their employees' EAOs than they may generally appreciate and that proactive steps should be taken to address the situation.

Resumo: Introdução: Estudos mostram que o metilfenidato (MPH) tem sido utilizado por estudantes de medicina para aumentar sua atividade mental e melhorar o desempenho exigido durante a graduação, gerando preocupações quanto aos riscos à sua saúde física e mental. Esse cenário indica a necessidade de medidas especificamente direcionadas nas escolas médicas. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura sobre o uso de MPH sem indicação médica entre estudantes de medicina. Método: Revisão minuciosa da literatura publicada em inglês, espanhol e português, entre 2013 e 2019, com base em dados disponibilizados pelo PUBMED e SCIELO, utilizando palavras-chave nos três idiomas acima, ao longo das quatro etapas do processo de seleção. Resultados e Discussão: Ao todo, foram encontrados 224 artigos, dos quais 25 foram selecionados após leitura, tratando do uso de MPH ou ‘potencializador da cognição’ por graduandos de medicina sem prescrição médica. A pesquisa indicou variabilidade significativa na frequência de consumo, relacionada ao padrão de uso investigado, uso com ou sem indicação, antes ou após a entrada na Universidade e país onde o estudo foi realizado. A justificativa mais frequente para o uso sem indicação médica foi a de obter melhora no desempenho acadêmico. Notou-se a carência de pesquisas com uma avaliação adequada dos riscos cognitivos, comportamentais e psíquicos envolvidos, entre eles o risco de adição e a abordagem do tópico nas escolas médicas. Conclusão: As altas taxas de uso do MPH por estudantes de medicina visando o aprimoramento cognitivo reforça a importância de ações preventivas nas escolas médicas. As estratégias devem considerar informações sobre os riscos do uso (do MPH) sem indicação médica; intervenções não farmacológicas para melhoria do desempenho cognitivo; medidas de higiene do sono; organização para atividades de estudo adequadas; amplas discussões sobre aspectos éticos e estrutura curricular.

Abstract: Introduction: Studies methylphenidate (MPH) has been used by medical students to increase their mental activity and improve the performance required during undergraduate school, generating concern regarding the risks to their physical and mental health. This scenario indicates the need for specifically aimed measures in medical schools. Objective: To review the literature about the use of MPH without medical indication amongst medical students. Method: A thorough review of the literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, between 2013 and 2019, based on data made available by Pubmed and Scielo, utilizing keywords in the three above languages, along the four stages of the selection process. Results and Discussion: Altogether, 224 articles were found, of which 25 were selected after reading, dealing with the use of MPH or ‘cognition enhancer’ by undergraduate medical students without a doctor’s prescription. The research indicated significant variability in the frequency of consumption, related to the investigated pattern of use, use with or without indication, before or after entering University and country where the study was carried out. The most frequent justification for the use without medical indication was to attain improvement in academic performance. A lack of research with a fair appraisal of the cognition, behavioral and psychic risks involved, among them addiction and the approach of the topic in medical schools, was noted. Conclusion: The high rates of usage of MPH by medical students aiming at cognitive enhancement strengthens the importance of preventative actions in medical schools. The strategies must consider information concerning the risks of use (of MPH) without medical indication; non-pharmacological interventions for performance improvement; sleep hygiene measures organization for adequate study activities; broad discussions about ethical aspects and curricular structure.

RESUMO Neste artigo analisarei as ideias do jesuíta Pedro de Oñate sobre valor econômico e sua relação com o trabalho dos comerciantes. Nascido na Espanha, Oñate mudou-se para a América do Sul depois de estudar em Valladolid e Salamanca, onde viveu até sua morte. Ao lidar com o valor econômico, as ideias de Oñate foram desenvolvidas como resposta ao que ele e muitos membros da Escola de Salamanca pensavam que eram as ideias de Duns Scotus sobre valor econômico, mas também à situação econômica e social que ele viveu na América. Lá, a falta de comerciantes e mercadorias resultou em preços mais altos do que na Espanha, o que o obrigou a analisar por que isso estava acontecendo e se esses preços eram apenas preços. Em sua obra, Oñate combinou uma crítica teórica à teoria do trabalho, propondo uma compreensão original da ideia de “utilidade”, com um reconhecimento prático da importância dos comerciantes e de seu trabalho. Seguindo essa segunda ideia, argumentou que, embora os custos não sejam o último fundamento do valor econômico, eles não devem ser completamente descartados se se quiser entender por que há abundância ou falta de comerciantes e se os preços são justos ou não.

ABSTRACT In this paper I will analyze the Jesuit Pedro de Oñate´s ideas on economic value and its relation with merchants’ work. Born in Spain, Oñate moved to South America after studying in Valladolid and Salamanca, where he lived until his death. When dealing with economic value, Oñate’s ideas were developed as an answer to what he and many members of the School of Salamanca thought that were Duns Scotus’ ideas on economic value, but also to the economic and social situation that he had lived in America. There, the lack of merchants and goods resulted in higher prices than in Spain, which obliged him to analyze why this was happening and if these prices were just prices. In his work, Oñate combined a theoretical critique to the labour value theory, posing instead an original understanding of the idea of “utility”, with a practical recognition of the importance of merchants and their work. Following this second idea, he argued that although costs are not the last foundation of economic value, they should not be completely ruled out if one wants to understand why there is abundance or lack of merchants, and if prices are just or not.

Resumo A liberdade, enquanto conceito, tem sido investigada pelas inúmeras áreas do conhecimento humano, tais como a arte/poética, a filosofia, a jurídica, a educação, a psicologia, dentre outras. Neste artigo, desenvolvemos um ensaio teórico que versa acerca da liberdade com ênfase nas contribuições de Paulo Freire e Lev Vigotski, na perspectiva da educação em e para os direitos humanos. Para tanto, refletimos também sobre algumas contribuições históricas, etimológicas e filosóficas do termo em questão. Nesse contexto, evidenciamos a relação entre liberdade, educação e política, presente desde a antiguidade. Essas relações entre educação, liberdade e política também são enfatizadas ao tratarmos das contribuições freireanas, que discorrem acerca da educação enquanto práxis da liberdade, considerando a capacidade de reflexão/crítica, de mobilização e de criação humana, a partir do conceito de conscientização. Já Lev Vigotski, ao desenvolver sua teoria psicológica com ênfase na constituição social da psique, reflete acerca da consciência e da liberdade, destacando a dimensão afetiva. Nesse viés, a partir de algumas aproximações entre ambos os autores, visamos a contribuir para o debate a respeito da liberdade, educação e democracia ou, ainda, para a criação de modelos sociais mais justos e solidários, que considerem a afetividade e a responsabilidade/compromisso como aspectos fundantes da própria liberdade.

Abstract Freedom as a concept has been investigated by countless areas of human knowledge such as Art/Poetics, Philosophy, Law, Education, Psychology, among others. In the present article, we develop a theoretical essay on freedom emphasizing the contributions of Paulo Freire and Lev Vygotsky from the perspective of education in and for human rights. Therefore, we also discuss some historical, etymological and philosophical contributions of the term in question. In this regard, we highlight the relationship between freedom, education and politics, enduring since antiquity. The relations between education, freedom and politics are also emphasized when dealing with Freire’s contributions, which discuss education as praxis of freedom, considering the capacity for reflection/criticism, mobilization and human creation based on the concept of awareness. Lev Vygotsky, on the other hand, while developing his psychological theory which emphasizes the social constitution of the psyche, reflects on consciousness and freedom, pointing up the emotional dimension. In this bias, based on some approximations between authors, we aim to contribute to the debate regarding freedom, education and democracy or, still, to the creation of more just and solidary social models, which take affectivity and responsibility/commitment as fundamental aspects of freedom itself.

Resumen Con carácter exploratorio y propositivo, el artículo pretende realizar un aporte a los estudios reconocidos dentro de la justicia espacial, abriendo un ámbito de reflexión teórico-empírica acerca de las formas y las estrategias que construyen lo justo. Para tal fin, el trabajo se desarrolla de dos partes: primero, se presentan algunas hipótesis y reflexiones en torno al concepto de justicia y las posibilidades del mismo al colocarlo en relación con la idea de lo común aportada por Pierre Dardot y Christian Laval. Segundo, se operativiza la reflexión teórica, analizando las estrategias llevadas adelante por la Coalición Ríos Vivos, enfocando en aquellos elementos que posibilitan observar las modalidades que va tomando el principio de lo común en una praxis concreta de lucha por lo que se considera justo.

Abstract This paper -through its exploratory and propositional nature- is intended to be a contribution to acknowledged studies dealing with spatial justice. It leads to a theoretical-empirical reflection on the modes and strategies which build up the fair by means of the development of two parts: first, the introduction of some hypotheses and reflections on justice along with the emerging possibilities of the concept when it is associated with the idea of the common as proposed by Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval. Second, the operationalization of the theoretical discussion through the analysis of Ríos Vivos Coalition’s strategies. The focus is on the features that highlight the different modes which the principle of the common entails within a specific praxis of struggle for the fair.

Sengodiloeng sena se lekola kammo bobodu tsamaisong le therong ea litoropo bo amang seriti sa batsamaisi, mmoho le kamoo baahi ba latelang melao ea thero ka teng. Boithuto bona bo entsoe ka ho hlahloba baahi ba 362 motse-moholo Lagos, Nigeria. Sephetho se fumane hore boitswaro ba batsamaisi ba toropo bo ama kamoo baahi ba latelang melao ea thero ea toropo ka teng. Se boetse se fumane hore seriti sa botsamaisi se ntlafatsoa ke ho hloka leeme le ho sebeletsa sechaba soohle ka toka. Boithuto bo fumane hape hore ha batsamaisi ba sebetsa ka bobodu le bomenemene, baahi le bona ha ba ikobele melao ea thero ea teropo mme ha ba hlomphe batsamaisi bao. Sephetho se boetse se fumane hore ka kakaretso baahi ba latela melao ea thero, le hoja batsamaisi bona ba bontsha bobodu. Ka kotloloho, papiso e bontsha ha baahi ba rutehileng ba latela melao ea thero mme ba tshepa botsamaisi ba toropo ho feta baahi ba sa rutehang. Boithuto bo qetella ka hore baahi ba khotsofatsoa ke batsamaisi, 'me ba latele melao ea thero ha mafapha a tsamaiso a sebetsa semolao. Taba e ka sehlohong ke hore mafapha a sebetseletse boohle ka toka. Ka hona, boithuto bo eletsa hore batsamaisi le liofisiri tsa thero ea litoropo ba lokela ho nka boikarabello bo phethahetseng ba demokrasi, mme ba sebeletse sechaba ka toka, ba nene tjotjo. Mekhoa ea ho thibela bobolu e lokela ho ahelloa ka hara meralo eohle ea thero ele karolo ea sebopeho sa eona. Boithuto bona bo kenya letsoho ntlafatsong ea thero ea litoropo naheng ea Nigeria, ka kotloloho khahlanong le bobolu ba liofisiri tse amehang, molemong oa likamano tse ntle le sechaba.

This article examines corruption in town planning practices and how this affects the reputation of local planning authority and residents' compliance with planning laws. This was examined using a sample of 362 participants from a systematic sampling survey conducted in Lagos metropolitan area, Nigeria. Findings show that the conduct of planning officers significantly influences residents' compliance with planning laws. Results also reveal that the use of procedural justice (fairness) in dealing with the public is extremely significant in building local town planning authority's reputation (legitimacy). The survey found that, if town planning officers act corruptly (in discharging their duties), the public will be disrespectful of planning laws and town planning authority. The structural equation model results show that certain socio-economic characteristics of residents significantly predict compliance with planning laws, independent of planning officials' corrupt behaviour. Specifically, compared to less educated residents, the more educated residents respect planning laws and view local planning authority as more legitimate. The article concludes that people are more satisfied with local planning authority or are more likely to voluntarily defer to planning laws when they view planning institutions as legitimate. A key component of this legitimacy is the use of procedural justice with the residents. The article suggests, inter alia, that local town planning authority and its officials need to become a democratically accountable institution, serving the public in a procedurally fair manner and without graft and bribery. Anti-corruption measures should be built into all planning systems as part of their structure. This article will contribute to urban and regional planning reform in Nigeria, with specific consideration for local planning authority, planning officials' accountability, and improvement of the relationship between town planning authority and the public.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek korrupsie in stadsbeplanningspraktyke en hoe dit die reputasie van die plaaslike beplanningsowerheid en inwoners se nakoming van beplanningswette beïnvloed. Dit is ondersoek aan die hand van 'n steekproef van 362 deelnemers aan 'n stelselmatige steekproefopname in die Lagos metropolitaanse gebied, Nigeria. Bevindinge toon dat die gedrag van beplanningsbeamptes beïnvloed beduidend inwoners se nakoming van beplanningswette. Resultate toon ook dat die gebruik van prosedurele geregtigheid (billikheid) in die omgang met die publiek uiters belangrik is in die opbou van die reputasie van plaaslike owerheidsbeplanning (legitimiteit). Die opname het bevind dat, wanneer die stadsbeplanningsbeamptes korrup optree (in die uitvoering van hul pligte), die publiek disrespekvol is teen beplanningswette en die stadsbeplanningsowerheid. Strukturele vergelyking model resultate toon dat sekere sosio-ekonomiese kenmerke van inwoners voorspel of hulle gaan voldoen aan die beplanningswette, onafhanklik van die korrupte gedrag van beplanningsamptenare. Spesifiek, in vergelyking met die minder opgeleide inwoners, respekteer die meer opgeleide inwoners die beplanningswette en beskou die plaaslike beplanningsowerheid as meer wettig. Die studie kom dus tot die gevolgtrekking dat mense meer tevrede is met die plaaslike beplanningsowerheid of dat hulle meer geneig is om vrywillig die beplanningswette te respekteer indien hulle die beplanningsinstelling as wettig beskou. Die gebruik van prosedurele geregtigheid by die inwoners is 'n belangrike onderdeel van hierdie legitimiteit. Die studie beveel aan dat die plaaslike beplanningsowerheid en sy amptenare 'n demokraties-verantwoordbare instelling moet word wat die publiek op 'n prosedureel billike manier dien, sonder omkopery. Maatreëls teen korrupsie moet in alle beplanningstelsels ingebou word as deel van die struktuur daarvan. Hierdie studie sal bydra tot die hervorming van stedelike en streeksbeplanning in Nigerië, met spesifieke inagneming van die plaaslike beplanningsowerheid, die verantwoordelikheid van beplannings-beamptes en die verbetering van verhoudings tussen die stads-beplanningsowerheid en die publiek.

The 21st century has an increase in the use of the internet as a means of trading. The use of the internet has also influenced the use of social media as a means of communication. This communication extends to the employer-employee relationship in the workplace. However - in South Africa - due to the rapid use of social media both in and out of the workplace, it has become blurry of what constitutes social media misconduct for which an employee may be disciplined. This is exacerbated by the lack of specific legislation dealing with employees and social media misconduct in South Africa. This article deals with the blessings and the curse of using social media as a means of communication in the workplace. It reveals the difficulties faced by both employers and employees when determining to what extent the behaviour of an employee can constitute adequate grounds for dismissal in relation to that employee's social media misconduct. Recommendations are made on the way forward.

ABSTRACT Objective: To automate the work with decision tables for grading mid-term and final exams in the medical sciences profiles according to the enacted instruction 3/2015 of the Vice Ministry of Cuban Public Health and the instruction 1/209 of the Ministry of Superior Education dealing with spelling mistakes in the university studies. Methods: An initial analysis was done taking into account the characteristics of the comprehensive assessments according to the methodology for questions 3, 5 and 7 respectively. Data files were created through the free professional statistic software (PSPP), developing an algorithm to answer the problem, and taking into consideration the facilities of its programming language. Results: The algorithm was successfully tested in the 1st semester of the course 2018-219 at ¨Dr. Salvador Allende¨ Medical Faculty during the exam of the subject matter Cell, Tissue and Tegument and during the second semester in the midterm and final exams of Biostatistics. Conclusions: This proposal could be used by all professors, no matter the subject, of the different faculties of medicine along the country. It guarantees a fair and correct evaluation to each student without manual errors due to the complexity of the multiple possible combinations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Automatizar el trabajo con las tablas de decisiones para la calificación de exámenes parciales y finales (según la Instrucción 3/2015 establecida por el Vice Ministerio de Salud Pública) de las carreras de Ciencias Médicas y la Instrucción 1/2009 del Ministerio de Educación Superior sobre los errores ortográficos en todas las carreras universitarias del país. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis inicial de las características que presentan las evaluaciones integrales que otorga la Metodología para los exámenes de 3, 5 y 7 preguntas respectivamente, se crearon los archivos de datos mediante el paquete profesional estadístico PSPP de libre distribución y se programó el algoritmo que da respuesta al problema utilizando las facilidades que brinda su lenguaje de programación. Resultados: El algoritmo fue validado con el examen final de 1er. año de la carrera de medicina en la Facultad “Salvador Allende” durante el primer semestre del curso 2018-2019 en la asignatura Célula, Tejido y Sistema Tegumentario y en el segundo semestre con los trabajos de control parciales y los exámenes extraordinarios de la asignatura Bioestadística. Conclusiones: La automatización propuesta puede ser utilizada por los profesores de cualquier asignatura de las facultades de Ciencias Médicas del país. Garantiza otorgar a cada estudiante su evaluación correcta, impidiendo los errores manuales que se cometen debido a la complejidad de las múltiples combinaciones posibles establecidas.

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the perception of professionals and patients with regard to ethical issues involved in addressing the habit of smoking in primary care consultations. Method A qualitative study was designed, consisting of 12 semi-structured interviews with professionals, 7 interviews with patients and 2 focus groups with 6 professionals and 7 primary care patients (a total of 32 participants). An intentional sampling was conducted, including profiles of professionals and patients of both sexes, different ages and experience in relation to smoking. A content analysis was performed with an inductive analytical approach from data to the creation of theoretical categories. Results Four main categories were identified: 1) ethical issues related to the responsibility of the professional when treating patients who smoke; 2) issues related to attitude to patients who smoke; 3) issues related to fair and equitable distribution of resources and to the role of the different levels of government in relation to the control of smoking; and 4) issues related to smokers’ autonomy regarding their habit and smoking cessation. Conclusions An alliance is needed between the ethics that support the autonomy of patients who smoke and the regulation of tobacco consumption. This approach should be included in clinical training programmes dealing with tobacco use, dependence and cessation.

RESUMEN Objetivo Explorar la percepción de profesionales y pacientes sobre las cuestiones éticas que entraña la atención al tabaquismo en las consultas de atención primaria. Método Se diseñó un estudio cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 12 profesionales y 7 pacientes, y dos grupos focales con 6 profesionales y 7 pacientes de atención primaria (32 participantes en total). Se realizó un muestreo intencional buscando perfiles de profesionales y pacientes de ambos sexos, distintas edades y experiencia en relación con el tabaquismo. El análisis de contenido siguió una estrategia analítica inductiva desde los datos hasta la creación de categorías teóricas. Resultados Se identificaron cuatro categorías principales: 1) cuestiones éticas relativas a la responsabilidad del/de la profesional con el/la paciente fumador/a; 2) cuestiones relacionadas con la actitud que debe mostrar el/la profesional ante el/la paciente; 3) aspectos relacionados con la justicia en la distribución de recursos y con el papel de la Administración pública en el control del tabaquismo; y 4) cuestiones relativas a la autonomía de la persona fumadora con respecto al consumo y al cese del tabaquismo. Conclusiones Es necesaria una alianza entre la ética que favorece la auténtica autonomía de la persona fumadora y la regulación heterónoma del consumo de tabaco. Sería conveniente incluir estas cuestiones en los programas de formación para el manejo del tabaquismo por parte de los/las profesionales.

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the perception of professionals and patients with regard to ethical issues involved in addressing the habit of smoking in primary care consultations. Method A qualitative study was designed, consisting of 12 semi-structured interviews with professionals, 7 interviews with patients and 2 focus groups with 6 professionals and 7 primary care patients (a total of 32 participants). An intentional sampling was conducted, including profiles of professionals and patients of both sexes, different ages and experience in relation to smoking. A content analysis was performed with an inductive analytical approach from data to the creation of theoretical categories. Results Four main categories were identified: 1) ethical issues related to the responsibility of the professional when treating patients who smoke; 2) issues related to attitude to patients who smoke; 3) issues related to fair and equitable distribution of resources and to the role of the different levels of government in relation to the control of smoking; and 4) issues related to smokers’ autonomy regarding their habit and smoking cessation. Conclusions An alliance is needed between the ethics that support the autonomy of patients who smoke and the regulation of tobacco consumption. This approach should be included in clinical training programmes dealing with tobacco use, dependence and cessation.

RESUMEN Objetivo Explorar la percepción de profesionales y pacientes sobre las cuestiones éticas que entraña la atención al tabaquismo en las consultas de atención primaria. Método Se diseñó un estudio cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 12 profesionales y 7 pacientes, y dos grupos focales con 6 profesionales y 7 pacientes de atención primaria (32 participantes en total). Se realizó un muestreo intencional buscando perfiles de profesionales y pacientes de ambos sexos, distintas edades y experiencia en relación con el tabaquismo. El análisis de contenido siguió una estrategia analítica inductiva desde los datos hasta la creación de categorías teóricas. Resultados Se identificaron cuatro categorías principales: 1) cuestiones éticas relativas a la responsabilidad del/de la profesional con el/la paciente fumador/a; 2) cuestiones relacionadas con la actitud que debe mostrar el/la profesional ante el/la paciente; 3) aspectos relacionados con la justicia en la distribución de recursos y con el papel de la Administración pública en el control del tabaquismo; y 4) cuestiones relativas a la autonomía de la persona fumadora con respecto al consumo y al cese del tabaquismo. Conclusiones Es necesaria una alianza entre la ética que favorece la auténtica autonomía de la persona fumadora y la regulación heterónoma del consumo de tabaco. Sería conveniente incluir estas cuestiones en los programas de formación para el manejo del tabaquismo por parte de los/las profesionales.

This study considers expanding beyond the current collective understanding of research on the impact of global food and agriculture laws on Africa's food security. This paper aims to answer two basic questions: are the current global food and agriculture laws capable of facilitating and supporting the goal of ending hunger in Africa and increasing food security; will the existing global food law promote fair and equitable food production and supply practices to benefit all who need it? This paper will answer the questions by using a qualitative approach to Africa's experience in dealing with the existing global food and agriculture laws. This will provide insight into understanding the law, the behaviour of society and the outcome of the application of the law in real life. This will enable us to identify the gap in the global food law addressing food security. The qualitative data in the study will help the in-depth explanation, exploration and understanding of the root cause of food insecurity.