Abstract The consumption of vegetable oils is common in our daily diet. Rapeseed oil (canola oil) is the third most consumed edible oil in the world, followed by palm and soybean oils in terms of production. Rapeseed oil has a low proportion of saturated fatty acids, while it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, as well as in healthy compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, processing technologies affect the content and functional activities of bioactive compounds in the oil. Aim: To assess any potential effect of hot or cold pressing and a refining process on the nutritional value and the profile of several bioactive compounds in canola oils produced in Chile. Methods: Canola oils were characterized regarding their fatty acid profile, phytosterol and tocopherol composition, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity, according to the mode of extraction (cold or hot pressed) and before and after bWeing subjected to a refining process. Results: Fatty acid profiles were not significantly different in any of the analyzed canola oils. Refining but not temperature extraction led to a sharp decrease of phytosterols and tocopherols. Hot pressing significantly increased the amount of total phenols (3.1 times) and the antioxidant activity measured by ORAC (3.1 times) and DPPH (8.3 times) compared to the cold extraction. However, phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity decreased after refining. Conclusions: Refining processes should be adjusted to reduce the loss of bioactive compounds in the oil.

Resumen El consumo de aceites vegetales es habitual en nuestra dieta diaria. El aceite de colza (aceite de canola) es el tercer aceite comestible más consumido en el mundo, seguido por los aceites de palma y soja en términos de producción. El aceite de colza tiene una baja proporción de ácidos grasos saturados, mientras que es rico en ácidos grasos insaturados, así como en compuestos liposolubles saludables como fenoles, tocoferoles, fitoesteroles, carotenoides y vitaminas. Sin embargo, las tecnologías de procesamiento afectan el contenido y las actividades funcionales de los compuestos bioactivos en el aceite. Objetivo: Evaluar cualquier efecto potencial del prensado en caliente o en frío y un proceso de refinación sobre el valor nutricional y el perfil de varios compuestos bioactivos en los aceites de canola producidos en Chile. Métodos: Los aceites de canola se caracterizaron en cuanto a su perfil de ácidos grasos, composición de fitoesteroles y tocoferoles, contenido de fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante, según el modo de extracción (prensado en frío o en caliente) y antes y después de ser sometidos a un proceso de refinación. Resultados: Los perfiles de ácidos grasos no fueron significativamente diferentes en ninguno de los aceites de canola analizados. La refinación, pero no la extracción en caliente, condujo a una fuerte disminución de los fitoesteroles y tocoferoles. El prensado en caliente aumentó significativamente la cantidad de fenoles totales (3,1 veces) y la actividad antioxidante medida por ORAC (3,1 veces) y DPPH (8,3 veces) en comparación con la extracción en frío. Sin embargo, la concentración de fenoles y la capacidad antioxidante disminuyeron después del refinado. Conclusión: Los procesos de refinación deben ajustarse para reducir la pérdida de compuestos bioactivos en el aceite.

Abstract Linked to important pillars of the Brazilian economy, studies related to mining and the use of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) have been gaining ground in recent years, especially related to the geotechnics of dams and precision agriculture. However, the interdisciplinarity needed to carry out more robust analyses are still lacking in some areas, which brings up good opportunities to be explored. In this sense, the present study combined products obtained through different activities and methodologies, aiming at a solution that provides predictability to the mining dam management process, specifically linked to modeling and obtaining data on solid content in the tailings, arising from the processing of bauxite, based on geoprocessing. The activities necessary to achieve the sought objectives covered, briefly: 2021 tailings sampling campaign carried out in the Plateau Disposal System (RP1), laboratory analyses (humidity), aerial survey with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), geoprocessing for the extraction of luminosity values of images and statistical analysis of dispersion. As a result, it was observed that the increase in the number of drying cracks (highlighted in the images by dark pixels) is directly related to the drying of the waste (increase in the percentage of solids), whose quadratic model presents an excellent relationship between the values of the pixels in the images and percentage of solids from laboratory data, implying a determination coefficient of 91.74%. Furthermore, gains in security, predictability and economy for the processes stand out, when compared to the traditional methods applied, in addition to an excellent potential to be developed in future studies.

Abstract Objective: To explore the gaps that exist for access to cataract surgery in people with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: A qualitative research of a phenomenological type with a managerial approach was carried out. Management tools and techniques by health processes and Lean-health methodology were used. The field work was carried out in the municipalities of La Lisa, Marianao and Playa where the experiences and expectations of 46 patients were explored in six discussion groups, the criteria of nine family doctors and six ophthalmologists from the primary health level were obtained, in two discussion groups. Results: The experiences of patients, family doctors and ophthalmologists, organized by categories (diagnosis, continuity and communication, social support and workload) have in their content the gaps present in the care process. Conclusion: The gaps identified in this study are sufficient to explain why many patients do not access cataract surgery in a timely manner.

Resumen Objetivo: Explorar las brechas que existen para el acceso a la cirugía de catarata en personas con diabetes tipo 2. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa de tipo fenomenológica con enfoque gerencial. Se emplearon herramientas y técnicas de gestión por procesos en salud y metodología Lean- sanidad. El trabajo de campo se realizó en los municipios La Lisa, Marianao y Playa donde se exploraron las experiencias y expectativas de 46 pacientes en seis grupos de discusión, se obtuvo el criterio de nueve médicos de familia y seis oftalmólogos del nivel primario de salud, en dos grupos de discusión. Resultados: Las experiencias de pacientes, médicos de familia y oftalmólogos, organizadas por categorías (diagnóstico, continuidad y comunicación, apoyo social y carga laboral) tienen en su contenido las brechas presentes en el proceso asistencial. Conclusión: Las brechas identificadas en este estudio son suficientes para explicar por qué muchos pacientes no acceden de manera oportuna a la cirugía de catarata.

This work is part of the Diest/Ipea project "Criminal Dynamics and Security Policies in Brazilian Regions". The article aims to map land disputes as a result of socio-historical, legal and political processes related to forms of governance over the occupation and use of land and natural resources in the Legal Amazon. These disputes play a fundamental role in understanding the dynamics of crime in the region. For this purpose, a methodological approach was used that combines interviews with actors from public institutions (agents from the Secretariats of Public Security, members of the Judiciary and the Public Prosecutor's Office), academics and social movements, as well as documentary research, a bibliographical review and consultation of statistical sources. The analyses done have identified systems of mechanisms that may be at the heart of the high levels of violent deaths in the Legal Amazon. The core of this violence lies in land conflicts, related to the colonization model, the lack of land-use planning, the absence of supervision and executive and legislative action to make it more flexible. These disputes are related to the search for new areas to expand the cattle raising and mineral frontiers, historically associated with land-grabbing practices and financial speculation. These use violence and legal-political mechanisms to advance over the territory. Policies that blur the boundaries between the legal and the illegal often amnesty crimes of land grabbing and deforestation, deepening the dynamics of violence associated with land and extraction conflicts in the Legal Amazon.

Este trabalho compõe o projeto “Dinâmicas de Criminalidade e Políticas de Segurança nas Regiões Brasileiras" da Diest/Ipea. O artigo tem como objetivo mapear as disputas fundiárias enquanto decorrência de processos sócio-históricos, jurídicos e políticos relacionados às formas de governança sobre a ocupação e uso da terra e recursos naturais na  Amazônia Legal. Essas disputas desempenham um papel fundamental na compreensão das dinâmicas de criminalidade na região. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma abordagem metodológica que combina entrevistas com atores de organizações estatais (agentes das Secretarias de Segurança Pública, membros do Poder Judiciário e Ministério Público), acadêmicos e movimentos sociais, além de pesquisa documental, revisão bibliográfica e consulta a fontes estatísticas. As análises realizadas identificaram redes de mecanismos que podem estar no cerne dos elevados níveis de mortes violentas na Amazônia Legal. O âmago dessa violência reside nos conflitos fundiários, relacionados ao modelo de colonização, à falta de ordenamento fundiário, à ausência de fiscalização e à atuação executiva e legislativa em prol de sua flexibilização. Essas disputas estão relacionadas à busca por novas áreas de expansão das fronteiras agropecuária e mineral, associadas, historicamente, às práticas de grilagem e especulação financeira. Estas se valem da violência, bem como de mecanismos jurídico-políticos para avançar sobre o território. Políticas que borram as fronteiras entre o legal e o ilegal e, muitas vezes, anistiam crimes de grilagem e desmatamento, aprofundando as dinâmicas de violência associada a conflitos fundiários e extrativistas na Amazônia Legal.

Resumo O desenvolvimento sustentável possui três dimensões: a social, a econômica e a de preservação ambiental. Nesse sentido, a atividade de mineração, por um lado, é uma oportunidade de geração de renda, sobretudo pelas dificuldades das atividades agrícolas no Semiárido potiguar, notadamente pelas limitações hídricas impostas pela natureza local. Por outro lado, além dos diversos impactos ambientais, há as implicações da saúde humana, frequentemente associadas à exploração de calcário. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os impactos ambientais causados pela extração de calcário no Sítio Brejinho, município de Upanema, Rio Grande do Norte, por meio da análise da percepção dos moradores e trabalhadores. É um estudo de caso que inclui as seguintes etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores locais e trabalhadores da referida atividade e elaboração de mapa de localização. A maioria dos entrevistados percebe que a tarefa causa impactos negativos no meio ambiente local. Porém, justificam que é a única fonte de renda para grande parte das famílias do Sítio Brejinho e de comunidades vizinhas. Assim, para os moradores e trabalhadores, os danos causados à natureza e à saúde humana, via mineração, são compensados pela renda gerada para as famílias, que subsistem economicamente por meio desta atividade laboral. Logo, é necessário aprimorar os processos tecnológicos, no sentido de preservar a saúde das pessoas, tais como os usos de EPIs, o monitoramento da vegetação e fauna, entre outros indicadores ambientais, em busca da sustentabilidade socioambiental. dimensões social ambiental mineração lado potiguar local humana Assim Upanema Norte etapas bibliográfica localização Porém vizinhas laboral Logo tecnológicos pessoas EPIs fauna socioambiental

Resumen El desarrollo sustentable posee tres dimensiones: la social, la económica y del la preservación ambiental. En este sentido, la actividad de mineración, por un lado, es una oportunidad de generación de renta, sobre todo por las dificultades de las actividades agrícolas en Semiárido Potiguar, notablemente por las limitaciones hídricas impuestas por la naturaliza local. Por otro lado, además de los diversos impactos ambientales, hay las implicaciones en la salud humana, frecuentemente asociadas a la exploración de calcáreo. De esta forma, el objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los impactos ambientales producidos por la extracción de calcáreo en Sítio Brejinho, municipio de Upanema, Rio Grande do Norte, por medio del análisis de la percepción de los moradores y trabajadores. Es un estudio de caso que incluye las siguientes etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas con moradores locales y trabajadores de la referida actividad y elaboración de mapa de localización. La mayoría de los entrevistados percibe que la tarea produce impactos negativos al medio ambiente local. Pero, justifican que es la única fuente de renta para gran parte de las familias del Sítio Brejinho y de las comunidades vecinas. Así, para los moradores y trabajadores, los daños causados a la naturaleza y a salud humana, por vía de la mineración, son compensados por la renta generada para las familias, que subsisten económicamente por medio de esta actividad laboral. Luego, es necesario perfeccionar los procesos tecnológicos, en el sentido de preservar la salud de las personas, tales como, EPIs, monitoreo de la vegetación y fauna, entre otros indicadores ambientales en búsqueda de la sustentabilidad socioambiental. dimensiones social ambiental mineración lado Potiguar local humana forma Upanema Norte etapas bibliográfica localización Pero vecinas Así laboral Luego tecnológicos personas como EPIs fauna socioambiental

Abstract Social, economic and of environment preservation are three dimensions of sustainable development. That way, mining activity, on one hand, is an opportunity for income generation, especially due to the difficulties of agricultural activity in Rio Grande do Norte’s semiarid region, notably by the water restrictions imposed by local nature. On the other hand, there are several impacts on the environment and on human health, frequently associated to limestone exploration. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the environmental impacts caused by the extraction of limestone in Brejinho, a rural community in Upanema, a small town in Rio Grande do Norte, through the analysis of the perception of the local residents and workers. This is a case study that encompasses the following steps: bibliographic research, semi-structured interviews with local residents and those who work in this activity, and elaboration of the location’s map. Most interviewees realize that the activity causes negative impacts on the local environment. However, they justify that this is the only source of income of the greatest part of the local families and families of neighboring communities. Then, according to the residents and workers, the damages, caused by the mining activity, to nature and human health, are compensated by the income generated for the families, that subsist economically through this activity. Therefore, it is necessary to improve technological processes, in order to preserve people’s health, such as the use of PPE, vegetation and fauna monitoring, among other environment indexes, in order to create socioenvironmental sustainability. Social development way hand generation Nortes Norte s region health exploration Thus Brejinho Upanema workers steps research semistructured semi structured locations location map However communities Then damages Therefore processes peoples people PPE monitoring indexes sustainability

Resumen La manufactura del mueble de madera en Misantla utiliza procesos artesanales largos, técnicamente no estructurados, con alta generación de desperdicio de madera y gran rotación entre sus artesanos. Esta investigación describe la forma de organización y operación de las carpinterías y talleres de ese sector. Se estudiaron las interrelaciones de los actores económicos proveedor-organización-cliente, incluidos los procesos internos y externos, así como los factores productivos que caracterizan su cadena de suministro. El estudio, realizado en 2021, tuvo un enfoque mixto, alcance exploratorio y diseño transversal. Se contactaron a dueños o encargados de 86 carpinterías y 101 talleres de muebles de madera a los que se les realizó una encuesta semiestructurada. Los hallazgos describen una industria familiar con tecnología adaptada y construida por el mismo carpintero, nulo acceso a tecnologías asistidas por computadora, y esquemas de comercialización para una economía local y regional que propicia entregas tardías e incumplimiento al cliente. Este contexto de industria familiar exige estructuras de organización administrativa formal, programas de capacitación, y esquemas de integración industrial que permitan acceder a tecnología y financiamiento. Resulta importante la organización como un solo sector de artesanos, un plan de reforestación y manejo sustentable de extracción, mejoramiento del suministro de materias primas y materiales, así como definir estrategias de comercialización, y plantear procesos automatizados para ensamble e integración vertical para conformar clústeres de cadena de valor. Futuras investigaciones podrían utilizar un muestreo aleatorio, ampliar el tamaño de muestra, reducir la longitud de la encuesta e incluir a mueblerías de otras regiones.

Abstract Wooden furniture manufacturing in Misantla uses long, technically unstructured artisan processes, high generation of wood waste and high turnover among its handicraftsmen. This paper describes the organization and operation of their carpentry shops and workshops. The relationships between their economic agents, the supplier-organization-final customers, including the internal and external processes as well as their productive factors that make up their supply chain were studied. This research, accomplished in 2021, was a mixed, exploratory and transactional study. 86 carpentry shops and 101 workshops were interviewed and a semi-structured survey was applied. Findings state a family wood furniture industry, with a technology designed by the carpenters, no access to technology supported by computers or the marketing strategies for a local and regional scope that favors delayed deliveries and client complaints. This family industry context requires formal administrative organization structures, training programs, and industrial integration schemes that allow access to technology and financing. It is important to organize as a single handicraft sector, a plan for reforestation and sustainable extraction management, an improvement in the supply of raw materials and materials, as well as defining marketing strategies, proposing automated processes for assembly and vertical integration to form clusters of value chain. Future research could use random sampling, enlarge the sample size, reduce the length of the survey, and include furniture stores from other regions.

RESUMEN La extracción y transformación de los jugos de caña en panela, genera diversas formas de relacionamientos que hacen parte de la institucionalidad no formal del sector. No se tiene claro si las redes que configuran el procesamiento están directamente relacionadas con el tipo de complejo panelero donde se procesan los jugos y si estos vínculos están aportando al capital social del colectivo. La pesquisa empleó el enfoque de análisis de redes sociales rurales-ARS, lenguaje matricial, vínculos y grafos. Dentro de los hallazgos más relevantes, se tiene que las relaciones familiares, son más determinantes en la configuración de la red, que el tipo de complejo en el que procesa. Además, la institucionalidad local de los paneleros ha permitido construir un capital social, mediado especialmente por la confianza.

ABSTRACT The extraction and transformation of cane juice into panela generates various forms of relationships that are part of the non-formal institutionality of the sector. It is not clear if the networks that make up the processing are directly related to the type of panelero complex where the juices are processed and if these links are contributing to the social capital of the group. The research used the approach of analysis of rural social networks-ARS, matrix language, links and graphs. Among the most relevant findings, family relationships are more decisive in the configuration of the network than the type of complex in which it processes. In addition, the local institutionality of the paneleros has made it possible to build social capital, mediated especially by trust.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la concentración de PC, EE, CNS, fibras, CFT, TC, CBD, THC, digestibilidad in vitro de materia seca y parámetros de fermentación ruminal de residuos agroindustriales de Cannabis sativa L. de dos procesos extractivos de cannabinoides, como fuente potencial de forraje en la alimentación de rumiantes. La flor de Cannabis sativa se expuso al proceso de extracción por prensado en frío (CPF) y extracción alcohólica (CEA); los residuos vegetativos obtenidos después de las extracciones se compararon con la flor cruda como testigo (FCC) utilizando un diseño completamente al azar y la prueba de Tukey para la comparación de medias. Los procesos extractivos disminuyeron el EE, CFT y cannabinoides (CBD y THC). En contraste, las fibras, CNS y digestibilidad, aumentaron después de los procesos extractivos en CPF y CEA. Del mismo modo, la degradabilidad in vitro aumentó después de ambos procesos extractivos por encima del 120 %, así como el período de latencia. Además, los protozoos aumentaron con CPF, pero no se observaron cambios en CEA. Asimismo, no se observaron cambios en las bacterias celulolíticas en CPF y CEA. Sin embargo, las bacterias totales se redujeron después de ambas extracciones. Además, el N-amoníaco en las fermentaciones ruminales disminuyó con CPF y CEA, mientras que los ácidos grasos volátiles totales aumentaron. Además, la producción de gas aumentó por encima del 75 % en CPF y CEA; sin embargo, no se observaron cambios en el período de latencia. Además, la producción de metano y CO2 aumentó por encima del 80 y 60 %, respectivamente, para CPF y CEA; estos aumentos se asocian positivamente con mejoras en las fermentaciones ruminales. En conclusión, el residuo agroindustrial de Cannabis sativa L. obtenido después de los procesos extractivos analizados puede surgir como una fuente potencial de forraje en la alimentación de rumiantes.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the concentration of CP, EE, NSC, fibers, TPC, CT, CBD, THC, in vitro digestibility of dry matter and rumen fermentation parameters of agroindustrial residues of Cannabis sativa L. from two extractive processes of cannabinoids, as a potential source of forage in ruminants feeding. The flower of Cannabis sativa was exposed to cold-press extraction (CPC) and alcoholic extraction (AEC) process; vegetative residues obtained after extractions were compared to raw flower as a control (RFC) using a completely randomized design and Tukey’s test for means comparison. Extractive processes decreased EE, TPC and cannabinoids (CBD and THC). Otherwise, fibers, NSC and digestibility, increased after the extractive processes in CPC and AEC. Similarly, in vitro degradability increased after both extractive processes above 120 % as well as latency period. Additionally, protozoa increased with CPC but no changes were observed in AEC. Likewise, no changes were observed in cellulolytic bacteria in CPC and AEC. However, total bacteria were reduced after both extractions. Moreover, N-ammonia in ruminal fermentations decreased with CPC and AEC whereas total volatile fatty acids increased. In addition, gas production increased above 75 % in CPC and AEC; however, no changes were observed in latency period. Furthermore, methane and CO2 production increased above 80 and 60 %, respectively for CPC and AEC; these augmentations are positively associated with improvements in the ruminal fermentations. In conclusions, the agroindustrial residue of Cannabis sativa L. obtained after the analyzed extractive processes may arise as a potential forage source in ruminants feeding.

RESUMEN La manufactura inteligente y la innovación de la industria 4.0 a nivel mundial forman parte de la transformación tecnológica para crear sistemas de gestión y formas de hacer negocios, que permitan optimizar los procesos de fabricación, alcanzar una mayor flexibilidad y eficiencia, así como responder de forma oportuna a las necesidades de su mercado. El aprendizaje de máquina constituye una tecnología que es capaz de predicir con fiabilidad determinados resultados a partir de un modelo preparado entrenándolo con datos de entrada anteriores y su comportamiento de salida. La investigación realizada se propuso como objetivo la comparación de modelos de aprendizaje de máquina para la detección de fallas en turborreactores de doble flujo extraído del Repositorio del Centro de Excelencia de Pronósticos de la NASA. Los resultados obtenidos se comparan con datos reales para verificar la exactitud dando como resultado el algoritmo Random Forest como el mejor modelo ejecutado con parámetros normales y optimizados con un f1-score de 99.949% y 99.99% respectivamente. Finalmente se conoce que en la base de datos no es posible realizar una extracción fiable y válida de las principales características mediante el aprendizaje automático, debido a su particularidad en las condiciones operativas. También es importante mencionar que el modelo SVM no fue ejecutado con hiperparámetros. Es recomendable utilizar métodos de comparación de aprendizaje profundo por su precisión al momento de clasificar los datos reduciendo drásticamente la carga computacional al momento de ejecutar el modelo.

ABSTRACT Smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 innovation worldwide are part of the technological transformation to create management systems and ways of doing business that optimize manufacturing processes, achieve greater flexibility and efficiency, and respond in a timely manner to the needs of their market. Machine learning is a technology that is able to reliably predict certain outcomes from a prepared model by training it with previous input data and its output behavior. The research carried out was aimed at comparing machine learning models for the detection of failures in twin-flow turbojets extracted from the NASA Prediction Centre of Excellence Repository. The results obtained are compared with real data to verify the accuracy resulting in the Random Forest algorithm as the best model run with normal and optimized parameters with an f1-score of 99.949% and 99.99% respectively. Finally, it is known that in the database it is not possible to perform a reliable and valid extraction of the main features by machine learning, due to its particularity in the operating conditions. It is also important to mention that the SVM model was not run with hyperparameters. It is advisable to use deep learning matching methods because of their accuracy in classifying the data and drastically reducing the computational load when running the model.

Abstract: Studies on extractivism have focused their attention on rural spaces, analyzing the specific sites where the extraction of primary goods takes place and establishing an exclusive association between extractive activities and rurality. Likewise, in the formulations around urban extractivism, cities emerge without other articulations with rural extractivism, while it would be, strictly speaking, a real estate extractivism. Faced with this state of the matter, the article constitutes a theoretical contribution in which we carry out a critical approach to the concept of extractivism, investigating the logics under which accumulation and territory are linked in Latin American cities. To do this, we build a perspective that seeks to go beyond the rural-urban dichotomy that responds to the binary logic that marks modern/colonial science and, simultaneously, seeks to go beyond the centrality of the real estate market in the explanation of these urbanization processes where extractivism, capitalism and coloniality are inseparable. As a result, extractivism emerges as the hegemonic territorial ordering of capital where the rural-city binomial is diluted in a territory-network vertically integrated into production chains on a global scale and intervenes in the social production of cities, making the coloniality of its territory.

Resumen: Los estudios sobre el extractivismo han centrado su atención en espacios rurales, analizando los sitios específicos donde tiene lugar la extracción de bienes primarios y estableciendo una asociación exclusiva entre actividades extractivas y ruralidad. Asimismo, en las formulaciones en torno al extractivismo urbano, las ciudades emergen sin demás articulaciones con el extractivismo rural, al tiempo que se trataría, en rigor, de un extractivismo inmobiliario. Ante este estado de la cuestión, el artículo constituye una contribución teórica con la cual abordamos críticamente el concepto de extractivismo, indagando las lógicas bajo las cuales enlaza acumulación y territorio en las ciudades latinoamericanas. Para ello, construimos una perspectiva que busca ir más allá de la dicotomía rural-urbana que responde a la lógica binaria que marca a la ciencia moderna/colonial y que, simultáneamente, procura ir más allá de la centralidad del mercado inmobiliario en la explicación de estos procesos de urbanización donde extractivismo, capitalismo y colonialidad resultan indisociables. Como resultado, el extractivismo emerge como ordenamiento territorial hegemónico del capital donde el binomio campo-ciudad se diluye en un territorio-red verticalmente integrado a cadenas productivas de escala mundial e interviene en la producción social de las ciudades haciendo a la colonialidad de su territorio.

Abstract A wide range of studies has emerged on the precariousness of uberized jobs. Nonetheless, there is a gap regarding how these precarious jobs are integrated into the global movement of private valuation and appropriation of the workforce. Thus, this essay aims to apprehend the movement of capital reproduction whose material base occurs in the digital platform dynamics, demonstrating the different forms of intermediated work engendered in the global accumulation process. Using a historical materialist approach, we analyze the phenomenon of uberization in the expansion movement of the production and circulation of goods, scrutinizing the dynamics of big platform companies regarding their relationship with workers and customers, revealing mediations in the movement of values, which culminates in three forms of labor intermediation: (a) Form 1: as a commodity for individual consumption; (b) Form 2: as part of the work processes of industrial capital; and (c) Form 3: as a moderator of exchange relationships. We conclude by indicating that the three forms of uberized products help us to understand how this commodity production process submits men and women to precarious working conditions and increased exploitation. Furthermore, forms 2 and 3, which are more complex and mediated, demonstrate how uberization spreads across the production chain and facilitates the extraction and attraction of surplus value elsewhere, denoting the imperialist character of capitalist dynamics today.

Resumo Tem surgido uma vasta gama de estudos sobre a precarização dos trabalhos uberizados, todavia, há uma lacuna referente a como esses trabalhos precários se integram ao movimento global de valorização e apropriação privada de valor. Assim, este ensaio objetiva a apreensão do movimento de reprodução do capital cuja base material concretiza-se nas dinâmicas das plataformas digitais, demonstrando as diferentes formas como o trabalho intermediado é engendrado no processo global de acumulação. Com uma abordagem materialista histórica, analisamos o fenômeno da uberização do trabalho no movimento de expansão da produção e circulação de mercadorias, perscrutando a dinâmica das principais empresas-plataformas quanto à sua relação com trabalhadores(as) e clientes, desvelando mediações no movimento do valor, que culmina em três formas de intermediação do trabalho: (a) Forma 1: como mercadoria de meio de consumo individual; (b) Forma 2: com parte dos processos de trabalho de um capital industrial; e (c) Forma 3: como moderador de relações de troca. Concluímos indicando que as três formas dos produtos na uberização nos ajudam a perceber como este processo de produção da mercadoria submete homens e mulheres às condições de trabalho precárias e ao aumento da exploração. As Formas 2 e 3, mais complexas e mediadas, demonstram como a uberização do trabalho se espraia na cadeia produtiva e propicia a extração e atração do mais-valor alhures, denotando o caráter imperialista da dinâmica capitalista nos dias atuais.

The performance requirements of modern lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) necessitate the use of a number of scarce and strategically sensitive metals such as lithium and cobalt. Recycling end-of-life LIBs reduces the demand on the primary sources of these metals and helps reduce the environmental impact of LIB waste. Citric acid has proven to be an effective environmentally friendly and sustainable lixiviant; however, the formation of metal citrate complexes complicates subsequent metal separation processes such as solvent extraction. This study enhances the understanding of LIB metal separation from citric acid media by comparing the metal separation performance of phosphorus-based liquid-liquid extractants from a citric acid leach. The optimum Mn(II) extraction pH decreases as the extractant's phosphorus oxidation state increases from phosphinic to phosphonic to phosphoric, due to the oxygen atoms that surround the central phosphorus atom. The maximum Mn(II) separation with Cyanex 272, PC-88A, and D2EHPA was observed at pHs of 6, 3, and 3, respectively. D2EHPA further provided the best separation of Mn(II) over Al, Co, Li, and Ni with separation factors of 137, 191, 118, and 601, respectively. No research is currently available on the metal separation performance of phosphonic (PC-88A) or phosphinic (Cyanex 272) organic extractants from citric acid media. SIGNIFICANCE: • This study is the first to investigate the use of phosphonic and phosphinic extractants for metal separation from citric acid leach solutions, towards using citric acid as an environmentally friendly lixiviant. • The phosphoric extractant, D2EHPA, enabled successful and sequential separation and extraction of aluminium, manganese and lithium, making the process technologically feasible and attractive.

Abstract Mineral extraction activities have left a large number of contaminated sites known as "tailings" and embankments, which have concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) and there is no presence of organic matter, which prevents the establishment of vegetation cover. These sites can be rehabilitated using bioremediation technologies, such as microbial-assisted phytoremediation, and agronomic techniques such as the addition of organic matter. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of mining tailings and organic matter on the survival of Arbutus xalapensis Kunth (Ericaceae) propagated symbiotically with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Six treatments were established, evaluating survival, growth, biomass and presence or absence of mycorrhizal colonization after 6 months. The observed results show that the greatest survival is found in the treatments without organic matter, having a survival of 91 and 94%, while the height of the plants presented statistically significant differences, having a single treatment that is different from the rest with lower growth embankment of 150 years + soil + agrolite, while for mycorrhizal colonization no significant differences were found between the treatments with contaminants and without contaminants, observing that the symbiosis processes between fungi and tree roots are not affected by the presence of EPT, being viable the phytoremediation of tailings with A. xalapensis and mycorrhizae.

Resumen Las actividades de extracción de minerales han dejado una gran cantidad de sitios contaminados conocidos como “jales” y terraplenes, que presentan concentraciones de Elementos Potencialmente Tóxicos (EPT) y nula presencia de materia orgánica lo que impide el establecimiento de cobertura vegetal. Estos sitios pueden ser rehabilitados usando tecnologías de biorremediación, como la fitorremediación asistida por microorganismos y técnicas agronómicas como la adición de materia orgánica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de jales mineros y materia orgánica en la supervivencia de Arbutus xalapensis Kunth (Ericaceae) propagados simbióticamente con hongos micorrízicos ericoides. Se establecieron 6 tratamientos evaluando la supervivencia, crecimiento, biomasa y presencia o ausencia de colonización micorrizíca después de 6 meses. Los resultados observados muestran que la mayor supervivencia se dio en los tratamientos sin materia orgánica teniendo una supervivencia de 91 y 94%, mientras que la altura de las plantas presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas, teniendo un solo tratamiento que es diferente del resto con menor crecimiento Terraplén de 150 años + suelo + agrolita. Para la colonización micorrizíca no se encontraron diferencias, entre los tratamientos con contaminantes y sin contaminantes, observando que los procesos de simbiosis entre hongos y las raíces de los árboles no se ve afectada por la presencia de EPT, siendo viable la fitorremediación de jales con A. xalapensis y micorrizas.

ABSTRACT During the silver extraction process in mining, the generated residues (called tailings) still contain approximately 100-140 g/ton of silver due to the presence of refractory materials that trap this metal and prevent its solubilization by conventional methods. These residues can be treated by biohydrometallurgical processes allowing, together with the cyanidation process, an increase in the efficiency of silver extraction by eliminating refractory materials such as manganese, which is present as pyrolusite (MnO2, 3.78 %). Pyrolusite can change from manganese (IV) to manganese (II) when solubilized by bioleaching. This research analyzed the effects of bioleaching using native bacteria on the concentration of silver extraction from the removal of manganese in mining tailings. The native bacteria ITDBC2, ITDBC5, and ITDBC6 were identified as Leptospirillum ferriphilum by amplification of the 16S gene corroborated by bioinformatic analysis. The experimentation was carried out using a flooded bioleaching system (9.43 L) to resemble the industrial geometry with the following variables: concentration of ferrous ions (2, 7, and 14 g/L), pH (2, 4, and 6) and agitation time at 100 rpm (2, 4 and 6 min/day). The experimentation lasted 18 days. The removal of manganese and silver extraction was 71.84 and 55.53 %, respectively. The scaled-up of the evaluated bioprocess could reduce energy consumption and process larger amounts of pulp than the reported at the laboratory scale.

RESUMEN Durante el proceso minero de extracción de plata, los residuos generados, llamados jales, aún contienen aproximadamente 100-140 g/ton de plata debido a la presencia de materiales refractarios que la atrapan e impiden su solubilización por métodos convencionales. Estos residuos pueden tratarse mediante procesos biohidrometalúrgicos que, en conjunto con el proceso de cianuración, permiten incrementar la eficiencia de extracción de plata mediante la eliminación de materiales refractarios como el manganeso, el cual se encuentra en forma de pirolusita (MnO2, 3.78 %). La pirolusita puede pasar de manganeso (IV) a manganeso (II) al solubilizarse mediante biolixiviación. Esta investigación analizó los efectos de la biolixiviación con bacterias nativas sobre la concentración de extracción de plata a partir de la remoción de manganeso en jales mineros. Las bacterias nativas (ITDBC2, ITDBC5 e ITDBC6) fueron identificadas como Leptospirillum ferriphilum por amplificación del gen 16S y corroboradas por análisis bioinformático. La experimentación se realizó mediante un sistema de biolixiviación inundado (9.43 L) para simular la geometría industrial con las siguientes variables: concentración de iones ferrosos: 2, 7 y 14 g/L; pH: 2, 4 y 6, y tiempo de agitación a 100 rpm: 2, 4 y 6 min/día. La experimentación duró 18 días. Las respuestas para la remoción de manganeso y extracción de plata fueron 71.84 y 55.53 %, respectivamente. Implementado a escala, el bioproceso evaluado podría disminuir el consumo energético y procesar mayores cantidades de pulpa respecto de los resultados obtenidos en laboratorio.

Abstract Yoghurt as a milk fermentation product has been popular for several years because of its probiotic properties. Probiotic yoghurt is processed by the heated milk then added with lactic acid bacteria and allowed to ferment. However, the series of processes makes some of the nutritional content of milk lost. Therefore, probiotic yoghurt needs to replace this nutritional loss and improve the yoghurt quality. The addition of herbs or natural ingredients could be an effective way to improve the functional properties of yoghurt, such as the addition of Podang Urang mango extract (Mangifera indica L.). This research aimed to recognize the physicochemical, and amino acid profiles of probiotic yoghurt through the addition of Podang Urang mango extract. The addition of Podang Urang mango extracts into yoghurt has significantly affected titratable acid (TA), viscosity, moisture, ash, protein, fat, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, it did not significantly affect water activity and pH. The highest levels of amino acids in yoghurt with the addition of Podang Urang mango extract were leucine and lysine. There was a significant difference in alanine, arginine, tyrosine, proline, and histidine in the percentage of Podang Urang mango extract, while the other amino acids showed insignificant differences.