RESUMO: Vários resíduos agroindustriais podem ser utilizados para a extração de açúcares por meio de reações químicas. Este estudo avalia a extração de açúcares totais e açúcares redutores de resíduos de casca de banana (Musa paradisiaca) e laranja (Citrus sinensis) usando reações de hidrólise ácida para saber se há diferença entre a concentração de açúcares presentes, analisando o efeito de diferentes concentrações de ácido sulfúrico e tempos de reação. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental 2 × 4 × 2 completamente aleatório, avaliando dois tipos de resíduos, expostos a quatro concentrações de ácido sulfúrico (4, 6, 8 e 10% V/V) em tempos de reação de 2 e 4 horas. Totalizando 16 tratamentos com três repetições. As unidades experimentais foram compostas por frascos de vidro de borosilicato semi-submersos em um banho de óleo vegetal e montados em uma torre de resfriamento rápido, de onde foram obtidos os xaropes de glicose analisados. Os resíduos de casca de laranja apresentaram os maiores valores de extração de açúcares redutores com concentração de 8% de ácido sulfúrico, apresentando média de 16,46 mg L-1 ± SE = 0,591 e tempo ótimo de reação de hidrólise de 2 horas. Com 4 horas de tempo de reação, a extração de açúcares redutores foi maior nos resíduos de casca de laranja em comparação com os resíduos de casca de banana. Ambos os resíduos se mostraram adequados para a extração de açúcar, apresentando uma valiosa oportunidade de utilização em regiões onde estão prontamente disponíveis. Eles podem ser empregados em processos de fermentação para a produção de bioetanol.

ABSTRACT Several agro-industrial residues can be utilized for the extraction of sugars through chemical reactions. This study evaluated the extraction of total sugars and reducing sugars from banana (Musa paradisiaca) and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel residues using acid hydrolysis. It also investigated if there is a difference between the concentration of sugars present, and analyzed the effect of different sulfuric acid concentrations and reaction times. A completely randomized 2 × 4 × 2 experimental design was used to evaluate two types of waste, exposed to four concentrations of sulfuric acid (4, 6, 8 and 10% V/V) at reaction times of 2 and 4 hours. This amounted to 16 treatments with three repetitions. The experimental units consisted of borosilicate glass flasks, half submerged in a bath of vegetable oil and assembled in a rapid cooling tower from which the analyzed glucose syrups were obtained. The orange peel residues showed the highest values of reducing sugar extraction with 8% sulfuric acid concentration, presenting mean of 16.46 mg L-1 ± SE = 0.591 and optimal hydrolysis reaction time of 2 hours. With 4 hours reaction time, the extraction of reducing sugars was higher in orange peel residues compared to banana peel residues. Both residues proved to be suitable for sugar extraction, presenting a valuable opportunity for utilization in regions where they are readily available. They can be employed in fermentation processes for bioethanol production.

RESUMO A produção de grãos apresenta crescimento constante, entretanto, a capacidade estatística de armazenamento permanece deficitária no Brasil. A falta de estruturas e a precariedade e inadequação no armazenamento ocasionam perdas na pós-colheita, devido ação de fatores que interagem com os grãos, culminando na sua deterioração. Para reversão desses efeitos, o tratamento químico é realizado, contudo, busca-se por sua substituição por substâncias naturais devido a implicações ambientais e medicinais. Objetivou-se com esta revisão, a discussão de uma potencial estratégia sustentável para o tratamento de grãos armazenados, com foco no uso de compostos naturais com propriedades bioativas como antifúngica, antioxidante e inseticida, que os torna potenciais para serem estudados. Foram delineados compostos naturais que possuem propriedades úteis para aplicação no armazenamento de grãos. Pesquisas a respeito do emprego dos compostos naturais no tratamento de grãos são incipientes, carecendo de avanços na identificação de novos compostos promissores, melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de ação e otimização/desenvolvimento de processos de extração, aplicação e formulação eficazes que viabilizem o futuro uso das substâncias. constante entretanto Brasil póscolheita, póscolheita pós colheita, colheita pós-colheita deterioração efeitos realizado contudo buscase busca se medicinais Objetivouse Objetivou revisão armazenados antifúngica inseticida estudados incipientes promissores otimizaçãodesenvolvimento otimização desenvolvimento extração

ABSTRACT Grain production is steadily increasing; however, the static storage capacity remains inadequate in Brazil. The lack of proper facilities and the precarious and inadequate storage conditions lead to post-harvest losses due to factors interacting with the grains, causing their deterioration. Chemical treatments are commonly used to reverse these effects; however, their replacement with natural substances has been sought due to environmental and human health concerns. The objective of this review was to discuss a sustainable strategy for treating stored grains, focusing on the use of natural compounds with bioactive properties, such as antifungal, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities, with potential for further studies. Natural compounds with useful properties for application in grain storage were outlined. Research on the use of natural compounds in grain treatment is still in its early stages, requiring progress in identifying new promising compounds, understanding the mechanisms of action, and developing and optimizing effective extraction, application, and formulation processes to make the use of these substances viable. increasing however Brazil postharvest post harvest grains deterioration effects concerns antifungal antioxidant activities studies outlined stages action extraction viable

Resumen Introducción. La expresión genética varía en relación con la etapa fisiológica del cerdo y es diferente en músculo e hígado. Objetivo. Identificar los genes con expresión genética diferencial en los procesos biológicos del cerdo en los tejidos Longissimus dorsi e hígado, por medio del análisis de transcriptoma, durante las etapas de crecimiento (55 ± 1,05 kg) y engorda final (101 ± 7,8 kg). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la Unidad Académica de Agricultura de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, México, durante la temporada primavera-verano del año 2019. Se consideraron doce muestras totales, tres de músculo Longissimus dorsi y tres de hígado por etapa, para la extracción de ARN y la secuenciación. Con el método DESeq2 se obtuvo diferencialmente la expresión génica de los Log2FC para los grupos crecimiento y engorda final en Longissimus dorsi e hígado, y se identificó la función biológica de los genes con expresión genética diferencial. Resultados. En el hígado se identificó la mayor cantidad de genes con expresión genética diferencial, así como en el cromosoma 6, tanto en Longissimus dorsi como en el hígado. En Longissimus dorsi del grupo de crecimiento, se expresaron los genes FUT1, SESN2 y FGF21, relacionados con el crecimiento. También se identificaron genes sin expresión, como NR4A3, PDK4, PER1 y PTPRO, los cuales están involucrados en procesos del sistema inmune y ritmo circadiano. En el hígado del grupo de crecimiento, se expresaron los genes IHH y MYL7, mientras que los genes MFSD2A, LIPG, THBS1, TGFB2, LTF y APOA4, sin expresión, se identificaron como los más asociados a procesos biológicos. Conclusiones. En Longissimus dorsi del grupo de crecimiento, los genes se relacionaron con el crecimiento, y en el grupo de engorda final, con inmunidad, crecimiento y calidad de la carne. En el hígado del grupo de crecimiento, los genes se asociaron con el crecimiento, y en el grupo de engorda final, con inmunidad, crecimiento, metabolismo de nutrientes y lípidos, lipoproteínas y detoxificación.

Abstract Introduction. Gene expression varies in relation to the physiological stage of the pig and the nutritional source, and that it differs between muscle and liver. Objective. To identify genes with differential gene expression in pig biological processes in Longissimus dorsi and liver tissues, by means of transcriptome analysis, during growth (55 ± 1.05 kg) and final fattening (101 ± 7.8 kg) stages. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Academic Unit of Agriculture of the Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Mexico, during the summer of 2019. A total of twelve samples were considered, three from Longissimus dorsi muscle and three from liver per stage, for RNA extraction and sequencing. With the DESeq2 method, the gene expression of the Log2FC was obtained differentially for the growth group vs. final fattening of Longissimus dorsi and liver, and the biological function of the differentially expressed genes was identified. Results. The largest number of genes with differential gene expression was identified in the liver and on chromosome 6 in both Longissimus dorsi and liver. In Longissimus dorsi from the growth group, the genes FUT1, SESN2 and FGF21, associated with growth, were identified with high expression. Genes with low expression, such as NR4A3, PDK4, PER1 and PTPRO, involved in immune system processes and circadian rhythm, were also identified. In the liver of the growth group, the genes IHH and MYL7 were identified with high expression, while genes with low expression, including MFSD2A, LIPG, THBS1, TGFB2, LTF and APOA4, were identified as those most involved in biological processes. Conclusions. In Longissimus dorsi of the growth group, the genes were related to growth, while in the final fattening group, they were associated with immunity, growth and meat quality. In the liver of the growth group, the genes were related to growth, whereas in the final fattening group, they were associated with immunity, growth, nutrient and lipid metabolism, lipoproteins and detoxification.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are indispensable components in the manufacturing of high-tech devices, renewable energy technologies, and defence applications. As global demand for these elements continues to rise, there is a pressing need to optimize extraction processes for both efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study explores approaches to rare earth extraction using Ionquest® 801 and integrates a predictive modelling to enhance process understanding and optimization. We conducted a screening test varying pH process to evaluate the best extraction efficiency. Starting pregnant leach solution (PLS), solution was prepared in the lab with the following rare earth elements: La, Ce, Gd, Dy, and Υ, at 0.02 M for each element. The data obtained were used to develop empirical and mechanistic models to predict rare earth extraction yields and flowsheet. Further tests were performed by mixing specific concentrations of different extractant and/ or phase modifier. Our experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed extraction methods, highlighting improvements in both yield and selectivity. The developed models successfully captured the complex relationships between process parameters and extraction efficiency, providing valuable insights for process optimization.

This paper investigated the pre-concentration amenability of sovite (carbonatite) ore to enhance the grade of rare earth elements (REE) bearing minerals by rejecting calcite, and to improve total rare earth elements (TREE) recovery using gravity and magnetic separation. A high proportion of calcite affects downstream processes like leaching due to high acid consumption. Multiple flowsheets combining gravity and magnetic separation were employed to target > 60% TREEs recovery to the final concentrate and > 60% calcite rejection to the tailings. Head analysis of the feed showed the sample's main constituents as Fe (15.61%), Ca (16.04%), SiO2 (7.13%), and lastly TREEs (1.12%). Mineralogy liberation data at 2mm top size indicated poor liberation of TREEs, with the majority of minerals displaying < 30% mass greater than 80% liberated. Grain size distribution data showed that the majority of REE minerals are fine grained and report to the < 20 μm size class. Calcite liberation mineralogy showed < 60% mass greater than 80% liberation.A combination of a single-stage shaking table with a wet high intensity magnetic separator at a magnetic intensity of 7520 G was found to be the optimum flowsheet. For a shaking table feed with P80 of 150 μm followed by tails regrind to P80 of 45 μm as feed to wet high intensity magnetic separator, the overall mass balance results showed that 60.5% TREEs are recovered to the concentrate while 63.0% calcite is rejected to the tails. However, due to the fine-grained nature of TREEs, no flowsheet improved their grade.

Resumen En el beneficio del oro aluvial se dan procesos de concentración de minerales pesados, muchos de ellos de gran interés económico. Dentro de estos, la monacita es uno de los más preciados, ya que se trata de un ortofosfato anhidro de elementos de las tierras raras (ETRs), conocidos por poseer extraordinarias propiedades catalíticas, eléctricas, magnéticas y ópticas. Para este trabajo fueron utilizadas muestras de concentrado procedentes de las colas de proceso de una operación aluvial de oro en Cambiar por: El Bagre-Antioquia (Colombia). A la muestra se le practicaron procesos de concentración gravimétrica, separación magnética y electrostática, con el fin de obtener un concentrado de monacita lo más puro posible. Para optimizar la caracterización mineralógica, el concentrado fue separado en varias fracciones granulométricas, de las cuales fueron seleccionados los granos de las fracciones más gruesas mediante lupa binocular, para ser posteriormente analizados por FTIR y SEM, como soporte, para la interpretación de resultados de DRX. Se encontraron seis fases minerales principales: monacita, clinocloro, almandino, clinozoisita, zircón y ferroactinolita. También, se identificaron otros minerales en cantidades menores como la calcita, flogopita, siderita, dolomita, cuarzo, ferrosilita y cromita, lo que muestra que el proceso de concentración no fue eficiente y podría tener efectos negativos en los procesos de extracción de ETRs, lo cual podría resultar en productos impuros. En este sentido, se proponen mejoras al proceso de concentración de monacita actual, con base en los resultados de la mineralogía del proceso y en las diferencias de sus susceptibilidades gravimétricas, magnéticas y electrostáticas.

Abstract In alluvial gold beneficiation, processes of heavy mineral concentration take place, many of which are of great economic interest. Among these, monazite is one of the most valuable, since it is an anhydrous orthophosphate of rare earth elements (ETRs), known for possessing extraordinary catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. For this study, concentrate samples from the process tails of an alluvial gold operation, in El Bagre-Antioquia (Colombia) were used. The sample was subjected to gravimetric concentration, magnetic and electrostatic separation, in order to obtain monazite concentrate as pure as possible. To optimize the mineralogical characterization, the concentrate was separated into several granulometric fractions, from which grains from the coarsest fractions were selected using a binocular loupe, to be subsequently analyzed by FTIR and SEM, as support, for interpreting XRD results. Six main mineral phases were found: monazite, clinochlore, almandine, clinozoisite, zircon and ferroactinolite. Additionally, other minerals were identified in smaller quantities such as calcite, phlogopite, siderite, dolomite, quartz, ferrosilite and chromite, indicating that the concentration process was not efficient and could have negative effects on the extraction processes of ETRs, which could result in impure products. In this regard, improvements to the current monazite concentration process are proposed, based on the results of process mineralogy and the differences in their gravimetric, magnetic, and electrostatic susceptibilities.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The processes of mineral extraction and related mining activities involve exposure to high noise levels which can generate deterioration in hearing capacity; this situation represents a problem that must be treated. Objective: Determine the degree of hearing loss in personnel working in Peruvian mining contractor companies from 2018 to 2019. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, in a sample of 213 workers from the mining contractor companies who were evaluated with the audiometry sheet in the period 2018 to 2019, the workers were selected from a random sample. Patients with an audiometry study who worked for one of the mining contractor companies were included. Workers with deafness prior to work entry and those with an ongoing infection in any ear were excluded from the study. Results: It was reported that 23.5% of the workers with probable noise-induced hearing loss were male; 79.2% were between 30 and 50 years of age; 71.7% were maintenance workers and operators; 73% belonged to the construction, mining services and maintenance sectors; 62.2% had an average of 4 to 5 hours of exposure per day; 51% had work experience of 11 to 20 years and 75.5% reported using hearing protection. Conclusions: 84% presented altered audiometry and 24.9% presented sensorineural hearing loss (probably induced by noise).

RESUMEN Introducción: Los procesos de extracción de minerales y actividades afines a la minería implican la exposición a altos niveles de ruido lo cual puede generar un deterioro en la capacidad auditiva, esta situación representa tambien un problema para los trabajadores de las empresas contratistas de las mineras que debe ser tratado. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de pérdida auditiva en el personal que trabaja en empresas contratistas de mineras peruanas 2018 al 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en una muestra de 213 trabajadores de las empresas contratistas mineras que fueron evaluados con la ficha de audiometría en el periodo 2018 al 2019, los trabajadores fueron seleccionados a partir de un muestreo al azar. Se incluyeron pacientes con estudio de audiometría que estuvieron laborando en cualquiera de las empresas contratistas mineras. Se excluyeron del estudio a los trabajadores con sordera previa al ingreso laboral y a los que tuvieron infección en proceso en algún oído. Resultados: Se reportó que de los trabajadores con hipoacusia probable inducida por el ruido un 23,5 % son varones; un 79,2 % tienen edad entre 30 a 50 años; el 71,7 % son mantenedores y operarios; el 73 % pertenecen a los rubros empresariales de construcción, servicios mineros y mantenimiento; el 62,2 % tuvieron en promedio 4 a 5 horas de exposición por jornada; el 51 % tuvieron experiencia laboral de 11 a 20 años y el 75,5 % declaró usar protección auditiva. Conclusiones: Un 84 % presentó audiometría alterada y el 24,9 % hipoacusia neurosensorial (probable inducida por ruido).

ABSTRACT In ancient times, various plant species were used in traditional medicine due to their medicinal properties, which were utilized in a variety of processes in both the food and pharmaceutical fields. The objective of this study was to characterize the bioactive components, specifically antioxidants and polyphenols, present in the species Clinopodium tomentosum in both dry and wet samples. An ultrasound-assisted extraction method was used to obtain the active principles, followed by the identification of these components using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and Folin-Ciocalteu techniques. The results revealed significant differences in the values obtained between the dry and wet samples. Specifically, concentrations of 1.49 mg/L of polyphenols and 1.27 mg/L of antioxidants were observed in the dry samples, in contrast to the wet extractions, which showed concentrations of 1.39 mg/L of polyphenols and 1.04 mg/L of antioxidants. These findings highlight the influence of the sample state on the extraction of bioactive components, allowing for the identification of their bioactive constituents. This suggests a promising potential for future research.

RESUMEN En la antigüedad, se emplearon diversas especies de plantas en la medicina tradicional debido a sus propiedades medicinales, las cuales se aprovecharon en una variedad de procesos tanto en el ámbito alimenticio como farmacéutico. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los componentes bioactivos, específicamente antioxidantes y polifenoles, presentes en la especie Clinopodium tomentosum en muestras tanto secas como húmedas. Se utilizó un método de extracción de principios activos asistido por ultrasonido, seguido de la identificación de dichos componentes mediante las técnicas de FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) y Folin Ciocalteau. Los resultados revelan diferencias significativas en los valores obtenidos entre las muestras secas y húmedas. En particular, se observaron concentraciones de 1,49 mg/L de polifenoles y 1,27 mg/L de antioxidantes en las muestras secas, en contraste con las extracciones en estado húmedo que mostraron concentraciones de 1,39 mg/L de polifenoles y 1,04 mg/L de antioxidantes. Estos hallazgos destacan la influencia del estado de la muestra en la extracción de los componentes bioactivos esto permitió la identificación de sus componentes bioactivos, lo que sugiere un potencial prometedor para investigaciones futuras.

Resumen: este artículo tiene como objetivo indagar sobre el papel que juegan las imágenes religiosas en los procesos de doctrina, culto y organización social de fieles católicos en Tunja, Colombia, una ciudad de fundación colonial donde el cristianismo se consolidó como experiencia espiritual y cultural. El texto muestra los tipos de relaciones entre fieles e imágenes sagradas y reflexiona sobre cómo la imaginería condensa, al tiempo que representa, formas de cohesión e identificación social mediadas por experiencias devocionales y organizativas. También presenta referentes etnográficos e históricos que se centran en las experiencias de devoción de miembros de cofradías y grupos devocionales, que cargan y exponen las imágenes sagradas en procesiones y celebraciones de fe en el centro histórico de la ciudad. Como resultado de estas actividades públicas con las imágenes, hay una asociación vinculante entre fieles e imaginería que se extiende a otras esferas de la vida colectiva, más allá de la esfera religiosa. Se presentan dos procesos: el préstamo y la extracción de imágenes de templos y sitios religiosos y la significación que de estas imágenes hacen los creyentes, por fuera de la institución eclesiástica, extendiendo su importancia y sentido a procesos gremiales y organizativos que también hacen parte de la vida y del valor social de los fieles.

Abstract: In this article, we delve into the role of religious images in the doctrine, worship, and social fabric of Catholic faithful in Tunja, Colombia. As a city steeped in colonial heritage, Christianity has become deeply ingrained in both spiritual and cultural aspects of life. The text explores the intricate relationships between believers and sacred images, reflecting on how the imagery encapsulates, while representing, forms of cohesion and social identification mediated by devotional and organizational experiences. It also presents ethnographic and historical references focusing on the experiences of devotion of members of brotherhoods and devotional groups, particularly their involvement in processions and religious celebrations within the city's historic center. As a result of these public activities with the images, there is a binding association between believers and imagery that extends beyond the religious realm, influencing various aspects of collective life. The article discusses two key processes: the borrowing and extraction of images from religious sites, and the significance attributed to these images by believers outside the ecclesiastical institution, extending their value and meaning to guild and organizational processes that are also part of the faithful’s lives and social values.

Resumo: o objetivo deste artigo é investigar o papel desempenhado pelas imagens religiosas nos processos de doutrina, culto e organização social dos fiéis católicos em Tunja, Colômbia, uma cidade colonial onde o cristianismo se consolidou como uma experiência espiritual e cultural. O texto mostra os tipos de relacionamento entre os fiéis e as imagens sagradas e reflete sobre como a imaginária condensa, bem como representa, formas de coesão social e identificação mediadas por experiências devocionais e organizacionais. Ele também apresenta referências etnográficas e históricas que enfocam as experiências devocionais de membros de confrarias e de grupos devocionais, que carregam e exibem imagens sagradas em procissões e celebrações de fé no centro histórico da cidade. Como resultado dessas atividades públicas com as imagens, há uma associação vinculativa entre os fiéis e a imaginária que se estende a outras esferas da vida coletiva, além da religiosa. Dois processos são apresentados: o empréstimo e a extração de imagens de templos e locais religiosos e o significado que os fiéis dão a essas imagens, fora da instituição eclesiástica, estendendo seu valor e significado a processos organizacionais e de grêmio que também fazem parte da vida e do valor social dos fiéis.

Abstract Phytohormones, also known as plant hormones, are naturally occurring chemical compounds that regulate various physiological processes in plants. In this work, a capillary electrophoretic coupled to a diode array detector (CE-DAD) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of abscisic acid (ABA), 3-indolacetic acid (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA3) in commercial plant biostimulants. Sample preparation was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. CE separation was performed in a fused-silica capillary and background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of borate buffer (50 mM, pH 9.3) applying a high voltage of 20 kV, a pressure of 50 mbar, and injection time of 35 s. The ABA, IAA, and GA3 were detected at 254, 220 and 195 nm respectively. The CE-DAD method validation results showed acceptable specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision in the concentration range of 10-100 µg/mL for all compounds according to the (International Conference Harmonisation) ICH guidelines. The proposed method was satisfactory applied to the analysis of cited plant hormones in biostimulants and suggest that sample preparation is a reliable step for extraction of phytohormones containing carboxyl groups. Therefore, the developed and validated method could be implemented as a low-cost and fast analytical tool for quality control purposes.

Abstract The consumption of vegetable oils is common in our daily diet. Rapeseed oil (canola oil) is the third most consumed edible oil in the world, followed by palm and soybean oils in terms of production. Rapeseed oil has a low proportion of saturated fatty acids, while it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, as well as in healthy compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, processing technologies affect the content and functional activities of bioactive compounds in the oil. Aim: To assess any potential effect of hot or cold pressing and a refining process on the nutritional value and the profile of several bioactive compounds in canola oils produced in Chile. Methods: Canola oils were characterized regarding their fatty acid profile, phytosterol and tocopherol composition, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity, according to the mode of extraction (cold or hot pressed) and before and after bWeing subjected to a refining process. Results: Fatty acid profiles were not significantly different in any of the analyzed canola oils. Refining but not temperature extraction led to a sharp decrease of phytosterols and tocopherols. Hot pressing significantly increased the amount of total phenols (3.1 times) and the antioxidant activity measured by ORAC (3.1 times) and DPPH (8.3 times) compared to the cold extraction. However, phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity decreased after refining. Conclusions: Refining processes should be adjusted to reduce the loss of bioactive compounds in the oil.

Resumen El consumo de aceites vegetales es habitual en nuestra dieta diaria. El aceite de colza (aceite de canola) es el tercer aceite comestible más consumido en el mundo, seguido por los aceites de palma y soja en términos de producción. El aceite de colza tiene una baja proporción de ácidos grasos saturados, mientras que es rico en ácidos grasos insaturados, así como en compuestos liposolubles saludables como fenoles, tocoferoles, fitoesteroles, carotenoides y vitaminas. Sin embargo, las tecnologías de procesamiento afectan el contenido y las actividades funcionales de los compuestos bioactivos en el aceite. Objetivo: Evaluar cualquier efecto potencial del prensado en caliente o en frío y un proceso de refinación sobre el valor nutricional y el perfil de varios compuestos bioactivos en los aceites de canola producidos en Chile. Métodos: Los aceites de canola se caracterizaron en cuanto a su perfil de ácidos grasos, composición de fitoesteroles y tocoferoles, contenido de fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante, según el modo de extracción (prensado en frío o en caliente) y antes y después de ser sometidos a un proceso de refinación. Resultados: Los perfiles de ácidos grasos no fueron significativamente diferentes en ninguno de los aceites de canola analizados. La refinación, pero no la extracción en caliente, condujo a una fuerte disminución de los fitoesteroles y tocoferoles. El prensado en caliente aumentó significativamente la cantidad de fenoles totales (3,1 veces) y la actividad antioxidante medida por ORAC (3,1 veces) y DPPH (8,3 veces) en comparación con la extracción en frío. Sin embargo, la concentración de fenoles y la capacidad antioxidante disminuyeron después del refinado. Conclusión: Los procesos de refinación deben ajustarse para reducir la pérdida de compuestos bioactivos en el aceite.

The present review presents the biotechnological potential of microalgae, highlighting its applications in biofuels, bioremediation, production of bioactive compounds, biocatalysts, and biofertilizers. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that combine characteristics of plants and heterotrophic microorganisms, such as yeasts, bacteria, and fungi. They can be considered biotechnological agents of extreme versatility and metabolic adaptability. Its photosynthetic efficiency can absorb large volumes of anthropogenic CO2 and convert it into biomass rich in compounds of high biological and energetic value, enabling the development of sustainable bioremediation processes and the production of third-generation biofuels and biofertilizers. In addition, its biomass has aroused interest in obtaining compounds with biological action, such as carotenoids, mycosporine-like amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sterols, phycocolloids, carbohydrates, and proteins. The biotechnological potential of microalgae does not end with the production and extraction of its biomass. Its dynamic and adaptive metabolism allows its use in the biotransformation of xenobiotic substrates and the production of compounds of chemical and pharmaceutical interest. In this perspective, microalgae have application qualities as a biotechnological platform in developing synergistic processes between the environment, society, and industry, thus contributing to the expansion and use of Green Chemistry and strengthening the circular economy. biocatalysts biofertilizers yeasts bacteria fungi adaptability CO value thirdgeneration third generation addition action carotenoids mycosporinelike mycosporine like acids sterols phycocolloids carbohydrates proteins perspective environment society industry economy

Abstract Introduction Reading has been widely discussed, mainly due to the published results of international performance tests of schoolchildren. The gaps generated in literacy hinder the development of basic skills necessary for reading, which will have a negative impact on the teaching-learning process from elementary school to high school. This study aimed to compare the reading performance of the students in public and private schools through tests of the Brazilian reading processes-PROLEC-SE-R. Methods Cross-sectional study. The Brazilian adaptation of the PROLEC-SE-R was administered to 436 students: 221 from the state school (G1 6th year, n = 30; G2 7th year, n = 33; G3 8th year, n = 35; G4 9th year, n = 31; G5 1st year, n = 32; G6 2nd year, n = 30; G7 3rd year, n = 30) e 215 private schools (G8 6th year, n = 31; G9 7th year, n = 31; G10 8th year, n = 30; G11 9th year, n = 31; G12 1st year, n = 30; G13 2nd year, n = 31; G14 3rd year, n = 31). Tools of descriptive and bivariate analysis were used. Results Superior performance of the private school students on spelling tests helps their reading as evidenced by their scores for syntactic and semantic processes. When the knowledge of the use of the word in text, extraction of meaning and its understanding was needed, the difficulty of access to the mental lexicon of the studied population became evident. Conclusion The PROLEC-SE-R, in addition to establishing the reading profile of elementary and high school students, shows that the gaps in teaching and learning, which exist between public and private education in the literacy period, accompany students throughout the basic education cycle. Knowing the reading profile and in which process there is a disruption is important so that the teaching of specific strategies can be promoted throughout the entire schooling process, especially in primary and secondary education. discussed schoolchildren teachinglearning learning processesPROLECSER. processesPROLECSER processes PROLEC SE R. R processes-PROLEC-SE-R Crosssectional Cross sectional PROLECSER 43 22 G1 G (G th year 30 33 35 31 st 32 nd rd 21 G8 31. . 31) used text needed evident PROLECSER, R, period cycle 4 2 3

Antibiotics can contaminate the environment as a result of improper disposal. The induction of doxycycline in the environment could give rise to lineages of the cucurbit beetle Diabrotica speciosa containing resistant endosymbiotic microorganisms, giving rise to bacterial strains capable of biodegrading these antibiotic residues. This work determined the relationship between the intestinal microbiota of D. speciosa and its ability to biodegrade an antibiotic. Bacterial strains of Enterobacter cloacae and Stenotrophomonas maltophila isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of D. speciosa were evaluated for the biodegradation of doxycycline. An analytical method for the extraction and quantification of doxycycline by high-efficiency liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was developed and applied to monitor the biodegradation rates during bacterial growth for nutrient and nutrient-deficient media, both supplemented with the antibiotic. Degradation kinetics showed a decrease in antibiotic concentration after 96 h in saline medium, with recoveries of 63.1 and 87.7% for E. cloacae and S. maltophilia, respectively. Two degradation products were then identified and characterized from the liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry data after bioassays with E. cloacae. The gastrointestinal tract of insects such as D. speciosa can be a source of useful microbes for biotechnological processes such as the biodegradation of exogenous organic compounds in the environment. disposal microorganisms residues D highefficiency high efficiency chromatographyultraviolet chromatography ultraviolet HPLCUV HPLC UV (HPLC-UV nutrientdeficient deficient media 9 medium 631 63 1 63. 877 87 7 87.7 E S maltophilia respectively chromatographyhigh 6 8 87.

Resumo Neste artigo, defendo a necessidade de dar conta dos processos de consolidação do rentismo nas relações agroalimentares mediante a formação de territórios-rede do agronegócio. Para isso, examino as estratégias de captura da renda por parte do setor na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Estas estratégias se fundamentam no domínio de recursos espaciais chave e na integração dos espaços de expansão da agricultura corporativa nas redes territoriais das companhias através das quais o valor produzido é capturado na forma de renda. Inspiro-me para isto em: 1) as conceitualizações recentes sobre o rentismo dos processos atuais de reestruturação do capitalismo que dão destaque ao estabelecimento de regimes diferenciados de propriedade; 2) os trabalhos da geografia crítica brasileira que sinalam a variedade de formas espaciais e institucionais construídas para a extração de renda do setor ao longo do tempo. Desta maneira, o texto contribui ao entendimento da multiplicação das posições a partir das quais as empresas exercem controle sobre a circulação de valor nas redes de produção. artigo territóriosrede territórios rede agronegócio isso Diamantina Bahia Brasil Inspirome Inspiro me em 1 propriedade 2 tempo maneira produção

Abstract In this article, I argue for the necessity of considering rent consolidation processes in agrifood relationships, which are founded on the establishment of agribusiness network-territories. To this end, I examine the rent capture strategies of this sector in Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. I demonstrate how these corporate strategies are based on: 1) controlling key spatial resources; 2) integrating agricultural expansion spaces into the territorial networks of the companies to capture the produced value in the form of rent. For this purpose, I draw on recent conceptualizations of rentierism in contemporary processes of capitalist restructuring that prioritize the analysis of the establishment of differentiated property regimes. Likewise, I draw inspiration from Brazilian critical geography studies that highlight the diverse spatial and institutional structures upon which the sector's methods of rent extraction have evolved over time. The text contributes to understanding how enterprises multiply their positions to control the circulation of value along agrifood production networks. article relationships networkterritories. networkterritories network territories. territories network-territories end Diamantina Bahia Brazil 1 resources 2 purpose regimes Likewise sectors s time

Resumen En este artículo defiendo la necesidad de dar cuenta de los procesos de consolidación del rentismo en las relaciones agroalimentarias a partir de la formación de territorios-red del agronegocio. Para ello, examino las estrategias de captura de renta por parte de este sector en la Chapada Diamantina, Bahía, Brasil. Muestro cómo éstas se fundamentan en el dominio de recursos espaciales clave y en la integración de los espacios de expansión agrícola en las redes territoriales de las empresas a través de las cuales el valor producido es capturado en forma de renta. Me inspiro para este propósito en: 1) las conceptualizaciones recientes sobre el rentismo en los procesos contemporáneos de reestructuración del capitalismo que otorgan prioridad analítica al establecimiento de regímenes diferenciados de propiedad; 2) los trabajos de la geografía crítica brasileña que señalan la variedad de formas espaciales e institucionales sobre las que se han construido las formas de extracción de renta del sector a lo largo del tiempo. De esta manera, el texto contribuye al entendimiento de la multiplicación de las posiciones desde las que las empresas ejercen control sobre la circulación de valor a lo largo de las redes de producción agroalimentarias. territoriosred territorios red agronegocio ello Diamantina Bahía Brasil 1 propiedad 2 tiempo manera