RESUMO Este estudo foca no desempenho de vacas para produção de carne, criadas nos pântanos do Paraguai, examinando cinco genótipos bovinos; Brahman, Brangus, Nelore, bem como duas raças locais em risco de extinção. O principal objetivo é identificar e classificar variáveis fenotípicas que incluem variáveis sanguíneas, clínicas, de pelagem e saúde, demonstrando ligação causal com o peso vivo das vacas analisadas. Inicialmente, foram identificadas correlações elevadas entre diferentes variáveis incluídas neste estudo, e, então, utilizando técnicas avançadas de aprendizado de máquina e a aplicação de explicações aditivas de Shapley (SHAP), foi proporcionado um entendimento mais profundo dos fatores fortemente associados à adaptabilidade nestes ambientes, e, portanto, o respectivo desempenho zootécnico. A associação entre o componente genotípico bovino ligado à estação do ano mostrou ser o fator influente mais predominante sobre o peso vivo bovino. Variáveis como comprimento do pelo, hematócrito, fosfatase, fósforo, creatina phosphokinase, creatinina, proteína, cortisol, cálcio e a presença de endoparasitas foram destacadas, demonstrando sua importância hierárquica para a seleção animal. Os modelos de ML são ferramentas eficazes para estabelecer hierarquias de relevância em multivariáveis fenotípicas complexas, o que é crucial em programas de melhoramento genético em diferentes espécies zootécnicas, bem como em ambientes especiais e específicos, como os pântanos. carne Paraguai bovinos Brahman Brangus Nelore extinção sanguíneas clínicas saúde analisadas Inicialmente então SHAP, SHAP , (SHAP) portanto zootécnico pelo hematócrito fosfatase fósforo phosphokinase creatinina proteína cortisol destacadas animal complexas zootécnicas específicos (SHAP

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the performance of cows for meat production raised in the wetlands of Paraguay, examining five cattle genotypes: Brahman, Brangus, and Nelore, as well as two local breeds at risk of extinction. The main objective is to identify and rank phenotypic variables, including blood, clinical, hair, and health variables, demonstrating causal linkage with the live weight of the cows analyzed. Initially, high correlations were identified between different variables included in this study; then, using advanced Machine learning (ML) techniques and the application of Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), a deeper understanding was provided of the factors strongly associated with adaptability in these environments, and, therefore, the respective zootechnical performance. The association between cattle genotypic components linked with the season of the year proved to be the most influential factor on cattle live weight. Variables such as hair length, hematocrit, phosphatase, phosphorus, creatine phosphokinase, creatinine, protein, cortisol, calcium, and the presence of endoparasites were highlighted, demonstrating their hierarchical importance for animal selection. ML models are effective tools for establishing hierarchies of relevance in complex phenotypic multivariable, which is crucial in breeding programs for different zootechnical species and in special and specific environments like wetlands. Paraguay genotypes Brahman Brangus Nelore extinction blood clinical analyzed Initially then (ML SHAP, SHAP , (SHAP) therefore length hematocrit phosphatase phosphorus phosphokinase creatinine protein cortisol calcium highlighted selection multivariable (SHAP

Abstract Background: Endemism can originate from multiple biogeographic and evolutionary processes that promote the formation or persistence of species with restricted distributions (rare species). Understanding rare species’ distributions is a central question in biogeography and is crucial for biodiversity conservation. Questions: What are the rarest plant species in Mexico? How are they distributed? Under what risk categories should they be classified? Studied species: Vascular species considered rare in the flora of Mexico. Study site: Mexico. Methods: “Rare species” were defined as species endemic to Mexico whose distribution is restricted to a single 1 × 1° cell. We analyzed rare species’ distributions and proposed the risk category for each according to IUCN criteria. For some of the species distributed in the cell with the highest number of rare species, we compared the proposed category with published evaluations. Results: We identified 2,705 rare species. The richest cells in terms of rare species are in southern Mexico. Only 302 species had been previously evaluated under IUCN criteria. The remaining 2,403 qualify for the Near Threatened (NT) category or higher. The cell with the highest rare species richness, located in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, contained only 10 species with an existing IUCN risk category; for another 81 species, the categories of Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR) are indicated. Conclusions: Recognizing the rarity of these 2,705 species will increase attention on them, allowing more precise appraisal of their extinction risk and possible strategies for their conservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: El endemismo puede originarse a partir de múltiples procesos biogeográficos y evolutivos que promueven la formación o persistencia de especies de distribución restringida o raras. Entender su distribución es una cuestión central en biogeografía y crucial para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las especies de plantas raras en México? ¿Cómo se distribuyen? ¿Bajo qué categorías de riesgo son clasificadas? Especies de estudio: Especies vasculares consideradas raras en la flora de México. Sitio: México. Métodos: Se identificaron las especies endémicas de México cuya distribución se restringe a una sola celda de 1 × 1°, llamadas especies raras. Se analizó su distribución y se propuso una categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la IUCN; para algunas de ellas incluidas en la celda con mayor número de especies raras se comparó contra evaluaciones publicadas. Resultados: Se identificaron como raras 2,705 especies. Las celdas más ricas se encuentran en el sur del país. Sólo 302 especies han sido evaluadas con los criterios de la IUCN, las restantes 2,403 al menos deberían de tener la categoría de Casi amenazadas (NT). Una celda en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca contó con la mayor diversidad alfa; sin embargo, sólo 10 de ellas tienen una evaluación por la IUCN, para otras 81 especies se determinaron categorías como Vulnerable (VU), En peligro (EN) y En peligro crítico (CR). Conclusiones: El reconocimiento de 2,705 especies raras permitirá ahora prestarles más atención, definiendo con más detalle su riesgo de extinción y las posibles estrategias para su conservación.

ABSTRACT: Forests require sustainable management because of the long cycle of the species, the balance of the ecosystem, the structure or processes on which the species depend, and socioeconomic development. This study shows the effect of adopting protection measures (non-management and conservation) and their results on the forest structure of a Mixed Ombrophylous Forest, specifically for Araucaria angustifolia available in official publications and scientific articles. Bibliometric analysis was used to obtain and evaluate scientific publications based on their statistical methods, forest inventory techniques, modeling and, which contributed valuable information and scientific impact on the development of the topic. We argue that there are uncertainties about the threat of extinction and that lack of management may increase the disregard for forest resources. Excessive exploitation of the edible seeds of A. angustifolia can destabilize the dynamics and regeneration of the species. The losses of ecosystem services, economic structure, diversity, reproduction, and production of the forest due to non-use of resources are larger than the benefits.The results indicate the need for sustainable forest management as a public policy for the conservation of the species and the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in southern Brazil.

RESUMEN: Los bosques requieren un manejo sostenible debido al largo ciclo de las especies, por el equilibrio del ecosistema, por la estructura o procesos de los que dependen las especies y por el desarrollo socioeconómico. Este estudio muestra el efecto de la adopción de medidas de protección (no manejado, conservación) y sus resultados para la estructura del Bosque Ombrófilo Mixto, específicamente para Araucaria angustifolia disponibles en publicaciones oficiales y artículos científicos. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis bibliométrico, para obtener y evaluar publicaciones científicas con base en sus métodos estadísticos, técnicas de inventario forestal, modelación y que aportaron información valiosa, impacto científico en el desarrollo del tema. Sostenemos que existen incertidumbres sobre la amenaza de extinción y que la falta de gestión puede aumentar la falta de interés en los recursos forestales. La explotación excesiva de semillas comestibles puede desestabilizar la dinámica y regeneración de la especie A. angustifolia. Las pérdidas ecosistémicas, económicas, de estructura, diversidad, reproducción y producción de las masas forestales por la no utilización de los recursos son mayores que los beneficios. Los resultados indicaron la necesidad del manejo forestal sostenible como política pública para la conservación de la especie y del Bosque Mixto Ombrófilo en el sur de Brasil.

ABSTRACT: The Amazonian manatee (Trichechusinunguis) is an aquatic mammal threatened with extinction. However, few studies have investigated the pathogens in this species, which may affect both animal and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichiacoli colonizing the nasal and rectal cavities of Amazonian manatees kept in captivity at the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Rectal and nasal swabs from 44 manatees of different ages were used in this study. The genus Staphylococcus was isolated from the nasal swabs of 32 (72.7%) animals, with two individuals harboring more than one species of Staphylococcus. S. sciuri was the most commonly isolated species. Resistance to penicillin was observed in 13 (40.6%) isolates, more frequent than the other antimicrobials tested (P = 0.01). E. coli was isolated from the rectal swabs of all animals, with phylogroup B1 being the most frequent among the strains obtained (P = 0.0008). Four isolates (6.8%) were positive for virulence factors, three of which were classified as enterotoxigenicE. coli (ETEC) and one as enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC). To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in Amazonian manatee samples. This study revealed nasal colonization by Staphylococcus spp., mainly S. sciuri, and diarrheagenicE. coli isolates, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. ABSTRACT Trichechusinunguis (Trichechusinunguis extinction However health frequency distribution spp INPA (INPA Amazonas Brazil 4 3 72.7% 727 72 7 (72.7% animals S 1 40.6% 406 40 6 (40.6% P 0.01. 001 0.01 . 0 01 0.01) E B 0.0008. 00008 0.0008 0008 0.0008) 6.8% 68 8 (6.8% factors enterotoxigenicE ETEC (ETEC enteropathogenicE EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) knowledge samples diarrheagenicE antimicrobialresistant resistant 72.7 (72.7 40.6 (40.6 00 0.0 0000 0.000 000 6.8 (6.8 (EPEC 72. (72. 40. (40. 0. 0.00 6. (6. (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

RESUMO: O peixe-boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis) é um mamífero aquático ameaçado de extinção. Apesar disso, poucos estudos investigaram patógenos nessa espécie que podem impactar a saúde animal e humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência, distribuição e padrões de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus sp. e Escherichia coli pertencentes à microbiota nasal e retal de peixes-bois da Amazônia mantidos em cativeiro no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) (Amazonas, Brasil). Foram utilizados suabes retais e nasais de 44 peixes-boi de diferentes idades. O gênero Staphylococcus foi isolado do swab nasal de 32 (72,7%) animais, sendo que dois indivíduos apresentaram mais de uma espécie de Staphylococcus. S. sciuri foi a espécie mais comumente isolada. A resistência à penicilina foi observada em 13 (40,6%) isolados, sendo mais frequente do que os outros antimicrobianos testados (P = 0,01). Escherichia coli foi isolada dos suabes retais de todos os animais, sendo o filogrupo B1 o mais frequente entre as cepas obtidas (P = 0,0008). Quatro isolados (6,8%) foram positivos para fatores de virulência, três dos quais foram classificados como E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) e um isolado como E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar Staphylococcus spp. e E. coli de amostras de peixe-boi da Amazônia. O estudo revelou colonização nasal por Staphylococcus sp., principalmente S. sciuri, e por isolados diarreiogênicos de E. coli, incluindo cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos. RESUMO peixeboi peixe boi Trichechus inunguis extinção disso humana frequência sp peixesbois peixes bois INPA (INPA Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) 4 peixesboi idades 3 72,7% 727 72 7 (72,7% animais S 1 40,6% 406 40 6 (40,6% P 0,01. 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) B 0,0008. 00008 0,0008 0008 0,0008) 6,8% 68 8 (6,8% virulência E ETEC (ETEC EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) spp 72,7 (72,7 40,6 (40,6 00 0,0 0000 0,000 000 6,8 (6,8 (EPEC 72, (72, 40, (40, 0, 0,00 6, (6, (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future. defined basin Earth globally scales populations adaptation speciation extinction turn diversification coexistence coevolution years included i (i groups ii (ii EoceneOligocene Eocene Oligocene iii (iii megawetlands mega wetlands River iv (iv Interchange v (v PleistoceneHolocene Holocene extinctions vi (vi deforestation defaunation climates decadescale decade scale capacity future

RESUMEN La Amazonía (definida como la cuenca amazónica) concentra la mayor biodiversidad de la Tierra, proporcionando recursos genéticos y funciones ecológicas únicas que contribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos a nivel mundial. La compleja historia evolutiva de esta región produjo paisajes heterogéneos a múltiples escalas geográficas, alteró las conexiones geográficas y genéticas entre las poblaciones e influyó en las tasas de adaptación, especiación y extinción. Las biotas amazónicas, ecológicamente diversas, promovieron una mayor diversificación, coexistencia de especies y coevolución, acumulando biodiversidad a lo largo de decenas de millones de años. Acontecimientos importantes en la historia de la Amazonía incluyeron: (i) orígenes durante el Cretácico tardío y el Paleógeno temprano de los principales grupos de plantas y animales; (ii) enfriamiento global del Eoceno-Oligoceno, contrayendo los bosques a latitudes tropicales y separando los de la costa Atlántica de los amazónicos; (iii) levantamiento de los Andes centrales y del norte en el Mioceno, separando las selvas tropicales de la costa del Pacífico y de la Amazonía, estimulando la formación de megahumedales en la Amazonía occidental y contribuyendo al origen del moderno Río Amazonas transcontinental; (iv) formación del istmo de Panamá durante el Neógeno tardío, facilitando el Gran Intercambio Biótico Americano; (v) oscilaciones climáticas del Pleistoceno seguidas por la colonización humana y las extinciones de megafauna; (vi) era moderna de deforestación antropogénica generalizada, defaunación y transformaciones ecológicas de paisajes regionales y climas globales. La conservación de la Amazonía requiere inversiones por décadas en la documentación y el seguimiento de la biodiversidad para impulsar la capacidad científica existente, así como la planificación estratégica del hábitat para permitir la continuidad de los actuales y futuros procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. definida amazónica Tierra mundial adaptación extinción amazónicas diversas diversificación coevolución años incluyeron i (i animales ii (ii EocenoOligoceno, EocenoOligoceno Eoceno Oligoceno, Oligoceno Eoceno-Oligoceno amazónicos iii (iii Mioceno transcontinental iv (iv Americano v (v megafauna vi (vi generalizada globales existente ecológicos

RESUMEN Los principios bioéticos: beneficencia, no maleficencia, autonomía y justicia, se han analizado detalladamente en las ciencias médicas, sin embargo, se ha descubierto la posibilidad de contextualización en otras ciencias. El estudio propende al abordaje de acciones de protección de los recursos forestales en la finca experimental Andil. Justamente, se parte de la problemática existente entre las acciones antrópicas y las afectaciones a los ecosistemas naturales, donde se provoca anualmente pérdidas cuantiosas de especies y otras en vía en extinción. La bioética como ciencia de la supervivencia se entrelaza con la naturaleza, sin embargo, no hay estudios en Ecuador que revelen esta relación. Se plantea como supuesto hipotético que la aprehensión de los principios bioéticos garantiza la protección de los ecosistemas. El objetivo es analizar la relación entre la bioética y la protección de los recursos forestales de la finca experimental Andil. En la metodología se consideraron, métodos del nivel teórico y empírico, con fundamentos del estadístico - matemático. El principal resultado revela que, en la zona de estudio, sur de Manabí, hay un descenso numérico de especies florísticas y faunísticas, con énfasis en los recursos forestales, que ha provocado mortalidad de otras especies y migración.

ABSTRACT The bioethical principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice, have been analyzed in detail in the medical sciences, however, the possibility of contextualization in other sciences has been discovered. The study aims to address actions to protect forest resources in the Andil experimental farm. Precisely, it starts from the existing problem between anthropogenic actions and the effects on natural ecosystems, where large losses of species are caused annually and others are on the verge of extinction. Bioethics as a science of survival is intertwined with nature, however, there are no studies in Ecuador that reveal this relationship. It is proposed as a hypothetical assumption that the apprehension of bioethical principles guarantees the protection of ecosystems. The objective is to analyze the relationship between bioethics and the protection of forest resources of the Andil experimental farm. In the methodology, methods at the theoretical and empirical level were considered, with statisticalmathematical foundations. The main result reveals that, in the study area, south of Manabí, there is a numerical decrease in floristic and faunal species, with emphasis on forest resources, which has caused mortality of other species and migration.

Insects are one of the most species-rich groups on Earth. They comprise much of animal diversity and play vital roles in ecosystems, including pollination, pest control, and decomposition. However, only a fraction of this diversity has been formally described. South Africa is recognised as one of the most biologically diverse countries globally, with an estimated 44 000 insect species. Many crops rely on insect pollinators, including canola, apples, oranges, and sunflowers. A shortage of wild pollinators currently threatens crop yields, yet our knowledge of insect diversity within South Africa is sparse. There are few taxonomic specialists relative to South Africa's biodiversity, and the methods used for insect identification can be time-consuming and expensive. DNA barcoding provides an important research tool to accelerate insect biodiversity research. In this review, we queried the public DNA barcoding BOLD (Barcode of Life Data System) database for records of "Insecta" within South Africa, and 416 211 published records assigned to 28 239 unique BINs (Barcode Index Numbers) were returned. We identified five taxonomic orders with more BINs than known species in southern Africa (Hymenoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, Plecoptera, and Strepsiptera). Most of the barcoded records were derived from Malaise trap sampling in Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo, while the rest of South Africa remains poorly sampled. We suggest that there is a need for a comprehensive national sampling effort alongside increased investment in taxonomic expertise to generate critical baseline data on insect biodiversity before species are lost to extinction. SIGNIFICANCE: Insects provide critical ecosystem services, but our knowledge of insect biodiversity is limited. DNA barcoding can help fill biodiversity knowledge gaps; however, within South Africa, sampling has been uneven. Well-sampled provinces include Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo, while the Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape, North-West and Western Cape remain under-sampled. We argue for a broad national Malaise trapping effort to generate crucial baseline data on insect biodiversity. Without urgent investment in taxonomic expertise and biomonitoring, we risk losing much of our biodiversity before it is even described.

Abstract After the subjugation operated by the military campaigns of 1878-1885, the native population of northern Patagonia (Mapuche-tehuelche) suffered forced relocation, the breakdown of socio-political and family units, the erasure of the identity of hundreds of minors and the declamation of the extinction of the indigenous cultural and social world. From this genocidal process, the agency of indigenous individuals and collectives was conditioned within the framework of the construction of a new society that was defined as “without Indians”. From then on, this became a condition for their possibilities of accessing land, as well as a principle of stigmatization and social differentiation. This paper focuses in addressing a particular instance of the agency of this population: the National Aboriginal Association. This organization stood out for its self-recognition as aboriginal and for its supra-community, trans-territorial and national structure. The ANA was active in a key period defining a political strategy that defended the indigenous producer, encouraged processes of communalization and articulation of the agency of the original peoples with other political actors, both in northern Patagonia and in the national context.

Resumo Após a subjugação das campanhas militares de 1878-1885, a população original (Mapuche-Tehuelche) da Patagónia setentrional sofreu deslocações forçadas, a desestruturação das unidades sociopolíticas e familiares, o apagamento da identidade de centenas de menores e a declamação da extinção do mundo cultural e social indígena. Como resultado desse processo genocida, a agência dos indivíduos e coletivos indígenas foi condicionada no âmbito da construção de uma nova sociedade que se definia como "sem índios". A partir de então, este fato tornou-se um fator determinante nas suas possibilidades de acesso à terra, bem como um princípio de estigmatização e de diferenciação social. Este artigo analisa um caso particular de agência aborígene: a Asociación Nacional de Aborígenes (Associação Nacional de Aborígenes). Esta organização destacou-se pelo seu auto-reconhecimento como indígena e pela sua estrutura supracomunitária, transterritorial e nacional. A Associação esteve ativa num período chave durante o qual definiu uma estratégia política que defendeu o produtor indígena, encorajou processos de comunalização e a articulação da agência dos povos indígenas com outros actores políticos, tanto no norte da Patagónia como no contexto nacional.

Resumen Desde el sometimiento de las campañas militares de 1878-1885, la población originaria (mapuche-tehuelche) del norte de la Patagonia sufrió la reubicación forzosa, la desestructuración de las unidades sociopolíticas y familiares, el borramiento de la identidad de cientos de menores y la declamación de la extinción del mundo cultural y social indígena. A partir de este proceso genocida, la agencia de individuos y colectivos indígenas fue condicionada en el marco de la construcción de una nueva sociedad que se definía “sin indios”. En adelante, esto se constituyó en un condicionante de sus posibilidades de acceder a la tierra, como así también en un principio de estigmatización y diferenciación social. En este artículo se aborda una instancia particular de la agencia de esta población: la Asociación Nacional de Aborígenes. Esta organización se destacó por su autoreconocimiento como aborigen y por su estructura supracomunitaria, transterritorial y nacional. La Asociación militó en un período clave durante el cual definió una estrategia política que defendía al productor indígena, alentó procesos de comunalización y de articulación de la agencia de los pueblos originarios con otros actores políticos, tanto en el norte de la Patagonia como en el contexto nacional.

Resumen El objetivo de esta propuesta es promover un debate teórico-crítico en el campo de los estudios literarios, cuyo eje problemático sea la importancia de la paradoja como modo de pensamiento y representación/construcción del mundo, alternativa a las epistemologías hegemónicas asociadas a la razón instrumental occidental. Considerando, con G. Deleuze, que toda gramática y todo silogismo son un medio de mantener la subordinación de las conjunciones al verbo ser, uno de los desafíos intelectuales a los que nos enfrentamos en la actualidad es pensar el “ser” simultáneamente en términos de identidad y de devenir, término con una genealogía que va desde Heráclito pasando por Bergson hasta Deleuze y que ha sido rescatado como una forma de evitar esencializaciones inmovilizadoras. Encontramos, en modos tan diversos como los que aquí llamamos “pensamiento marrano”, “pensamiento exu” y en las cosmologías amerindias, una exoneración del individuo del peso y la obligación de una unidad coherente, disciplinadora, hegemónica y homogeneizadora. Estos modos revelan una paradoja ontológica cardinal: aquella según la cual el yo sólo llega a ser él mismo convirtiéndose en otro. A su vez, estas cosmologías “no occidentales” subvierten la linealidad del tiempo al reimaginar el presente, el pasado y el futuro como un todo organizado según leyes más sutiles y complejas que la concepción occidental del tiempo histórico. Cada vez más presentes en el panorama artístico y literario contemporáneo, estas cosmologías son fuentes especialmente ricas en figuras paradójicas, constituyendo una intervención epistemológica que se muestra urgente en la situación liminar de un mundo en plena catástrofe, marcado por oleadas de extinción y desertización. teóricocrítico teórico crítico literarios representaciónconstrucción representación construcción Considerando G “ser devenir inmovilizadoras Encontramos marrano, marrano , marrano” exu amerindias coherente disciplinadora homogeneizadora cardinal otro no occidentales presente histórico contemporáneo paradójicas catástrofe desertización

Abstract The aim of this proposal is to promote a theoretical-critical debate in the field of literary studies, with a focus on discussing the importance of paradox as a mode of thought and representation/construction of the world, an alternative to the hegemonic epistemologies associated with Western instrumental reason. Considering, like G. Deleuze, that the whole of grammar and the whole of the syllogism is a way of maintaining the subordination of conjunctions to the verb to be, one of the intellectual challenges we face today is to think of “being” simultaneously in terms of identity and becoming, a term with a genealogy that goes from Heraclitus via Bergson to Deleuze and which has been revived as a way of avoiding immobilizing essentializations. We find, in modes as diverse as those we call here “marrano thinking”, “Yoruba Esu Thinking”, and in Amerindian cosmologies, an exoneration of the individual from the weight and obligation of a coherent, disciplining, hegemonic and homogenizing unity. These modes reveal a cardinal ontological paradox: one according to which the self becomes itself only by becoming other. In turn, these “non-Western” cosmologies subvert the linearity of time by reimagining the present, the past and the future as a whole organized according to more subtle and complex laws than the Western conception of historical time. Increasingly present on the contemporary artistic and literature scene, these cosmologies are particularly rich sources of paradoxical figures, constituting an urgent epistemological intervention in the liminal situation of a world in the throes of catastrophe, marked by waves of extinction and desertification. theoreticalcritical theoretical critical studies representationconstruction representation construction reason Considering G be being “being essentializations find marrano thinking, thinking , thinking” Yoruba Thinking, Thinking Thinking” coherent disciplining unity other turn nonWestern non “non-Western scene figures catastrophe desertification

Resumo Com esta proposta busca-se promover um debate teórico-crítico no âmbito dos estudos literários, que tenha como eixo problemático a importância do paradoxo como modo de pensamento e representação/construção do mundo, alternativo às epistemologias hegemônicas associadas à razão instrumental do Ocidente. Considerando, com G. Deleuze, que toda gramática e todo silogismo são um meio de manter a subordinação das conjunções ao verbo ser, um dos desafios intelectuais que enfrentamos atualmente consiste em pensar o “ser”, simultaneamente, em termos identitários e de devir, termo com uma genealogia que vai de Heráclito via Bergson até Deleuze e que vem sendo resgatado como forma de evitar essencializaçōes imobilizantes. Encontramos, em modos tão diversos como os que chamamos aqui “pensar-marrano”, “pensar-Exu” e nas cosmologias ameríndias, uma exoneração do indivíduo do peso e da obrigatoriedade de uma unidade coerente, disciplinadora hegemônica e homogeneizante. Nelas se desenha um paradoxo ontológico cardinal: aquele segundo o qual o eu só devém si mesmo ao tornar-se outro. Por sua vez, estas, as cosmologias “não ocidentais”, subvertem a linearidade do tempo, na reimaginação do presente, do passado e do futuro, vistos como um todo organizado segundo leis mais sutis e complexas do que a concepção ocidental de tempo histórico. Cada vez mais presentes no cenário das artes e as literaturas contemporâneas, estas cosmologias mostram-se como fontes particularmente ricas de figuras paradoxais, constituindo uma intervenção epistemológica revestida de valor emergencial na situação liminar de um mundo em plena catástrofe, marcado pelas ondas de extinção e desertificação. buscase busca teóricocrítico teórico crítico literários representaçãoconstrução representação construção Ocidente Considerando G ser , “ser” simultaneamente devir imobilizantes Encontramos pensarmarrano, pensarmarrano marrano “pensar-marrano” pensarExu Exu “pensar-Exu ameríndias coerente homogeneizante cardinal tornarse tornar outro não ocidentais, ocidentais ocidentais” presente futuro histórico contemporâneas mostramse mostram paradoxais catástrofe desertificação “ser “pensar-marrano

The standardisation process of a language is always a polemic undertaking, and Tshivenda is no exception. This article explores the Tshivenda dialects and the standardisation process that this language went through. The importance of language as a primary resource for an individual, social identification, and also as a means of learning and communication, cannot be overemphasised. Moreover, when different language varieties come into contact, acculturation is inevitable, i.e., linguistic and cultural elements from both sides will diffuse and "contaminate" each other's languages and culture. However, this phenomenon is not fully researched, especially among the Tshivenda dialects. The lexicographers and terminographers, who are tasked with the development and maintenance of the Tshivenda language, seem to be "trapped" in the colonial and apartheid era, i.e., of selecting and elevating one dialect over others to represent a language. Since 1994, the year of the dawn of a democratic dispensation in South Africa, this process has proceeded at a snail's pace. In this study, a qualitative, ethnographic approach was adopted, and data were collected through telephonic interviews, where six participants were purposefully and conveniently sampled. The findings of this study may benefit speakers of Tshivenda, lexicographers, terminographers, and all language practitioners, teachers, and learners. When people value their language and heritage, use it often without prejudice or hesitancy, and practice their culture and traditions, their identity, history, dignity, and heritage become preserved. Tshivenda, at the official level, may have many lexical items in its endeavour to carry out its function as an official language in different domains.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The ischemic cerebrovascular disease has a high frequency due to the population aging mainly. Objective: To compare clinical characteristics of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular of two age groups. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out in the Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute in Havana, from January to December, 2017 in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease; 36 individuals of both age groups. In this regard, demographic variables, risk factors, clinical manifestations, coma scale and neurological deficiency, etiology and localization of the ischemic ictus were analyzed. Results: The 65 years group had a significant increase of hypertensive patients (88.9%). The average of the National Institute of Health stroke scale was superior in these patients (median [10-90 percentile]: 9.5 [4-19]). There was statistical increment of over 65 years patients with partial paralysis of the look and ataxia, but monoparesis and visual extinction in the age under 65 years. Such a scale had a statistical increase in the atherothrombotic and cardioembolic ictus in comparison with other etiologies in both patient groups. The over 65 years patients with just one risk factor or and those with hypertension had a higher punctuation of the scale. Conclusions: The degree of neurological affectation was higher in over 65 years patients that had a risk factor and in those with hypertension. As a result it could be suggested that the molecular and pathophysiolologic mechanisms of these patients vary with the age.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica tiene una alta frecuencia debida, fundamentalmente, al envejecimiento poblacional. Objetivo: Comparar las características clínicas de pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica de dos grupos etarios. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo en 36 pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica correspondientes a dos grupos etarios (65 y menos años y mayores de 65), quienes fueron atendidos en el Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía, La Habana, de enero a diciembre del 2017. Al respecto, se analizaron variables demográficas y clínicas y se aplicaron diferentes pruebas estadísticas para comparar. Resultados: Se obtuvo un aumento significativo de pacientes hipertensos (88,9 %) en el grupo etario mayor de 65 años. La mediana de la escala de ictus del National Institute of Health fue superior en estos pacientes (mediana [10-90 percentil]: 9,5 (4-19]). Hubo incremento estadístico de los mayores de 65 años con parálisis parcial de la mirada y ataxia; en tanto, la monoparesia y la extinción visual predominaron en los de 65 y menos años. Dicha escala mostró un aumento estadístico en el ictus aterotrombótico y cardioembólico en comparación con otras causas en ambos grupos. Los pacientes mayores de 65 años con solo un factor de riesgo o ninguno y los que eran hipertensos tuvieron mayor puntuación de la escala. Conclusiones: El grado de afectación neurológica fue superior en los mayores de 65 años que tenían un factor de riesgo y en aquellos con hipertensión arterial. Puede sugerirse que los mecanismos moleculares y fisiopatológicos de estos pacientes varían según la edad.

Abstract This study has as its object the administrative discretion in the light of the premises of neo-constitutionalism. It distinguishes the legalist theory, in which the source of discretion is the legislation, from the neo-constitutionalist theory, in which the source is the Law, globally considered. It dissociates legislative reference from discretion. It examines the subject in the light of the formal principles’ theory. It studies the various aspects of the subject, including the difference between legislative and administrative discretion, technical discretion, the lack of jurisdictional discretion, administrative restrictions on discretion, the vices inherent to discretion, the control of discretion and discretionary extinction.

Resumo A mineração é vital para o sustento humano e um setor crucial na economia do Estado. No entanto, seus impactos sobre o meio ambiente e a biodiversidade não podem ser subestimados, visto serem potentes para atrair a atenção do governo. O meio ambiente e a vida selvagem estão sujeitos aos impactos prejudiciais da mineração e de suas atividades relacionadas. Neste estudo, os distritos, nomeadamente Mardan e Mohmand, foram selecionados no que diz respeito aos impactos da mineração. A avaliação foi realizada em animais selvagens afetados negativamente pelo setor de mineração. A fauna tem sido observada atentamente para trazer os riscos calculados e a percepção de ameaça à vida selvagem regional. Um total de nove espécies de mamíferos, 21 espécies de pássaros, foi registrado no Distrito Mardan. Enquanto no Distrito Mohmand, duas espécies de mamíferos, nove espécies de pássaros e quatro espécies de répteis foram estudadas. O estudo explorou essa mineração que é principalmente responsável pela degradação do solo, acarretando perdas de alimentos e na agricultura. Vários outros fatores como explosões, poluição, caça, desmatamento, perda de habitat também foram observados. O desmatamento veio à tona como uma das principais causas de extinção da fauna da região, e tem-se que medidas preventivas são necessárias para dimensionar a catástrofe provocada pelo homem.

Abstract Mining is vital for human sustenance and a crucial sector in the state economy. However, its impacts on the environment and biodiversity cannot be underestimated. Which are potent to the attract government’s attention. Environment and wildlife are subject to the harmful impacts of mining and its related activities. In this study, districts, namely Mardan and Mohmand have been targeted with respect to mining impacts. The assessment was carried out on wildlife adversely affected by the mining sector. The fauna has been keenly observed to bring the calculated risks and threat perception of the regional wildlife. Total 9 species of mammals, 21 species of birds, were recorded in District Mardan. While in District Mohmand 2 species of mammals, 9 species of birds, and 4 species of reptiles were studied. The Study explored that mining primarily responsible for land degradation. Which lead to food and agriculture losses. Several other factors like blasting, pollution, hunting, deforestation, habitat loss was also observed. Deforestation surfaced one of the major causes for extinction of fauna in the said region. preemptive measures are needed to seize the man-made catastrophe.

Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the fauna—particularly insects—associated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Resumo O objetivo básico deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade ictiofaunística do rio Panjkora nos distritos de Lower e Upper de Dir, na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Amostras de peixes foram coletadas com redes de arrasto de março a setembro de 2020. Foram coletados 724 espécimes, classificados em 5 famílias, 14 gêneros e 18 espécies. Os resultados gerais revelaram que a maioria da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora contém 8 espécies da família Cyprinidae (56,49%), seguidas por 4 espécies de Nemacheilidae (24,44%), 2 espécies de Channidae (10,63%) e Sisoridae (7,04%) e 1 espécie de Mastacembelidae (1,38%). Entre todas as espécies de peixes, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16,57%) foi altamente predominante, seguida por Carassius auratus (11,87%) e Racoma labiata (9,66%), e elas foram relatadas como altamente abundantes, especialmente nos meses de abril, maio e junho. As espécies menos abundantes foram Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii e Mastacembelus armatus, que constituíram 2,48%, 2,20% e 1,38%, respectivamente, do total de peixes amostrados. O índice de diversidade de Simpson (1-D = 0,919), o índice recíproco de Simpson (1/D = 12,3876) e o índice de Shannon (H = 2,68) indicaram que o rio Panjkora contém um grupo bastante rico e diversificado de espécies de peixes. Os microplásticos mais altos foram observados no local 7 em comparação com outra área de estudo. Medidas de conservação devem ser tomadas como prioridade máxima para proteger e conservar o ambiente marinho e o patrimônio natural de novas perdas e extinção e para parar ou minimizar as perdas ocorridas por práticas de pesca irresponsáveis.

Abstract The basic aim of this study was aimed to determine the ichthyofaunal diversity of River Panjkora in both upper and lower Dir districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.Fish samples were collected by using fishnets from March to September 2020. A total of 724 specimens were collected and classified into 5 families, 14 genera, and 18 species. The overall results revealed that most fish fauna of river Panjkora contains 8 species of family Cyprinidae (56.49%) followed by 4 species of Nemacheilidae (24.44%), 2 species of Channidae (10.63%), and Sisoridae (7.04%), and 1 species of Mastacembelidae (1.38%), respectively. Among all kinds of fish species, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16.57%) was highly dominated and followed by Carassius auratus (11.87%) and Racoma labiata (9.66%) and were reported as highly abundant, especially during April, May, and June. The least abundant species were Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii, and Mastacembelus armatus, that constituting 2.48%, 2.20%, and 1.38% of the total fish samples. The Overall Simpson’s diversity (1-D= 0.919) and Simpson’s Reciprocal index values (1/D= 12.3876), and Shannon’s index (H= 2.68) were indicating that river Panjkora contains a quite rich and diverse group of fish species. The highest microplastics observed in site 7 compared to other study area. Conservation steps should be taken as a top priority to protect and conserve the marine environment and natural heritage from further loss, extinction and stop or minimize losses incurred through irresponsible fishery practices