Abstract This study investigated the effects caused by the thermal shock phenomenon on the temperature distribution in Adhered Ceramic Tiling Systems (ACTS). Cyclic thermal and hygroscopic loads are periodic events resulting from successive and sequential processes of heating by solar irradiation and sudden cooling by heavy rains. Through an experimental program carried out in a ceramic tile prototype composed of porcelain tiles settle with adhesive mortar directly on a concrete wall, monitored the surface temperatures and temperatures at the adhesive mortar-concrete interface were measured during its exposure to heating and cooling cycles according to NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021) procedures. The confinement of thermal energy (heat) inside the structure, after the beginning of cooling, demonstrates that part of the thermal stresses is maintained internally to the structure even after the drop-in surface temperature of the ceramic tile (non-homogeneous distribution), indicating that the movements structural elements of thermal origin will tend to different directions (non-uniform) and, consequently, will cause opposite stresses between layers. This results in a possible increase and concentration of stresses in certain regions that, if critical, will lead to the appearance of damage in the ceramic coating.

Resumo O estudo investigou os efeitos causados pelo fenômeno do choque térmico sobre a distribuição de temperatura em sistemas de revestimento cerâmico aderido (SRCA). Carregamentos cíclicos térmicos e higroscópicos são eventos periódicos resultado de processos sucessivos e sequenciais de aquecimento por irradiação solar e resfriamentos bruscos por chuvas. Por meio de um programa experimental realizado em um protótipo de revestimento cerâmico composto de placas de porcelanato assentadas com argamassa colante diretamente sobre uma parede de concreto, monitoraram-se as temperaturas superficiais e na interface argamassa colante-concreto durante sua exposição a ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento, conforme procedimentos da NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021). O confinamento de energia térmica (calor) no interior da estrutura, após o início do resfriamento, demonstra que parte dos esforços térmicos é mantida internamente à estrutura mesmo após a queda de temperatura superficial da placa cerâmica (distribuição não homogênea), indicando que as movimentações estruturais de origem térmica tenderão a ir em direções diferentes (não uniformes) e, consequentemente, ocasionarão solicitações opostas entre camadas. Isso resulta em possível acréscimo e concentração de tensões em determinadas regiões, que, se críticas, levarão ao surgimento do dano no revestimento cerâmico.

RESUMO Introdução: Todos os anos são registados mais de 2,3 milhões de casos de cancro da mama, o que o torna o tipo cancro mais comum entre os adultos. A associação entre o cancro da mama e fatores ocupacionais é uma questão que tem vindo a ser estudada na literatura desde o início do século XVIII. Os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos permitiram um estudo mais aprofundado sobre a relação entre o cancro da mama e os fatores profissionais como a exposição a produtos químicos, pesticidas, metais e também fontes de exposição a radiação ionizante e não ionizante. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura é incidir na relação entre a exposição ocupacional a radiação ionizante em trabalhadores da saúde e o desenvolvimento de cancro da mama. Metodologia: Foi efetuada uma pesquisa na Medline, com o motor de busca PubMed e na Elsevier, com o motor de busca Science Direct. As palavras de pesquisa usadas foram uma combinação dos termos breast cancer, occupational exposure, ionizing radiation e healthcare workers. Foi também realizada pesquisa na Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional utilizando os termos “Cancro de mama” e “Radiação Ionizante”. Discussão/Conclusão: A literatura atual não é unânime quanto às características clínicas e patológicas específicas do cancro da mama possivelmente ligadas a contextos profissionais. Os profissionais de saúde, tais como técnicos de radiologia, enfermeiros, cirurgiões ortopédicos e cardiologistas de intervenção são especialmente vulneráveis a este tipo de exposição, nomeadamente à radiação ionizante. No entanto, alguns estudos apontaram para uma dificuldade em estabelecer uma relação causal entre estes fatores e o desenvolvimento de doença devido ao número de variáveis envolvidas, tais como a duração e intensidade da exposição e à influência de outros fatores de risco. As mudanças no equipamento, procedimentos e medidas de proteção resultaram em doses mais baixas nos anos mais recentes, o que significa que o risco de cancro da mama é baixo nos níveis atuais de exposição profissional à radiação ionizante.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Every year more than 2.3 million cases of breast cancer are registered, making it the most common type of cancer among adults. The association between breast cancer and occupational factors is an issue that has been studied in the literature since the beginning of the 18th century. Technological developments have allowed a more in-depth study of the relationship between breast cancer and occupational factors such as exposure to chemicals, pesticides, metals and also sources of exposure to ionising and non-ionising radiation.The aim of the present literature review is to complete an update on the scientific knowledge about the relationship between occupational exposure to ionising radiation in healthcare workers and the development of breast cancer. Methodology: A research was carried using Medline with the PubMed search engine and Elsevier with the Science Direct search engine. The search words used were a combination of breast cancer, occupational exposure, ionizing radiation and healthcare workers. A research was also carried out in Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, using the terms “Breast Cancer” and “Ionizing Radiation”. Discussion/Conclusions: Current literature is not unanimous about the specific clinical and pathological features of breast cancer possibly linked to occupational settings. Healthcare professionals such as radiology technicians, nurses, orthopaedic surgeons and interventional cardiologists are especially vulnerable to this type of exposure, particularly to ionising radiation. However, some studies have pointed to a difficulty in establishing a causal relationship between these factors due to the number of variables involved, such as the duration and intensity of exposure and the influence of other risk factors. Changes in equipment, procedures and protective measures have resulted in lower doses in recent years, which means that the risk of breast cancer is low at current levels of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.

RESUMO Introdução As sociedades atuais e a sua constante evolução e globalização, têm demonstrado um impacto significativo na forma como se estruturam os postos de trabalho ao longo dos anos, nos quais, mais recentemente e com maior tradução mediática, se destaca a possibilidade de praticar teletrabalho, potenciada pela inovação tecnológica. Objetivos Conhecer a literatura mais recentemente publicada acerca do teletrabalho; bem como a sua relação com fatores de risco de origem psicossocial e inferir sobre a necessidade de implementação e aperfeiçoamento de políticas voltadas para promoção da saúde mental em contexto ocupacional, com enfoque na prevenção dos riscos psicossociais. Metodologia Revisão da literatura integrativa com os termos “teleworking”, “remote work”, “telework”, “telecommuting”, “psychosocial risks”, “mental health” e “occupational health”, em português e em inglês. Foram utilizadas como principais bases de dados a Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bem como a Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional e a Direção Geral de Saúde. Selecionaram-se os 24 documentos com maior relevância na temática em estudo, publicados entre 2010 e 2023. Discussão As fontes de riscos psicossociais do teletrabalho encontram-se em constante mudança e acompanham as alterações demográficas e da organização. A prática de teletrabalho parece ser uma oferta cada vez mais comum, a sua adoção em larga escala e inesperada devido à COVID-19 e coligada ao enorme avanço dos processos de digitalização, aumentaram as situações de stress tecnológico entre os trabalhadores, com possíveis consequências adversas para a saúde mental. Esta massificação do Teletrabalho, embora com o intuito de proteger os trabalhadores relativamente a um risco biológico aumentou, em diversas situações, o isolamento social, os conflitos trabalho-família e a falta de suporte social, com consequências negativas na saúde mental da população ativa. Conclusão Com o aumento deste tipo de trabalho emerge a necessidade de avaliar os fatores de risco psicossociais que surgem em conformidade, para que estes sejam reconhecidos pelos peritos em saúde ocupacional e intervencionados, assegurando assim que o teletrabalho se torna mais saudável.

ABSTRACT Introduction Our society’s characteristics, with their constant evolution and globalization, have shown a significant impact on the way jobs have been structured over the years, with one of the most highlighted aspects being the possibility of practicing telecommuting. The prevalence of telecommuting and other forms of remote work enabled by technological innovations has increased in recent years. Objectives Exploring the most recently published literature on telecommuting; examining its relationship with psychosocial risk factors and making inferences about the need for the implementation and improvement of policies aimed at promoting mental health in occupational settings, with a focus on preventing psychosocial risks. Methodology Integrative literature review using the terms "teleworking," "remote work," "telework," "telecommuting," "psychosocial risks," "mental health," and "occupational health" in both Portuguese and English. The primary databases used for the research included Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional” and “Direção Geral de Saúde”. A total of 24 documents with the highest relevance to the study’s theme were selected, published between 2010 and 2023. Discussion Psychosocial risks in telecommuting are undergoing constant changes and align with demographic, nature, content and organization. These changes may increase exposure to already recognized psychosocial risks or give rise to new emergent ones. The widespread and unexpected adoption of telecommuting due to COVID-19 with the simultaneous advancement of digitization processes have made telecommuting a more common practice. However, this mass adoption has increased instances of technological stress among workers, potentially leading to adverse consequences for mental health. While the widespread implementation of telecommuting aimed to protect workers from biological risks, it has, in various situations, increased social isolation, work-family conflicts, and a lack of social support, with negative consequences for the mental health of the working population. Conclusion The increasing of telecommuting in our society is leading to assess the psychosocial risk factors that arise with it, so that they are recognized by occupational health experts and intervened upon, thus ensuring that telecommuting becomes healthier.

RESUMO Introdução: O setor da alimentação coletiva inclui um número razoável de trabalhadores envolvidos. Empiricamente, não existem dúvidas de que este setor possui áreas de trabalho que pela sua natureza envolvem uma série de fatores de risco que podem afetar a saúde dos trabalhadores. Conhecer e catalogar os mesmos, de modo a poder elaborar um plano preventivo, é essencial para a saúde do trabalhador (e da entidade que o emprega). Este artigo objetiva reunir os principais fatores de risco/riscos ocupacionais, doenças profissionais associadas e medidas de proteção recomendadas. Metodologia: Trata-se de umaScoping Review, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada nas base de dados Medline (via Pubmed), realizada durante o mês de novembro de 2023, englobando artigos (em português e inglês), com as palavras-chave “kitchen worker” e “occupational” no título, sem limite temporal. Utilizou-se como complemento a ferramenta de análise de riscos “Online interactive risk assessment”, da Agência Europeia para a Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho. Conteúdo: Os principais fatores de risco encontrados são exposição a agentes químicos (produtos na higienização das instalações e/ou hortofrutícolas, ou subprodutos derivados da confeção); riscos ergonómicos (posturas mantidas/ forçadas; movimentos repetitivos, manuseamento manual de cargas); riscos de acidentes (quedas ao mesmo nível ou a níveis diferentes; manuseamento de equipamentos/utensílios que aumentem o risco de queimaduras, cortes e/ou amputações); contato com equipamentos elétricos, ruído, stress térmico e riscos psicossociais. As principais doenças profissionais referem-se a condições musculoesqueléticas, psicossociais ou dermatológicas. Cada unidade deverá, no entanto, ser avaliada individualmente, mediante as suas caraterísticas intrínsecas. Conclusões: A segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores das unidades de alimentação coletiva são questões que merecem atenção constante dos Empregadores, reguladores e da sociedade em geral. Este artigo explorou alguns dos principais riscos ocupacionais e listou a necessidade de medidas preventivas eficazes. A redução destes riscos não é apenas uma responsabilidade ética e legal, mas uma estratégia inteligente para melhorar a eficiência operacional e a qualidade dos serviços, evitando acidentes, minimizando o absentismo, mas também melhorando a produtividade das empresas. Seria pertinente desenvolver investigações que avaliassem a realidade nacional.

SUMMARY Introduction: The food sector includes a reasonable number of workers involved. Empirically, there is no doubt that this sector has work areas that by their nature involve a series of risk factors that can affect the health. Knowing and cataloguing these, in order to be able to draw up a preventive plan, is essential for the health of the worker (and the entity that employs him). This article aims to gather the main occupational risk factors/occupational risks, occupational diseases and recommended protective measures at kitchen workers. Methodology: This is a Scoping Review, initiated through a search carried out in the Medline database (via Pubmed), carried out during the month of November 2023, encompassing articles (in Portuguese and English), with the keywords "kitchen worker" and "occupational" in the title, with no time limit. The risk analysis tool "Online interactive risk assessment" of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work was used as a complement. Content: The main risk factors found are exposure to chemical agents (products used to clean facilities and/or fruit and vegetables, or by-products from cooking); ergonomic risks (maintained/forced postures; repetitive movements, manual handling of loads); accidents (falls at the same level or at different levels; handling of equipment/utensils that increase the risk of burns, cuts and/or amputations); contact with electrical equipment, noise, heat stress and psychosocial risks. The main occupational diseases refer to musculoskeletal, psychosocial or dermatological conditions. Each unit should, however, be evaluated individually, according to its intrinsic characteristics. Conclusions: The safety and health of kitchen workers are issues that deserve constant attention from employers, regulators and society at large. This article explored some of the main occupational hazards and listed the need for effective preventive measures. Reducing these risks is not only an ethical and legal responsibility, but a smart strategy to improve operational efficiency and quality of services, avoiding accidents, minimizing absenteeism, but also improving the productivity of companies. It would be pertinent to develop investigations that assess the national reality

Abstract The present research work was carried out in Zaruma´s underground workings, a city located in the province of El Oro in the southwest of Ecuador. Zaruma is a city that has been exploited since the 1500's, the urban center sits on a swarm of veins enriched with gold, the antitechnical exploitation has caused the appearance of sinkholes on the surface of the city, with the emergency that occurred in December 2021, partial remediation was carried out corresponding to the filling of the galleries and construction of plugs in order to avoid collapses in the urban area, for the execution of the remediation work required manpower, workers who entered the s underground galleries in which carbon monoxide (CO) was detected, the objective was evaluated the health effects based on the levels of exposure to carbon monoxide. The research methodology is a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive study, with a sample of fifteen workers operating inside the mine, carbon monoxide measurements were taken in the mine workings and symptomatology interviews were applied to the workers taking aspects of age and time of exposure. The results describe that the operators presented symptoms: headaches, nausea, fatigue, weakness; the severity of the symptoms is a function of time and CO concentration. It´s concluded that exposure to CO in high concentrations for a period of time causes intoxication, with headache being the most frequent symptom.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en las galerías subterráneas de Zaruma, ciudad ubicada en la Provincia de El Oro al Sur Oeste del Ecuador. Zaruma es una ciudad que ha sido explotada desde los años 1500, el casco urbano se asienta sobre un enjambre de vetas enriquecidas con oro, la explotación antitécnica ha provocado la aparición de hundimientos en la superficie de la ciudad, con la emergencia sucedida en diciembre del 2021, se realizó la remediación parcial que corresponde al relleno de la galerías y construcción de tapones con la finalidad de evitar colapsos en el casco urbano, para la ejecución de las obras de remediación se requirió de mano de obra, operarios quienes ingresaron a las labores subterráneas en las que se detectaron monóxido de carbono (CO), el objetivo evaluar los efectos en la salud en relación a los niveles de exposición a monóxido de carbono. Se ha aplicado una metodología de investigación no experimental, de corte transversal, descriptivo, con una muestra de quince trabajadores operativos interior mina, se realizó mediciones de monóxido de carbono en las labores mineras y se aplicó entrevistas de sintomatología a los operarios tomando aspectos de edad y tiempo de exposición. Los resultados describen que los operarios presentaron síntomas: cefaleas, náuseas, fatiga, debilidad, la severidad de los síntomas está en función del tiempo y concentración de CO. Se concluye que la exposición a CO en concentraciones altas por un periodo de tiempo causa intoxicación, siendo la cefalea el síntoma que se presenta como el más frecuente.

Resumo:A Universidade da Costa Rica (UCR) tem como um dos pilares fundamentais do seu trabalho a ação social e nela, a educação continuada. Pensando no anterior, a Escola de Engenharia Topográfica cria o projeto ED3550 Atividades de Formação e Atualização em Engenharia Topográfica. Este projeto representa a oportunidade de oferecer opções de formação e atualização sobre temas relevantes e inovadores para as populações interessadas, e assim estabelecer uma ligação com a sociedade no fortalecimento das suas competências e habilidades profissionais. Para promover atividades de formação continuada, foram implementadas estratégias de marketing digital baseadas em redes sociais, e-mails e dispositivos móveis, o que permitiu projeção nacional e internacional aos cursos e palestras que foram organizados, o que se manifestou numa ampla participação de profissionais. não só da engenharia topográfica, mas de carreiras afins como: engenharia civil, geografia, biologia, direito e engenharia ambiental, só para mencionar alguns exemplos. Apresentamos uma sistematização da experiência com base no método de cinco pontos proposto por Jara (2018), no qual uma análise quantitativa das conquistas alcançadas é realizada durante o período de 2020 a 2022. Em síntese, a conquista obtida ao longo de dois anos de implementação do projeto é creditada ao uso de meios digitais para promover as atividades do programa. Isso possibilitou uma exposição significativa a diversas comunidades, permitindo ao EIT estabelecer conexões sociais e fomentar a atualização profissional. Conclui-se então que o marketing digital contribui significativamente para o conhecimento da população alvo, o que nos permite oferecer soluções adequadas às suas necessidades formativas.

Resumen: La Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) tiene como uno de los pilares fundamentales de su quehacer la acción social y dentro de esta la educación continua. Con sustento en lo anterior, es que la Escuela de Ingeniería Topográfica (EIT) crea el proyecto ED3550 Actividades de Capacitación y Actualización en Ingeniería Topográfica. Dicho proyecto representa la oportunidad de ofrecer opciones de capacitación y actualización en temas relevantes e innovadores a las poblaciones interesadas, y con ello establecer un vínculo con la sociedad en el fortalecimiento de sus habilidades y destrezas profesionales. Para la promoción de las actividades de educación continua, se han implementado estrategias de mercadeo digital basado en redes sociales, correo electrónico y dispositivos móviles, lo cual ha permitido darle proyección nacional e internacional a los cursos y charlas que se han organizado, lo que se ha manifestado en una amplia participación de profesionales no solo de ingeniería topográfica, sino de carreras afines, tales como ingeniería civil, geografía, biología, derecho e ingeniería ambiental, por mencionar algunos ejemplos. En este estudio, se presenta una sistematización de la experiencia basada en el método de los cinco puntos propuesto por Jara (2018), en la cual se realiza un análisis cuantitativo de los logros alcanzados durante el período de 2020 a 2022. En síntesis, el éxito que se ha logrado en dos años de ejecución del proyecto es atribuido al uso de medios digitales para la divulgación de las actividades programadas, lo que ha permitido tener una exposición importante ante poblaciones diversas y le ha posibilitado a la EIT establecer un vínculo social y el fomento de actualización profesional. Se concluye, entonces, que el mercadeo digital aporta significativamente en el conocimiento de la población meta, lo que permite ofrecer soluciones adecuadas a sus necesidades de formación

Abstract: One of the fundamental pillars of the University of Costa Rica (UCR) is social action, which includes continuing education. In this sense, the School of Topographic Engineering has created the project ED3550 Training and Updating Activities in Topographic Engineering. This project is an opportunity to provide training and updating in relevant and innovative topics to those interested, and to create a link with society to strengthen professional skills and abilities. The training activities are promoted through digital marketing on social networks, e-mail and mobile devices. This has given a national and international projection to the courses and lectures organized, resulting in a wide participation of professionals not only from topographic engineering, but also from other professions such as civil engineering, geography, biology, law and environmental engineering, among others. A systematization of the experience is presented, based on the five-point method proposed by Jara (2018), in which a quantitative analysis of the achievements during the period from 2020 to 2022 is carried out. In summary, the success achieved in two years of project implementation is attributed to the use of digital media for the dissemination of program activities, which has provided an important exposure to different populations and has allowed the EIT to establish a social link and promote professional updating. It is therefore concluded that digital marketing contributes significantly to the knowledge of the target population, which makes it possible to provide adequate solutions to their training needs.

Introduction: Burns are injuries caused by various agents that promote the destruction of the skin and can lead to the exposure of deeper tissues. To make better use of this variety of treatment options, it is important to know its causes, extent and treatment methods. Objective: Update the use of nanocellulose membranes with glycerol, vascular endothelial growth factor and other complements in burn healing. Method: Review carried out with material and analysis selected from research on virtual platforms (SciELO, Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library, Pubmed and Scopus) using the descriptors: “bacterial membrane proteins; vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR; biological dressings; dressings” with AND or OR search, considering the title and/or abstract. Afterwards, the articles were read in full. Result: 45 articles were included. Conclusion: Although more research is needed, published studies show that the enrichment of nanocellulose membranes with some additives such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor VEGF) and incorporation of sensors that can monitor wound conditions will result in highly effective dressings. Considering the technological advances to produce low-cost membranes, associated with artificial intelligence and the efforts of researchers, the benefit to public health will soon be evident.

Introdução: Queimaduras são lesões causadas por diversos agentes que promovem a destruição da pele podendo chegar à exposição de tecidos mais profundos. Para melhor uso desta variedade de opções de seu tratamento é importante conhecer-se suas causas, extensão e métodos de tratamento. Objetivo: Atualizar o uso de membranas de nanocelulose, fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular e outros complementos na cicatrização de queimaduras. Método: Revisão feita com material e análise  selecionados a partir de pesquisa em plataformas virtuais (SciELO, Google Scholar, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Pubmed e Scopus) por meio dos descritores: “proteínas da membrana bacteriana; fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular; VEGFR; curativos biológicos; curativos” e seus equivalentes em inglês “bacterial outer membrane proteins; vascular endothelial growth fator; dressing; VEGFR; biological dressings” com busca AND ou OR, considerando o título e/ou resumo. Após, foi feita leitura na íntegra dos artigos. Resultado: Foram incluídos 45 artigos. Conclusão: Embora sejam necessárias mais pesquisas, estudos já publicados evidenciam que o enriquecimento das membranas de nanocelulose com alguns aditivos como o Fator de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular VEGF) e incorporação de sensores que possam monitorar as condições das feridas resultará em curativos altamente eficazes. Considerando o avanço tecnológico para produzir membranas de baixo custo, associado à inteligência artificial e os esforços dos pesquisadores, em breve o benefício à saúde pública será evidente.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Pandemia COVID-19, ha tenido impactos negativos en la salud física y mental de las personas, así como las medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos, para prevenir el contagio masivo de la población como el confinamiento, el aislamiento social, el trabajo y educación virtual. Dentro de los afectados por estos cambios, se encontrarían los estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud, que además de estudiar en estas condiciones de pandemia, no han podido hacer sus prácticas de los servicios de salud. Esta situación de exposición al aislamiento, podría afectar la salud mental de los jóvenes estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: determinar los niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes universitarios y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y las características del aislamiento social durante la Pandemia COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, de corte transversal y cuantitativo, con una muestra de 818 estudiantes universitarios de facultades de ciencias de la salud, mediante el cuestionario autoadministrado DASS-21. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos fueron: una mayor prevalencia en niveles altos (severos y extremadamente severos) en la ansiedad, alcanzado casi a 4 de cada 10 de los evaluados; por otro lado, en depresión y el estrés, 2 de cada 10 de los evaluados, se encontraron en los niveles mencionados. En relación con las variables sociodemográficas, las relacionadas con el COVID-19 y aislamiento social, se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con el género (mujeres > varones), el haber tenido COVID-19 (Sí > No) y vivir con familiares como antes de la pandemia (Sí > No) obtuvieron en promedio mayores puntajes en depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Conclusión: Los estudiantes que presentaron mayor depresión, ansiedad y estrés con una diferencia significativa fueron de género femenino, con antecedentes de haber tenido Covid-19, menor contacto con familiares y haber cumplido con aislamiento social total.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 Pandemic has had negative impacts on the physical and mental health of people, as well as the measures adopted by governments to prevent the massive contagion of the population, such as confinement, social isolation, virtual work, and virtual education. Among those affected by these changes would be university students in the health area who, in addition to studying in these pandemic conditions, have been unable to do their health service practices. This situation of exposure to isolation could affect the mental health of young university students. Objective: To determine the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in university students, their relationship with sociodemographic variables, and the characteristics of social isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, and quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 818 university students from health sciences faculties using the DASS-21 self-administered questionnaire. Results: The main findings were a higher prevalence of high levels (severe and highly severe) in anxiety, reaching almost 4 out of 10 of those evaluated; On the other hand, in depression and stress, 2 out of 10 of those evaluated were found at the mentioned levels. Concerning the sociodemographic variables, those related to COVID-19 and social isolation, statistically significant differences were found with gender (women > men), having had COVID-19 (Yes > No), and living with relatives as before. On average, the pandemic (Yes > No) obtained higher scores in depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: The students who presented greater depression, anxiety, and stress with a significant difference were female, with a history of having had Covid-19, less contact with family members, and having complied with total social isolation

ABSTRACT Chemical safety is a fundamental issue in any place where chemicals are handled because assessing occupational exposure to a chemical agent is essential to determine the importance and need to propose measures to eliminate, reduce and control the risk and protect the worker. The aim of this work was to assess chemical safety in a reagent depot by applying the COSHH Essentials method. Three variables were considered to categorise the risk: intrinsic hazard of the reagent, tendency to pass into the environment (volatility or pulverulence) and quantity of reagent stored. Information on the chemicals was collected from their safety data sheets. The COSHH Essentials analysis identified that 32 % of the reagents worked with fall into hazard category C (toxic reagents), 21 % into category B (harmful), 18 % into category D (very toxic and/or carcinogenic category 2), 16 % into category A (irritating to eyes and/or skin) and 13 % into category E (carcinogenic category 1A and 1B). Seventeen percent of the stored reagents are in risk level 4, which represents the highest risk level, as this is where the most hazardous chemical reagents are located. The results obtained show that there is a high risk of toxic chemicals in the warehouse. It is necessary to be aware of these factors and to control them and apply all relevant security measures.

RESUMEN La seguridad química es un tema fundamental en cualquier lugar donde se manipulan sustancias químicas porque evaluar la exposición laboral a un agente químico es fundamental para determinar la importancia y necesidad de proponer medidas de eliminación, reducción y control del riesgo y protección del trabajador. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la seguridad química en un depósito de reactivos aplicando el método COSHH Essentials. Para categorizar el riesgo se consideraron tres variables: peligrosidad intrínseca del reactivo, tendencia a pasar al ambiente (volatilidad o pulverulencia) y cantidad de reactivo almacenado. Se recopiló información de las sustancias químicas a través de sus fichas de seguridad. En el análisis COSHH Essentials se identificó que el 32 % de los reactivos con los que se trabajan entran en la categoría de peligrosidad C (reactivos tóxicos), el 21 % en la B (nocivos), el 18 % en la categoría D (muy tóxicos y/o cancerígenos categoría 2), el 16 % en la categoría A (irritantes para ojos y/o piel) y el 13 % en la E (cancerígenas categorías 1A y 1B). El 17 % de los reactivos almacenados están en un nivel de riesgos 4, que representa el de mayor riesgo, ya que en este se encuentran los reactivos químicos de mayor peligrosidad. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que existe en el depósito un alto riesgo por la presencia de productos químicos tóxicos. Es necesario tener conocimiento sobre estos factores y controlarlos y aplicar todas las medidas de seguridad pertinentes.

ABSTRACT In analytical chemistry laboratories, the basic principles of the study of the chemical composition of a material or sample are verified experimentally, through different methods of analysis, for which reason chemical and biological agents are handled daily, to which workers are exposed; hence the need to assess the risk of exposure. The objective of this work was to evaluate the risks in an analytical chemical laboratory using the semi-quantitative method of William Fine, for which a multidisciplinary commission was created made up of specialists and experts with experience in the subject. It was determined that there is a direct relationship between the chemical, fire and explosion risks, the emanation of vapors of volatile substances, due to very high temperatures, or close to sources of ignition that can cause a fire, and generate a chain of events that, when reacting with other substances, can lead to explosions. The chemical and fire risks were evaluated as critical risks, which require immediate stoppage of the activity, and the mechanical, environmental, explosion, and biological risks were evaluated as notable risks, which require an urgent necessary correction.

RESUMEN En los laboratorios de química analítica se verifican de forma experimental, los principios básicos del estudio de la composición química de un material o muestra, mediante diferentes métodos de análisis, por lo que se manipulan diariamente agentes químicos y biológicos, a los están expuestos los trabajadores; de ahí la necesidad de evaluar el riesgo de exposición. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los riesgos en un laboratorio químico analítico mediante el método semicuantitativo de William Fine, para lo cual se creó una comisión multidisciplinaria constituida por especialistas y expertos con experiencia en el tema. Se determinó que xiste una relación directa entre el riesgo químico, el de incendio y el de explosión la emanación de vapores de sustancias volatiles, debido a temperaturas muy altas, o próximas a fuentes de ignición que puedan provocar un incendio, y generar una cadena de acontacimientos que al reaccionar con otras sustancias pueden dar lugar a explosiones. Los riesgos químico y de incendios fueron evaluados como riesgos criticos los cuales requieren de detención inmediata de la actividad y los riesgos mecánico, ambiental, de explosión y biológico fueron evaluados como riesgos notables por lo que requieren una correción necesaria urgente.

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

RESUMEN Introducción: La herida es una pérdida de continuidad de la piel o mucosa producida por algún agente físico o químico. Una herida es “compleja” cuando por su extensión, localización, profundidad o exposición de elementos nobles, necesita para su curación una terapéutica especial. Este es el caso de heridas con compromiso tisular que afecta a estructuras como músculos, fascias, tendones, huesos, vasos sanguíneos, nervios o las lesiones de lenta evolución como úlceras o escaras. Objetivos: Determinar el método de reconstrucción más utilizado en el manejo terapéutico de las heridas complejas del tercio distal de la pierna en los pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Trauma y en la Unidad de Cirugía Plástica de la FCM - UNA. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de diseño observacional, tipo de estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Fueron incluidos pacientes de ambos sexos, mayores de edad, con heridas complejas en el tercio distal de la pierna, atendidos en el Hospital de Trauma y en la Unidad de Cirugía Plástica de la FCM - UNA, durante el periodo 2010 al 2019. Resultados: Se incluyó a 112 pacientes de los cuales el 80,36 % fue hombres y el 19,64 % mujeres. Las edades estaban comprendidas entre los 18 y los 73 años y una media de 33,8 ± 14 años. La edad más frecuente fue 18 años. La mediana de edad es de 30 años, lo que implica que la mitad de la muestra tuvo por lo menos dicha edad. En cuanto a la procedencia, el 41,07 % era del interior, el 30,36 % del departamento Central y el 28,57 % restante de Asunción. En cuanto al mecanismo de la lesión, se puede observar que el mecanismo más frecuente fue el accidente de tráfico, seguido por caída de altura, en un gran porcentaje. En cuanto a la evolución y complicaciones se puede ver que 92 individuos, o sea 82 % de los pacientes no tuvo ninguna evolución negativa o complicaciones. Lo más común fue la infección con 1,9% de prevalencia, la pérdida parcial del colgajo o piel representan el 2,4%, dehiscencia de la sutura el 0,9 %, hematoma 0,6 % y pérdida total del colgajo 0,54 %. En cuanto al tratamiento aplicado, se debe tener en cuenta que los pacientes pudieron haber recibido más de un tratamiento por lo que el tamaño de la muestra se refiere a las visitas. El tratamiento más frecuente fue el colgajo sural con 28,57%, tutor externo con el 20,19%, injerto de piel 16,46%, toillete 12,73% y colgajo fascio - cutáneo en 6,21%. Conclusión: La gran mayoría de los casos tratados corresponde a algún tipo de accidente de tránsito. Se necesita de un equipo multidisciplinario: ortopedistas, cirujanos plásticos, cirujanos vasculares, fisioterapeutas, etc. en trabajo coordinado para tratar estas graves lesiones de forma a obtener resultados favorables. Para la cobertura de la pierna traumatizada, con exposición ósea, recurrimos a los colgajos musculares, en el 1/3 proximal el gemelo, en el 1/3 medio el sóleo. Para la cobertura del 1/3 distal de la pierna utilizamos el colgajo neuro-veno-fascio-cutáneo (sural) a pedículo distal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The wound is a loss of continuity of the skin or mucosa produced by some physical or chemical agent. A wound is “complex” when due to its extension, location, depth, exposure of noble elements, it requires special therapy to heal. This is the case of wounds with tissue involvement that affects structures such as muscles, fascia, tendons, bones, blood vessels, nerves, or slowly evolving lesions such as ulcers or bedsores. Objectives: Determine the reconstruction method most used in the therapeutic management of complex wounds of the distal third of the leg in patients treated at the Trauma Hospital and the Plastic Surgery Unit of the FCM - UNA. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, and temporally retrospective study. Patients of both sexes, of legal age, with complex wounds in the distal third of the leg, treated at the Trauma Hospital and in the Plastic Surgery Unit of the FCM - UNA, during the period 2010 to 2019, were included. Results: 112 patients were included, of which 80.36% are men and 19.64% are women. The ages range from 18 to 73 years and an average of 33.8 ± 14 years. The most common age was 18 years. The median age is 30 years, which implies that half of the sample is at least that age. Regarding origin, 41.07% are from the interior, 30.36% from the Central department and the remaining 28.57% from Asunción. Regarding the mechanism of injury, the most frequent mechanism was a traffic accident, followed by a fall from a height, in a large percentage. Regarding the evolution and complications, 92, that is, 82% of the patients do not have any negative evolution or complications. The most common was infection with 1.9%, partial loss of the flap or skin represented 2.4%, suture dehiscence with 0.9%, hematoma 0.6%, and total loss of the flap 0.54. %. Regarding the treatment applied, it must be considered that patients may have received more than one treatment, so the sample size refers to visits. The most frequent treatment was the sural flap with 28.57%, external tutor with 20.19%, skin graft 16.46%, toilette 12.73% and fasciocutaneous flap in 6.21%. Conclusion: Most cases treated correspond to some type of traffic accident. A multidisciplinary team is needed: orthopedists, plastic surgeons, vascular surgeons, physiotherapists, etc. in coordinated work to treat these serious injuries to obtain favorable results. To cover the traumatized leg, with bone exposure, we resort to muscle flaps. In the proximal 1/3, the gastrocnemius. In the middle 1/3, the soleus. To cover the distal 1/3 of the leg we used the neuro-veno-fascio-cutaneous (sural) flap to the distal pedicle.

Urology provides critical medical treatment that has the potential to save lives and greatly improve quality of life. Although there is a growing need for urological care, South Africa (SA) now faces an unmet need for these services, and junior doctors have limited exposure to urology. SA has a total of 347 urologists who are actively practising and registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa. This means that there is a ratio of only 0.56 urologists per 100 000 people in the population. The ratio is even more dire if we only include urologists in the public sector. This article offers pragmatic strategies for addressing common urological conditions. These guidelines adhere to international standards and can be adopted at all levels of healthcare, with the exception of a few advanced imaging needs.

Abstract Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant disease in women worldwide, with increasing incidence and mortality, therefore the knowledge of its risk factors is of great importance to be able to invest in effective primary prevention measures. The combined oral contraceptive (COC) is the most widely used contraceptive method in women of childbearing age, with an average use of 5 years. This systematic review aims to assess whether there is a higher incidence of breast cancer in women of childbearing age with exposure to COC for more than 5 years, compared to less than 5 years of exposure.

Resumo O cancro da mama é a doença maligna mais frequentemente diagnosticada nas mulheres em todo o mundo, com incidência e mortalidade crescentes, pelo que o conhecimento dos seus fatores de risco é de grande importância para se poder investir em medidas de prevenção primária eficazes. O contracetivo oral combinado (COC) é o método contracetivo mais utilizado em mulheres em idade fértil, com utilização média de 5 anos. Esta revisão sistemática pretende avaliar se existe maior incidência de cancro da mama em mulheres em idade fértil com exposição a COC superior a 5 anos, comparativamente a exposição inferior a 5 anos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: healthcare workers, especially nurses, laboratory workers and paramedics have a higher risk of exposure to needle-stick injuries, which is sometimes due to inadequate handling and hospital waste storage. Objective: to describe causes of needle-stick injury and preventive measures taken by healthcare workers. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey; 74 healthcare workers from the Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo National Hospital and the Lambayeque Regional Hospital participated; data are presented as descriptive statistics; InfoStat 2019 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: the mean age of the respondents was 28.9 years (range 17-48); the majority were female (56.8%), and 43.2%, male. The 56.8% from the total number of respondents (42) had ever had a needle-stick injury, while 43.2% had not received injuries. The severity of the needle stick was mild in 51.4% of the cases, 6.8% was moderate and 41.9% had no injury. Conclusions: needle recapping, venous blood withdrawal and patients' sudden movement during an injection or a suture were the main causes of needle stick found in this study. A continuous training, the use of personal protective equipment, and following the proper disposal guidelines for sharp objects would help health workers to prevent this type of injury, and thus to avoid the transmission of infections through percutaneous blood.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los trabajadores de salud, especialmente enfermeras y enfermeros, laboratoristas y paramédicos tienen mayor riesgo de exposición a lesiones por pinchazo de aguja, en ocasiones, por un inadecuado manejo y almacenamiento de desechos hospitalarios. Objetivo: Describir las causas de lesión por pinchazo de aguja y las medidas de prevención tomadas por los trabajadores de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal utilizando una encuesta en línea; participaron 74 trabajadores de salud del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo y el Hospital Regional Lambayeque; los datos están presentados como estadística descriptiva; para el análisis estadístico se utilizó InfoStat 2019. Resultados: La edad media de los encuestados fue de 28,9 años (rango de 17-48); la mayoría fueron mujeres (56,8 %), y el 43,2 %, varones. Del total de encuestados (42, 56,8 %), alguna vez tuvo una lesión por pinchazo de aguja, mientras, el 43,2 % no ha recibido lesiones. La severidad del pinchazo de aguja fue leve en 51,4 % de los casos, 6,8 % fue moderada y 41,9 % no tuvo lesión. Conclusiones: Las principales modalidades causantes de pinchazo de aguja encontradas en este estudio fueron: reencapuchar la aguja, extracción de sangre venosa, el movimiento repentino del paciente durante una inyección o una sutura. Una capacitación continua, el uso de equipos de protección personal y seguir las pautas de eliminación adecuada de los objetos cortopunzantes, ayudarían a prevenir este tipo de lesiones en trabajadores de salud y por ende, evitar la transmisión de infecciones a través de sangre percutánea.