RESUMO A salinidade desencadeia uma série de efeitos nocivos na nutrição mineral das plantas, o que causa perda na produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do uso de água salobra com irrigação por gotejamento por pulso e contínua no acúmulo de nutrientes na cultura de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados sob esquema fatorial (6 × 2), constituído por seis níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa: 0,2; 1,6; 2,8; 4,0; 5,2 e 6,4 dS m-1) e dois tipos de manejo da irrigação (por pulsos e contínua) com quatro repetições. Após 63 dias de semeadura, o acúmulo e a exportação de macronutrientes, sódio e cloro foram quantificados. A irrigação por pulso mitigou os efeitos deletérios da salinidade sobre a cultura do amendoim e proporcionou um maior acúmulo de nutrientes pela cultura em relação a irrigação contínua. A ordem decrescente de acúmulo de nutrientes pelas plantas sob irrigação por pulso e contínua foi: K > N > Ca > Mg > P > S. A irrigação por pulso é eficaz para mitigar os efeitos do uso de água salobra na cultura do amendoim. produção Arachis hypogaea. hypogaea . hypogaea) 6 ( 2, 2 , 2) CEa (CEa 0,2 02 0 1,6 16 1 2,8 28 8 4,0 40 4 52 5 5, 64 6, m1 m m-1 repetições semeadura macronutrientes quantificados S 0, 1, 4, m-

ABSTRACT High salinity levels trigger harmful effects on plant mineral nutrition, causing production losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of using pulse or continuous drip irrigation with brackish water on the accumulation and exportation of nutrients in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) crops. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, in a 6×2 factorial arrangement consisting of six levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw: 0.2, 1.6, 2.8, 4.0, 5.2, and 6.4 dS m-1) and two irrigation regimes (pulse and continuous). Accumulation and exportation of macronutrients, sodium, and chloride were quantified at 63 days after sowing. Pulse irrigation mitigated the harmful effects of high salinity levels on peanut crops and promoted greater nutrient accumulation by plants compared to continuous irrigation. The descending order of nutrient accumulation by plants under pulse and continuous irrigation was: K > N > Ca > Mg > P > S. Pulse irrigation is effective in mitigating the detrimental effects of using brackish water on peanut crops. nutrition losses Arachis hypogaea used 62 6 2 6× ECw (ECw 02 0 0.2 16 1 1.6 28 8 2.8 40 4 4.0 52 5 5.2 64 6. m1 m m-1 continuous. . continuous) macronutrients sodium sowing S 0. 1. 2. 4. 5. m-

Resumen El maíz (Zea mays L.) es uno de los cultivos más sembrados en el mundo, siendo Argentina líder mundial en producción y exportación. La Provincia de Santiago del Estero, el este de Tucumán y el norte de Córdoba abarcan ocho zonas agroclimáticas en la región Chaco semiárida, la cual se caracteriza por un amplio rango de temperatura y frecuentes sequías que exponen al cultivo a patógenos, particularmente Aspergillus flavus, responsable de la podredumbre de la espiga y la contaminación de granos con micotoxinas como aflatoxina B1 y ácido ciclopiazónico. Se obtuvieron aislados del hongo desde espigas de maíz y se caracterizaron según capacidad toxigénica y morfotipos de esclerocios (S < 400 μm, asociados con elevados niveles de aflatoxinas y L > 400 μm, relacionados con niveles variables de aflatoxinas). Además, aquellos que no producían aflatoxinas se estudiaron para determinar sus relaciones filogenéticas sobre la base de un segmento del gen CaM. Cincuenta y ocho aislados fueron obtenidos en ocho localidades representativa de cada zona agroclimática, 30 de los cuales resultaron no aflatoxigénicos, 28 aflatoxigénicos y todos productores de ácido ciclopiazónico. Seis aislados no produjeron esclerocios, 51 fueron L y solo uno fue S, siendo este último no aflatoxigénico. El número de esclerocios correlacionó positivamente con la producción de aflatoxina B1, mientras que el tamaño lo hizo de manera negativa. Las secuencias del gen CaM corroboraron que los aislados pertenecen al clado A. flavus y la alta similitud nucleotídica (99,4% a 100%) reveló casi nula diversidad genética en esta región. No se observaron diferencias en la proporción de aislados entre campañas agrícolas estudiadas ni distritos agroclimáticos. Esta investigación reveló características de las poblaciones de hongos en esta región agrícola del norte argentino.

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most widely planted crops globally with Argentina leading world production and exportation. Santiago del Estero province, east of Tucumán and north of Córdoba encompasses eight agro-climatic zones in the Chaco Semi-arid region, agro-ecologically characterized by a wide temperature range and frequent drought periods that expose the crop to pathogens, particularly Aspergillus flavus. This pathogen is responsible for ear rot and grain contamination with mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid. This study obtained fungal isolates from ears of maize and characterized them according to toxigenic capability and morphotype of sclerotia (S < 400 μm, associated with high levels of aflatoxins and L > 400 μm, related to variable levels of aflatoxins). In addition, those not producing aflatoxins were studied to determine phylogenetic relationships based on sequences of a segment of the CaM gene. Fifty-eight isolates were obtained in eight localities representing each agro-climatic zone, 30 of which were non-aflatoxigenic, 28 aflatoxigenic, and all producers of ciclopiazonic acid. Six isolates did not produce sclerotia, 51 were L and only one was S, the latter being a non-producer of aflatoxins. The number of sclerotia was positively correlated with the production of aflatoxin B1, while size was negatively correlated. The CaM gene sequences corroborated that the isolates belonged to the A. flavus clade and the high nucleotide similarity among them (99.4% to 100%) revealed almost zero genetic diversity in this geographic region. No significant differences were observed in the proportion of isolates between growing seasons or among agroclimatic districts. This research revealed characteristics of fungus populations in this agricultural region of north Argentina.

Caparaó and the Fluminense northwest regions are nationally recognized by the important contribution on coffee production and exportation. Adulterations involving specialty coffees result in a decrease in the quality of the final product. However, obtaining many different samples from the same region is unfeasible in some cases, needing strategies to work with a limited number of samples for pattern recognition. Thus, this work is the first to use the construction of synthetic samples (SS) for analysis of coffees, and its objective is to identify adulterations in specialty coffees with bark, straw and low-quality beans, using UV-Vis spectroscopy, associated with chemometric methods. The synthetic samples partial least square discriminant analysis (SS-PLS-DA) showed better specificity, sensitivity and reliability rates than the Hard PLS-DA models. One-class methods (soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA)) showed low specificity and reliability. The discriminant methods together with the synthetic samples proved to be adequate to identify adulterations in specialty coffees. exportation product However cases recognition Thus SS (SS bark lowquality beans UVVis UV Vis spectroscopy SSPLSDA PLS DA (SS-PLS-DA PLSDA models Oneclass One SIMCA (SIMCA DDSIMCA DD (DD-SIMCA) (DD-SIMCA

Abstract Hypostomus soniae is a small sized armored catfish endemic to the Tapajos River basin and ranked as one of the most exploited ornamental fish in the Santarem export marketplace. This study aims to evaluate distributional patterns of Hypostomus soniae and contribute to the species conservation in the face of development of the ornamental fish trade in the Amazon region. We compiled data associated with geographic coordinates in public repositories, supplemented with original field records. We compared our data to published records in the literature and museum collections to check for accuracy. To investigate the fishery and commercialization of H. soniae, we conducted interviews with ornamental fish stakeholders from the local trade. We also made direct observations in the fishing sites and export facilities in Santarem. A cluster analysis of the geolocation data was carried out to explore the spatial distribution patterns. The volume of captures and exportation of H. soniae decreased during the period 2020-2023. The occurrence of H. soniae was associated with annual rainfall ranging from 2,000 mm to 2,500 mm and concentrated in two municipalities of the State of Mato Grosso and two of the Para State. The species distribution area has been threatened, unfortunately, by fishermen who do not respect the laws that support artisanal fishing in the Amazon. marketplace region repositories accuracy H 20202023. 20202023 2020 2023. 2023 2020-2023 2000 2 000 2,00 2500 500 2,50 threatened unfortunately 2020202 202 2020-202 200 00 2,0 250 50 2,5 202020 20 2020-20 0 2, 25 5 20202 2020-2 2020-

Resumo Hippocampus reidi representa a espécie mais abundante do gênero na costa brasileira. Apesar de carismáticos, encontram-se globalmente ameaçados devido à degradação de habitat e intensa exploração comercial, especialmente no Brasil, líder na exportação e consumo da espécie. Através de dados mitocondriais (citocromo b e região controle) e nucleares (1st íntron S7), este estudo investigou a variação e estrutura genética de H. reidi em toda a costa brasileira, do estado do Pará até Santa Catarina. Os dados mitocondriais indicam a existência de duas linhagens de H. reidi na costa brasileira: (1) Norte/Nordeste e (2) Sudeste/Sul, padrão parcialmente recuperado pelos dados nucleares. Este cenário pode ser explicado por diferenças na temperatura e padrões de circulação das correntes do Brasil e Norte do Brasil, que definem estes grupos como subprovíncias biogeográficas. As linhagens ocorrem em simpatria no estado da Bahia, o que pode ser explicado pela ocorrência de contato secundário durante o último glacial máximo. Apesar de apresentar duas linhagens, para fins de manejo e conservação, são indicadas três unidades: (1) Norte/Nordeste, (2) Bahia, e (3) Sudeste/Sul. A unidade do Norte/Nordeste mostrou-se a mais vulnerável devido aos baixos índices de diversidade genética apresentados e representa uma prioridade para futuras ações de conservação. brasileira carismáticos encontramse encontram se comercial citocromo controle 1st st S7, S7 S , S7) H Catarina 1 (1 NorteNordeste Nordeste 2 (2 SudesteSul Sudeste Sul Sudeste/Sul biogeográficas Bahia máximo conservação unidades 3 (3 mostrouse mostrou (

Abstract Hippocampus reidi represents the most abundant species of the genus Hippocampus along the Brazilian coast. Despite being charismatic, the species is globally threatened due to habitat degradation and commercial exploration, especially in Brazil, which is the leader in exportation and consumption of the species. Through mitochondrial (cytochrome b and control region) and nuclear (1st intron S7) data, the current study investigates the variation and genetic structure of H. reidi along the Brazilian coast, from Pará to Santa Catarina states. The mitochondrial data indicate the presence of two lineages: (1) North/Northeast and (2) South/Southeast, which was partially recovered by nuclear data. This scenario could be related to temperature differences and circulation patterns of the Brazil and North-Brazil currents, which define these groups into biogeographic sub-provinces. The lineages occur in sympatry in Bahia state, which can be explained by the occurrence of secondary contact during the last glacial maximum. Despite presenting two lineages, for management and conservation, three units are indicated: (1) North/Northeast, (2) Bahia, and (3) South/Southeast. The North/Northeast unit proved to be more vulnerable, presenting the lowest genetic diversity indices, representing a priority for future conservation actions. coast charismatic exploration cytochrome region 1st st S7 S H states 1 (1 NorthNortheast North Northeast 2 (2 SouthSoutheast South Southeast South/Southeast NorthBrazil currents subprovinces. subprovinces sub provinces. provinces sub-provinces state maximum indicated 3 (3 vulnerable indices actions (

Abstract The Flowers and Ornamental Plant sector supports an extensive network of entrepreneurs, in all stages related to cultivation, transport and commercialization. In this aspect, there is a great demand for skilled labor, making this sector a source of employment and income generation in the regions covered. However, there is great interference on the commercialization of flowers and ornamental plants by the seasonality of demand, which is often related to festive dates, weather, among other factors. Thus, knowledge about seasonal demands allows the sector to develop a plan, directing efforts to offer products with greater demand in a given period. This study aimed to generate information, through a case study based on the analysis of commercialization data, and verify the seasonal demand on the commercialization of ornamental species in western São Paulo. There was an increase in the demand for chrysanthemum cuttings, both for the domestic and export markets, during the years 2019 and 2020, in addition to fluctuations in the demand for some cultivars of cuttings of chrysanthemum in one year compared to the other. Through the analysis, it is concluded that the seasonality of commercialization of ornamental plants in the West Region of São Paulo really occurs, especially between the 26th and 34th week of the year, with the purpose of serving the domestic market of chrysanthemums. This result allows planning the planting and harvesting time, as well as the definition of the best varieties to be cultivated in these periods. entrepreneurs cultivation aspect labor covered However dates weather factors Thus plan period information data markets 201 2020 occurs th chrysanthemums time periods 20 202 2

Resumo O setor de Flores e Plantas Ornamentais apoia uma extensa rede de empreendedores, em todas as etapas relacionadas ao cultivo, transporte e comercialização. Neste aspecto, há uma grande demanda por mão-de-obra qualificada, tornando este setor fonte de emprego e geração de renda nas regiões abrangidas. Porém, há grande interferência na comercialização de flores e plantas ornamentais pela sazonalidade da demanda, que muitas vezes está relacionada a datas festivas, clima, entre outros fatores. Assim, o conhecimento sobre as demandas sazonais permite ao setor desenvolver um planejamento, direcionando esforços para oferecer produtos com maior demanda em determinado período. Este estudo teve como objetivo gerar informações, por meio de um estudo de caso baseado na análise de dados de comercialização, e verificar a demanda sazonal na comercialização de espécies ornamentais no oeste paulista. Houve aumento na demanda por mudas de crisântemo, tanto para o mercado interno quanto para exportação, durante os anos de 2019 e 2020, além de oscilações na demanda por algumas cultivares de mudas de crisântemo em um ano em relação ao outro. Através desta análise conclui-se que a sazonalidade da comercialização de plantas ornamentais na Região Oeste de São Paulo realmente ocorre, principalmente entre a 26ª e a 34ª semana do ano, com a finalidade de atender ao mercado interno de crisântemos. Este resultado permite planejar a época de plantio e colheita, bem como a definição das melhores variedades a serem cultivadas nestes períodos. empreendedores cultivo aspecto mãodeobra mão obra qualificada abrangidas Porém festivas clima fatores Assim planejamento período informações paulista exportação 201 2020 outro concluise conclui se ocorre ª crisântemos colheita períodos 20 202 2

ABSTRACT Little is understood about the nutritional status of manganese (Mn) in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), further research is needed to provide technological support for greater productivity, especially on the dynamics of accumulation, recycling, immobilization and export. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of accumulation, immobilization, recycling, exportation and the efficiency of Mn use in oil palm plants at different ages. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with seven treatments (plant age: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 years of planting) and four replicates. The leaflets and male inflorescence were, the vegetative and reproductive organs with the highest Mn concentration, respectively. The accumulation of this nutrient in the tree crown predominated in the stipe through all years. The bunch exported the highest amount of Mn, especially in older plants. The oil palm immobilizes and recycles, more than exports, a large amount of Mn. The Mn use efficiency is increased as a function of the age of the crops in all the oil palm organs. In conclusion, the nutritional demand of oil palm is altered as a function of age, altering the dynamics of immobilization, recycling and exportation of Mn. (Mn Elaeis Jacq., Jacq Jacq. , Jacq.) productivity export Thus ages design plant 2 3 4 5 6 7 planting replicates were concentration respectively recycles exports conclusion

Resumen: En este trabajo, trato de analizar las diferentes estrategias que adoptaron tanto la administración de José Ballivián (1841-1847) como los grupos dirigentes locales frente al auge económico del guano y la cascarilla en Bolivia de forma comparativa. Para eso, expongo el corpus legal creado por el Estado central en consecuencia, las contratas firmadas por este con empresas extranjeras para la exportación de sendos recursos y las respuestas articuladas por la localidad, siendo el contrabando la más destacada. Considero que la firma de las contratas monopolísticas fue rechazada por parte de la población local, que a través de la ilegalidad propuso otro modelo político y económico para el trato con el guano y la cascarilla y, en definitiva, expuso la existencia de otras vías de construcción del Estado en el siglo XIX latinoamericano.

Abstract: In this article, my aim is to analyze the different strategies adopted by both José Ballivián’s administration (1841-1847) and the local ruling groups in the face of guano and cinchona bark economic booms in Bolivia, in a comparative way. The legal corpus created by the central State, the contracts signed with foreign companies for exportation of that resources and the responses articulated by the local powers, smuggling being the most prominent, are exposed. I consider that the signing of monopolistic contracts was rejected by a part of the local population, that through illegality proposed another politic and economic model for the exploitation of guano and cinchona bark and, in fact, exposed the existence of other ways of State building in nineteenth-century Latin America.

Resumen Analizamos la cadena de valor de aguacate (Persea americana Hass) en el departamento del Cauca (Colombia), mediante la caracterización y tipificación de sus actores e interrelaciones, así como la identificación de factores críticos y potencialidades para impulsar la exportación del producto. La metodología correspondió a una investigación de tipo mixta descriptiva, combinó técnicas de levantamiento y análisis de la información, como talleres interactivos (clickers), transectos, entrevistas y encuestas a grupos de productores organizados, a quienes se consultó sobre factores biofísicos, sociales, económicos y tecnológicos que influyen en la competitividad del sistema y la cadena de valor. Se logró determinar que el sistema aguacate Hass en el Cauca es heterogéneo, disperso, con diferentes grados de tecnificación y articulación a mercados, y con un avance tecnológico derivado de intervenciones interinstitucionales y de cooperación internacional, que generan cada vez mayor acceso a los mercados de exportación por parte de pequeños y medianos productores. Se identificaron limitantes en el sistema y en la cadena de valor, tales como problemas fitosanitarios, manejo de fertilización y aspectos logísticos, que se deben atender para optimizar la capacidad productiva, la cual se empieza a robustecer en la zona para los mercados de exportación.

Abstract This research aimed to characterize the production system of avocado (Persea americana Hass) and describe the value chain in the department of Cauca (Colombia), through the analysis of its dynamics and the typification of the actors and their interrelationships was developed between 2019 and 2021 by AGROSAVIA. The methodology corresponded to descriptive mixed type research, which combines different techniques for the collection and analysis of information, such as interactive workshops (clickers), transects, interviews and surveys to groups of producers organized to consult on biophysical, social, economic and technological factors, that influence the competitiveness of the system and the value chain. It was possible to determine that the Hass avocado system in the department of Cauca, is heterogeneous, dispersed, with different degrees of modernization and articulation to the national and international market, and with a technological advance resulting from inter-institutional interventions and international cooperation in the last 15 years, which generate increasing access to international markets by small and medium producers. Limitations were identified in the system and in the value chain that must be addressed to optimize the productive capacity that is beginning to be installed in the area to serve export markets.

Abstract Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is an insect of major economic importance in the mango orchards of the submedium of the São Francisco River Valley, the main area of mango production and exportation in Brazil. To provide alternatives for the management of C. capitata, toxic baits based on alpha-cypermethrin (Gelsura®) and spinosad (Success® 0.02 CB) were evaluated in three commercial mango experiments during two consecutive harvests: 2016/2017 (experiment 1 - area 1) and 2017/2018 (experiment 2 -area 2 and experiment 3 - area 3). According to the results, there was a large reduction in the infestation of C. capitata after five sequential applications of the alpha-cypermethrin (6 g.ha-1) and spinosad (0.38 g.ha-1) toxic baits performed at seven-day intervals during mango fruit ripening in all experiments and years (harvest) evaluated. Compared with the untreated plots, the plots with alpha-cypermethrin and spinosad applications showed a significant reduction in the damage induced (fallen fruits and/or on trees) by C. capitata. The management of C. capitata in mango orchards can include the use of the toxic bait based on alpha-cypermethrin, which represents an alternative to rotate with spinosad toxic bait in the São Francisco River Valley. Wiedemann, Wiedemann (Wiedemann 1824 Valley Brazil C alphacypermethrin alpha cypermethrin Gelsura® Gelsura (Gelsura® Success® Success (Success 002 0 02 0.0 CB harvests 20162017 2016 2017 2016/201 20172018 2018 2017/201 3. . 3) results 6 ( g.ha1 gha1 gha g.ha g ha g.ha-1 0.38 038 38 (0.3 sevenday seven day harvest (harvest fallen andor or trees alphacypermethrin, cypermethrin, 182 (Gelsura 00 0. 2016201 201 2016/20 2017201 2017/20 ha1 g.ha- 0.3 03 (0. 18 201620 20 2016/2 201720 2017/2 (0 20162 2016/ 20172 2017/

ABSTRACT: This article analyzed the international competitiveness of exports of forest products from 2008 to 2018. The information is available in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the indicators used were: revealed comparative advantage (RCA), trade openness index (Oi) and the contribution to trade balance index (CTB). Results showed that the exportation of forest products are competitive, in addition gains in competitiveness have been observed by the RCA and in Europe, countries had losses in detriment of the financial crises and austerity measures adopted. All countries showed a low degree of openness by the Oi and had a comparative advantage by the CTB, except for China and Germany. It is concluded that the countries with bigger comparative advantages in the exportation of forest products were the ones that had contributed more for its commercial balance. ABSTRACT 200 2018 FAO (FAO RCA, , (RCA) (Oi CTB. CTB . (CTB) competitive Europe adopted Germany 20 201 (RCA (CTB 2

RESUMO: Este artigo analisou a competitividade internacional das exportações de produtos florestais, de 2008 e 2018. As informações estão disponíveis na Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimento (FAO) e os indicadores utilizados foram: vantagem comparativa revelada (RCA), o índice de abertura do comércio (Oi) e o índice de contribuição ao saldo comercial (CTB). Os resultados mostram que as exportações de produtos florestais são competitivas, ademais foram observados pelo RCA ganhos em competitividade e na Europa, os países tiveram perdas em detrimento das crises financeiras e medidas de austeridade adotadas. Todos os países apresentaram baixo grau de abertura pelo Oi e teve vantagem comparativa pelo CTB, com exceção da China e Alemanha. Conclui-se que os países com maiores vantagens comparativas nas exportações de produtos florestais foram os que mais contribuíram para o seu saldo comercial. RESUMO 200 2018 FAO (FAO RCA, , (RCA) (Oi CTB. CTB . (CTB) competitivas Europa adotadas Alemanha Concluise Conclui se 20 201 (RCA (CTB 2

Abstract: Based on the analysis of the lithium industry in Argentina, the argument of this study is that the external actions of the provinces in the Argentine Northwest (Jujuy, Salta, and Catamarca) have contributed to instrumentalizing part of the foreign policy towards China. At the same time, this linkage has created tensions with the Federal State concerning the lithium development model to be implemented and the relationship with the Asian country. We understand that the connection with China, which is complementary and incremental in nature, highlights pre-existing tensions within the federal system and the obstacles in coordinating and implementing a national strategy for Argentina's international engagement in the lithium sector, as well as defining a national development strategy for the lithium industry. Through a qualitative approach, we address the external conditions impacting the lithium industry in the region and in Argentina, in particular, and how the absence of a national model for lithium industry development promotes an insertion based on exploitation and exportation to major external partners, following a primary pattern.

Resumen: A partir del análisis de la industria del litio en Argentina, el argumento de este trabajo es que el accionar externo de las provincias del noroeste argentino (Jujuy, Salta y Catamarca) contribuyó a instrumentalizar parte de la política exterior hacia China; sin embargo, esa vinculación creó focos de tensión con el Estado Federal en torno al modelo a implementar para el desarrollo del litio y a la relación con el país asiático. Entendemos que el vínculo con China, que tiene una naturaleza complementaria e incremental, evidencia tensiones preexistentes del sistema federal y las limitaciones para la coordinación e implementación de una estrategia nacional de vinculación internacional de Argentina en torno al mineral, así como la definición de una estrategia nacional de desarrollo para la industria del litio. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, abordamos las condiciones externas que impactan en la industria del litio en la región y en Argentina en particular, y cómo la ausencia de un modelo nacional de desarrollo de la industria del litio promueve una inserción basada en la explotación y exportación a grandes socios externos en base a un patrón primario.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between public revenues and the business cycle (product-elasticity) in Mexico over the period 1980.I-2018.III, allowing for possible structural changes. To do so, bivariate econometric models of several public revenues on the business cycle indicator are estimated. Our results suggest the existence of changes in those relationships that can be associated to modifications in the tax policy and variations in the international price and the exportation platform of oil. A major implication of these findings is that total public revenues are highly dependent on income and consumption taxes, something that should be taken into account in a possible fiscal reform along with the estimated magnitude of the relationships for the most recent period.

Resumen El objetivo de este documento es analizar la relación entre los ingresos públicos y los ciclos económicos (elasticidad-producto) en México durante el periodo 1980.I-2018.III tomando en cuenta la posibilidad de cambios estructurales. Para ello, se estiman modelos econométricos bivariados en los que los diferentes tipos de ingresos públicos dependen del indicador del ciclo. Los resultados muestran que efectivamente hay cambios estructurales en las relaciones estimadas que se pueden identificar con modificaciones en la política tributaria y con las variaciones en los precios y la plataforma de exportación de petróleo. Una implicación importante de nuestros resultados es que los ingresos públicos totales son altamente dependientes de los impuestos al ingreso y al consumo, algo que debe considerarse en una posible reforma fiscal en combinación con la magnitud de las relaciones estimadas para el periodo reciente.

Resumo Os ecossistemas estão sob pressão, especialmente devido às alterações climáticas, que reduzem a sua capacidade de fornecer serviços relacionados com a água, tais como fornecimento de água e controle da erosão do solo. O objetivo deste estudo, realizado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Homem (Noroeste de Portugal), foi avaliar como as alterações climáticas futuras podem influenciar a provisão destes serviços. A Ferramenta de Avaliação de Solo e Água (SWAT), um modelo hidrológico, foi calibrado e validado para as condições locais da bacia hidrográfica (caudal e volumes mensais do reservatório). As projeções climáticas (2020-2050) foram forçadas no SWAT, com base em quatro modelos climáticos regionais e dois cenários de alterações climáticas (RCP4,5 e RCP8,5). Os resultados confirmam que o modelo SWAT tem um bom desempenho na quantificação de caudal e volume de água no reservatório após calibração e validação. As mudanças climáticas poderão afetar o fornecimento de água reduzindo a sua quantidade na bacia em 7% sob o cenário RCP8,5 até 2050, quando comparado com o histórico (1970-2000). Haverá menos água no rio na primavera, verão e outono e mais água no inverno. O volume do reservatório poderá diminuir consideravelmente e reduzir o potencial de produção de energia hidroelétrica, principalmente no verão. A exportação de sedimentos irá aumentar, especialmente no cenário RCP8,5. Esses resultados são de elevada relevância para a elaboração de estratégias de adaptação para reduzir os impactos das alterações climáticas na provisão de serviços dos ecossistemas relacionados com a água, tendo em conta soluções baseadas na natureza, particularmente a nível local para apoiar estratégias de gestão sustentável de bacias hidrográficas.

Abstract Ecosystems are under pressure, especially due to climate change, which reduces among others, the ability of ecosystems to provide water-related ecosystem services such as water supply and soil erosion control. The aim of this study, carried out in the Homem River basin (Northwest Portugal), was to assess how future climate alterations may influence the provision of these ecosystem services. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a hydrological model, was calibrated and validated for local watershed conditions (river discharge and monthly reservoir volumes). Future climate projections (2020-2050) were forced into SWAT, based on four regional climate models and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The results confirm that the SWAT model has a good performance in quantifying river discharge and reservoir water volume after calibration and validation. Climate change may affect water supply by reducing annual water yield in the basin by 7% under RCP8.5 scenario by 2050, when compared to the historical period (1970-2000). There will be less water in the river in spring, summer and autumn and more water during winter. The reservoir water volume should decrease considerably, therefore reducing the potential of hydropower production, especially during summer. The sediment exportation would increase, especially under RCP8.5 scenario. These results are of high relevance for building adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of climate change on water ecosystem services provision, taking into account nature-based solutions, particularly at the local level to support sustainable river basin management strategies.

Resumen Los ecosistemas están bajo presión, especialmente debido al cambio climático, mismo que reduce entre otras, la capacidad de los ecosistemas para proporcionar servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con el agua, como el suministro de agua y el control de la erosión del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio, realizado en la cuenca del río Homem (noroeste de Portugal), fue evaluar cómo el clima futuro puede influir en la prestación de estos servicios. La herramienta de evaluación de suelos y aguas (SWAT), un modelo hidrológico, fue calibrado y validado para las condiciones de la cuenca hidrográfica local (caudal y volúmenes mensuales del reservorio). Las proyecciones climáticas futuras (2020-2050) fueron corridas en el SWAT, basadas en cuatro modelos climáticos regionales y dos escenarios de cambio climático (RCP4,5 y RCP8,5). Los resultados confirman que el modelo SWAT, luego de calibrado y validado, tiene un buen desempeño en la cuantificación del caudal y volumen de agua del reservorio. El cambio climático podría afectar el suministro de agua al reducir su cantidad en la cuenca en un 7%, en el escenario RCP8,5 para el 2050, en comparación con el histórico (1970-2000). Habrá menos agua en el río en primavera, verano y otoño y más agua en invierno. El volumen del embalse podría disminuir considerablemente, por lo tanto, reducir el potencial de producción de energía hidroeléctrica, principalmente en el verano. La exportación de sedimentos podría aumentar, especialmente en el escenario RCP8,5. Estos resultados son de gran relevancia para la construcción de estrategias de adaptación para reducir los impactos del cambio climático en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos del agua, teniendo en cuenta las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, particularmente a nivel local para apoyar las estrategias de gestión de cuencas hidrográficas.

Résumé Les écosystèmes sont sous pression, notamment en raison du changement climatique, qui réduit, entre autres, la capacité des écosystèmes à fournir des services liés à l’eau tels que l’approvisionnement en eau et le contrôle de l’érosion des sols. L’objectif de cette étude, réalisée dans le bassin hydrographique du Homem (nord-ouest du Portugal), était d’évaluer comment le climat futur pourrait influencer la provision de ces services. L’outil d’évaluation du Sol e de l’Eau (SWAT), un modèle hydrologique, a été calibré et validé pour les conditions locales du bassin versant (débit de la rivière et volumes mensuels du réservoir). Les projections climatiques futures (2020-2050) ont été forcées dans le SWAT, sur la base de quatre modèles climatiques régionaux et de deux scénarios de changement climatique (RCP4,5 et RCP8,5). Les résultats confirment que le modèle SWAT a de bonnes performances pour quantifier le débit de la rivière et le volume d’eau du réservoir après étalonnage et validation. Le changement climatique peut affecter l’approvisionnement en eau en réduisant l’apport en eau dans le bassin de 7% selon le scénario RCP8,5 d’ici 2050, par rapport à la période historique (1970-2000). Il y aura moins d’eau dans la rivière au printemps, en été et en automne et plus d’eau en hiver. Le volume d’eau du réservoir pourra diminuer considérablement et réduire le potentiel de production hydroélectrique, surtout en été. L’exportation de sédiments augmentera, en particulier dans le scénario RCP8,5. Ces résultats sont d’une grande pertinence pour l’élaboration de stratégies d’adaptation visant à réduire les impacts du changement climatique, en tenant compte des solutions fondées sur la nature, en particulier au niveau local pour soutenir les stratégies de gestion durable des bassins hydrographiques.

The international trade of plants and their products, such as fresh fruits, can facilitate the introduction and spread of foreign pests and diseases. We examined South Africa's import of stone fruits (Prunus spp.) as a pathway for introducing Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey and document recommended phytosanitary measures to deal with the risk associated with its exportation into the country. Fresh fruits of Prunus spp. are imported from various countries. The current study provides a report on 10 years (2010-2020) importation of Prunus spp. from Spain to South Africa with associated cases of M. fructicola. We also detail the current management measures for imported stone fruits from Spain to South Africa. We report 18 M. fructicola detections that were found during the study period. The number of detections presents enough trends to determine the level of phytosanitary concerns regarding the importation of Prunus spp. fresh fruit from Spain, which cannot be neglected. M. fructicola is an economically important brown rot on many fruit hosts and potentially threatens agricultural and horticultural industries, the environment, and biodiversity in South Africa. The importation of Prunus spp. requires intensive management strategies for M. fructicola, as pathogens may pose a major phytosanitary concern because it could thrive and reproduce in various environmental conditions and on various host plants in South Africa. Therefore, if M. fructicola establishes in South Africa, its impacts will have consequences for different key socioeconomic sectors, including the agricultural industry. SIGNIFICANCE: •Monilinia fructicola is a pest of quarantine significance for South Africa. • If not managed properly, the importation of Prunus spp. with associated M. fructicola will be a significant phytosanitary concern that could cause severe economic impacts on the South African agricultural industry.