Resumo Este artigo objetiva comparar os países que implementam I4.0, fornecendo uma visão geral das questões mais relevantes relacionadas aos seus números de patentes e exportações. Os países pesquisados são Alemanha, Brasil, China, Coreia do Sul, EUA, Índia, Japão e Rússia. Uma análise da literatura foi aplicada em publicações Scopus e Web of Science (2012–2022), que incluem países BRICs. Os registros de patentes relacionados a produtos de alta tecnologia, o Patentscope da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual e a lista de produtos exportados no TradeMap também foram pesquisados para identificar e analisar a contribuição das políticas de cada país. As conclusões apresentam os efeitos positivos das políticas I4.0 no contexto industrial da maioria dos países, conforme evidenciado pelo aumento das exportações e das patentes relacionadas com a fabricação de bens de alta tecnologia desde que as políticas foram implementadas após 2014. A evolução do registo de patentes refere-se à evolução de bens de alta tecnologia nos últimos nove anos. Este estudo também indica as motivações de cada país para a implementação da Indústria 4.0. Uma comparação nacional das durações, objectivos, financiamento disponível, áreas de acção, sectores industriais focados e tecnologias priorizadas destas políticas públicas apoia investigadores, gestores e decisores políticos.

Abstract This paper aims to compare I4.0 manufacturing countries, providing an overview of the most relevant issues related to their patent and exportation figures. The countries researched are Germany, Brazil, China, South Korea, the US, India, Japan, and Russia. A Literature analysis was applied in Scopus and Web of Science publications (2012–2022), which include BRICs countries. Patent records related to high-tech products Patentscope of the World Intellectual Property Organization and the list of exported products in TradeMap were also searched to identify and analyze the contribution of each country’s policies. Findings present the positive effects of I4.0 policies in the industrial context of most countries, as evidenced by an increase in exportation and patents related to manufacturing high-tech goods since the policies were implemented after 2014. Patent registration evolution refers to the evolution of high-technology goods in the last nine years. This study also indicates the motivations of each country for implementing Industry 4.0. A country comparison of the durations, objectives, available funding, areas for action, focused manufacturing sectors, and prioritized technologies of these public policies supports researchers, managers, and policymakers.

RESUMO A salinidade desencadeia uma série de efeitos nocivos na nutrição mineral das plantas, o que causa perda na produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do uso de água salobra com irrigação por gotejamento por pulso e contínua no acúmulo de nutrientes na cultura de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados sob esquema fatorial (6 × 2), constituído por seis níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa: 0,2; 1,6; 2,8; 4,0; 5,2 e 6,4 dS m-1) e dois tipos de manejo da irrigação (por pulsos e contínua) com quatro repetições. Após 63 dias de semeadura, o acúmulo e a exportação de macronutrientes, sódio e cloro foram quantificados. A irrigação por pulso mitigou os efeitos deletérios da salinidade sobre a cultura do amendoim e proporcionou um maior acúmulo de nutrientes pela cultura em relação a irrigação contínua. A ordem decrescente de acúmulo de nutrientes pelas plantas sob irrigação por pulso e contínua foi: K > N > Ca > Mg > P > S. A irrigação por pulso é eficaz para mitigar os efeitos do uso de água salobra na cultura do amendoim. produção Arachis hypogaea. hypogaea . hypogaea) 6 ( 2, 2 , 2) CEa (CEa 0,2 02 0 1,6 16 1 2,8 28 8 4,0 40 4 52 5 5, 64 6, m1 m m-1 repetições semeadura macronutrientes quantificados S 0, 1, 4, m-

ABSTRACT High salinity levels trigger harmful effects on plant mineral nutrition, causing production losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of using pulse or continuous drip irrigation with brackish water on the accumulation and exportation of nutrients in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) crops. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, in a 6×2 factorial arrangement consisting of six levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw: 0.2, 1.6, 2.8, 4.0, 5.2, and 6.4 dS m-1) and two irrigation regimes (pulse and continuous). Accumulation and exportation of macronutrients, sodium, and chloride were quantified at 63 days after sowing. Pulse irrigation mitigated the harmful effects of high salinity levels on peanut crops and promoted greater nutrient accumulation by plants compared to continuous irrigation. The descending order of nutrient accumulation by plants under pulse and continuous irrigation was: K > N > Ca > Mg > P > S. Pulse irrigation is effective in mitigating the detrimental effects of using brackish water on peanut crops. nutrition losses Arachis hypogaea used 62 6 2 6× ECw (ECw 02 0 0.2 16 1 1.6 28 8 2.8 40 4 4.0 52 5 5.2 64 6. m1 m m-1 continuous. . continuous) macronutrients sodium sowing S 0. 1. 2. 4. 5. m-

Abstract Hypostomus soniae is a small sized armored catfish endemic to the Tapajos River basin and ranked as one of the most exploited ornamental fish in the Santarem export marketplace. This study aims to evaluate distributional patterns of Hypostomus soniae and contribute to the species conservation in the face of development of the ornamental fish trade in the Amazon region. We compiled data associated with geographic coordinates in public repositories, supplemented with original field records. We compared our data to published records in the literature and museum collections to check for accuracy. To investigate the fishery and commercialization of H. soniae, we conducted interviews with ornamental fish stakeholders from the local trade. We also made direct observations in the fishing sites and export facilities in Santarem. A cluster analysis of the geolocation data was carried out to explore the spatial distribution patterns. The volume of captures and exportation of H. soniae decreased during the period 2020-2023. The occurrence of H. soniae was associated with annual rainfall ranging from 2,000 mm to 2,500 mm and concentrated in two municipalities of the State of Mato Grosso and two of the Para State. The species distribution area has been threatened, unfortunately, by fishermen who do not respect the laws that support artisanal fishing in the Amazon. marketplace region repositories accuracy H 20202023. 20202023 2020 2023. 2023 2020-2023 2000 2 000 2,00 2500 500 2,50 threatened unfortunately 2020202 202 2020-202 200 00 2,0 250 50 2,5 202020 20 2020-20 0 2, 25 5 20202 2020-2 2020-

Caparaó and the Fluminense northwest regions are nationally recognized by the important contribution on coffee production and exportation. Adulterations involving specialty coffees result in a decrease in the quality of the final product. However, obtaining many different samples from the same region is unfeasible in some cases, needing strategies to work with a limited number of samples for pattern recognition. Thus, this work is the first to use the construction of synthetic samples (SS) for analysis of coffees, and its objective is to identify adulterations in specialty coffees with bark, straw and low-quality beans, using UV-Vis spectroscopy, associated with chemometric methods. The synthetic samples partial least square discriminant analysis (SS-PLS-DA) showed better specificity, sensitivity and reliability rates than the Hard PLS-DA models. One-class methods (soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA)) showed low specificity and reliability. The discriminant methods together with the synthetic samples proved to be adequate to identify adulterations in specialty coffees. exportation product However cases recognition Thus SS (SS bark lowquality beans UVVis UV Vis spectroscopy SSPLSDA PLS DA (SS-PLS-DA PLSDA models Oneclass One SIMCA (SIMCA DDSIMCA DD (DD-SIMCA) (DD-SIMCA

Resumo Hippocampus reidi representa a espécie mais abundante do gênero na costa brasileira. Apesar de carismáticos, encontram-se globalmente ameaçados devido à degradação de habitat e intensa exploração comercial, especialmente no Brasil, líder na exportação e consumo da espécie. Através de dados mitocondriais (citocromo b e região controle) e nucleares (1st íntron S7), este estudo investigou a variação e estrutura genética de H. reidi em toda a costa brasileira, do estado do Pará até Santa Catarina. Os dados mitocondriais indicam a existência de duas linhagens de H. reidi na costa brasileira: (1) Norte/Nordeste e (2) Sudeste/Sul, padrão parcialmente recuperado pelos dados nucleares. Este cenário pode ser explicado por diferenças na temperatura e padrões de circulação das correntes do Brasil e Norte do Brasil, que definem estes grupos como subprovíncias biogeográficas. As linhagens ocorrem em simpatria no estado da Bahia, o que pode ser explicado pela ocorrência de contato secundário durante o último glacial máximo. Apesar de apresentar duas linhagens, para fins de manejo e conservação, são indicadas três unidades: (1) Norte/Nordeste, (2) Bahia, e (3) Sudeste/Sul. A unidade do Norte/Nordeste mostrou-se a mais vulnerável devido aos baixos índices de diversidade genética apresentados e representa uma prioridade para futuras ações de conservação. brasileira carismáticos encontramse encontram se comercial citocromo controle 1st st S7, S7 S , S7) H Catarina 1 (1 NorteNordeste Nordeste 2 (2 SudesteSul Sudeste Sul Sudeste/Sul biogeográficas Bahia máximo conservação unidades 3 (3 mostrouse mostrou (

Abstract Hippocampus reidi represents the most abundant species of the genus Hippocampus along the Brazilian coast. Despite being charismatic, the species is globally threatened due to habitat degradation and commercial exploration, especially in Brazil, which is the leader in exportation and consumption of the species. Through mitochondrial (cytochrome b and control region) and nuclear (1st intron S7) data, the current study investigates the variation and genetic structure of H. reidi along the Brazilian coast, from Pará to Santa Catarina states. The mitochondrial data indicate the presence of two lineages: (1) North/Northeast and (2) South/Southeast, which was partially recovered by nuclear data. This scenario could be related to temperature differences and circulation patterns of the Brazil and North-Brazil currents, which define these groups into biogeographic sub-provinces. The lineages occur in sympatry in Bahia state, which can be explained by the occurrence of secondary contact during the last glacial maximum. Despite presenting two lineages, for management and conservation, three units are indicated: (1) North/Northeast, (2) Bahia, and (3) South/Southeast. The North/Northeast unit proved to be more vulnerable, presenting the lowest genetic diversity indices, representing a priority for future conservation actions. coast charismatic exploration cytochrome region 1st st S7 S H states 1 (1 NorthNortheast North Northeast 2 (2 SouthSoutheast South Southeast South/Southeast NorthBrazil currents subprovinces. subprovinces sub provinces. provinces sub-provinces state maximum indicated 3 (3 vulnerable indices actions (

Resumo A susceptibilidade das cravinas (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) à infecção por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) representa um desafio significativo para a produção agrícola, especialmente na Colômbia, país líder mundial na exportação de cravinas. Este estudo concentrou-se nas respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas de uma cultivar de cravina altamente suscetível, ‘Solex’, à presença de Fod, visando compreender melhor os mecanismos subjacentes à suscetibilidade e aprimorar estratégias de detecção precoce de doenças em cultivos de cravina. No nível bioquímico, analisamos o teor de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides em raízes e hastes; e avaliamos parâmetros fisiológicos como conteúdo foliar de pigmentos fotossintéticos, resistência estomática, eficiência fotoquímica máxima de PSII (Fv/Fm) e temperatura foliar. Nossa pesquisa revelou uma diminuição acentuada na produção de metabólitos nas raízes de plantas de cravina inoculadas com Fod, especialmente evidente aos 4 dias pós-inoculação. Além disso, observamos um aumento precoce na temperatura foliar a partir do primeiro dia pós-inoculação, sem alterações na dinâmica de fechamento estomático ao longo do tempo. Adicionalmente, registramos uma significativa redução em Fv/Fm, conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e produção de biomassa seca em plantas inoculadas com Fod durante a fase sintomática do murchamento vascular, contrastando fortemente com os controles livres de patógenos. Esses achados destacaram a suscetibilidade intrínseca das plantas de cravina à infecção por Fod, com implicações significativas para o aprimoramento da resistência das plantas e o desenvolvimento de estratégias eficazes de manejo do murchamento vascular em cultivos desta flor. Dianthus L. L f sp (Fod agrícola Colômbia concentrouse concentrou se suscetível ‘Solex, Solex ‘Solex , ‘Solex’ bioquímico hastes estomática Fv/Fm FvFm Fv Fm (Fv/Fm pósinoculação. pósinoculação pós inoculação. inoculação pós-inoculação disso pósinoculação, inoculação, tempo Adicionalmente patógenos flor

Abstract The susceptibility of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) poses a significant challenge to agricultural production, particularly in Colombia, a country that is a global leader in carnation exportation. This study focused on the physiological and biochemical responses of a highly susceptible carnation cultivar ‘Solex’, to the presence of Fod to better understand the underlying mechanisms of susceptibility and to enhance early disease detection strategies in carnation crops. At the biochemical level, we analyzed the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in roots and stems; and we assessed physiological parameters such as foliar photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal resistance, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and leaf temperature. Our research unveiled a marked decrease in metabolite production in the roots of carnation plants inoculated with Fod that was particularly evident at 4 post-inoculation days. Furthermore, we observed an early increase in leaf temperature from 1 post-inoculation day onwards, without changes in stomatal closure dynamics over time. Additionally, we recorded a significative decline in Fv/Fm, photosynthetic pigment content and dry biomass production in Fod-inoculated plants during the symptomatic phase of vascular wilting that contrasted starkly with pathogen-free controls. These findings underscored the intrinsic susceptibility of carnation plants to Fod infection, with significant implications for enhancing plant resistance and developing effective vascular wilting management strategies in crops of this flower. Dianthus L. L f sp (Fod Colombia exportation ‘Solex, Solex ‘Solex , ‘Solex’ level stems Fv/Fm FvFm Fv Fm (Fv/Fm postinoculation post inoculation days Furthermore onwards time Additionally Fodinoculated pathogenfree pathogen free controls flower

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo, durante el periodo de 1937 a 1961, los diferentes gobiernos mexicanos utilizaron la dimensión cultural y ancestral del maíz, superadas las controversias en torno a su calidad nutritiva y utilizando los beneficios de la investigación agrícola, para incentivar su producción y consumo entre la población, así como su exportación a otros países, con el fin de convertirlo en una mercancía que incorporaría al campesinado a la economía nacional. Por ello, fue importante el diseño de campañas a favor de este grano en diversos medios de comunicación, que buscaron exaltar la idea del alimento ancestral que era la base de la alimentación y símbolo de la cultura mexicana. Este análisis se construyó con hemerografía y obras de la época, así como bibliografía que ha abordado el tema del cultivo y consumo de este producto. Se pretende ahondar en los cambios en la dieta mexicana, en las prácticas de producción y el significado sociocultural del maíz a partir de mediados del siglo XX.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyse how, during the period of 1937 to 1961, different Mexican governments used the cultural and ancestral dimension of maize, overcoming the controversies around its nutritional quality and utilising the benefits of agricultural research, to incentivise its production and consumption among the population, as well as its exportation to other countries, with the goal of turning it into a commodity that would incorporate the rural population into the national economy. For this reason, it was important to design campaigns to promote this grain in various media, seeking to exalt the idea of the ancestral food that was the basis of the Mexican diet and a symbol of Mexican culture. This analysis was constructed using contemporary newspapers and other publications of the period mentioned, as well as works that have addressed the topic of maize cultivation and consumption. The article seeks to deepen our understanding of the changes in the Mexican diet, the practices of production, and the sociocultural significance of maize as from the mid-twentieth century.

RESUME Le but de cet article est d'analyser comment, dans la période de 1937 à 1961, les différents gouvernements mexicains ont utilisé la dimension culturelle et ancestrale du maïs, après avoir surmonté les controverses autour de sa qualité nutritionnelle. Pour ce faire, ils ont utilisé les bénéfices de la recherche agronomique et ont encouragé sa production et sa consommation parmi la population, ainsi que son exportation vers d'autres pays, afin d'en faire une marchandise qui intégrerait la paysannerie dans l'économie nationale. Pour cette raison, il a été important de concevoir des campagnes en faveur de ce grain dans divers médias, qui cherchaient à exalter l'idée de la nourriture ancestrale qui était la base de la nourriture et un symbole de la culture mexicaine. Cette analyse a été construite sur la base de l'hémérographie et les travaux de l'époque, ainsi que la bibliographie qui a abordé la question de la culture et de la consommation de ce produit. On vise à approfondir les changements dans le régime alimentaire mexicain, dans les pratiques de production et la signification socioculturelle du maïs au milieu du XXe siècle.

Abstract The Flowers and Ornamental Plant sector supports an extensive network of entrepreneurs, in all stages related to cultivation, transport and commercialization. In this aspect, there is a great demand for skilled labor, making this sector a source of employment and income generation in the regions covered. However, there is great interference on the commercialization of flowers and ornamental plants by the seasonality of demand, which is often related to festive dates, weather, among other factors. Thus, knowledge about seasonal demands allows the sector to develop a plan, directing efforts to offer products with greater demand in a given period. This study aimed to generate information, through a case study based on the analysis of commercialization data, and verify the seasonal demand on the commercialization of ornamental species in western São Paulo. There was an increase in the demand for chrysanthemum cuttings, both for the domestic and export markets, during the years 2019 and 2020, in addition to fluctuations in the demand for some cultivars of cuttings of chrysanthemum in one year compared to the other. Through the analysis, it is concluded that the seasonality of commercialization of ornamental plants in the West Region of São Paulo really occurs, especially between the 26th and 34th week of the year, with the purpose of serving the domestic market of chrysanthemums. This result allows planning the planting and harvesting time, as well as the definition of the best varieties to be cultivated in these periods.

Resumo O setor de Flores e Plantas Ornamentais apoia uma extensa rede de empreendedores, em todas as etapas relacionadas ao cultivo, transporte e comercialização. Neste aspecto, há uma grande demanda por mão-de-obra qualificada, tornando este setor fonte de emprego e geração de renda nas regiões abrangidas. Porém, há grande interferência na comercialização de flores e plantas ornamentais pela sazonalidade da demanda, que muitas vezes está relacionada a datas festivas, clima, entre outros fatores. Assim, o conhecimento sobre as demandas sazonais permite ao setor desenvolver um planejamento, direcionando esforços para oferecer produtos com maior demanda em determinado período. Este estudo teve como objetivo gerar informações, por meio de um estudo de caso baseado na análise de dados de comercialização, e verificar a demanda sazonal na comercialização de espécies ornamentais no oeste paulista. Houve aumento na demanda por mudas de crisântemo, tanto para o mercado interno quanto para exportação, durante os anos de 2019 e 2020, além de oscilações na demanda por algumas cultivares de mudas de crisântemo em um ano em relação ao outro. Através desta análise conclui-se que a sazonalidade da comercialização de plantas ornamentais na Região Oeste de São Paulo realmente ocorre, principalmente entre a 26ª e a 34ª semana do ano, com a finalidade de atender ao mercado interno de crisântemos. Este resultado permite planejar a época de plantio e colheita, bem como a definição das melhores variedades a serem cultivadas nestes períodos.

ABSTRACT Little is understood about the nutritional status of manganese (Mn) in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), further research is needed to provide technological support for greater productivity, especially on the dynamics of accumulation, recycling, immobilization and export. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of accumulation, immobilization, recycling, exportation and the efficiency of Mn use in oil palm plants at different ages. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with seven treatments (plant age: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 years of planting) and four replicates. The leaflets and male inflorescence were, the vegetative and reproductive organs with the highest Mn concentration, respectively. The accumulation of this nutrient in the tree crown predominated in the stipe through all years. The bunch exported the highest amount of Mn, especially in older plants. The oil palm immobilizes and recycles, more than exports, a large amount of Mn. The Mn use efficiency is increased as a function of the age of the crops in all the oil palm organs. In conclusion, the nutritional demand of oil palm is altered as a function of age, altering the dynamics of immobilization, recycling and exportation of Mn.

Resumen: En este trabajo, trato de analizar las diferentes estrategias que adoptaron tanto la administración de José Ballivián (1841-1847) como los grupos dirigentes locales frente al auge económico del guano y la cascarilla en Bolivia de forma comparativa. Para eso, expongo el corpus legal creado por el Estado central en consecuencia, las contratas firmadas por este con empresas extranjeras para la exportación de sendos recursos y las respuestas articuladas por la localidad, siendo el contrabando la más destacada. Considero que la firma de las contratas monopolísticas fue rechazada por parte de la población local, que a través de la ilegalidad propuso otro modelo político y económico para el trato con el guano y la cascarilla y, en definitiva, expuso la existencia de otras vías de construcción del Estado en el siglo XIX latinoamericano.

Abstract: In this article, my aim is to analyze the different strategies adopted by both José Ballivián’s administration (1841-1847) and the local ruling groups in the face of guano and cinchona bark economic booms in Bolivia, in a comparative way. The legal corpus created by the central State, the contracts signed with foreign companies for exportation of that resources and the responses articulated by the local powers, smuggling being the most prominent, are exposed. I consider that the signing of monopolistic contracts was rejected by a part of the local population, that through illegality proposed another politic and economic model for the exploitation of guano and cinchona bark and, in fact, exposed the existence of other ways of State building in nineteenth-century Latin America.

Abstract This research aimed to characterize the production system of avocado (Persea americana Hass) and describe the value chain in the department of Cauca (Colombia), through the analysis of its dynamics and the typification of the actors and their interrelationships was developed between 2019 and 2021 by AGROSAVIA. The methodology corresponded to descriptive mixed type research, which combines different techniques for the collection and analysis of information, such as interactive workshops (clickers), transects, interviews and surveys to groups of producers organized to consult on biophysical, social, economic and technological factors, that influence the competitiveness of the system and the value chain. It was possible to determine that the Hass avocado system in the department of Cauca, is heterogeneous, dispersed, with different degrees of modernization and articulation to the national and international market, and with a technological advance resulting from inter-institutional interventions and international cooperation in the last 15 years, which generate increasing access to international markets by small and medium producers. Limitations were identified in the system and in the value chain that must be addressed to optimize the productive capacity that is beginning to be installed in the area to serve export markets.

Resumen Analizamos la cadena de valor de aguacate (Persea americana Hass) en el departamento del Cauca (Colombia), mediante la caracterización y tipificación de sus actores e interrelaciones, así como la identificación de factores críticos y potencialidades para impulsar la exportación del producto. La metodología correspondió a una investigación de tipo mixta descriptiva, combinó técnicas de levantamiento y análisis de la información, como talleres interactivos (clickers), transectos, entrevistas y encuestas a grupos de productores organizados, a quienes se consultó sobre factores biofísicos, sociales, económicos y tecnológicos que influyen en la competitividad del sistema y la cadena de valor. Se logró determinar que el sistema aguacate Hass en el Cauca es heterogéneo, disperso, con diferentes grados de tecnificación y articulación a mercados, y con un avance tecnológico derivado de intervenciones interinstitucionales y de cooperación internacional, que generan cada vez mayor acceso a los mercados de exportación por parte de pequeños y medianos productores. Se identificaron limitantes en el sistema y en la cadena de valor, tales como problemas fitosanitarios, manejo de fertilización y aspectos logísticos, que se deben atender para optimizar la capacidad productiva, la cual se empieza a robustecer en la zona para los mercados de exportación.

RESUMO: Este artigo analisou a competitividade internacional das exportações de produtos florestais, de 2008 e 2018. As informações estão disponíveis na Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimento (FAO) e os indicadores utilizados foram: vantagem comparativa revelada (RCA), o índice de abertura do comércio (Oi) e o índice de contribuição ao saldo comercial (CTB). Os resultados mostram que as exportações de produtos florestais são competitivas, ademais foram observados pelo RCA ganhos em competitividade e na Europa, os países tiveram perdas em detrimento das crises financeiras e medidas de austeridade adotadas. Todos os países apresentaram baixo grau de abertura pelo Oi e teve vantagem comparativa pelo CTB, com exceção da China e Alemanha. Conclui-se que os países com maiores vantagens comparativas nas exportações de produtos florestais foram os que mais contribuíram para o seu saldo comercial. RESUMO 200 2018 FAO (FAO RCA, , (RCA) (Oi CTB. CTB . (CTB) competitivas Europa adotadas Alemanha Concluise Conclui se 20 201 (RCA (CTB 2

ABSTRACT: This article analyzed the international competitiveness of exports of forest products from 2008 to 2018. The information is available in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the indicators used were: revealed comparative advantage (RCA), trade openness index (Oi) and the contribution to trade balance index (CTB). Results showed that the exportation of forest products are competitive, in addition gains in competitiveness have been observed by the RCA and in Europe, countries had losses in detriment of the financial crises and austerity measures adopted. All countries showed a low degree of openness by the Oi and had a comparative advantage by the CTB, except for China and Germany. It is concluded that the countries with bigger comparative advantages in the exportation of forest products were the ones that had contributed more for its commercial balance. ABSTRACT 200 2018 FAO (FAO RCA, , (RCA) (Oi CTB. CTB . (CTB) competitive Europe adopted Germany 20 201 (RCA (CTB 2

Abstract Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is an insect of major economic importance in the mango orchards of the submedium of the São Francisco River Valley, the main area of mango production and exportation in Brazil. To provide alternatives for the management of C. capitata, toxic baits based on alpha-cypermethrin (Gelsura®) and spinosad (Success® 0.02 CB) were evaluated in three commercial mango experiments during two consecutive harvests: 2016/2017 (experiment 1 - area 1) and 2017/2018 (experiment 2 -area 2 and experiment 3 - area 3). According to the results, there was a large reduction in the infestation of C. capitata after five sequential applications of the alpha-cypermethrin (6 g.ha-1) and spinosad (0.38 g.ha-1) toxic baits performed at seven-day intervals during mango fruit ripening in all experiments and years (harvest) evaluated. Compared with the untreated plots, the plots with alpha-cypermethrin and spinosad applications showed a significant reduction in the damage induced (fallen fruits and/or on trees) by C. capitata. The management of C. capitata in mango orchards can include the use of the toxic bait based on alpha-cypermethrin, which represents an alternative to rotate with spinosad toxic bait in the São Francisco River Valley.

Abstract: Based on the analysis of the lithium industry in Argentina, the argument of this study is that the external actions of the provinces in the Argentine Northwest (Jujuy, Salta, and Catamarca) have contributed to instrumentalizing part of the foreign policy towards China. At the same time, this linkage has created tensions with the Federal State concerning the lithium development model to be implemented and the relationship with the Asian country. We understand that the connection with China, which is complementary and incremental in nature, highlights pre-existing tensions within the federal system and the obstacles in coordinating and implementing a national strategy for Argentina's international engagement in the lithium sector, as well as defining a national development strategy for the lithium industry. Through a qualitative approach, we address the external conditions impacting the lithium industry in the region and in Argentina, in particular, and how the absence of a national model for lithium industry development promotes an insertion based on exploitation and exportation to major external partners, following a primary pattern.

Resumen: A partir del análisis de la industria del litio en Argentina, el argumento de este trabajo es que el accionar externo de las provincias del noroeste argentino (Jujuy, Salta y Catamarca) contribuyó a instrumentalizar parte de la política exterior hacia China; sin embargo, esa vinculación creó focos de tensión con el Estado Federal en torno al modelo a implementar para el desarrollo del litio y a la relación con el país asiático. Entendemos que el vínculo con China, que tiene una naturaleza complementaria e incremental, evidencia tensiones preexistentes del sistema federal y las limitaciones para la coordinación e implementación de una estrategia nacional de vinculación internacional de Argentina en torno al mineral, así como la definición de una estrategia nacional de desarrollo para la industria del litio. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, abordamos las condiciones externas que impactan en la industria del litio en la región y en Argentina en particular, y cómo la ausencia de un modelo nacional de desarrollo de la industria del litio promueve una inserción basada en la explotación y exportación a grandes socios externos en base a un patrón primario.

RESUMEN La producción ovina en los últimos años en Colombia, se considera como una actividad con miras a exportación de carne, por lo cual, es necesario conocer el desempeño productivo de las diferentes razas dedicadas a este propósito en las regiones, con un número considerable de animales respecto al inventario nacional; por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el crecimiento en ovinos de pelo colombiano en los departamentos de Córdoba y Cesar, Colombia. Se utilizaron 99 animales de los biotipos Sudán y Etíope. Fueron evaluados los modelos Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, Brody y Logístico. Los parámetros para obtener las curvas de crecimiento fueron estimados por medio del procedimiento NLIN de SAS. Utilizando el modelo de mejor ajuste, se determinó el porcentaje y la edad de madurez. El modelo Brody fue el que mejor ajustó los datos. El sexo no tuvo efecto significativo sobre los parámetros estimados, mientras que el biotipo racial fue significativo para todos los parámetros estimados, con la excepción de β 1 ; la zona presentó efecto significativo sobre β 0 y β 2 y la época solo para β 1. De acuerdo con los parámetros de la curva Brody estimados y a los porcentajes y edades a la madurez, en las poblaciones en estudio, se debe mejorar la alimentación de los animales e implementar un programa de selección, con el fin de mejorar los pesos de los animales, al llegar a la edad adulta.

ABSTRACT Sheep production in recent years in Colombia is considered as an activity for the exportation of meat, therefore, it is necessary to know the productive performance of the different breeds dedicated to this purpose in the regions with a considerable number of animals with respect to national inventory. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to describe the growth in Colombian hair sheep in the departments of Cordoba and Cesar, Colombia. 99 animals of the Sudan and Ethiopian biotypes were used. The Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy, Brody and Logistic models were evaluated. The parameters of the growth curves were estimated by the procedure NLIN of SAS. Using the best fit model, the percentage and age of maturity were determined. The Brody model was the one that best fit the data. Sex had no significant effect on the estimated parameters, while racial biotype was significant for all estimated parameters, with the exception of β 1; the zone presented a significant effect on β 0 and β 2; and the season only for β 1. According to the estimated parameters of the Brody curve and the percentages and ages at maturity, in the populations under study, the feeding of the animals should be improved and a conduct a selection program, in order to improve the weights of the animals at reach adulthood.